Resting heart rate and incidence of venous thromboembolism

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Higher resting heart rate is a risk factor for arterial cardiovascular diseases. We assessed whether higher heart rate is a risk factor for venous thromboembolism (VTE).

METHODS

In a prospective epidemiologic cohort, the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, we associated resting heart rate by electrocardiogram with physician-validated incident hospitalized VTE through 2015. We also examined whether lower heart rate variability (HRV), a marker of cardiac autonomic imbalance, might be a risk factor for VTE.

RESULTS

Resting heart rate at Visit 1 (1987-1989), when participants were 45 to 64 years old (mean, 54 years), was not associated with incidence of VTE (n = 882 cases). However, heart rate at Visit 4 (1996-1998; mean age, 63 years) was associated positively with VTE (n = 557 cases). The adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of VTE across Visit 4 heart rate categories of <60, 60 to 69, 70 to 79, and ≥80 bpm were 1 (reference), 1.22 (1.01-1.49), 1.39 (1.09-1.78), and 1.44 (1.01-2.06), respectively, and when evaluated continuously 1.11 (1.02-1.21) per 10 bpm greater heart rate. For the most part, HRV indices were not associated with VTE or associations were explained by inverse correlations of HRV indices with heart rate.

CONCLUSION

We found a significant positive and independent association of resting heart rate at ARIC Visit 4 with incidence of VTE. The reason why high heart rate is a risk marker for VTE warrants further exploration.

Association of Testosterone Therapy With Risk of Venous Thromboembolism Among Men With and Without Hypogonadism

IMPORTANCE

Testosterone therapy is increasingly prescribed in patients without a diagnosis of hypogonadism. This therapy may be associated with increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) through several mechanisms, including elevated hematocrit levels, which increase blood viscosity.

OBJECTIVE

To assess whether short-term testosterone therapy exposure is associated with increased short-term risk of VTE in men with and without evidence of hypogonadism.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS

This case-crossover study analyzed data on 39 622 men from the IBM MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounter Database and the Medicare Supplemental Database from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2017, with 12 months of follow-up. Men with VTE cases who were free of cancer at baseline and had 12 months of continuous enrollment before the VTE event were identified by International Classification of Diseases codes. Men in the case period were matched with themselves in the control period. Case periods of 6 months, 3 months, and 1 month before the VTE events were defined, with equivalent control periods (6 months, 3 months, and 1 month) in the 6 months before the case period.

EXPOSURES

National drug codes were used to identify billed testosterone therapy prescriptions in the case period (0-6 months before the VTE) and the control period (6-12 months before the VTE).

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES

The main outcome in this case-only experiment was first VTE event stratified by the presence or absence of hypogonadism.

RESULTS

A total of 39 622 men (mean [SD] age, 57.4 [14.2] years) were enrolled in the study, and 3110 men (7.8%) had evidence of hypogonadism. In age-adjusted models, testosterone therapy use in all case periods was associated with a higher risk of VTE in men with (odds ratio [OR], 2.32; 95% CI, 1.97-2.74) and without (OR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.47-2.77) hypogonadism. Among men without hypogonadism, the point estimate for testosterone therapy and VTE risk in the 3-month case period was higher for men younger than 65 years (OR, 2.99; 95% CI, 1.91-4.68) than for older men (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 0.90-3.14), although this interaction was not statistically significant (P = .14).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

Testosterone therapy was associated with an increase in short-term risk for VTE among men with and without hypogonadism, with some evidence that the association was more pronounced among younger men. These findings suggest that caution should be used when prescribing testosterone therapy.

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2020 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association

BACKGROUND

The American Heart Association, in conjunction with the National Institutes of Health, annually reports on the most up-to-date statistics related to heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular risk factors, including core health behaviors (smoking, physical activity, diet, and weight) and health factors (cholesterol, blood pressure, and glucose control) that contribute to cardiovascular health. The Statistical Update presents the latest data on a range of major clinical heart and circulatory disease conditions (including stroke, congenital heart disease, rhythm disorders, subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, heart failure, valvular disease, venous disease, and peripheral artery disease) and the associated outcomes (including quality of care, procedures, and economic costs).

METHODS

The American Heart Association, through its Statistics Committee, continuously monitors and evaluates sources of data on heart disease and stroke in the United States to provide the most current information available in the annual Statistical Update. The 2020 Statistical Update is the product of a full year's worth of effort by dedicated volunteer clinicians and scientists, committed government professionals, and American Heart Association staff members. This year's edition includes data on the monitoring and benefits of cardiovascular health in the population, metrics to assess and monitor healthy diets, an enhanced focus on social determinants of health, a focus on the global burden of cardiovascular disease, and further evidence-based approaches to changing behaviors, implementation strategies, and implications of the American Heart Association's 2020 Impact Goals.

RESULTS

Each of the 26 chapters in the Statistical Update focuses on a different topic related to heart disease and stroke statistics.

CONCLUSIONS

The Statistical Update represents a critical resource for the lay public, policy makers, media professionals, clinicians, healthcare administrators, researchers, health advocates, and others seeking the best available data on these factors and conditions.

Incident Heart Failure and Long-Term Risk for Venous Thromboembolism

BACKGROUND

Heart failure (HF) hospitalization places patients at increased short-term risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE). Long-term risk for VTE associated with incident HF, HF subtypes, or structural heart disease is unknown.

OBJECTIVES

In the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities) cohort, VTE risk associated with incident HF, HF subtypes, and abnormal echocardiographic measures in the absence of clinical HF was assessed.

METHODS

During follow-up, ARIC identified incident HF and subcategorized HF with preserved ejection fraction or reduced ejection fraction. At the fifth clinical examination, echocardiography was performed. Physicians adjudicated incident VTE using hospital records. Adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the association between HF or echocardiographic exposures and VTE.

RESULTS

Over a mean of 22 years in 13,728 subjects, of whom 2,696 (20%) developed incident HF, 729 subsequent VTE events were identified. HF was associated with increased long-term risk for VTE (adjusted hazard ratio: 3.13; 95% confidence interval: 2.58 to 3.80). In 7,588 subjects followed for a mean of 10 years, the risk for VTE was similar for HF with preserved ejection fraction (adjusted hazard ratio: 4.71; 95% CI: 2.94 to 7.52) and HF with reduced ejection fraction (adjusted hazard ratio: 5.53; 95% confidence interval: 3.42 to 8.94). In 5,438 subjects without HF followed for a mean of 3.5 years, left ventricular relative wall thickness and mean left ventricular wall thickness were independent predictors of VTE.

CONCLUSIONS

In this prospective population-based study, incident hospitalized HF (including both heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and reduced ejection fraction), as well as echocardiographic indicators of left ventricular remodeling, were associated with greatly increased risk for VTE, which persisted through long-term follow-up. Evidence-based strategies to prevent long-term VTE in patients with HF, beyond time of hospitalization, are needed.

Circulating Ionized Magnesium: Comparisons with Circulating Total Magnesium and the Response to Magnesium Supplementation in a Randomized Controlled Trial

Ionized Mg (iMg) is considered the biologically active fraction of circulating total Mg (tMg). It is possible that iMg may be a more physiologically relevant marker than tMg. Using data from a double-blind pilot randomized controlled trial, we tested (1) whether oral Mg supplementation will increase iMg concentrations compared with placebo and (2) the relationship between iMg and tMg at baseline. Additionally, we evaluated the agreement between iMg measured in fresh whole blood versus stored samples. A total of fifty-nine participants were randomized 1:1 to oral Mg supplementation (400 mg/day, Mg Oxide) or placebo for 10 weeks. Fasting blood samples were obtained at baseline and follow-up. The analysis used linear regression and an intent-to-treat approach. Participants were generally healthy, the mean age was 62, and 73% were female. The baseline iMg and tMg were modestly and positively associated (r = 0.50). The ratio of baseline iMg to tMg was 64%. The mean supplement effect on iMg was 0.03 mmol/L (95% CI:0.01, 0.05) for Mg supplementation versus placebo. The supplement effect on iMg was not statistically significantly different according to baseline iMg status (above/below median). Compared to fresh blood, iMg was consistently higher in refrigerated and frozen samples by 0.14 and 0.20 mmol/L, respectively. In this relatively healthy adult population, Mg supplementation over 10 weeks resulted in increased iMg concentrations. Whether iMg is a more appropriate measure of Mg status than tMg, and the public health or clinical utility of measuring iMg remains to be determined.

Atrial Fibrillation, Brain Volumes, and Subclinical Cerebrovascular Disease (from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Neurocognitive Study [ARIC-NCS])

The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between atrial fibrillation (AF) and total and regional brain volumes among participants in the community-based Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Neurocognitive study (ARIC-NCS). A total of 1,930 participants (130 with AF) with a mean age of 76.3 ± 5.2, who underwent 3T brain MRI scans in 2011 to 2013 were included. Prevalent AF was ascertained from study ECGs and hospital discharge codes. Brain volumes were measured using FreeSurfer image analysis software. Markers of subclinical cerebrovascular disease included lobar microhemorrhages, subcortical microhemorrhages, cortical infarcts, subcortical infarcts, lacunar infarcts, and volume of white matter hyperintensities. Linear regression models were used to assess the associations between AF status and brain volumes. In adjusted analyses, AF was not associated with markers of subclinical cerebrovascular disease. However, AF was associated with smaller regional brain volumes (including temporal, occipital, and parietal lobes; deep gray matter; Alzheimer disease signature region; and hippocampus [all p <0.05]) after controlling for demographics, cardiovascular risk factors, prevalent cardiovascular disease, and markers of subclinical cerebrovascular disease. Subgroup analysis revealed a significant interaction between AF and total brain volume with respect to age (p = 0.02), with associations between AF and smaller brain volumes being stronger for older individuals. In conclusion, AF was associated with smaller brain volumes, and the association was stronger among older individuals. This finding may be related to the longer exposure period of the older population to AF or the possibility that older people are more susceptible to the effects of AF on brain volume.

Incident Hospitalization with Major Cardiovascular Diseases and Subsequent Risk of ESKD: Implications for Cardiorenal Syndrome

BACKGROUND

Cardiorenal syndrome is a well known concept, bolstered by extensive investigations of CKD as a risk factor of cardiovascular disease. However, data on whether cardiovascular disease increases long-term risk of ESKD are sparse.

METHODS

We assessed the association of incident hospitalization with major cardiovascular diseases (heart failure, atrial fibrillation, coronary heart disease, and stroke) with subsequent risk of ESKD among individuals enrolled in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study; the analysis included 9047 individuals without prevalent cardiovascular disease at their fourth study visit. Each relevant incident cardiovascular disease event was entered into multivariable Cox proportional hazard models as a time-varying exposure to estimate hazard ratios.

RESULTS

During a median follow-up of 17.5 years, there were 2598 cases of hospitalization with cardiovascular disease (heart failure, n=1269; atrial fibrillation, n=1337; coronary heart disease, n=696; and stroke, n=559) and 210 cases of incident ESKD. The incidence of major cardiovascular disease was associated with increased risk of ESKD, with the highest risk for heart failure (hazard ratio, 11.40; 95% confidence interval, 8.38 to 15.50), followed by coronary heart disease, atrial fibrillation, and stroke. When we analyzed heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction separately, the risk was nominally higher for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

CONCLUSIONS

Major incident cardiovascular disease events were associated with ESKD, independent of kidney risk factors. In particular, heart failure showed a very strong association with ESKD. Our findings highlight the importance of monitoring and managing kidney disease in patients with cardiovascular disease. The potentially distinct contribution to ESKD of heart failure with preserved versus reduced ejection fraction deserves future investigation.

No Association Found Between Midlife Seropositivity for Infection and Subsequent Cognitive Decline: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Neurocognitive Study (ARIC-NCS)

Infections of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Helicobacter pylori, and Chlamydia pneumoniae may play a role in cognitive decline via systemic inflammation. We hypothesized that Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study participants who were seropositive in midlife for antibodies to HSV-1, CMV, H pylori, or C pneumoniae would have an accelerated rate of cognitive decline over 20 years. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities performed a case-cohort study involving a stratified random sample of participants tested for serum immunoglobulin G antibodies to the pathogens of interest. We conducted a longitudinal study using this cohort. Cognitive change was measured using Z scores from the Delayed Word Recall (DWR), Digit Symbol Substitution (DSS), and Word Fluency (WF) Tests administered at visits 2 (1990-1992), 4 (1996-1998), and 5 (2011-2013). Linear regression models with generalized estimating equations and inverse probability of attrition weights were used to evaluate associations between infection and cognitive performance. Four hundred twenty-six participants were analyzed, of which 3% were seronegative for all 4 infections, 14% seropositive for one, 33% and 34% seropositive for 2 and 3, respectively, and 16% seropositive for all infections. At baseline, test scores were significantly lower for participants seropositive for H pylori and C pneumoniae. After baseline covariate adjustment, the rate of decline in DWR, DSS, WF, and global Z scores did not differ significantly by infection status for any of the 4 infections. There was also no significant association between the number of infections for which participants were seropositive and cognitive decline. Our study provides no evidence supporting a longitudinal relationship between seropositivity and cognitive decline.

Replication of Newly Identified Genetic Associations Between Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm and SMYD2, LINC00540, PCIF1/MMP9/ZNF335, and ERG

OBJECTIVE

A recently published genome wide association study of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA), based on pooled case control data of European ancestry, identified four new loci for AAA: SMYD2 (top single nucleotide polymorphism [SNP] rs1795061), LINC00540 (rs9316871), PCIF1/MMP9/ZNF335 (rs3827066), and ERG (rs2836411). Of the four, rs1795061 and rs2836411 showed significant heterogeneity across studies and the p value for rs9316871 did not reach the genome wide significance threshold until discovery and replication data were pooled together in that study. The objective of this study was to replicate these newly identified genetic associations for AAA in a US based prospective cohort study, the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, and a Greece based case control study.

METHODS

ARIC identified 408 clinically diagnosed AAAs among 8 962 individuals of European ancestry during a median of 22 years of follow up. The Greek case control study included 341 AAAs of European ancestry recruited in a tertiary referral centre and 292 geographically and ethnically matched controls recruited from the same institution. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to analyse the ARIC data and logistic regression to analyse the Greek data.

RESULTS

In ARIC, rs9316871 and rs3827066 were significantly associated with AAA risk (HR [p] was 0.77 [.004] and 1.22 [.03], respectively), rs2836411 was associated at borderline significance (1.13 [.08]), whereas rs1795061 was not associated (p = .55). In the Greek case control study, rs1795061 and rs2836411 were significantly associated with AAA (OR [p] was 1.66 [< .001] and 1.29 [.04], respectively), whereas rs9316871 was not (p = .81). Genotyping of rs3827066 did not succeed. In the meta-analysis of the two studies, the association for rs9316871and rs2836411 was statistically significant and consistent between the two studies: p = .02 and .007, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Associations between rs9316871and rs2836411 and AAA risk were replicated in the meta-analysis of the two independent cohorts, providing further support for the importance of these loci in the aetiology of AAA.

Serum magnesium and the incidence of coronary artery disease over a median 27 years of follow-up in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study and a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Low serum magnesium (Mg) concentrations have been associated with higher coronary artery disease (CAD) risk. A previous Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study article that evaluated the Mg-CAD association, based on 319 events occurring over 4-7 y, identified a sex-interaction whereby the inverse Mg-CAD association was much stronger among women than men. More than 1700 additional ARIC CAD events have since accrued.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to test our hypothesis that serum Mg is inversely and independently associated with long-term CAD risk in ARIC and in a meta-analysis with other prospective studies.

METHODS

A total of 14,446 ARIC study participants (baseline mean ± SD age: 54 ± 6 y, 57% women, 27% African American) were followed for incident CAD through 2017. CAD events were defined by myocardial infarction or CAD mortality. Serum Mg was modeled as quintiles based on mean visit 1 (1987-1989) and visit 2 (1990-1992) concentrations. Cox regression models were used. We also conducted a random-effects meta-analysis incorporating these contemporary ARIC findings.

RESULTS

Over a median follow-up of 27 y, 2131 incident CAD cases accrued. Overall, low serum Mg was associated with higher CAD risk after adjustment for demographics, lifestyle factors, and other CAD risk factors than was higher serum Mg (HR Q1 compared with Q5: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.11, 1.47; P-linear trend <0.001). The association was stronger among women (HR Q1 compared with Q5: 1.53; 95% CI: 1.22, 1.92) than men (HR: 1.11; 95% CI: 0.92, 1.34) (P-interaction = 0.05). In the meta-analysis including 5 studies, the pooled RR (95% CI) for CAD in the lowest compared with the highest circulating Mg category was 1.18 (1.06, 1.31) (I2 = 22%, P-heterogeneity = 0.27).

CONCLUSIONS

In this large community-based cohort and updated meta-analysis, low circulating Mg was associated with higher CAD risk than was higher Mg. Whether increasing Mg concentrations within healthy limits is a useful strategy for CAD prevention remains to be seen.

Inpatient and Outpatient Infection as a Trigger of Cardiovascular Disease: The ARIC Study

Background

Acute infections are known cardiovascular disease (CVD) triggers, but little is known regarding how CVD risk varies following inpatient versus outpatient infections. We hypothesized that in‐ and outpatient infections are associated with CVD risk and that the association is stronger for inpatient infections.

Methods and Results

Coronary heart disease (CHD) and ischemic stroke cases were identified and adjudicated in the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study). Hospital discharge diagnosis codes and Medicare claims data were used to identify infections diagnosed in in‐ and outpatient settings. A case‐crossover design and conditional logistic regression were used to compare in‐ and outpatient infections among CHD and ischemic stroke cases (14, 30, 42, and 90 days before the event) with corresponding control periods 1 and 2 years previously. A total of 1312 incident CHD cases and 727 incident stroke cases were analyzed. Inpatient infections (14‐day odds ratio [OR]=12.83 [5.74, 28.68], 30‐day OR=8.39 [4.92, 14.31], 42‐day OR=6.24 [4.02, 9.67], and 90‐day OR=4.48 [3.18, 6.33]) and outpatient infections (14‐day OR=3.29 [2.50, 4.32], 30‐day OR=2.69 [2.14, 3.37], 42‐day OR=2.45 [1.97, 3.05], and 90‐day OR=1.99 [1.64, 2.42]) were more common in all CHD case periods compared with control periods and inpatient infection was a stronger CHD trigger for all time periods (P<0.05). Inpatient infection was also a stronger stroke trigger with the difference borderline statistically significant (P<0.10) for the 42‐ and 90‐day time periods.

Conclusions

In‐ and outpatient infections are associated with CVD risk. Patients with an inpatient infection may be at particularly elevated CVD risk and should be considered potential candidates for CVD prophylaxis.

See Editorial by https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.118.011175

Association of Abnormal P-Wave Indices With Dementia and Cognitive Decline Over 25 Years: ARIC-NCS (The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Neurocognitive Study)

Background Abnormal P-wave indices (PWIs)-reflecting underlying left atrial abnormality-are associated with increased risk of stroke independent of atrial fibrillation. We assessed whether abnormal PWIs are associated with incident dementia and greater cognitive decline, independent of atrial fibrillation and ischemic stroke. Methods and Results We included 13 714 participants (mean age, 57±6 years; 56% women; 23% black) who were followed for dementia through the end of 2015. (Abnormal P-wave terminal force in lead V1, ≥4000 μV×ms), abnormal P-wave axis (>75° or <0°), prolonged P-wave duration (>120 ms), and advanced interatrial block were determined from ECGs at visits 2 to 4. Dementia was adjudicated by an expert panel using data from cognitive tests and hospitalization International Classification of Diseases codes. Cognitive function was measured longitudinally using 3 neuropsychological tests. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the association between time-dependent abnormal PWIs with incident dementia. Linear regression models were used to evaluate PWIs with cognitive function over time. At the conclusion of the study, 19%, 16%, 28%, and 1.9% of participants had abnormal P-wave terminal force in lead V1, abnormal P-wave axis, prolonged P-wave duration, and advanced interatrial block, respectively. During mean follow-up of 18 years, there were 1390 (10%) dementia cases. All abnormal PWIs except advanced interatrial block were associated with an increased risk of dementia even after adjustment for incident atrial fibrillation and stroke: multivariable hazard ratio of abnormal P wave terminal force in lead V1=1.60, 95% CI, 1.41 to 2.83; abnormal P-wave axis, hazard ratio =1.36, 95% CI, 1.17 to 2.57; prolonged P-wave duration, hazard ratio=1.60, 95% CI, 1.42 to 1.80. Only abnormal P-wave terminal force in lead V1 was associated with greater decline in global cognition. Conclusions Abnormal PWIs are independently associated with an increased risk of dementia. This novel finding should be replicated in other cohorts and the underlying mechanisms should be evaluated.

Association of Left Atrial Enlargement and Atrial Fibrillation With Cognitive Function and Decline: The ARIC-NCS

Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with cognitive decline. Whether left atrial enlargement (LAE), a critical substrate for AF, is also associated is less well established. Therefore, we assessed the association of LAE and AF with cognitive decline in the ARIC-NCS (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Neurocognitive Study). Methods and Results Participants (n=3391; mean age, 75±5 years; 59% women) underwent cognitive tests and 2-dimensional echocardiograms at visit 5 (2011-2013) and follow-up cognitive tests at visit 6 (2016-2017). LAE was defined as left atrium volume index ≥34 mL/m2. AF was ascertained using study ECGs and hospitalization discharge codes. We assessed the association of AF and LAE with (a) cognitive domain scores at visit 5 and (b) cognitive domain score changes between visit 5 and visit 6. At visit 5, compared with the reference group (without AF, normal left atrium), participants with LAE and AF had significantly lower global cognition (Z score, -0.24; 95% CI, -0.38 to -0.10), whereas participants with AF and without LAE and participants with LAE and without AF did not have lower global cognition. In longitudinal analysis, compared with the reference group, participants with AF but without LAE had significantly greater decline in global cognition (Z score, -0.13; 95% CI, -0.21 to -0.06). However, LAE, with or without AF, was not associated with greater cognitive decline. Conclusion Although LAE with AF was significantly associated with lower cognitive function in cross-sectional analysis, LAE, with or without AF, was not associated with greater cognitive decline over 5 years, highlighting the importance of evaluating longitudinal cognitive function. Future studies should have longer follow-up and evaluate left atrium function.

Association of Oral Anticoagulant Type With Risk of Dementia Among Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation

Background

Oral anticoagulants (OACs) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), in addition to reducing stroke risk, could also prevent adverse cognitive outcomes. The purpose of this study was to compare the risk of dementia incidence across patients with AF initiating different OACs.

Methods and Results

We identified patients with nonvalvular AF initiating OACs in 2 US healthcare claim databases, MarketScan (2007–2015) and Optum Clinformatics (2009–2015). Dementia, comorbidities, and use of medications were defined on the basis of inpatient and outpatient claims. We performed head‐to‐head comparisons of warfarin, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban in propensity score–matched cohorts. We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of incident dementia for each propensity score–matched cohort and meta‐analyzed database‐specific results. We analyzed 307 099 patients with AF from the MarketScan database and 161 346 from the Optum database, of which 6572 and 4391, respectively, had a diagnosis of incident dementia. The mean follow‐up of each cohort ranged between 0.7 and 2.2 years. Patients initiating direct OACs experienced lower rates of dementia than those initiating warfarin (dabigatran: HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.71–1.01; rivaroxaban: HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.76–0.94; apixaban: HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.65–0.97). There were no differences in rates of dementia comparing direct OAC user groups (dabigatran versus rivaroxaban: HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.79–1.32; dabigatran versus apixaban: HR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.63–1.36; apixaban versus rivaroxaban: HR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.86–1.19).

Conclusions

Patients with AF initiating direct OACs experienced lower rates of incident dementia than warfarin users. No obvious benefit was observed for any particular direct OAC in relation to dementia rates.

Sequencing Analysis at 8p23 Identifies Multiple Rare Variants in DLC1 Associated with Sleep-Related Oxyhemoglobin Saturation Level

Average arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation during sleep (AvSpO2S) is a clinically relevant measure of physiological stress associated with sleep-disordered breathing, and this measure predicts incident cardiovascular disease and mortality. Using high-depth whole-genome sequencing data from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) project and focusing on genes with linkage evidence on chromosome 8p23,1,2 we observed that six coding and 51 noncoding variants in a gene that encodes the GTPase-activating protein (DLC1) are significantly associated with AvSpO2S and replicated in independent subjects. The combined DLC1 association evidence of discovery and replication cohorts reaches genome-wide significance in European Americans (p = 7.9 × 10-7). A risk score for these variants, built on an independent dataset, explains 0.97% of the AvSpO2S variation and contributes to the linkage evidence. The 51 noncoding variants are enriched in regulatory features in a human lung fibroblast cell line and contribute to DLC1 expression variation. Mendelian randomization analysis using these variants indicates a significant causal effect of DLC1 expression in fibroblasts on AvSpO2S. Multiple sources of information, including genetic variants, gene expression, and methylation, consistently suggest that DLC1 is a gene associated with AvSpO2S.

Metabolic Syndrome and Risk of Ischemic Stroke in Atrial Fibrillation: ARIC Study

Background and Purpose- Metabolic syndrome (MetS), a prothrombotic state, is associated with an increased risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) and stroke. The CHA2DS2-VASc score does not account for the MetS components of prehypertension, prediabetes mellitus, abdominal obesity, elevated triglycerides, and low HDL (high-density lipoprotein). Data are limited on the association of MetS with stroke in AF, independent of CHA2DS2-VASc variables. Our aim was to identify MetS components associated with ischemic stroke in participants with AF in the ARIC study (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities). Methods- We included 1172 participants with incident AF within 5 years of measurement of MetS components. MetS was defined by ATP criteria and International Diabetes Federation criteria. Incident ischemic stroke was physician adjudicated. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess the association of MetS components with stroke. Results- After a median follow-up of 14.8 years, there were 113 ischemic stroke cases. Of the individual MetS components, low HDL was borderline associated with increased stroke risk (hazard ratio, 1.48 [95% CI, 0.99-2.21]) after adjustment for CHA2DS2-VASc variables while the remaining MetS variables were not associated with stroke risk. The presence of ≥3 components of MetS was not significantly associated with ischemic stroke after adjustment for CHA2DS2-VASc variables (hazard ratio, 1.38 [95% CI, 0.91-2.11]). The risk of stroke increased by 13% for each additional component of MetS; however, this association was borderline significant (hazard ratio, 1.13 [95% CI, 0.99-1.28]). Conclusions- The presence of MetS was not significantly associated with ischemic stroke after adjustment for CHA2DS2-VASc variables. Consideration of MetS is unlikely to improve stroke prediction in AF.

Mid-life serum Vitamin D concentrations were associated with incident dementia but not late-life neuropsychological performance in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

BACKGROUND

Activated Vitamin D has anti-inflammatory properties and adequate 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations may be important for neurocognitive function and protection against neurologic injury. We examined whether mid-life 25(OH) D concentrations were associated with later-life performance on neuropsychological testing, functional ability, depressive symptoms, and incident dementia.

METHODS

We studied 13,039 white and black ARIC participants who had serum 25(OH) D measured mid-life at visit 2 (1990-1992). Over the next ~ 20 years through visit 5 (2011-2013), participants underwent 3 additional in-person visits, annual telephone calls, and hospitalization surveillance. An extensive battery of neuropsychological outcomes were assessed at visit 5 using standardized protocols. Incident dementia was ascertained through a formal algorithm that included data from in-person cognitive testing, telephone interviews, hospital discharge codes, and death certificate codes. Diagnoses of dementia were adjudicated by expert clinician committee. For the primary cognitive analyses, we imputed for missing covariates and outcomes and used linear regression to evaluate non-concurrent cross-sectional associations of mid-life 25(OH) D (visit 2) with late-life neuropsychological outcomes (visit 5). We also used Cox regression models to examine associations of mid-life 25(OH) D and incident dementia.

RESULTS

In mid-life, the mean (SD) age of participants was 57 (6) years, 57% were women, and 24% black. Mean (SD) 25(OH) D was 24.3 (8.6) ng/mL; 33% had deficient (< 20 ng/mL), 44% intermediate (20- < 30 ng/mL), and 23% sufficient (≥30 ng/mL) 25(OH) D concentrations. Association between mid-life 25(OH) D and late-life performance on neuropsychological testing were mostly null. There was no significant association with functional ability or depressive symptoms. Results were similar in a sensitivity analysis using complete-case data (no imputation). However, after a median follow-up of 20 years, low 25(OH) D concentrations were associated with increased risk for incident dementia (p = 0.01 for trend across categories), with HR of 1.26 (95% CI 1.06, 1.49) for participants with deficient 25(OH) D, compared to sufficient concentrations.

CONCLUSION

In this community cohort, mid-life serum 25(OH) D concentrations were associated with incident dementia but not with performance on neuropsychological testing, functional ability, or depressive symptoms, 20 years later. Whether serum 25(OH) D concentrations are causally related to dementia or confounded by poorer health status remains uncertain.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Registered on clinicaltrials.gov NCT00005131 .

Direct oral anticoagulants and warfarin for venous thromboembolism treatment: Trends from 2012 to 2017

BACKGROUND

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), namely rivaroxaban, apixaban, dabigatran, and edoxaban, are now included together with warfarin as standards of care for the primary treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE). The extent to which the DOACs have been adopted since receiving US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval is unknown.

OBJECTIVE

To document temporal trends in oral anticoagulant (OAC) prescriptions among anticoagulant-naïve patients initiating OACs for VTE primary treatment in the United States and to report participant characteristics by OAC prescribed for the year 2017.

METHODS

MarketScan databases for years 2012 through 2017 were used to identify VTE cases and comorbidities using International Classification of Diseases codes and prescriptions for OACs via outpatient pharmaceutical claims data.

RESULTS

The 137 203 VTE cases were on average (± standard deviation) 56.7 ± 16.0 years old and 49.9% female. Warfarin was prescribed to 98.7% of VTE patients receiving an OAC in quarter 1 (January through March) of 2012. By quarter 4 (October through December) of 2017, warfarin was prescribed to 17.5%, while rivaroxaban was prescribed to 42.7%, apixaban to 38.6%, dabigatran to 1.3%, and edoxaban to <0.1%. In 2017, the comorbidity burden was highest among patients prescribed warfarin, intermediate among patients prescribed apixaban, and lowest among patients prescribed rivaroxaban.

CONCLUSIONS

Rivaroxaban and apixaban use to treat VTE has increased dramatically since receiving FDA approval, whereas warfarin use has plummeted. Dabigatran and edoxaban are infrequently prescribed. Given widespread usage of rivaroxaban and apixaban, there is a need for continued monitoring of the comparative effectiveness of these OAC therapies in real-world settings.

Prevalence and Characteristics of Subclinical Atrial Fibrillation in a Community-Dwelling Elderly Population: The ARIC Study

BACKGROUND

The prevalence of subclinical atrial fibrillation (AF) in the elderly general population is unclear. We sought to define the prevalence of subclinical AF in a community-based elderly population and to characterize subclinical AF and the incremental diagnostic yield of 4 versus 2 weeks of continuous ECG monitoring.

METHODS

We conducted a cross-sectional analysis within the community-based multicenter observational ARIC study (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) using visit 6 (2016-2017) data. The 2616 ARIC study participants who wore a leadless, ambulatory ECG monitor (Zio XT Patch) for up to 2 weeks were aged 79±5 years, 42% men, and 26% black. In a subset, 386 participants without clinically recognized AF wore the monitor twice, each time for up to 2 weeks. We characterized the prevalence of subclinical AF (ie, AF detected on the Zio XT Patch without clinically recognized AF) over 2 weeks of monitoring and the diagnostic yield of 4 versus 2 weeks of monitoring.

RESULTS

The prevalence of subclinical AF was 2.5%; the prevalence of subclinical AF was 3.3% among white men, 2.5% among white women, 2.1% among black men, and 1.6% among black women. Subclinical AF was mostly intermittent (75%). Among those with intermittent subclinical AF, 91% had AF burden ≤10% during the monitoring period. In a subset of 386 participants without clinical AF, 78% more subclinical AF was detected by 4 weeks versus 2 weeks of ECG monitoring.

CONCLUSIONS

In our study, the prevalence of subclinical AF was lower than previously reported and monitoring beyond 2 weeks provided substantial incremental diagnostic yield. Future studies should focus on individuals with higher risk to increase diagnostic yield and consider continuous monitoring duration longer than 2 weeks.

Joint Associations of Obesity and NT-proBNP With the Incidence of Atrial Fibrillation in the ARIC Study

Background

Circulating NT‐proBNP (N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide) levels, a well‐known indicator of atrial wall stress and remodeling, inversely correlate with body mass index. Both are strongly predictive of atrial fibrillation (AF). Their potential interaction in relation to incident AF, however, has not been explored.

Methods and Results

In total, 9556 participants of the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) study who had 2 measurements of NT‐proBNP and no baseline AF or heart failure were followed from 1996 to 1998 through 2016 for the occurrence of incident AF. Participants were categorized as obese (body mass index ≥30) and nonobese (body mass index <30) and by NT‐proBNP levels (using the median of 68.2 pg/mL as the cutoff). Over a median follow‐up of 18.3 years, we identified 1806 incident cases of AF. Analysis using multivariable Cox regression models showed that obese participants with high NT‐proBNP levels at visit 4 had a higher adjusted risk of incident AF (hazard ratio: 3.64; 95% CI, 3.15–4.22) compared with nonobese individuals with low NT‐proBNP levels. The association of obesity with AF risk was not modified by NT‐proBNP levels (P=0.46 for interaction). Increasing BNP among participants from 1990–1992 to 1996–1998 was associated with increased AF risk. After further adjustment for clinical risk factors and medications, results were similar.

Conclusions

Individuals who had both elevated body mass index and NT‐proBNP and were free of clinically recognized heart failure were at higher risk of AF development. Those who experienced an increase in NT‐proBNP levels between visits 2 and 4 were at higher risk of AF.

Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations and Incidence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

Purpose

To investigate the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentrations at visit 2 (1990–1992) and the 18-year incidence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) between visit 3 (1993–1995) and visit 5 (2011–2013).

Methods

This prospective analysis was conducted in a subset of participants (n = 1225) from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. We evaluated the incidence of any, early, and late AMD from visit 3 to 5. The 25(OH)D concentrations were assessed in 2012–2013 by using stored serum from visit 2. Retinal fundus photographs taken at both visits were graded side by side to determine the incidence of AMD. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incident AMD outcomes during 18 years of follow-up (1993–1995 to 2011–2013) by tertile of 25(OH)D adjusted for age, race, and smoking status. P for linear trend was estimated by using continuous 25(OH)D concentrations. Sensitivity analyses applied inverse probability weights to account for selection to have eye photographs, death, and loss to follow-up.

Results

There was a decreased odds of any incident AMD (n = 139) and large, soft drusen (n = 80) in 25(OH)D tertile 3 versus 1, with OR (95% CI) = 0.57 (0.36–0.90), P trend = 0.11 and with 0.52 (0.28–0.93), P trend = 0.18, respectively. Applying sampling weights attenuated these results to 0.66 (0.38–1.16), P trend = 0.32 (any incident AMD) and 0.54 (0.27–1.09), P trend = 0.36 (large, soft drusen), respectively, suggesting these associations may be biased by loss to follow-up and sampling for retinal photographs at visit 5. No statistically significant results were observed with pigmentary abnormalities (n = 46) or incident late AMD (n = 26).

Conclusions

High 25(OH)D concentrations, approximately >70 nM, may be associated with decreased odds of incident early AMD.

Provider Specialty, Anticoagulation, and Stroke Risk in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Cancer

BACKGROUND

It is unknown whether early cardiology involvement shortly after atrial fibrillation (AF) diagnosis is associated with favorable outcomes in AF patients who have cancer.

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between early cardiology involvement after AF diagnosis in patients with history of cancer.

METHODS

This study examined associations of early cardiology involvement with oral anticoagulation use, stroke, and bleeding among nonvalvular AF patients (n = 388,045; mean age 68 ± 15 years; 59% male) with a history of cancer (past or active) from the MarketScan database (2009 to 2014). International Classification of Disease-9th Revision-Clinical Modification codes in any position were used to identify cancer diagnosis prior to AF diagnosis. Provider specialty and filled anticoagulant prescriptions 3 months prior to and 6 months after AF diagnosis were obtained. Poisson regression models were used to compute the probability of an oral anticoagulant prescription fill, and Cox regression was used to estimate the risks of stroke and major bleeding.

RESULTS

A total of 64,016 (17%) AF patients had a history of cancer. Cardiology involvement was less likely to occur among patients with a history of cancer than those without (relative risk [RR]: 0.92 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.91 to 0.93]). Patients with history of cancer were less likely to fill prescriptions for anticoagulants (RR: 0.89 [95% CI: 0.88 to 0.90]) than those without cancer, and similar results were observed across cancer types. Patients with cancer were more likely to fill prescriptions for anticoagulants (RR: 1.48 [95% CI: 1.45 to 1.52]) if seen by a cardiologist. A reduced risk of stroke (hazard ratio: 0.89 [95% CI: 0.81 to 0.99]) was observed among all cancer patients who were seen by a cardiology provider, without an increased risk of bleeding (hazard ratio: 1.04 [95% CI: 0.95 to 1.13]). Similar results were observed when the analysis was stratified by active versus remote history of cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

Although AF patients with cancer were less likely to see a cardiologist, or fill anticoagulant prescriptions, cardiology involvement was associated with increased anticoagulant prescription fills and favorable AF-related outcomes in AF patients with cancer.