Effects of 8-week exposure of the B6C3F1 mouse to dietary deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) and zearalenone

Weanling female B6C3F1 mice were fed semi-purified diets containing 0, 0.5, 2.0, 5.0, 10.0 or 25.0 ppm (mg/kg) deoxynivalenol (DON) over 8 wk and were assessed for effects on feed intake, body-weight gain, terminal organ weights, histopathology, haematology and serum immunoglobulin levels. To determine whether DON effects were potentiated by the oestrogen zearalenone (ZEA), a mycotoxin frequently found to occur with DON in cereals, two additional groups of mice were fed diets containing either 10 ppm ZEA or 10 ppm ZEA plus 5 ppm DON. The rate of body-weight gain was significantly reduced (P less than 0.01) for all mice consuming feed containing 2.0 ppm or more of DON, whereas only the mice ingesting the diet containing 25 ppm DON showed a significantly decreased (P less than 0.01) rate of feed consumption. Gross and histopathological evaluation of thymus, spleen, liver, kidney, uterus, small intestine, colon, heart, brain, lungs and bone marrow from control and all mycotoxin-exposed mice revealed that these tissues were normal in appearance and in histological architecture. DON-amended diets did however, cause dose-dependent decreases in the terminal organ weights recorded (thymus, spleen, liver, kidney and brain). In the DON-treated groups, statistically significant dose-dependent decreases in the counts of total circulating white blood cells were associated with an increase in polymorphonuclear neutrophils and a decrease in lymphocytes and monocytes. Dietary DON caused a dose-dependent decrease in serum IgM but, in contrast, a dose-dependent increase in serum IgA. In none of the above instances was 10 ppm ZEA shown to act synergistically or antagonistically with 5 ppm DON. Since dietary DON at levels as low as 2.0 ppm exerted significant effects on the growing B6C3F1 female mouse, future approaches should include studies of the mechanisms by which this mycotoxin affects nutrient utilization and modifies the normal immune response.

Eosinophilic myositis and muscular sarcocystosis in the carcasses of slaughtered cattle and lambs

Fifty-three bovine and 7 ovine carcasses condemned for having eosinophilic myositis were evaluated. Four (7.3%) of the bovine carcasses had a few, large local lesions in skeletal muscles (category A), and 49 (92.7%) of the bovine carcasses and 7 (100%) of the ovine carcasses had multiple, small, disseminated lesions in tongue, esophagus, heart, diaphragm, or skeletal muscles (category B). Tissue from carcasses of category B were evaluated for bacteria, viruses, selenium, and pathologic changes. Pathogenic bacteria and viruses were not isolated and selenium concentrations were normal. In category B, all carcasses had granulomas; of the 49 bovine carcasses and 7 ovine carcasses, 38 (77.6%) and 7 (100%), respectively, had one or more granulomas with opened dead sarcocysts. The data indicated that opened sarcocysts killed the host myocyte and adjacent myocytes and stroma, thereby initiating granuloma formation.

The alpha and gamma subunits of 7S nerve growth factor are present in excess concentrations in the mouse submandibular gland

The 7S nerve growth factor molecule, found in the mouse submandibular gland, is comprised of three distinct protein subunits named alpha, gamma and beta-NGF. In this paper, radioimmunoassays specific for each subunit were used to measure the concentrations of these subunits in homogenates of mouse submandibular gland. It was determined that there were excess concentrations of both the alpha and gamma subunits, more than enough to bind all of the beta-NGF in the gland to form 7S-NGF. The radioimmunoassay data was confirmed by gel filtration experiments. In the gel filtration experiments, the excess alpha and gamma subunits eluted at positions which would indicate that these excess subunits were free and not bound in the 7S-NGF complex. The identity of the excess alpha and gamma subunits was substantiated by ion exchange chromatography, isoelectric focusing polyacrylamide gels and immunoblotting experiments. In conclusion, there are considerable quantities of alpha and gamma subunits present in the submandibular gland which are not bound to beta-NGF. The functional significance of these excess concentrations of the alpha and gamma subunits is not known.

Characterization of human brain S100 protein fraction: amino acid sequence of S100 beta

Two major components of human brain S100 fraction were purified by HPLC and an amino acid sequence was elucidated for the S100 beta component. Human S100 proteins showed absorption spectra and amino acid compositions similar to S100 alpha and S100 beta from bovine brain. However, the relative amounts of the human proteins were 4% S100 alpha and 96% S100 beta by weight, while the bovine protein distribution was 47% S100 alpha and 53% S100 beta by weight. An amino acid sequence of human S100 beta was established by analysis of overlapping fragments generated by cyanogen bromide and trypsin cleavage. Three amino acid sequence differences between the human and bovine S100 beta were found at residues 7, 62, and 80. These differences were chemically conservative and compatible with minimum single base changes in the codon structures. These results document that S100 beta is a conserved protein among mammals and provide the necessary foundation for current clinical studies.

Thrombectomy with temporary arteriovenous fistula: the treatment of choice in acute iliofemoral venous thrombosis

The treatment of choice in acute iliofemoral venous thrombosis is still controversial. This prospective randomized study compares the results of conventional anticoagulation of 32 patients with the results obtained in 31 patients undergoing acute thrombectomy combined with a temporary arteriovenous fistula and anticoagulation. Early complications were few in both treatment groups, and significant pulmonary embolism developed in only one conservatively treated patient. At 6-month follow-up in all surviving patients, leg swelling, varicose veins, and venous claudication were more frequent after conservative treatment. Only 7% (2 of 27) of these patients were completely free from postthrombotic symptoms compared with 42% (10 of 24) of the operated patients (p less than 0.005). Contrast phlebography demonstrated an excellent venous outflow through the iliofemoral segment in 35% (9 of 26) of the conservatively treated and in 76% (16 of 21) of the operated patients (p less than 0.025). Open femoropopliteal veins with competent valves were recorded in 26% (7 of 27) in the conservative group and in 52% (12 of 23) in the thrombectomy group (p less than 0.05). Thus thrombectomy combined with arteriovenous fistula decreases early symptoms and preserves venous outflow and valvular function better than conservative treatment. This procedure is therefore recommended for young patients with acute iliofemoral thrombosis to avoid development of incapacitating postthrombotic sequelae.

Faecal lipid chromatography. I. Quantitative determination with chromarods

A new and original method is proposed for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of faecal lipids by thin-layer chromatography and detection through the flame ionization detector of an analyser (the Iatroscan TH 10). This method enables the rapid quantification of the different faecal lipid classes, including cholesterol, with great accuracy and reproducibility. In-series operations are possible with easy manipulation.

Five SWI genes are required for expression of the HO gene in yeast

High-frequency mating type interconversion in yeast requires the HO gene, which encodes a site-specific endonuclease that initiates the switching process. We have isolated and analyzed switching-defective mutants. These mutants define five complementation and linkage groups, SWI 1 to SWI 5. We have shown by two assays, Northern hybridization and beta-galactosidase activity in strains containing an HO-lacZ fusion, that mutants defective any SWI gene fail to express the HO gene. In addition, all of the swi mutants exhibit other phenotypes, the most notable being the inviability of double mutants defective in SWI 4 and in either SWI 1, SWI 2 or SWI 3. These results indicate that the SWI genes function in some way as positive regulators of HO expression and have additional cellular roles.

Morphologic changes in rat urothelial cells during carcinogenesis: II. Image cytometry

Improved early detection of neoplasia by screening of urothelial cells requires an understanding of the features distinguishing normal and neoplastic cell populations. We have begun a program of study based upon a rat model system for the controlled observation of early-stage lesions produced by the carcinogen N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)- nitrosamine. Cells dissociated directly from normal and malignant urothelium were characterized by conventional cytopathology techniques and by quantitative microscopy (for nuclear texture and nuclear and cytoplasmic size, shape, and stain content) to derive a comprehensive picture of bladder tumor development. By following the changes that occur in the dissociated urothelial cells we have found that the nuclear area, total nuclear stain, nuclear shape, and the nuclear chromatin change significantly over a 48-wk interval as the lesions progress toward malignancy.

Fecal lipid chromatography--identification of an unusual fraction in relation to colon cancer

The thin-layer chromatography of fecal lipids with revelation by phosphomolybdic reagent indicates the presence of an unusual fraction only in colon cancer patients. After isolation and identification, this fraction appears to be composed of coprostanol and its derivatives. The quantitative analysis of fecal neutral steroids in colon cancer patients compared to controls, patients with other digestive diseases and polypi shows a positive relationship between this fraction and colon cancer.

Effect of fluphenazine on the stimulation of calcium-sensitive phospholipid-dependent protein kinase by 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate

The addition of the tumor-promoting phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate resulted in activation of calcium-sensitive phospholipid-dependent protein kinase which was dependent on the presence of phospholipid but was essentially independent of calcium. Fluphenazine, which is an effective inhibitor of the ability of this phorbol ester to stimulate proliferation in calcium-deprived non-neoplastic cells, inhibited the enzyme in the absence or presence of the phorbol ester (Ki = 16 microM). Fluphenazine inhibition was competitive with phospholipid but non-competitive with 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate.

Encephalitic sarcocystosis in a newborn calf

Sporozoan schizonts were seen in histologic sections of cerebrum from a Hereford calf that died immediately after birth. Schizonts appeared in endothelial cells of small vessels in the gray and white matter. Rosette and palisade configurations of merozoites in schizonts, as well as the size of schizonts (15 to 40 X 21 microns) and merozoites (8 microns), resembled Sarcocystis stages described in cattle, and differentiated the organisms from Toxoplasma that infects nerve cells and undergoes endodyogeny. Specific identification of the infecting agent was not successful because tests of sera from the calf were not possible. Developmental, morphologic, and ultrastructural differences in schizogonic stages of the heteroxenous sporozoan species infecting cattle are poorly known and are presently unreliable criteria for species identification. Encephalitis, meningitis, and necrosis occurred in cerebral, cerebellar, and brain stem gray and white matter infiltrated with plasmacytes, lymphocytes, and macrophages. Microthrombi were often seen in small blood vessels within the reaction foci. Herd-mate sera tested against S cruzi were negative. The herd from which the calf was born was exposed to a variety of free-ranging domestic, feral, and wild scavengers with free access to dead range animals. Consequently, the cattle were undoubtedly exposed to infective cysts in feed or water contaminated by feces from carnivores.

Role of predominant rumen bacteria in the cause of polioencephalomalacia (cerebrocortical necrosis) in cattle

Rumen contents of 2 heifers with acute polioencephalomalacia (cerebrocortical necrosis) were compared with rumen contents from a healthy steer fed a fibrous diet. Also examined were (i) the quantitative nature of the predominant rumen microflora, (ii) the distribution of morphologic types of bacteria in the rumen contents, (iii) the extent that morphologic groups produced or degraded thiamine, and (iv) the cumulative effects of metabolic activities of the predominant rumen bacteria concerning the net production or degradation of thiamine. The differences in the frequency of occurrence of particular bacterial morphologic groups, the extent of growth, and the amount of thiamine metabolism in relationship to growth were also evaluated. The cumulative thiamine metabolism of the predominant bacteria associated with the rumen of polioencephalomalacia-affected heifers led to substantial net thiamine destruction, whereas metabolism associated with the rumen of a normal steer led to thiamine production. Polioencephalomalacia may occur as a consequence of alteration of the metabolic activities of the predominant resident ruminal bacteria associated with diseased cattle.

Physiologic and therapeutic aspects in congenital vein valve aplasia of the lower limb

Ten patients with congenital vein valve aplasia verified at contrast phlebography were evaluated clinically and by physiologic examinations. All had orthostatic edema and varicose veins, but leg ulcers and other "postphlebitic" sequelae were infrequent. Foot volumetry and measurement of ambulatory foot vein pressures revealed a severe deep venous incompetence with a defective muscle pump function and considerable reflux. Eight limbs were operated on with conventional varicose vein surgery and physiologically re-examined six to 26 weeks after the operation. All had an improved ambulatory pressure reduction (p less than 0.001). Foot volumetry revealed better muscle pump function (p less than 0.01), while the reflux flow was unchanged. Surgery of the incompetent superficial venous system is therefore recommended in cases with deep venous insufficiency due to congenital vein valve aplasia.

Excretory urography with glucagon: a randomized trial

The authors compared the effect of glucagon (1 mg I.V.) and a placebo on visualization of the collecting systems and ureters in 185 adults undergoing routine excretory urography. Either glucagon or the placebo was given 10 minutes after contrast injection in the first 95 patients and 5 minutes after contrast injection in the remaining 90 patients. Ampules were randomized. Objective and subjective analysis showed no improvement in visualization of either the collecting systems or the ureters in either group: in fact, glucagon caused the quality of the urograms to decrease significantly. Possible reasons for this are discussed. No side effects attributable to the glucagon were observed.

Regulation of yeast mating-type interconversion: feedback control of HO gene expression by the mating-type locus

The ultimate product of yeast mating-type interconversion is a stable a/alpha diploid cell. A haploid cell carrying the HO gene gives rise to a diploid cell in a two-step process: first, the cell switches mating type as a result of genetic rearrangement (cassette substitution) catalyzed by HO; then, cells of opposite type mate to form a/alpha diploids. Mating-type interconversion does not occur in a/alpha diploids despite the presence of the HO gene. We have identified a plasmid carrying the HO gene by screening a yeast clone bank (constructed in vector YEp13) for plasmids that allow mating-type switching by ho cells. The yeast segment responsible for mating-type interconversion integrates by homology at the ho locus, thus confirming that it carries HO. Using the HO gene as a probe, we find that strains with an active mating-type interconversion system produce HO RNA, whereas a/alpha HO/HO cells do not and that this inhibition requires products of both the MATa1 and MATa2 genes. Thus, mating-type interconversion does not occur in a/alpha HO/HO cells because the HO gene product is not synthesized. These results demonstrate the following: (i) The mating-type locus, proposed on genetic grounds to be a regulatory locus, controls expression of an unlinked gene (HO) at the level of RNA production. (ii) The HO gene is under negative feedback control: its expression is inhibited after successful completion of diploidization (formation of a/alpha diploids).

Cause and pathogenesis of middle ear infection in young feedlot cattle

Two populations of feedlot cattle--weaned calves and yearlings--suffered otitis media. In calves the disease was acute and epizootic and had a prevalence of about 400 cases per 2000 cattle, whereas in yearlings, it was chronic and sporadic and had a prevalence of 1 case per 2000 cattle. Clinical signs were facial paralysis, otorrhea, and head tilt. The middle ears from 64 dead calves and 22 dead yearlings were examined. Calf ears had acute infection, with exudate in air cells and rupture of tympanic membranes. Yearling ears had chronic infection, with exudate in air cells, rupture or destruction of tympanic membranes, and necrosis of air cell partitions. Mixtures of Pasteurella multocida and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis were isolated from diseased ears, but Pasteurella multocida predominated in acute infections and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis predominated in chronic infections.

Control of yeast cell type by the mating type locus: positive regulation of the alpha-specific STE3 gene by the MAT alpha 1 product

The mating type locus (MAT) determines the three yeast cell types, a, alpha, and a/alpha. It has been proposed that alleles of this locus, MATa and MAT alpha, encode regulators that control expression of unlinked genes necessary for mating and sporulation. Specifically, the alpha 1 product of MAT alpha is proposed to be a positive regulator of alpha-specific genes. To test this view, we have assayed RNA production from the alpha-specific STE3 gene in the three cell types and in mutants defective in MAT alpha. The STE3 gene was cloned by screening a yeast genomic clone bank for plasmids that complement the mating defect of ste3 mutants. Using the cloned STE3 gene as a probe, we find that alpha cells produce STE3 RNA, whereas a and a/alpha cells do not. Furthermore, mat alpha 1 mutants do not produce STE3 RNA, whereas mat alpha 2 mutants do. These results show that the STE3 gene, required for mating only by alpha cells, is expressed only in alpha cells. They show also that production of RNA from the STE3 gene requires that alpha 1 product of MAT alpha. Thus alpha 1 positively regulates at least one alpha-specific gene by increasing the level of that gene's RNA product.

Middle ear infection in feedlot lambs

Of 133 feedlot lambs that died and were necropsied, 67 had normal lungs and 66 had pneumonic lungs. The middle ears of all lambs were opened by a specified technique. Of the 67, 8 (12%) had otitis media, and of the 66, 26 (39%) had otitis media. The difference in prevalence in the 2 groups was highly significant (P less than 0.005). In acute stages, the mucosae of tympanic cavities and tympanic membranes were inflamed and the cavities contained fluid, whereas in later stages lumens were partially filled with exudate. In chronic stages, however, exudate remained in lumens and mucosae were thick and rough. None of the tympanic membranes was ruptured, and none of the external acoustic meatuses contained exudate. The infected ears of 24 lambs were cultured and Pasteurella haemolytica was isolated from 18, and P multocida from 3. The infections probably ascended from the pharynx through the auditive tubes into the tympanic cavities.

The rehabilitation of coronary surgical patients

Coronary revascularization has been reported to have failed to effectively rehabilitate working-age patients. This study of 565 patients demonstrates that motivation to return to work is strongly influences by age and educational level. Patients under age 55 are more likely to return to work than are patients over that age, but preoperative job classification does not influence rehabilitation. Although preoperative disability was associated with a slightly lower return-to-work rate (90%) than was the case with patients working preoperatively (97%) preoperative retirement was a strongly negative influence on rehabilitation. In this study, 80% of the patients worked to or beyond retirement age, and duration of work was not influenced by preoperative disability. The salary produced by those patients who were rehabilitated by surgery was four and a half times greater than the total cost of care and disability payments for the entire patient population. The factors which seemed to be the most important in effective rehabilitation were the psychological preparation of patients and their families and the attitude toward rehabilitation expressed by physicians and employers.

Ischemia: a cause of hepatic telangiectasis in cattle

We histologically examined (i) 73 bovine livers condemned by packing house inspectors for telangiectasis, (ii) 15 bovine livers passed by the same inspectors as normal, and (iii) 8 livers from cattle given an injection into their mesenteric veins: 6 with a suspension of agar particles containing viable Haemophilus somnus and 2 with diluent only. The injected cattle were killed and necropsied 2 to 12 days after the inoculations. Of the 73 telangiectatic livers, 57 (78%) had thrombosed and occluded or contracted and empty portal veins (venopathies), whereas 1 of the 15 normal livers contained one microscopic focus of telangiectasis and nearby venopathy. Of the 6 livers injected with suspended particles, all had venopathies and telangiectasis and the 2 control livers had neither.

Ram epididymitis: A clinical report

Two hundred and five ram lambs originating from several sources were assembled for a ram performance trial. All rams were immunized with a commercial Brucella ovis bacterin. Four rams developed clinical evidence of epididymitis during the 150 day trial. Actinobacillus seminis was identified as the causative agent.

Preoperative embolization of renal tumours using balloon catheters

Preoperative embolization was used in a series of 13 patients for reducing the bleeding during operation of even very large renal carcinomas. During and after embolization pain occurred which necessitated treatment. Balloon catheter embolization was used which excludes the risk of reflux of embolizing material to the aorta. It caused none or only minor injury to the renal arterial wall. No serious complication occurred.

Osteochondrosis in feedlot cattle

Beginning in summer 1977 and continuing through four consecutive seasons, we examined lame limb joints from 106 partially fattened cattle and 28,235 pairs of occipital condyles from fully fattened cattle for osteochondrosis. Of the 106 lame cattle, nine (8.5%) had characteristic lesions, usually in their stifle joints, and of the 28,235 atlanto-occipital joints, 1063 (3.8%) had lesions on their condyles. Slices of affected articular cartilage and subjacent bone were studied radiographically and histologically. Radiographs showed subchondral defects and epiphyseal "cyst-like" lesions, and histologic sections showed disarrayed and degenerated chondrocytes. Splits occurred along osteochondral junctions or in adjacent cartilage or bone. Some bone trabeculae had been replaced by fibrous tissue that, in some areas, extended deep into epiphyses.

Lithium carbonate in patients with small cell lung cancer receiving combination chemotherapy

Lithium administration has been shown to attenuate the leukopenia associated with systemic chemotherapy. The results of a randomized trial of lithium in 45 patients with small cell lung cancer who received combination chemotherapy and radiation therapy are reported. Patients randomized to receive lithium were started on 300 mg three times daily for 18 days of every 21 day chemotherapy cycle. Patients who received lithium experienced significantly less mid-cycle leukocyte and neutrophil count depression and spent fewer days with leukopenia and neutropenia than control patients regardless of age or extent of disease. Patients who received lithium spent fewer days hospitalized and fewer days with fever in the presence of severe neutropenia than control patients. The cumulative risk of fever with signs of infection was greater in control patients regardless of age, disease extent or the presence of marrow involvement. Patients who were given lithium received significantly more chemotherapy than control patients. Patient survival was greatest in those with limited disease, in complete responders and in those who received more than 75 percent of their induction chemotherapy although it did not differ between the two study groups. The majority of patients required either reduction or discontinuation of lithium. Those who received lithium continuously demonstrated a higher objective response rate and longer survival than either patients in whom the lithium had to be discontinued or those randomized to the control group. Infection was an important cause of death in the control group and cardiovascular event occurred frequently in the lithium group, but the major cause of death in this patient population remains progressive malignant disease.

Laryngeal diphtheria and papillomatosis in feedlot cattle

In a random sample of 30,444 larynges from slaughtered beef cattle, 441 (1.4%) had chronic diphtheria and 1,345 (4.4%) had papillomatosis. Both types of lesions were centered in mucous membranes over the vocal processes and medial angles of the arytenoid cartilages. Since they are found in the same anatomical locations as laryngeal contact ulcers, we hypothesize that ulcers are primary and diphtheria and papillomatosis are secondary.

Structural requirements of sterols for myelin tube formation with sodium oleate

Cholesterol crystals treated with an aqueous solution of sodium oleate give rise to cylindrical lamellar associations which appear under the microscope as rapidly growing tubes. Myelin forms are also obtained with other membrane sterols (desmosterol, cholestanol, 7-dehydrocholesterol) but not with lanosterol, a metabolic precursor of cholesterol, nor with the catabolic products of cholesterol (coprosterol, cholecalciferol, pregnenolone). The structural requirements for obtaining myelin tubes from sterols and sodium oleate closely agree with the results obtained by studying sterol-lecithin associations using other experimental techniques (unimolecular films at the air/water interface and permeability of liposomes), association of sterols with an erythrocyte protein and cholesterol liquid crystals.

Laryngeal contact ulcers in feedlot cattle

Of 30,444 larynges from fattened cattle at three companies, 3,985 (13.1%) had contact ulcers or ulcer scars in the mucous membranes over the vocal processes and medial angles of the arytenoid cartilages. The incidence was higher in cattle fed during fall than in cattle fed during other seasons. We hypothesize: 1. that some feedlot cattle develop acute mucositis from mixed infections with species of Pasteurella, Haemophilus, Mycoplasma, and viruses in the nose, pharynx, and larynx; 2. that reflex coughing and swallowing accelerate the rate of larynx closure; and 3. that the closures erode the swollen membrane over the vocal processes and medial angles of the arytenoid cartilages and thus produce primary contact ulcers.

Limb arthropathies and periarticular injuries in feedlot cattle

Beginning summer 1977 and continuing through 4 consecutive seasons, we examined samples of at least 25, and a total of 106, lame limbs or joints from slaughtered beef cattle. Of this number about 64 (60%) were articular and 42 (40%) periarticular lesions. Fifty-three were caused by trauma and 9 by osteochondrosis. Stifle joints (40) and digital joints (19) were the most frequently affected articulations, and the humerus and femur were the most frequently fractured bones. Twenty joints, mostly stifles, had fibrinous arthritis, and Mycoplasma spp. were isolated from 11.

Complications at balloon catheter angiography. Experiments in rabbits and dogs

Overdistension of a balloon catheter may injure an artery and this risk increases with decreasing vessel calibre. Before balloon occlusion an estimation of the calibre of the vessel at a preliminary angiography is recommended.

Combination chemotherapy and radiation therapy of undifferentiated small cell bronchogenic carcinoma

We reviewed 76 cases of small cell bronchogenic carcinoma seen at the University of South Florida Medical Center. One third of the 55 patients who have subsequently died did so within one month of diagnosis. Thirty-five patients were treated with cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine, and radiation therapy including prophylactic cranial irradiation. Of these 35 patients, 40% demonstrated a complete remission for a total objective response rate of 63%. The projected median survival of patients referred for study is 14 months. Improved survival was found in patients less than 60 years of age, with limited disease, who responded to treatment and in whom there were no violations of protocol. Patients treated with combination therapy appear to survive longer than untreated patients and those treated with radiation therapy alone. Toxicity was tolerable and there were no deaths related to treatment. Small cell bronchogenic carcinoma is a rapidly progressive systemic disease responsive to multimodality therapy with long-term survival in some patients.

Determinants of the prescriptive zone of industrial workers

The prescriptive zone is the range of climates in which man's body temperature is independent of climatic conditions. The environmental temperatures which define the upper limit of the prescriptive zone (ULPZ) at different work rates were determined in 46 clothed, healthy, male industrial workers; some of the men were job acclimated to heat and some were not. They performed a total of 653 work bouts of low, medium, or high intensity in environments ranging from 11 to 35 degrees C corrected effective temperature (CET) (8-37 degrees C wet bulb globe temperature). Heart rates (HR) and rectal temperatures (Tre) were measured after 1 h of work. The ULPZ was calculated from Tre data. HR's showed a similar pattern of response as Tre's except that the inflection point corresponding to the ULPZ occurred at different environmental temperatures at most of the experiment conditions. About one-third of the work bouts were performed in the summer months and the remainder in the winter. The ULPZ decreased with increasing work rates. At high, but not low, work rates, men who were exposed to heat in the performance of their jobs were more heat tolerant than men who were not heat acclimatized. Both groups were found to be more heat tolerant in the summer months than in the winter.

Mineralization in the midpalatal suture after orthodontic expansion

A new method is described for an objective measurement of the mineralization in the anterior part of the midpalatal suture after its orthodontic expansion. The radioisotope 125I is used as radiation source and is placed intraorally in the same position on each measurement occasion. The extraoral part of the apparatus consisted of a scintillation crystal and a pulse-height analyzer to determine the number of roentgen quanta transmitted. The measurements showed that the mineral content within the suture rose rapidly during the first month after the completion of suture opening. In the bone beside the suture, the mineral content decreased sharply during the first month of measurement; later it returned to the initial level.

Atypical interstitial pneumonia in yearling feedlot cattle

During each week of 1974, we surveyed, for illnesses and deaths, a constantly changing population of yearling feedlot cattle that, for the year, totaled 407,000 animals. From 3,943 fatalities, 1,988 necropsies were made; of this number, 106 (5.3%) had atypical interstitial pneumonia. The death rate was higher during summer and fall than during the other seasons and was evenly distributed throughout each of the 4 stages of fattening. Gross pulmonary lesions involved both lungs and were prominent throughout the caudal (diaphragmatic) lobes. Epithelialization, hemorrhage, fibrin, hyaline membranes, emphysema, bronchiolitis, and interstitial edema were common, whereas chromatin strands, bronchiolar edema, interstitial emphysema, and obliterating bronchiolitis were less common histopathologic features.