Prevalence survey of cytomegalovirus infection in children in Chengdu

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common worldwide perinatal infection. Although usually asymptomatic, it may cause deafness in up to 15% of these infants. A cross-sectional study was performed to determine the age-specific prevalence of CMV seropositivity in Chinese children and to determine if any risk factors for infection could be identified. In a two-stage sampling procedure, nine districts were randomly selected from 70 citizenship districts in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China. Then, 1,950 households were randomly selected from 11,886 households and interviewed. Blood was obtained from all children aged less than seven years and assayed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. A subgroup of sera was retested at the research laboratory and also sent to the National Reference Laboratory in Beijing. Kappa values for the test agreement with the reference laboratory and retesting within the study laboratory were 0.94 and 0.86, respectively. Seropositivity averaged 52% in those aged less than one year and 60% in those between four and seven years. A higher rate of seropositivity was observed in urban versus rural children (odds ratio (OR) = 2.55), breast feeding in urban areas only (OR = 1.87), and day care versus home care setting (OR = 1.59). High CMV seroprevalence, even in the first year of life, was observed in this population of well children in Chengdu, China. An association was observed between seroprevalence and residence, method of feeding, and day care attendance.

On the relationships between rural labor productivity, family investment in education, and population quality

The authors consider "the relationships between labor productivity and population quality in order to demonstrate the importance of economic development, and of improving population quality in rural areas. This study is made on the basis of surveys conducted in 1979 and 1986 on the age-specific VP and VC [volume of production and volume of consumption] in certain areas of Jiangsu Province [China]." Population quality is defined primarily in terms of the educational status of the labor force.

Involvement of the nigral output pathways in the inhibitory control of the substantia nigra over generalized non-convulsive seizures in the rat

Activation of GABAergic transmission within the substantia nigra has been shown to suppress several forms of generalized seizures in experimental models of epilepsy. More especially, such pharmacological manipulations suppress spontaneous and chemically-induced generalized non-convulsive seizures in the rat. The aim of the present study was to examine the role of the dopaminergic and GABAergic thalamic and collicular nigral outputs in this antiepileptic effect. For this purpose, we examined the effects of output destruction on the antiepileptic effect of intranigral injections of a GABA agonist or pharmacological blockade of the neurotransmission at the nerve terminal level in rats with spontaneous absence seizures. After selective destruction of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra with 6-hydroxydopamine (5 micrograms/side) or hemisection of the ascending nigral output, bilateral intranigral injection of muscimol (2 ng/side) still significantly suppressed generalized non-convulsive seizures. Bilateral lesioning of the ventromedial nucleus of the thalamus did not abolish the antiepileptic effects of intranigral muscimol (2 ng/side) and the GABA antagonist, picrotoxin, when given into this thalamic nucleus (10 ng/side) also failed to induce suppression of spike and wave discharges. The antiepileptic effects of intranigral injection of muscimol (2 ng/side) was reversed by bilateral electrolytic lesions of the superior colliculus. Blockade of the GABAergic transmission at this level with picrotoxin (40 ng/side) significantly suppressed generalized non-convulsive seizures. Finally, excitation of collicular cell bodies with low doses of kainic acid (4 and 8 ng/side) also resulted in a suppression of spike and wave discharges. These results demonstrate that the GABAergic nigrocollicular pathway is critical for the inhibitory control of the substantia nigra over generalized non-convulsive seizures. The data further suggest that antiepileptic effects observed following potentiation of GABAergic transmission in the substantia nigra result from a disinhibition of collicular cell bodies.

[Affective disturbances in patients with breast cancer]

40 cases of breast tumor (cancer group 20 cases, benign tumor group 20 cases) hospitalized from October, 1986 to April, 1987 were investigated by interview, HAMD, SCL-90 and so on. Results showed that 10 cases met diagnostic criteria of organic affective syndrome defined by DSM-III. The morbidity of depression among all cases was 25 per cent, but the morbidity of depression in breast cancer group was higher than in benign tumor group. Causes of depression in breast cancer were analysed. Authors consider that causes of depression are not relating to operation on breast, but probably relating to biological and psychosocial factors.

[Changes of glomerular fixed anionic charge sites in adriamycin nephrosis in rats]

A single intravenous injection of adriamycin (5mg per kg.) into rats induced nephrosis. In the various periods of the model, alterations of glomerular anionic sites stained with colloidal iron were analyzed quantitatively by image analyzer for the first time at home and abroad. The results showed that there was a significant decrease in glomerular anionic charge sites at 3 hours after administration of adriamycin as compared with that of the control animals (P less than 0.01). Marked loss of the anionic charge sites preceded the onset of proteinuria and was steadily increasing along with progress of the disease. The results suggest that loss of glomerular anionic charge sites may play an important role in the development of proteinuria in nephrotic syndrome.

Environmental factors and Parkinson's disease: a case-control study in China

We studied the role of environment in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD) in China, where industrialization is relatively recent and the population geographically stable. Using a case-control method, we investigated the relationship between PD and exposure to the following factors before disease onset: place of residence, source of drinking water, environmental and occupational exposure to various agricultural and industrial processes. Occupational or residential exposure to industrial chemicals, printing plants, or quarries was associated with an increased risk of developing PD. In contrast, living in villages and exposure to the common accompaniments of village life, wheat growing and pig raising, were associated with a decreased risk for PD. PD cases and controls did not differ with respect to other factors investigated. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that environmental exposure to certain industrial chemicals may be related to the development of PD.

Computer simulations of figure-ground discrimination in the visual system of the fly

Figure-ground discrimination and pattern discrimination represent one of the most important problems in computer vision. Based on computational neuronal network model proposed by Reichardt et al. for figure-ground discrimination in the visual system of the fly, entire systematic computer simulations were carried out under nonstationary conditions. Results show that the model network and simulations have predictive power for behavioural experimental results. This paper proposes that motion perception and elementary pattern discrimination in human visual system may be mediated by some kind of figure-ground system with movement detectors as input layer.

Urban-rural and educational differentials in marital status in China

Since 1950, laws aimed at delaying marriage have been 1 of the major means of slowing population growth in China, where marriage is nearly universal. Age at marriage has risen in recent decades, but not to the same extent in all localities. This article uses cross-tabulated data from China's 1982 census to assess the effects of urban-rural residence and educational level on the ages at which men and women have been marrying. The data also reveal the effects of residence and education on widowhood, divorce, and current marital status. As expected, exposure to development, indicated by urban residence and higher education, is associated with later marriage, but it also increases the likelihood of ever marrying, especially for men. Women's tendency to seek social mobility by marrying men from economically more developed areas results in bachelorhood for a substantial percentage of rural men, especially those who are illiterate.

Pontentiometric cyanine dyes are sensitive probes for mitochondria in intact plant cells : kinetin enhances mitochondrial fluorescence

Selected fluorescent dyes were tested for uptake by mitochrondria in intact cells of barley, maize, and onion. The cationic cyanine dye 3,3'-diheptyloxacarbocyanine iodide [DiOC(7)(3)] accumulated in mitochondria within 15 to 30 minutes without appreciable staining of other protoplasmic constituents. The number, shape, and movement of the fluorescent mitochondria could be seen readily, and the fluorescence intensity of the mitochondria could be monitored with a microscope photometer. Fluorescence was eliminated in 1 to 5 minutes by the protonophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) indicating that maintenance of dye concentration was dependent on the inside-negative transmembrane potential maintained by functional mitochondria. Fluorescence of prestained mitochondria was enhanced within 5 to 10 minutes after addition of 0.1 millimolar kinetin to cells. The fluorescence in kinetintreated cells was dissipated by CCCP. These results suggest that kinetin interacted with respiratory processes resulting in higher potential across the mitochondrial membrane.

Calcium-41 Concentration in Terrestrial Materials: Prospects for Dating of Pleistocene Samples

Calcium-41 has been suggested as a new tool for radiometric dating in the range of 10(5) to 10(6) years. The concentration of cosmogenic calcium-41 in natural samples of terrestrial origin has now been determined by high-sensitivity accelerator mass spectrometry after pre-enrichment in calcium-41 with an isotope separator. Ratios of calcium-41 to total calcium between 2 x 10(-14) and 3 x 10(-15) were measured for samples of contemporary bovine bone and from limestone deposits. Some prospects for the use of calcium-41 for dating Middle and Late Pleistocene bone and for other geophysical applications are discussed.

The rise of technology in Chinese hospitals

Chinese hospitals in the 1980s are in the midst of a technological revolution. Based upon data from several regions in China, this paper describes the political, organizational, economic, and philosophical changes which have accompanied the shift in focus from primary care medicine to high technology tertiary care. The increased authority of physicians, greater contact with the West, and increased funding for medical equipment are key factors in these changes. Although the Chinese state continues to control the administration and financing of most hospitals, the decentralizing reforms of Deng Xiaoping have undermined its ability to effectively plan for, and assess new technology. At present, limited resources prevent most regions from excessive technology acquisition, but the state must rebuild its planning capacity in order to foster rational allocation of scarce medical resources.

Application of avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method with a monoclonal antibody to human Ia-like antigen in immunoelectron microscopy

Monoclonal antibody (MAb) to human Ia-like (HLA-DR) antigen was applied with the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) immunostaining method to localize the Ia-like antigen at the electron microscopic level. Our results indicated that in human tonsils and adenoids fixed with 4-6% phosphate-buffered paraformaldehyde for 4-6 hr, sharply delineated electron-dense products of the antigen and antibody complex were detectable on the outer cell membranes of lymphoblasts, lymphocytes, reticular cells, and macrophages. In our study, the vibratome sections of the paraformaldehyde-fixed, pre-embedding immunostained tissues consistently showed more satisfactory morphology than frozen sections. The combined use of the anti-human Ia monoclonal antibody and the ABC procedure with paraformaldehyde fixation provides a simple and sensitive method to study at the ultrastructural level the Ia-like antigen-bearing cells, which are vital in the immune response.

Estimation of total arterial compliance: an improved method and evaluation of current methods

Determination of arterial compliance in vivo has long interested physiologists. Most current methods for estimating this parameter assume that compliance is constant, i.e., that arterial pressure-volume (P-V) relations are linear, and they also assume that diastolic aortic pressure decay is an exponential function of time. Both of these assumptions, however, are questionable. This study proposes improved methods of estimating compliance based on a Windkessel model of the arterial system but which utilize the area under the pressure tracing rather than the waveform itself. Formulations accounting for both linear and three hypothetical nonlinear arterial P-V relations (exponential, logarithmic, and parabolic) are presented. Data from patients with congestive heart failure and hypertension are used for illustration. Compliances assuming linear P-V relations are reasonably close to those assuming nonlinear P-V relations only at mean aortic pressure. At end-diastolic pressure the linear assumption underestimates and at peak systolic it overestimates the compliances obtained assuming nonlinear P-V relations. The simpler linear assumption still allows a first approximation to compliance, but we show that existing methods for obtaining compliance under this assumption have severe theoretical as well as practical shortcomings. Our proposed method avoids these shortcomings primarily because deviations from an exact exponential form of the pressure wave have less influence on these compliance estimates than currently used methods.

Association of the translocation (15;17) with malignant proliferation of promyelocytes in acute leukemia and chronic myelogenous leukemia at blastic crisis

Cytogenetic studies were performed on nine patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia. Every patient had an identical translocation (15;17) or, in one case, a variant three-way rearrangement between chromosomes 7, 15, and 17. Another patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia was examined at the time of blastic crisis when the patient's bone marrow was infiltrated by hypergranular promyelocytes and blasts. Bone marrow cells contained a t(15;17) as well as a Ph1 chromosome. Only the latter abnormality was observed in the chronic phase of the disease. The translocation (15;17) was detected in all ten patients when bone marrow or peripheral blood cells were cultured for 24 hours prior to making chromosome preparations. However, the t(15;17) was not seen in three of these same cases when bone marrow cells were processed directly. These findings indicate that the t(15;17) is closely associated with acute proliferation of leukemic promyelocytes and that detection of this karyotypic defect may be influenced by the particular cytogenetic processing method used in different laboratories. An analysis of the banding pattern in the variant translocation provided additional evidence favoring chromosomal breakpoints at or very near the junction between bands 17q12 and 17q21 and at 15q22.

Cytochrome P-450 ligands: metyrapone revisited

Expressing metyrapone interactions with ferrous cytochrome P-450 as ligand saturation by cytochrome, rather than the more conventional cytochrome saturation by ligand, an extinction coefficient of 68.5 +/- 1.8 mM-1 cm-1 for the metyrapone complex of dithionite-reduced rat hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 was derived. Utilizing this new extinction coefficient, the increased cytochrome P-450 present after phenobarbital induction was almost exclusively that which is able to both bind to metyrapone and form a metabolic-intermediate complex from norbenzphetamine. However, it was not the only subpopulation present in microsomes that was able to bind metyrapone, nor the only one capable of forming a metabolic intermediate complex from norbenzphetamine. Thus, neither technique alone can be used to quantitate the "phenobarbital-induced form" of cytochrome P-450.

High-performance liquid chromatographic separation and determination of 2-(diethylamino)ethyl diphenylpropylacetate and its metabolites from biological samples

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of 2-(diethylamino)ethyl diphenylpropylacetate (SKF 525-A; Proadifen), its two deethylated metabolites and a hydrolytic metabolite in biological samples has been developed. From many solvent systems investigated the compounds are best separated on an ODS/Sil-X column using an acetonitrile-phosphate buffer system containing 0.2% decylamine. The use of acetonitrile overcomes limitations associated with previously published methods for separating basic compounds where decylamine was used in a methanolic eluent. With the sampling procedures used, overall recoveries from biological tissues were around 80%. The chromatographic system also separates three tricyclic antidepressants which can be used as internal standards.

Selenium intake and metabolic balance of 10 men from a low selenium area of China

Selenium intake and urinary and fecal Se excretion of 10 healthy men from a low Se area in China were determined for three consecutive days, in summer, fall, and winter of 1983, and the spring of 1984 while self-selected diets were being consumed. Mean daily Se intake was 8.8 micrograms/day with a range of 2.3-35.5 micrograms/day, and was far below the recommended range of safe and adequate Se intake of 50-200 micrograms Se/day (National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council). Mean urinary and fecal Se outputs were 3.7 and 3.4 micrograms Se/day, respectively. Mean Se balance during this time was +1.8 micrograms Se/day. Apparent absorption of Se approximated 57%. The low Se intake in this area is a cause for concern since the residents of Molimo may be at risk for Se deficiency diseases.

Selective changes in cytochrome P-450 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase subpopulations following partial hepatectomy in rats

Following 65% hepatectomy in adult male rats, the cytochrome P-450 in the residual liver decreased continuously from 1.0 to approximately 0.5 nmol/mg protein over a period of 2 to 3 days, and then recovered slowly to presurgery values by 14 days. In contrast UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity (per mg protein) declined (25 to 40% depending on the aglycone used to assay the enzyme) for only 1 day, with a rapid recovery to presurgery values by 5 days. Transferase activity toward estrone overshot control values during recovery and was elevated above its presurgery value at 7 days. The changes in drug-metabolizing enzymes were accompanied by a surge in mitosis which peaked at 2 days. The extent of the decline in cytochrome P-450 and the increase in the mitotic index were proportional to the amount of liver removed. The decline in cytochrome P-450 was selective for cytochrome P-450 which elutes in the void volume upon anion-exchange high-pressure liquid chromatography of solubilized microsomes. Accompanying the decline in cytochrome P-450 in this eluate was a decline in protein(s) with a molecular weight of 51,500. The decline in cytochrome P-450 also caused disproportionate decreases in microsomal ethylmorphine N-demethylase activity and metabolic-intermediate complex formation from norbenzphetamine and SKF 525-A, but not in p-nitroanisole O-demethylase activity, metabolic-intermediate complex formation from isosafrole or metyrapone binding to cytochrome P-450.

Separation of four glucuronides in a single sample by high-pressure liquid chromatography and its use in the determination of UDP glucuronosyltransferase activity toward four aglycones

A single-solvent, reverse-phase HPLC system that separates glucuronides has been developed, and its applicability to the separation of glucuronides of four substrates (1-naphthol, morphine, testosterone, and estrone), representative of different UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes, has been demonstrated. The combined supernatants from four separate microsomal incubations from which the protein has been precipitated can be used directly for the quantitation of the glucuronides formed. Variations in the four enzyme activities, upon treatment of rats with microsomal enzyme-inducing agents, after liver trauma and in the Gunn strain of rats have been investigated.

Cytochrome P-450 metabolic-intermediate complex formation from p-aminobenzoic acid esters and other arylamines

Metabolism of a series of p-aminobenzoic acid esters by rat liver microsomal fractions resulted in the formation of cytochrome P-450 metabolic - intermediate complexes. With conditions that allowed complex formation to proceed to completion, about 20% of control rat cytochrome P-450 was sequestered as a complex. Phenobarbital, but not beta-naphthoflavone induced additional cytochrome P-450, which with specific esters could be complexed to about 60%. For other esters, the induced cytochrome maximally complexed to about 20%, as was seen in uninduced rats. The two groups of p-aminobenzoic acid esters could not be readily delineated by lipid/water partition coefficients or steric factors.