151
|
Holmes A, Abraham DJ, Sa S, Shiwen X, Black CM, Leask A. CTGF and SMADs, maintenance of scleroderma phenotype is independent of SMAD signaling. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:10594-601. [PMID: 11152469 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m010149200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In normal adult fibroblasts, transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) induces the expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). CTGF independently promotes fibroblast proliferation and matrix deposition, and in acute models of fibrosis promotes cell proliferation and collagen deposition acting synergistically with TGFbeta. In contrast to normal fibroblasts, fibroblasts cultured from fibrotic tissues express high basal levels of CTGF, even in the absence of added TGFbeta. Induction of transcription by TGFbeta requires the action of SMAD proteins. In this report we have investigated the role of SMADs in the TGFbeta-induction of CTGF in normal fibroblasts and in the elevated levels of CTGF expression found in dermal fibroblasts cultured from lesional areas of patients with scleroderma, a progressive fibrotic disorder that can affect all organs of the body. We have identified a functional SMAD binding site in the CTGF promoter. TGFbeta-induction of CTGF is dependent on SMAD3 and SMAD4 but not SMAD2 and is p300-independent. However, mutation of the SMAD binding site does not reduce the high level of CTGF promoter activity observed in dermal fibroblasts cultured from lesional areas of scleroderma patients. Conversely, the previously termed TGFbetaRE in the CTGF promoter is required for basal CTGF promoter activity in normal fibroblasts and for the elevated level of CTGF promoter activity in scleroderma fibroblasts. Thus, the maintenance of the fibrotic phenotype in scleroderma fibroblasts, as visualized by excess CTGF expression, appears to be independent of SMAD-dependent TGFbeta signaling. Furthermore, given CTGF's activities, the high level of CTGF expression observed in scleroderma lesions may contribute to the excessive scarring observed in this disorder.
Collapse
|
152
|
Steiner RA, Hohmann JG, Holmes A, Wrenn CC, Cadd G, Juréus A, Clifton DK, Luo M, Gutshall M, Ma SY, Mufson EJ, Crawley JN. Galanin transgenic mice display cognitive and neurochemical deficits characteristic of Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:4184-9. [PMID: 11259657 PMCID: PMC31200 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.061445598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2000] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Galanin is a neuropeptide with multiple inhibitory actions on neurotransmission and memory. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), increased galanin-containing fibers hyperinnervate cholinergic neurons within the basal forebrain in association with a decline in cognition. We generated transgenic mice (GAL-tg) that overexpress galanin under the control of the dopamine beta-hydroxylase promoter to study the neurochemical and behavioral sequelae of a mouse model of galanin overexpression in AD. Overexpression of galanin was associated with a reduction in the number of identifiable neurons producing acetylcholine in the horizontal limb of the diagonal band. Behavioral phenotyping indicated that GAL-tgs displayed normal general health and sensory and motor abilities; however, GAL-tg mice showed selective performance deficits on the Morris spatial navigational task and the social transmission of food preference olfactory memory test. These results suggest that elevated expression of galanin contributes to the neurochemical and cognitive impairments characteristic of AD.
Collapse
|
153
|
Sattar N, Clark P, Holmes A, Lean ME, Walker I, Greer IA. Antenatal waist circumference and hypertension risk. Obstet Gynecol 2001; 97:268-71. [PMID: 11165593 DOI: 10.1016/s0029-7844(00)01136-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether waist circumference at the first antenatal visit predicts risk of developing hypertension later in pregnancy. METHODS Pregnant women with singleton pregnancies (n = 1142, median age 29 years, interquartile range 25-32 years, 387 primigravidas) were recruited at their first antenatal visits. Using standardized methods, midwives determined the weights, heights (for calculation of body mass index [BMI]), and waist circumferences of all women. Eighty-two women developed pregnancy-induced hypertension, and 21 developed preeclampsia (hypertension with proteinuria). RESULTS The median waist circumference between 6 and 16 weeks' gestation was 79 cm (interquartile range 72-84 cm), and there was no significant relationship between waist circumference and gestational age. Greater waist circumference was noted in subjects who subsequently developed pregnancy-induced hypertension (median 81 versus 77 cm, Mann-Whitney U test, P =.002) or preeclampsia (median 80 versus 77 cm, P =.02). The conventional, nonpregnant waist circumference action level of 80 cm gave a Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio (OR) for pregnancy-induced hypertension of 1.8 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1, 2.9) and for preeclampsia of 2.7 (95% CI 1.1, 6.8), compared with waists of less than 80 cm. Body mass index values were higher in women who developed pregnancy-induced hypertension (median 26 versus 24, P =.001) or preeclampsia (median 26 versus 24, P =.02). The conventional action limit for a BMI of 25 had an OR for pregnancy-induced hypertension of 2.0 (95% CI 1.2, 3.4) and for preeclampsia of 1.9 (95% CI 0.7, 4.8). Results were similar when the analysis was restricted to data from primigravidas. CONCLUSION We conclude that waist circumference up to 16 weeks' gestation can predict pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia. Therefore, waist circumference could form the basis for health promotion involving raising awareness of the importance of or urging weight reduction for women planning pregnancies.
Collapse
|
154
|
Cooke FJ, Holmes A. Email health support service is already operating in Africa. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 2001; 322:51-2. [PMID: 11280294 PMCID: PMC1119320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
|
155
|
MacDermot KD, Holmes A, Miners AH. Natural history of Fabry disease in affected males and obligate carrier females. J Inherit Metab Dis 2001; 24 Suppl 2:13-4; discussion 11-2. [PMID: 11758673 DOI: 10.1023/a:1012447102358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
156
|
Holmes A, Hollon TR, Gleason TC, Liu Z, Dreiling J, Sibley DR, Crawley JN. Behavioral characterization of dopamine D₅ receptor null mutant mice. Behav Neurosci 2001. [DOI: 10.1037/0735-7044.115.5.1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
157
|
Calderone R, Suzuki S, Cannon R, Cho T, Boyd D, Calera J, Chibana H, Herman D, Holmes A, Jeng HW, Kaminishi H, Matsumoto T, Mikami T, O'Sullivan JM, Sudoh M, Suzuki M, Nakashima Y, Tanaka T, Tompkins GR, Watanabe T. Candida albicans: adherence, signaling and virulence. Med Mycol 2000. [DOI: 10.1080/714030917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
|
158
|
Calderone R, Suzuki S, Cannon R, Cho T, Boyd D, Calera J, Chibana H, Herman D, Holmes A, Jeng HW, Kaminishi H, Matsumoto T, Mikami T, O'Sullivan JM, Sudoh M, Suzuki M, Nakashima Y, Tanaka T, Tompkins GR, Watanabe T. Candida albicans : adherence, signaling and virulence. Med Mycol 2000. [DOI: 10.1080/744118736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
|
159
|
Holmes A, Parmigiani S, Ferrari PF, Palanza P, Rodgers RJ. Behavioral profile of wild mice in the elevated plus-maze test for anxiety. Physiol Behav 2000; 71:509-16. [PMID: 11239669 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9384(00)00373-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Systematic observations of the defensive behavior of wild rodents have greatly informed the experimental study of anxiety and its neural substrates in laboratory animals. However, as the former work has been almost exclusively carried out in rats, few data are available concerning the reactivity of wild mice to standardized tests of anxiety-related behavior. In the present experiments, we employed ethological measures to examine the behavioral responses of a wild-derived population of house mice (Mus musculus) in the elevated plus-maze. In direct comparisons with laboratory Swiss mice, male wild mice exhibited substantially elevated levels of exploratory activities and an overall "preference" for the open arms of the plus-maze. On re-exposure to the plus-maze, male wild mice showed further increases in open arm exploration, while Swiss mice showed a marked shift to the enclosed parts of the plus-maze. Tested over a single session, female wild mice also exhibited a profile of high open arm exploration, but showed levels of exploratory behaviors and locomotor activity similar to female Swiss counterparts. While exploratory patterns in wild mice show similarities to profiles seen in certain laboratory strains (e.g., BALB/c), wild mice displayed a number of additional behaviors that are unprecedented in plus-maze studies with laboratory mice. These included actual and attempted jumps from the maze, spontaneous freezing, and exploration of the upper ledges of the closed arms. Thus, while in conventional terms the behavior of wild mice was consistent with one of low anxiety-like behavior, the presence of these unique elements instead indicates a profile more accurately characterized by high reactivity and escape motivation. We discuss how the use of an ethological approach to measuring plus-maze behavior can support accurate interpretation of other exceptional profiles in this test, such as those possibly arising from phenotyping of transgenic and gene knockout mice.
Collapse
|
160
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the perceptions of healthcare professionals and the general public about the symptoms, diagnosis and available treatment of urological cancers, and thus the perceived value of screening for their early detection. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Two questionnaires were developed, based on semi-structured interviews, and distributed to 288 healthcare professionals, comprising 182 general practitioners (GPs), 56 practice nurses and 50 urology nurses, and to 250 members of the general public in three different socio-economic groups. The questionnaires asked about the symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of prostate, bladder and testicular cancer, and whether the respondents considered that screening for these cancers would be useful in ameliorating morbidity or death from these diseases. RESULTS The response rate was very poor (13 of the GPs, 7%; 34 of the nurses, 32%; and 58 members of the general public, 23%). This severely limited the interpretation of the results, but the responses highlighted areas which need addressing. Obvious symptoms were well understood by all the groups but less well-known symptoms could be missed. No GP supported screening for prostate cancer and only seven of the GPs believed in teaching testicular self-examination, but practice nurses were considerably more active in all aspects of patient education. The general public felt that they needed more information to make decisions about urological cancers, although there was a general feeling that 'screening saved lives'. CONCLUSION This survey showed that no healthcare professional seems to have a clearly defined role in informing potential patients about screening. The general public, who seem to perceive from the media that early detection is beneficial, are confused by the lack of clarity about policies for urological cancers.
Collapse
|
161
|
Lu WW, Zheng Y, Holmes A, Zhu Q, Luk KD, Zhong S, Leong JC. Bone mineral density variations along the lumbosacral spine. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2000:255-63. [PMID: 10987001 DOI: 10.1097/00003086-200009000-00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Vertebral bone quality is essential in vertebral strength and the stability of spinal screw fixation. A major factor of bone quality is the density of bone mineral and its distribution throughout the bone. There have been studies regarding bone mineral density variations in the cervical and thoracolumbar spine, but bone mineral density variations in the lumbosacral spine have not been documented. The purpose of the current study was to quantify bone mineral density variations at different lumbosacral levels and within vertebra, especially along the pathways of lumbar pedicle screws. Bone mineral density variations within the vertebrae along the lumbosacral spine were measured in 13 specimens from young male cadavers using peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Measurements included bone mineral density variations at different lumbosacral levels and in transverse layers and vertical columns within each vertebral body. These original data showed that the bone mineral density increased gradually from lumbar to S1 vertebrae, possibly reflecting a caudally increasing load on different lumbosacral levels. The highest bone mineral density in the lumbosacral spine is found at the pedicles and regions closest to pedicle bases, supporting the use of pedicle screw fixation.
Collapse
|
162
|
Shi-wen X, Pennington D, Holmes A, Leask A, Bradham D, Beauchamp JR, Fonseca C, du Bois RM, Martin GR, Black CM, Abraham DJ. Autocrine overexpression of CTGF maintains fibrosis: RDA analysis of fibrosis genes in systemic sclerosis. Exp Cell Res 2000; 259:213-24. [PMID: 10942593 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2000.4972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have used representational difference analysis (RDA) to identify up-regulated genes in skin fibroblasts from fibrotic lesions obtained from patients with systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). RDA of cDNA libraries derived from fibroblasts from involved and uninvolved skin detected several differentially expressed genes. One such gene consistently up-regulated in scleroderma cells coded for human connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). Other studies described here show that the CTGF protein is readily detected in cultures of systemic sclerosis fibroblasts but was not detected in comparable normal cells. High levels of CTGF are also evident in biological fluids from patients with systemic sclerosis. TGFbeta stimulates CTGF production in both normal and systemic sclerosis fibroblasts with the latter found to be higher producers. Moreover, an analysis of constitutive and TGFbeta-induced CTGF gene activation showed altered and elevated transcriptional responses in systemic sclerosis cells compared with controls. CTGF stimulated a two- to threefold increase in proalpha1(I) collagen and fibronectin synthesis by both dermal and lung fibroblasts in culture and promoted significant matrix remodeling of fibroblast-populated three-dimensional collagen lattices. A direct relation between the overexpression of CTGF and elevated collagen synthesis was suggested by the observation that transfection of a CMV-CTGF cDNA construct and protein expression in fibroblasts increased the transcription of a Col 1alpha2 promoter-reporter construct to levels seen in systemic sclerosis fibroblasts. Using Col 1alpha2 promoter deletion constructs the CTGF responsive element was localized to the first 379 bp upstream of the transcriptional start site. These data indicate that there is an overexpression of CTGF in the systemic sclerosis cells, probably due to increased gene transcription, and suggest that the dysregulation of CTGF production is an important factor in fibroblast activation and the excessive deposition of collagen in systemic sclerosis.
Collapse
|
163
|
Stern E, Silbersweig DA, Chee KY, Holmes A, Robertson MM, Trimble M, Frith CD, Frackowiak RS, Dolan RJ. A functional neuroanatomy of tics in Tourette syndrome. ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY 2000; 57:741-8. [PMID: 10920461 DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.57.8.741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tics are involuntary, brief, stereotyped motor and vocal behaviors often associated with irresistible urges. They are a defining symptom of the classic neuropsychiatric disorder, Tourette syndrome (TS), and constitute an example of disordered human volition. The neural correlates of tics are not well understood and have not been imaged selectively. METHODS Event-related [(15)O]H(2)O positron emission tomography techniques combined with time-synchronized audio and videotaping were used to determine the duration of, frequency of, and radiotracer input during tics in each of 72 scans from 6 patients with TS. This permitted a voxel-by-voxel correlational analysis within Statistical Parametric Mapping of patterns of neural activity associated with the tics. RESULTS Brain regions in which activity was significantly correlated with tic occurrence in the group included medial and lateral premotor cortices, anterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral-rostral prefrontal cortex, inferior parietal cortex, putamen, and caudate, as well as primary motor cortex, the Broca's area, superior temporal gyrus, insula, and claustrum. In an individual patient with prominent coprolalia, such vocal tics were associated with activity in prerolandic and postrolandic language regions, insula, caudate, thalamus, and cerebellum, while activity in sensorimotor cortex was noted with motor tics. CONCLUSIONS Aberrant activity in the interrelated sensorimotor, language, executive, and paralimbic circuits identified in this study may account for the initiation and execution of diverse motor and vocal behaviors that characterize tics in TS, as well as for the urges that often accompany them. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57:741-748
Collapse
|
164
|
Weatherhead S, Holmes A, Holden K. Managed substitution of modified release nitrates with an asymmetric dosing regimen. J Clin Pharm Ther 2000; 25:309-13. [PMID: 10971783 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2710.2000.00294.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orally administered modified release organic nitrates are used commonly in the prophylaxis of myocardial ischaemia, although little evidence indicates a clinically superior response compared with standard formulated preparations administered symmetrically. AIM To investigate the clinical success of transfer of suitable patients from MR to SF nitrates. METHOD Suitable candidates for therapeutic substitution, assessed by a pharmacist, completed a baseline study to estimate frequency and timing of chest pain, the number of rescue doses of sublingual nitrates required, together with an assessment of adverse effects experienced. Following substitution to an eccentric dosing schedule, a further one month's assessment of chest pain frequency, rescue nitrate use and adverse effects was recorded and compared with baseline. RESULTS Twelve (37.5%) patients from a possible 32 candidates were invited to complete a baseline symptoms and adverse event diary. Eight patients entered the study phase (66.7% of the 12 included in the baseline phase of the study). These candidates showed no evidence of loss of control of chest pain symptoms, 3.5 +/- 1.16 (mean +/- standard error of mean) episodes/patient/28 days compared with 1.9 +/- 0.96 episodes/patient/28 days during the test phase (P > 0.05). Similarly, there was no difference in the number of doses of rescue nitrates required when the trial phase (2.6 +/- 1.63 doses/patient/28 days) was compared with the control (2.0 +/- 1.31 doses/patient/28 days, P > 0.05). There was no evidence of an increased incidence of adverse effects during the trial period of the study. CONCLUSION This small study suggests that, if selected carefully, therapeutic substitution of MR oral nitrates can be managed successfully without apparent risk of loss of symptom control or increased incidence of adverse effects.
Collapse
|
165
|
Scollan DF, Holmes A, Zhang J, Winslow RL. Reconstruction of cardiac ventricular geometry and fiber orientation using magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Biomed Eng 2000; 28:934-44. [PMID: 11144678 PMCID: PMC1473035 DOI: 10.1114/1.1312188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An imaging method for the rapid reconstruction of fiber orientation throughout the cardiac ventricles is described. In this method, gradient-recalled acquisition in the steady-state (GRASS) imaging is used to measure ventricular geometry in formaldehyde-fixed hearts at high spatial resolution. Diffusion-tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DTMRI) is then used to estimate fiber orientation as the principle eigenvector of the diffusion tensor measured at each image voxel in these same hearts. DTMRI-based estimates of fiber orientation in formaldehyde-fixed tissue are shown to agree closely with those measured using histological techniques, and evidence is presented suggesting that diffusion tensor tertiary eigenvectors may specify the orientation of ventricular laminar sheets. Using a semiautomated software tool called HEARTWORKS, a set of smooth contours approximating the epicardial and endocardial boundaries in each GRASS short-axis section are estimated. These contours are then interconnected to form a volumetric model of the cardiac ventricles. DTMRI-based estimates of fiber orientation are interpolated into these volumetric models, yielding reconstructions of cardiac ventricular fiber orientation based on at least an order of magnitude more sampling points than can be obtained using manual reconstruction methods.
Collapse
|
166
|
Abstract
We describe an e-mail health-consultation service for overseas volunteers that has been in operation for 25 months. The scheme is accessed for diverse medical concerns and is efficient and highly valued.
Collapse
|
167
|
Hargreaves S, Holmes A, Friedland JS. Refugees, asylum seekers, and general practice: room for improvement? Br J Gen Pract 2000; 50:531-2. [PMID: 10954931 PMCID: PMC1313745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
|
168
|
Scott SK, Holmes A, Friston KJ, Wise RJ. A thalamo-prefrontal system for representation in executive response choice. Neuroreport 2000; 11:1523-7. [PMID: 10841370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the neural system potentially involved in the representation of, and choice between, stimulus classifications in an ambiguous, novel, decision-making task. This difficult choice behaviour is taken as an example of a basic executive processing task. Subjects heard sounds that were consonant-vowel combinations that had been distorted and were required to categorize each stimulus as speech-like or not-speech-like. Cerebral activity was measured with positron emission tomography. A neural system (thalamic and medial prefrontal cortical regions) was demonstrated; there was greater activity involved in assigning the sound to the larger class of not-speech-like sounds than to the more restricted category of speech-like sounds. We interpret this activity as reflecting process and representation in a simple central executive task.
Collapse
|
169
|
Hefford B, Holmes A. Booking systems for elective services: the New Zealand experience. AUST HEALTH REV 2000; 22:61-73; discussion 74-7. [PMID: 10747639 DOI: 10.1071/ah990061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This article provides a brief overview of New Zealand's experience in implementing booking systems for elective services in public hospitals. It identifies the basic features of the booking systems policy and explores the rationale and objectives for these policy settings. Progress with implementation of booking systems is explored and some of the challenges and recent developments are also outlined. The authors argue that booking systems represent a major improvement on waiting lists for patients, providers, purchasers and policy-makers.
Collapse
|
170
|
Holmes A, Cornwell L, Trotter A. Choking: a review of resuscitation protocols. PAEDIATRIC NURSING 2000; 12:19-20. [PMID: 11220859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
|
171
|
Cooke F, Holmes A. Analysis of the role of E-mail consultation in international health. J Infect 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0163-4453(00)80131-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
172
|
Calderone R, Suzuki S, Cannon R, Cho T, Boyd D, Calera J, Chibana H, Herman D, Holmes A, Jeng HW, Kaminishi H, Matsumoto T, Mikami T, O'Sullivan JM, Sudoh M, Suzuki M, Nakashima Y, Tanaka T, Tompkins GR, Watanabe T. Candida albicans : adherence, signaling and virulence. Med Mycol 2000. [DOI: 10.1080/mmy.38.s1.125.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
|
173
|
Gordon PM, Heath GW, Holmes A, Christy D. The quantity and quality of physical activity among those trying to lose weight. Am J Prev Med 2000; 18:83-6. [PMID: 10808987 DOI: 10.1016/s0749-3797(99)00092-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular exercise to elicit caloric expenditure is an important component for achieving weight loss. The Healthy People 2000 objectives recommend regular sustained physical activity lasting 30 minutes, five days per week (Objective 1.3) particularly for weight loss. Moreover, this recommendation has been restated for weight loss and overall health benefits in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention / American College of Sports Medicine (CDC/ACSM) statement and Surgeon General's Report (SGR) on Physical ActivitY and Health. Thus, we sought to identify the relative quality, and quantity of physical activity among people trying to lose weight. DESIGN Cross-sectional self-reported data from the West Virginia Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) were used. The BRFSS is a state-based telephone survey of adults that uses a multistage cluster design based on the Waksberg method of random-digit dialing. Data froM 2769 men and 4490 women were obtained from the 1992, 1994, and 1996 surveys. RESULTS Half (49.6%) of individuals trying to lose weight did not engage in any physical activity. Further, only 15% of respondents trying to lose weight reported exercising regularly. Nevertheless, those trying to lose weight were more likely (OR [odds ratio] = 1.3; 95% CI [confidence interval], 1.14, 1.51, p < 0.001) to exercise regularly than those not trying to lose weight. In particular, women trying to lose weight were significantly more likely (OR = 1.45; 95% CI, 1.22,1.74, p < 0.001) to exercise regularly than women not trying to lose weight. Conversely, men trying to lose weight were no more likely to exercise regularly (p = .23) than men not trying to lose weight. Among respondents who were using exercise for weight loss, only 14.7% were expending > or =1000 kcal/week and 18.2% were expending > or =500 kcal/week. Weekly expenditure rates of > or =1000 kcal/week were more likely to occur among men (17%) than women (13.8%), in younger age groups, and among those with higher educational attainment. CONCLUSION These data suggest that while certain individuals trying to lose weight are more likely to engage in regular physical activity, most persons trying to lose weight have not adopted regular physical activity as part of their weight loss practice. These results suggest that public health efforts to effectively integrate physical activity into weight control practices of West Virginians have been minimally successful.
Collapse
|
174
|
Winslow RL, Scollan DF, Holmes A, Yung CK, Zhang J, Jafri MS. Electrophysiological modeling of cardiac ventricular function: from cell to organ. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2000; 2:119-55. [PMID: 11701509 PMCID: PMC1403490 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.bioeng.2.1.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Three topics of importance to modeling the integrative function of the heart are reviewed. The first is modeling of the ventricular myocyte. Emphasis is placed on excitation-contraction coupling and intracellular Ca2+ handling, and the interpretation of experimental data regarding interval-force relationships. Second, data on use of diffusion tensor magnetic resonance (DTMR) imaging for measuring the anatomical structure of the cardiac ventricles are presented. A method for the semi-automated reconstruction of the ventricles using a combination of gradient recalled acquisition in the steady state (GRASS) and DTMR images is described. Third, we describe how these anatomically and biophysically based models of the cardiac ventricles can be implemented on parallel computers.
Collapse
|
175
|
Calderone R, Suzuki S, Cannon R, Cho T, Boyd D, Calera J, Chibana H, Herman D, Holmes A, Jeng HW, Kaminishi H, Matsumoto T, Mikami T, O'Sullivan JM, Sudoh M, Suzuki M, Nakashima Y, Tanaka T, Tompkins GR, Watanabe T. Candida albicans: adherence, signaling and virulence. Med Mycol 2000. [DOI: 10.1080/mmy.38.1.125.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
|