176
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Nakashima H, Matsuno S, Akahoshi M, Miyake K, Inoue Y, Tanaka Y, Ninomiya I, Shimizu S, Igawa T, Sadanaga A, Otsuka T, Harada M. Association between IFNA genotype and the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Rheumatol 2004; 24:38-40. [PMID: 15674657 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-004-0966-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2004] [Accepted: 05/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by multisystem inflammation and production of autoantibodies, which can generate immune complexes and may cause tissue damage through the recognition of an autoantigen. Although many factors have been proposed, such as genetic factors, environmental factors, hormonal action, viruses, and dysregulation of cytokine production, the cause of this disease is not well understood. It has been reported that the levels of interferon (IFN)-alpha in the sera of some SLE patients are elevated and that IFN-alpha induces maturation of monocytes into highly active antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DCs). We analyzed the association between IFN-alpha genotype and the risk of SLE to clarify whether IFN-alpha plays a central role in susceptibility to SLE. The results showed that no IFN-alpha genotype was significantly associated with the risk of SLE.
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177
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Aly T, Devendra D, Barker J, Liu E, Yu L, Eisenbarth GS. Heterophile antibodies masquerade as interferon-alpha in subjects with new-onset type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 27:1205-6. [PMID: 15111547 DOI: 10.2337/diacare.27.5.1205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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178
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Massirer KB, Hirata MH, Silva AEB, Ferraz MLG, Nguyen NY, Hirata RDC. Interferon-alpha receptor 1 mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells is associated with response to interferon-alpha therapy of patients with chronic hepatitis C. Braz J Med Biol Res 2004; 37:643-7. [PMID: 15107924 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2004000500003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-alpha receptor mRNA expression in liver of patients with chronic hepatitis C has been shown to be a response to IFN-alpha therapy. The objective of the present study was to determine whether the expression of mRNA for subunit 1 of the IFN-alpha receptor (IFNAR1) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) is associated with the response to IFN-alpha in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Thirty patients with positive anti-HCV and HCV-RNA, and abnormal levels of alanine aminotransferase in serum were selected and treated with IFN-alpha 2b for one year. Those with HBV or HIV infection, or using alcohol were not included. Thirteen discontinued the treatment and were not evaluated. The IFN-alpha response was monitored on the basis of alanine aminotransferase level and positivity for HCV-RNA in serum. IFNAR1-mRNA expression in PBMC was measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction before and during the first three months of therapy. The results are reported as IFNAR1-mRNA/beta-actin-mRNA ratio (mean +/- SD). Before treatment, responder patients had significantly higher IFNAR1-mRNA expression in PBMC (0.67 +/- 0.15; N = 5; P < 0.05) compared to non-responders (0.35 +/- 0.17; N = 12) and controls (0.30 +/- 0.16; N = 9). Moreover, IFNAR1-mRNA levels were significantly reduced after 3 months of treatment in responders, whereas there were no differences in IFNAR1 expression in non-responders during IFN-alpha therapy. Basal IFNAR1-mRNA expression was not correlated with the serum level of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases or the presence of cirrhosis. The present results suggest that IFNAR1-mRNA expression in PBMC is associated with IFN-alpha response to hepatitis C and may be useful for monitoring therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C.
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179
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Pichyangkul S, Yongvanitchit K, Kum-arb U, Hemmi H, Akira S, Krieg AM, Heppner DG, Stewart VA, Hasegawa H, Looareesuwan S, Shanks GD, Miller RS. Malaria Blood Stage Parasites Activate Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and Murine Dendritic Cells through a Toll-Like Receptor 9-Dependent Pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:4926-33. [PMID: 15067072 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.8.4926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A common feature of severe Plasmodium falciparum infection is the increased systemic release of proinflammatory cytokines that contributes to the pathogenesis of malaria. Using human blood, we found that blood stage schizonts or soluble schizont extracts activated plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) to up-regulate CD86 expression and produce IFN-alpha. IFN-alpha production was also detected in malaria-infected patients, but the levels of circulating PDCs were markedly reduced, possibly because of schizont-stimulated up-regulation of CCR7, which is critical for PDC migration. The schizont-stimulated PDCs elicited a poor T cell response, but promoted gamma delta T cell proliferation and IFN-gamma production. The schizont immune stimulatory effects could be reproduced using murine DCs and required the Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9)-MyD88 signaling pathway. Although the only known TLR9 ligand is CpG motifs in pathogen DNA, the activity of the soluble schizont extract was far greater than that of schizont DNA, and it was heat labile and precipitable with ammonium sulfate, unlike the activity of bacterial DNA. These results demonstrate that schizont extracts contain a novel and previously unknown ligand for TLR9 and suggest that the stimulatory effects of this ligand on PDCs may play a key role in immunoregulation and immunopathogenesis of human falciparum malaria.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/physiology
- Cell Fractionation
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- DNA-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/parasitology
- Dendritic Cells/pathology
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Interferon-alpha/biosynthesis
- Interferon-alpha/blood
- Malaria, Falciparum/blood
- Malaria, Falciparum/immunology
- Malaria, Falciparum/parasitology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
- Plasmodium falciparum/chemistry
- Plasmodium falciparum/growth & development
- Plasmodium falciparum/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/deficiency
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Receptors, Immunologic/deficiency
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Solubility
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/parasitology
- Toll-Like Receptor 9
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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180
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McGinn TM, Wei Q, Stallworth J, Fultz PN. Immune responses to HTLV-I(ACH) during acute infection of pig-tailed macaques. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2004; 20:443-56. [PMID: 15157363 DOI: 10.1089/088922204323048195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-I) is causally linked to adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and a chronic progressive neurological disease, HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). A nonhuman primate model that reproduces disease symptoms seen in HTLV-I-infected humans might facilitate identification of initial immune responses to the virus and an understanding of pathogenic mechanisms in HTLV-I-related disease. Previously, we showed that infection of pig-tailed macaques with HTLV-I(ACH) is associated with multiple signs of disease characteristic of both HAM/TSP and ATL. We report here that within the first few weeks after HTLV-I(ACH) infection of pig-tailed macaques, serum concentrations of interferon (IFN)-alpha increased and interleukin-12 decreased transiently, levels of nitric oxide were elevated, and activation of CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes and CD16(+) natural killer cells in peripheral blood were observed. HTLV-I(ACH) infection elicited virus-specific antibodies in all four animals within 4 to 6 weeks; however, Tax-specific lymphoproliferative responses were not detected until 25-29 weeks after infection in all four macaques. IFN-gamma production by peripheral blood cells stimulated with a Tax or Gag peptide was detected to varying degrees in all four animals by ELISPOT assay. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from one animal that developed only a marginal antigen-specific cellular response were unresponsive to mitogen stimulation during the last few weeks preceding its death from a rapidly progressive disease syndrome associated with HTLV-I(ACH) infection of pig-tailed macaques. The results show that during the first few months after HTLV-I(ACH) infection, activation of both innate and adaptive immunity, limited virus-specific cellular responses, sustained immune system activation, and, in some cases, immunodeficiency were evident. Thus, this animal model might be valuable for understanding early stages of infection and causes of immune system dysregulation in HTLV-I-infected humans.
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181
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Gharehbaghian A, Haque KMG, Truman C, Evans R, Morse R, Newman J, Bannister G, Rogers C, Bradley BA. Effect of autologous salvaged blood on postoperative natural killer cell precursor frequency. Lancet 2004; 363:1025-30. [PMID: 15051282 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(04)15837-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunosuppression after major surgery increases the risk of infections. Natural killer cells play a pivotal part in defence against infection. We aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of different types of postoperative blood transfusion by use of a new assay for measuring the frequency of peripheral blood natural killer precursor cells (NKpf assay). METHODS We measured the natural killer cell precursor (NKp) frequency before and 5 days after surgery in 120 patients undergoing joint replacement surgery. The patients were assigned to one of five groups according to the type of transfusion received: non-transfused (n=32), allogeneic non-leukodepleted blood (eight), allogeneic leukodepleted blood (30), autologous predeposited blood (ten), and autologous salvaged blood collected within the first 24 h after surgery (40). We also measured interferon gamma and interleukin 10 concentrations before and after surgery. FINDINGS The mean postoperative NKp frequency for all patients was lower than the preoperative values, except in patients receiving autologous salvaged blood, which was higher than all other groups (p<0.0001). Postoperative NKp frequencies for patients receiving allogeneic or autologous predeposited blood responded similarly (p=0.99), but these patients had lower NKp frequencies than did the non-transfused group (p<0.0001). Postoperative interferon gamma concentrations were higher in the autologous salvaged blood group (p<0.0001) than in other groups, which did not differ from each other. Interleukin 10 concentrations were similar across all groups (p=0.49). INTERPRETATION Immunosuppression associated with surgery and blood loss was reflected in a reduced frequency of NKp and decreased interferon gamma. This immunosuppression was reversed by transfusion of autologous salvaged blood, suggesting that this fluid contained immunostimulants.
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182
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Akahoshi M, Ishihara M, Remus N, Uno K, Miyake K, Hirota T, Nakashima K, Matsuda A, Kanda M, Enomoto T, Ohno S, Nakashima H, Casanova JL, Hopkin JM, Tamari M, Mao XQ, Shirakawa T. Association between IFNA genotype and the risk of sarcoidosis. Hum Genet 2004; 114:503-9. [PMID: 15004750 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-004-1099-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2003] [Accepted: 02/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is known to be a systemic granulomatous disorder characterized by a cell-mediated Th1-type inflammatory response. To identify a key genetic factor in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis, we investigated single nucleotide polymorphisms within 10 candidate genes involved in type 1 immune process ( IFNA17, IFNB, IFNG, IFNGR1, IFNGR2, IL12B, IL12RB1, IL12RB2, ETA-1, and NRAMP1) in an association-based study of 102 Japanese patients with sarcoidosis, 114 with tuberculosis, and 110 control subjects. After correction for multiple testing, an IFNA17 polymorphism (551T-->G) was found to be associated with susceptibility to sarcoidosis (odds ratio 3.27 [95% CI: 1.44-7.46], P=0.004, P(c)=0.04), but not to tuberculosis. We observed no significant associations with the other polymorphisms of the Th1-related genes. We further typed another IFNA polymorphism ( IFNA10 60T-->A) and confirmed two major haplotypes of the IFNA gene, viz., allele 1: IFNA10 [60T]- IFNA17 [551T] and allele 2: IFNA10 [60A]- IFNA17 [551G], in the Japanese population. In healthy subjects, IFNA allele 2, which is over-represented in patients with sarcoidosis, was significantly associated with increased IFN-alpha and IL-12p70 production induced by Sendai virus in vitro. This study suggests that possession of the IFNA allele with higher levels of IFN-alpha significantly increases the risk of sarcoidosis.
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183
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Powers KA, Dixit NM, Ribeiro RM, Golia P, Talal AH, Perelson AS. Modeling viral and drug kinetics: hepatitis C virus treatment with pegylated interferon alfa-2b. Semin Liver Dis 2004; 23 Suppl 1:13-8. [PMID: 12934163 DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-41630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Administration of peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin results in an early hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA decay followed by an increase as the drug concentration declines between doses. Upon administration of the next dose 1 week later, the same pattern is observed. We have incorporated pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis into a model of viral dynamics to describe the effect that changes in drug concentration and effectiveness can have on viral levels. To illustrate the relationship between pharmacokinetics and viral dynamics, we fit the model to data from four HCV/human immunodeficiency virus co-infected patients, and obtained good agreement with the measured serum HCV RNA levels. We were able to account for the observed increases in HCV RNA, and estimate virion and drug half-lives that are in agreement with previous reports. Models incorporating pharmacokinetics are needed to correctly interpret viral load changes and estimate drug effectiveness in treatment protocols using peginterferon alfa-2b.
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184
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Levitan BN, Astakhin AV, Chishieva EM, Afanas'ev SS. [Serum concentration and antiviral activity of interferon alpha in chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis]. VOENNO-MEDITSINSKII ZHURNAL 2004; 325:60-6, 96. [PMID: 15101297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Blood serum concentration and antiviral activity of IFN-alpha were studied in 121 patients with chronic hepatitis (CH) and in 115 patients with hepatocirrhosis (HC). The increase in IFN-alpha antiviral activity was revealed in 62% CH patients and in 46% HC patients. In CH patients both the mean indices of blood serum IFN-alpha concentration and its antiviral activity increased. The changes were more expressed in CH having viral etiology (HBV and HCV). For the most CH patients with disease positive dynamics the initially high indices of IFN-alpha antiviral activity were typical. In HC patients with portal hypertension syndrome progress and against the background of increased blood serum IFN-alpha concentration its antiviral activity decreases. With development hepatocellular insufficiency, increasing of disease stage (according to the Child-Pugh classification) the decrease in IFN-alpha concentration and its antiviral activity is noted.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Antiviral Agents/blood
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral/drug effects
- Female
- Hepatitis, Chronic/blood
- Hepatitis, Chronic/immunology
- Hepatitis, Chronic/virology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/blood
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/immunology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/virology
- Humans
- Interferon-alpha/blood
- Interferon-alpha/pharmacology
- Liver Cirrhosis/blood
- Liver Cirrhosis/immunology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
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185
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Hausfater P, Fillet AM, Rozenberg F, Arthaud M, Trystram D, Huraux JM, Lebon P, Riou B. Prevalence of viral infection markers by polymerase chain reaction amplification and interferon-alpha measurements among patients undergoing lumbar puncture in an emergency department. J Med Virol 2004; 73:137-46. [PMID: 15042661 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Aseptic meningitis is a frequent diagnosis in emergency departments. Nevertheless, viral investigations are not carried out currently and the viral etiology in adult population has not been studied extensively. We conducted a prospective study including all consecutive patients undergoing lumbar puncture during a 15 months period in an adult emergency department. Bloody and purulent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were excluded. The main tests undertaken were: CSF genomic amplification by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for neurotropic viruses and serum and CSF interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) measurements. Among 194 patients included, 45 had and 149 did not have aseptic meningitis. Of 45 patients with aseptic meningitis, 10 had alternative non-virological final diagnosis, and 35/45 were presumed to have neurological disorders of viral origin. Patients (27/35) completed virological analysis: 21/27 (78%) had either positive viral PCR (enterovirus: 8 patients, Varicella zoster virus (VZV): 5, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV): 2, herpes simplex virus (HSV): 1, human herpes virus 6: 1) or only raised serum or CSF IFN-alpha (4 patients). Overall, 59% of patients with a positive viral PCR had either CSF or serum raised IFN-alpha. Twentyone patients without meningitis had either positive viral PCR (enterovirus: 3 patients) or only high serum IFN-alpha level (18 patients). In the setting of aseptic meningitis diagnosed in an adult emergency department, viruses are the most common agents encountered, with enterovirus and VZV as the two main etiological agents. Current CSF viral genome amplification and IFN-alpha measurement are informative and could be useful to confirm the viral origin of various neurological disorders, although the sensitivity and specificity of IFN-alpha measurement for the diagnosis of viral infection need further confirmation.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Algorithms
- Base Sequence
- Biomarkers/cerebrospinal fluid
- DNA, Viral/cerebrospinal fluid
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Emergency Service, Hospital
- Female
- Humans
- Interferon-alpha/blood
- Interferon-alpha/cerebrospinal fluid
- Male
- Meningitis, Aseptic/diagnosis
- Meningitis, Aseptic/immunology
- Meningitis, Aseptic/virology
- Meningitis, Viral/diagnosis
- Meningitis, Viral/immunology
- Meningitis, Viral/virology
- Middle Aged
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Prospective Studies
- Spinal Puncture
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186
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Astakhin AV, Afanas'ev SS, Vorob'ev AA, Levitan BN, Aleshkin VA. [The role of cytokines and interferon-alpha in the pathogenesis of chronic diffuse diseases of the liver]. VESTNIK ROSSIISKOI AKADEMII MEDITSINSKIKH NAUK 2004:19-23. [PMID: 15154324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The cytokine profiles were investigated in 171 patients with chronic hepatitis (CH) and in 173 patients with liver cirrhosis (LC). Increasing mean concentrations of IFN-alpha, TNF-alpha, IL-4 and IL-6 in blood serum as well as of the functional (antiviral and cytolytic) activity of IFN-alpha and TNF-alpha were found to be typical of a majority of CH and LC patients. Higher concentrations of IFN-alpha, IL-1, TNF-alpha and IL-6 in blood serum of CH patients are more typical of viral hepatitis versus alcoholic one. The replicative activity of hepatotropic viruses induces a powerful cytokine response. The LC etiology did not have any essential impact, in a majority of cases, on the blood-serum cytokine profile. A low function activity of TNF-alpha in blood serum signifies that the biological effects of the above cytokine are blocked. Finally, such analysis of the parameters of concentrations and functional activity of serum cytokines ensures a more objective evaluation of the pathogenetic disease mechanism and provides for prognosticating its outcome.
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187
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Mokronosova MA, Liaporova TV, Sergeev AV, Kopeĭkina IV, Ospel'nikova TP, Skhodova SA. [Clinical and immunological changes in atopic dermatitis patients treated with purified staphylococcal toxoid]. ZHURNAL MIKROBIOLOGII, EPIDEMIOLOGII I IMMUNOBIOLOGII 2004:71-4. [PMID: 15024988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
32 patients with atopic dermatitis (AD), complicated by pyoderma, were treated with purified staphylococcal toxoid (PST). Changes in clinical and laboratory characteristics in the course of treatment were evaluated. PST was shown to produce a satisfactory therapeutic effect, arresting the symptoms of local staphylococcal infection. An increase in the levels of alpha- and gamma-interferons and decreased content of CD25+ lymphocytes were found. Thus prospects appear for using this preparation as an interferon inductor, as well a for the immunotherapy of AD patients sensitized to Staphylococcus aureus.
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188
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Madden LJ, Zandonatti MA, Flynn CT, Taffe MA, Marcondes MCG, Schmitz JE, Reimann KA, Henriksen SJ, Fox HS. CD8+ cell depletion amplifies the acute retroviral syndrome. J Neurovirol 2004; 10 Suppl 1:58-66. [PMID: 14982741 DOI: 10.1080/753312754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The duration and severity of the symptomatology present during the early phase of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (known as the acute retroviral syndrome) is associated with alterations in the clinical profile of infection, such as a shortening of duration between infection with HIV and the onset of neurocognitive impairment and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Viral-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and CD8+ natural killer (NK) cells play a key role in antiviral immunity. Loss of CD8+ cells or their functional impairment during the early period of infection is associated with a rapid progression to AIDS in nonhuman primate studies. However, no studies have determined whether CD8+ cell loss or impairment is associated with symptoms of acute retroviral illness such as fever. In this study, the authors compared the early phase of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in animals that were treated with the anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody cM-T807 to deplete CD8+ cells during the early period of infection (SIV+ CD8- group) to those with intact CD8+ cells (SIV+ CD8+ group). The SIV+ CD8- group had an enhanced acute retroviral syndrome when compared to the SIV+ CD8+ group. The SIV+ CD8- group also had prolonged high viral loads and distinct alterations in the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and interferon (IFN)-alpha, as well as in monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1. CD8+ cell depletion, therefore, appears to enhance symptoms of the acute retroviral syndrome and alters several of the immunological factors associated with the early phase of infection.
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189
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Astakhin AV, Levitan BN, Afanas'ev SS, Vorob'ev AA, Aleshkin VA, Denisov LA, Chishieva EM. [Concentration and antiviral activity of interferon-alpha in the sera of patient with hepatic pathology]. ZHURNAL MIKROBIOLOGII, EPIDEMIOLOGII I IMMUNOBIOLOGII 2004:59-62. [PMID: 15024984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The normalization of the antiviral activity of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) in the process of the treatment of patients with acute viral hepatitis (VH), simultaneously with the results of other clinico-laboratory tests, reflects the positive dynamics of the process. The prolonged preservation of the elevated level of the antiviral activity of IFN-alpha (up to 6 months and longer) is a prognostically unfavorable sign. In patients with chronic VH the growth of both the average concentration of IFN-alpha in the blood serum and its average antiviral activity can be observed. With the progress of the disease and the formation of the cirrhosis of the liver, the concentration of IFN-alpha in the blood serum remains to be elevated, while its antiviral activity drops.
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190
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Bayry J, Lacroix-Desmazes S, Delignat S, Mouthon L, Weill B, Kazatchkine MD, Kaveri SV. Intravenous immunoglobulin abrogates dendritic cell differentiation induced by interferon-? present in serum from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 48:3497-502. [PMID: 14674000 DOI: 10.1002/art.11346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alterations in the function of dendritic cells (DCs) may explain the systemic autoimmune responses that characterize systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Even though several reports have documented the beneficial effect of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) in SLE, the underlying mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. Considering the effect of serum factors, including interferon-alpha (IFNalpha), on the activity of DCs, we investigated the effects of IVIG on the differentiation of DCs mediated by serum from SLE patients. METHODS DCs were differentiated from peripheral blood monocytes obtained from SLE patients and from healthy blood donors, in the presence of SLE serum. IVIG was used at a concentration of 0.15 mM. A functional assay was performed to assess the inhibitory effect of IVIG on the uptake of nucleosomes by DCs. RESULTS IVIG interfered with the differentiation of DCs from SLE patients and healthy donors cultured in the presence of SLE serum. Treatment of DCs with IVIG inhibited the ingestion of nucleosomes by immature DCs, by up to 36%. CONCLUSION The present findings indicate that IVIG, by down-regulating the IFNalpha-mediated differentiation of DCs and by inhibiting uptake of nucleosomes, may exert an essential immunoregulatory effect in SLE patients at the onset of the immune response, at the DC level. Given the critical role of HLA molecules and the costimulatory signals delivered by CD80 and CD86 in optimal antigen presentation and T cell activation, inhibition of expression of HLA and CD80/CD86 on DCs by IVIG offers a plausible explanation for the efficacy of IVIG in SLE and other immune-mediated inflammatory conditions.
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191
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Boulestin A, Sandres-Saune K, Payen JL, Rostaing L, Pasquier C, Izopet J. Genetic heterogeneity of the NS5A gene of hepatitis C virus and early response to interferon-alpha. J Infect Dis 2003; 188:1367-70. [PMID: 14593596 DOI: 10.1086/379037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2002] [Accepted: 05/19/2003] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase-binding domain (PKRbd) of the NS5A gene of hepatitis C virus (HCV) was studied by the cloning and sequencing method, in HCV-infected patients who had a primary resistance to treatment with interferon (IFN)-alpha (early nonresponders). Patients whose virus load decreased by >or=0.5 log (early responders) were similarly analyzed. In the 2 groups, the PKRbd evolved similarly over the first 24 h. Selection of resistant HCV variants is unlikely to explain primary resistance to IFN-alpha.
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192
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Crow MK, Wohlgemuth J. Microarray analysis of gene expression in lupus. Arthritis Res Ther 2003; 5:279-87. [PMID: 14680503 PMCID: PMC333417 DOI: 10.1186/ar1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2003] [Revised: 09/22/2003] [Accepted: 10/01/2003] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the study of global patterns of gene expression with the use of microarray technology, coupled with data analysis using sophisticated statistical algorithms, have provided new insights into pathogenic mechanisms of disease. Complementary and reproducible data from multiple laboratories have documented the feasibility of analysis of heterogeneous populations of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with rheumatic diseases through use of this powerful technology. Although some patterns of gene expression, including increased expression of immune system cell surface activation molecules, confirm previous data obtained with other techniques, some novel genes that are differentially expressed have been identified. Most interesting is the dominant pattern of interferon-induced gene expression detected among blood mononuclear cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and juvenile dermatomyositis. These data are consistent with longstanding observations indicating increased circulating interferon-alpha in the blood of patients with active lupus, but draw attention to the dominance of the interferon pathway in the hierarchy of gene expression pathways implicated in systemic autoimmunity.
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Zhang GH, Tan XF, Shen D, Zhao SY, Shi YL, Jin CK, Sun WG, Guo YH, Chen KH, Tang J. Gene expression and antitumor effect following im electroporation delivery of human interferon alpha 2 gene. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2003; 24:891-6. [PMID: 12956937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the gene expression and antitumor effect following im electroporation delivery of human interferon alpha 2 (hIFN-alpha 2) gene. METHODS The pcD2/hIFN-alpha 2 was injected into the middle of the quadriceps muscle of female BALB/c mice or the leukemia-bearing female BALB/c nude mice, and then electroporation was given to the injection site. Optimal electrical parameters and the efficiency of gene transfer was studied with hIFN-alpha 2 ELISA kit. The HL-60 tumor model in BALB/c nude mice was used to investigate therapeutic effects of im electroporation delivery of pcD2/hIFN-alpha 2. RESULTS The optimal conditions for the electric pulses were as follows: voltage at 200 V/cm; pulse duration at 40 ms per pulse; number of pulse at 6 pulses and frequency at 1 Hz. Under optimal conditions, the serum hIFN-alpha 2 levels in electroporation group (160 microg/L+/-31 microg/L) were 45-fold higher than those of nonelectroporation group (3.6 microg/L+/-1.6 microg/L, P<0.01). The growth of leukemia was inhibited more obviously and the survival time of the leukemia-bearing nude mice was prolonged after im electroporation delivery of pcD2/hIFN-alpha 2 100 microg or 200 microg. CONCLUSION Electroporation was an efficient method for the delivery of plasmid DNA and im electroporation delivery of pcD2/hIFN-alpha 2 was effective in treating leukemia.
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Vanbervliet B, Bendriss-Vermare N, Massacrier C, Homey B, de Bouteiller O, Brière F, Trinchieri G, Caux C. The inducible CXCR3 ligands control plasmacytoid dendritic cell responsiveness to the constitutive chemokine stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1)/CXCL12. J Exp Med 2003; 198:823-30. [PMID: 12953097 PMCID: PMC2194187 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20020437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The recruitment of selected dendritic cell (DC) subtypes conditions the class of the immune response. Here we show that the migration of human plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), the blood natural interferon alpha-producing cells, is induced upon the collective action of inducible and constitutive chemokines. Despite expression of very high levels of CXCR3, pDCs do not respond efficiently to CXCR3 ligands. However, they migrate in response to the constitutive chemokine stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1)/CXCL12 and CXCR3 ligands synergize with SDF-1/CXCL12 to induce pDC migration. This synergy reflects a sensitizing effect of CXCR3 ligands, which, independently of a gradient and chemoattraction, decrease by 20-50-fold the threshold of sensitivity to SDF-1/CXCL12. Thus, the ability of the constitutive chemokine SDF-1/CXCL12 to induce pDC recruitment might be controlled by CXCR3 ligands released during inflammation such as in virus infection. SDF-1/CXCL12 and the CXCR3 ligands Mig/CXCL9 and ITAC/CXCL1 display adjacent expression both in secondary lymphoid organs and in inflamed epithelium from virus-induced pathologic lesions. Because pDCs express both the lymph node homing molecule l-selectin and the cutaneous homing molecule cutaneous lymphocyte antigen, the cooperation between inducible CXCR3 ligands and constitutive SDF-1/CXCL12 may regulate recruitment of pDCs either in lymph nodes or at peripheral sites of inflammation.
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Koroleva LI, Evsiukova II, Sel'kov SA, Anikin VB. [Interferon status of healthy full-term neonates and their mothers]. FIZIOLOGIIA CHELOVEKA 2003; 29:156-8. [PMID: 14611100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
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Sakurai F, Terada T, Maruyama M, Watanabe Y, Yamashita F, Takakura Y, Hashida M. Therapeutic effect of intravenous delivery of lipoplexes containing the interferon-beta gene and poly I: poly C in a murine lung metastasis model. Cancer Gene Ther 2003; 10:661-8. [PMID: 12944985 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We have evaluated and compared the efficacy of systemic administration of lipoplex formulations containing plasmids encoding IFN-beta or IFN-gamma, and a synthetic double-strand RNA poly I:poly C (pI:pC), a type I IFN inducer, in a lung metastasis model in which colon carcinoma CT-26 cells were inoculated intravenously into immunocompatible mice. Injection of lipoplexes containing plasmid DNA, regardless of IFN gene insertion, stimulated a transient increase in the serum concentration of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and IFN-gamma, while injection of lipoplexes containing pI:pC led to a low level of TNF-alpha and undetectable IFN-gamma production. Furthermore, injection of these lipoplexes containing plasmids resulted in the production of a mixture of type I and type II IFNs, partly derived from the inserted IFN genes, in lung tissue cultures. In tumor-prophylactic experiments, intravenous injection of lipoplexes containing plasmid, regardless of IFN gene insertion, showed a significant reduction in lung metastatic nodules probably due to proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma nonspecifically induced by the CpG motifs in the plasmid and the type I IFNs produced. On the other hand, the antimetastatic effect of pI:pC-lipoplex seemed to be due mainly to IFN-beta induced by pI:pC. In established lung metastasis experiments, a single intravenous administration of lipoplexes containing IFN-beta gene or pI:pC, but not other lipoplexes, showed a significant therapeutic effect on the tumor metastasis: reduction in tumor nodules and prolongation of survival time of tumor-burden mice. The therapeutic effects were specifically impaired by anti-IFN-beta antibody treatment, indicating that IFN-beta produced by the lipoplexes played an important role in the suppression of established metastatic lung tumors. Thus, the local IFN-beta in the lung delivered by intravenous administration of lipoplex containing IFN-beta gene or pI:pC may be a convenient and useful method of inhibiting established metastatic lung tumors.
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Shodell M, Shah K, Siegal FP. Circulating human plasmacytoid dendritic cells are highly sensitive to corticosteroid administration. Lupus 2003; 12:222-30. [PMID: 12708787 DOI: 10.1191/0961203303lu362xx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), the major interferon-producing cell type found in human blood, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Previous studies in SLE have shown substantial deviations from normal in this minor but immunologically important leukocyte population. Many of the lupus patients studied were receiving corticosteroids. To determine the effects of steroid administration on pDC in healthy adults, four volunteers were given prednisone, 15-30 mg daily, for 4 days. Both counts of pDC, and their ability to produce IFN-alpha were significantly reduced (P = 0.02 and 0.004, respectively) during steroid administration, and rapidly recovered after discontinuation of the hormones. The overall reduction in pDC-derived IFN appeared to be attributable to falls of both number of circulating cells and of IFN produced per pDC. The effects observed with pDC were comparable in magnitude but opposite in direction to that observed for granulocytes. In contrast other blood leukocytes were little affected during steroid therapy.
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Shiono H, Wong YL, Matthews I, Liu JL, Zhang W, Sims G, Meager A, Beeson D, Vincent A, Willcox N. Spontaneous production of anti-IFN-alpha and anti-IL-12 autoantibodies by thymoma cells from myasthenia gravis patients suggests autoimmunization in the tumor. Int Immunol 2003; 15:903-13. [PMID: 12882828 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxg088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is mediated by autoantibodies to the acetylcholine receptor (AChR), expressed in muscle and rare thymic myoid cells. Most early-onset cases show thymic lymph node-type infiltrates, including pre-activated plasma cells spontaneously producing anti-AChR antibodies. Since these are not evident in the associated thymomas found in another 10% of MG patients, AChR-specific B cells must be autosensitized elsewhere. Unexpectedly, at diagnosis, >70% of MG/thymoma patients also have high-titer neutralizing autoantibodies to IFN-alpha, and >50% to IL-12; moreover, titers increase strikingly if the thymomas recur, indicating a closer tumor relationship than for anti-AChR. To investigate this, we have measured autoantibody production by cells cultured from thymomas, any available thymic remnants and blood, with or without the B cell stimulant pokeweed mitogen (PWM). To check autoantibody specificity and clonal origins, we isolated Fabs from two combinatorial libraries from producer thymus/thymoma cells. Surprisingly, thymoma cells spontaneously produced antibodies to IFN-alpha and/or IL-12 in >40% of seropositive cases, showing typical plasma cell behavior, whereas they produced anti-AChR only after PWM stimulation. We isolated 15 combinatorial Fabs to IFN-alpha (versus only one to AChR). Their strong binding in radio-immunoprecipitation and Western blots implies high affinities. The four Fabs tested neutralized anti-viral actions of IFN-alpha. The diverse V genes clearly showed ongoing antigen-driven selection. These results imply pre-activation in situ by native IFN-alpha/IL-12 expressed within a 'dangerous' tumor microenvironment. With these molecules, it should be easier to identify provoking cell type(s) that may give novel additional clues to autoimmunization against T-cell epitopes from the more complex AChR.
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Kemp TJ, Elzey BD, Griffith TS. Plasmacytoid dendritic cell-derived IFN-alpha induces TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand/Apo-2L-mediated antitumor activity by human monocytes following CpG oligodeoxynucleotide stimulation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:212-8. [PMID: 12817000 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.1.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing the CpG motif are being tested as immune adjuvants in many disease settings. Of the human PBMC examined, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are a major source of type I IFN upon stimulation with CpG ODN. IFNs have numerous immunostimulatory effects, including the induction of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)/Apo-2L on monocytes, NK cells, and T cells. Importantly, IFN has also been linked to antitumor responses. Thus, we tested whether CpG ODN stimulation of PBMC led to TRAIL/Apo-2L-induced tumor cell death. When PBMC were stimulated with CpG ODN, TRAIL/Apo-2L-dependent tumor cell death was observed. Further examination of CpG ODN-stimulated PBMC revealed that TRAIL/Apo-2L expression was limited to CD14(+) cells, which, when depleted, led to a loss of the TRAIL/Apo-2L-mediated tumor cell killing. Moreover, pDC depletion also abolished the TRAIL/Apo-2L-mediated killing of tumor cell targets. Analysis of the pDC showed IFN-alpha production after CpG ODN stimulation. Finally, inclusion of neutralizing IFN-alpha antiserum with the PBMC during CpG ODN stimulation abrogated TRAIL/Apo-2L-mediated tumor cell killing. These results define a mechanism by which CpG ODN induces TRAIL/Apo-2L-dependent killing of tumor cells by CD14(+) PBMC, in which CpG ODN-activated pDC produce IFN-alpha that stimulates CD14(+) PBMC to express functional TRAIL/Apo-2L.
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