Targeting the IKZF1/BCL-2 axis as a novel therapeutic strategy for treating acute T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia

OBJECTIVES

Acute T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a severe hematologic malignancy with limited treatment options and poor long-term survival. This study explores the role of IKZF1 in regulating BCL-2 expression in T-ALL.

METHODS

CUT&Tag and CUT&Run assays were employed to assess IKZF1 binding to the BCL-2 promoter. IKZF1 overexpression and knockdown experiments were performed in T-ALL cell lines. The effects of CX-4945 and venetoclax, alone and in combination, were evaluated in vitro and in vivo T-ALL models.

RESULTS

CUT&Tag sequencing identified IKZF1 binding to the BCL-2 promoter, establishing it as a transcriptional repressor. Functional assays demonstrated that IKZF1 overexpression reduced BCL-2 mRNA levels and increased repressive histone marks at the BCL-2 promoter, while IKZF1 knockdown led to elevated BCL-2 expression. CX-4945, a CK2 inhibitor, could reduced BCL-2 levels in T-ALL cells. Notably, knockdown of IKZF1 partially rescued the CX-4945-induced repression of BCL-2. These results underscore the CK2-IKZF1 signaling axis as a key regulator of BCL-2 expression. In vitro, CX-4945 enhanced the cytotoxicity of venetoclax, with the combination showing significant synergistic effects and increased apoptosis in T-ALL cell lines. In vivo studies with cell line-derived xenograft (CDX) and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models demonstrated that CX-4945 and venetoclax combined therapy provided superior therapeutic efficacy, reducing tumor burden and prolonging survival compared to single-agent treatments.

CONCLUSIONS

IKZF1 represses BCL-2 in T-ALL, and targeting the CK2-IKZF1 axis with CX-4945 and venetoclax offers a promising therapeutic strategy, showing enhanced efficacy and potential as a novel treatment approach for T-ALL.

Checkpoint kinase 1 as a promising target in colorectal cancer management

This editorial provides insights into the pivotal role of checkpoint kinase 1 (CHEK1) as both a biomarker and therapeutic target in colorectal cancer (CRC), based on findings from a recent study by Pang et al. Using single-cell RNA sequencing and immunohistochemistry, the study demonstrates significant CHEK1 overexpression in CRC tissues and identifies nitidine chloride as a potent CHEK1 inhibitor that disrupts DNA damage repair pathways. These findings underscore the therapeutic potential of CHEK1 inhibition and highlight the need for further research to address gaps in CRC treatment.

Native stem cell transcriptional circuits define cardinal features of high-risk leukemia

While the mutational landscape across early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ETP-ALL) and ETP-like leukemia is known, establishing a unified framework that activates stem cell genes characteristic of these tumors remains elusive. Using complementary mouse and human models, chromatin mapping, and enhancer profiling, we show that the coactivator ZMIZ1 promotes normal and malignant ETP population growth by inducing the transcription factor MYB in feedforward circuits to convergently activate oncogenes (MEF2C, MYCN, and BCL2) through essential enhancers. A key superenhancer, the N-Myc regulating enhancer (NMRE), drives malignant ETP population growth but is dispensable for normal lymphopoiesis. This network of stem cell superenhancers identifies treatment-resistant tumors and poor survival outcomes; unifies diverse ETP-ALLs; and contributes to cardinal features of the recently genomically identified high-risk bone marrow progenitor-like (BMP-like) ETP-ALL tumor-stem cell/myeloid gene expression, inhibited NOTCH1-induced T-cell development, aggressive clinical behavior, and venetoclax sensitivity. Since ZMIZ1 is dispensable for essential homeostasis, it might be possible to safely target this network to treat high-risk diseases.

Cancer-associated fungi: An emerging powerful player in cancer immunotherapy

The role of the human microbiome in cancer has been extensively studied, focusing mainly on bacteria-host interactions and their impact on tumor development and treatment response. However, fungi, an immune-active component of the human microbiome, have received less attention regarding their roles in cancer. Recent studies have identified the widespread and specific colonization and distribution of fungi in multiple sites in patients across various cancer types. Importantly, host-fungal immune interactions significantly influence immune regulation within the tumor microenvironment. The rapid advancement of immune-checkpoint blockade (ICB)-based cancer immunotherapy creates an urgent need for effective biomarkers and synergistic therapeutic targets. Cancer-associated fungi and their associated antifungal immunity demonstrate significant potential and efficacy in enhancing cancer immunotherapy. This review summarizes and discusses the growing evidence of the functions and mechanisms of commensal and pathogenic cancer-associated fungi in cancer immunotherapy. Additionally, we emphasize the potential of fungi as predictive biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cancer immunotherapy.

For and against tumor microenvironment: Nanoparticle-based strategies for active cancer therapy

Cancer treatment is challenged by the tumor microenvironment (TME), which promotes drug resistance and cancer cell growth. This review offers a comprehensive and innovative perspective on how nanomedicine can modify the TME to enhance therapy. Strategies include using nanoparticles to improve oxygenation, adjust acidity, and alter the extracellular matrix, making treatments more effective. Additionally, nanoparticles can enhance immune responses by activating immune cells and reducing suppression within tumors. By integrating these approaches with existing therapies, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, nanoparticles show promise in overcoming traditional treatment barriers. The review discusses how changes in the TME can enhance the effectiveness of nanomedicine itself, creating a reciprocal relationship that boosts overall efficacy. We also highlight novel strategies aimed at exploiting and overcoming the TME, leveraging nanoparticle-based approaches for targeted cancer therapy through precise TME modulation.

Drug resistance in TKI therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: Mechanisms and strategies

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are such as sorafenib the first-line therapeutic drugs for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. However, patients with TKI-resistant advanced liver cancer are insensitive to TKI treatment, resulting in limited survival benefits. This paper comprehensively reviewed the mechanisms underlying TKI resistance in hepatocytes, investigating activation of tumor signaling pathways, epigenetic regulation, tumor microenvironment, and metabolic reprogramming. Based on resistance mechanisms, it also reviews preclinical and clinical studies of drug resistance strategies and summarizes targeted therapy combined with immunotherapy currently in investigational clinical trials. Understanding the interactions and clinical studies of these resistance mechanisms offers new hope for improving and prolonging patient survival.

Malignant JAK-signaling: at the interface of inflammation and malignant transformation

The JAK pathway is central to mammalian cell communication, characterized by rapid responses, receptor versatility, and fine-tuned regulation. It involves Janus kinases (JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, TYK2), which are activated when natural ligands bind to receptors, leading to autophosphorylation and activation of STAT transcription factors [1, 2]. JAK-dependent signaling plays a pivotal role in coordinating cell communication networks across a broad spectrum of biological systems including development, immune responses, cell growth, and differentiation. JAKs are frequently mutated in the aging hematopoietic system [3, 4] and in hematopoietic cancers [5]. Thus, dysregulation of the pathway results in various diseases, including cancers and immune disorders. The binding of extracellular ligands to class I and II cytokine receptors initiates a critical signaling cascade through the activation of Janus kinases (JAKs). Upon ligand engagement, JAKs become activated and phosphorylate specific tyrosine residues on the receptor, creating docking sites for signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins. Subsequent JAK-mediated phosphorylation of STATs enables their dimerization and nuclear translocation, where they function as transcription factors to modulate gene expression. Under physiological conditions, JAK-signaling is a tightly regulated mechanism that governs cellular responses to external cues, such as cytokines and growth factors, ensuring homeostasis and maintaining the functional integrity of tissues and organs. Highly defined regulation of JAK-signaling is essential for balancing cellular responses to inflammatory stimuli and growth signals, thus safeguarding tissue health. In contrast, dysregulated JAK-signaling results in chronic inflammation and unrestrained cellular proliferation associated with various diseases. Understanding the qualitative and quantitative differences at the interface of physiologic JAK-signaling and its aberrant activation in disease is crucial for the development of targeted therapies that precisely tune this pathway to target pathologic activation patterns while leaving homeostatic processes largely unaffected. Consequently, pharmaceutical research has targeted this pathway for drug development leading to the approval of several substances with different selectivity profiles towards individual JAKs. Yet, the precise impact of inhibitor selectivity and the complex interplay of different functional modules within normal and malignant cells remains incompletely understood. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on JAK-signaling in health and disease and highlight recent advances and future directions in the field.

Strategies to overcome chemoresistance in epithelial ovarian cancer: Navigating beyond challenges

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most fetal gynecological malignancy. The main causes of treatment failure are primary and acquired chemoresistance that remains a major therapeutic challenge. The mechanisms underlying chemoresistance in EOC are complex and not fully understood. This review explores novel therapeutic strategies targeting chemoresistant EOC, including advanced drug delivery systems, targeting non-coding RNAs, peptide-based therapies, immunotherapy, and the use of poly-ADP ribose polymerase inhibitors. By summarizing the latest research and potential treatments, this review aims to contribute to the development of more effective therapies for patients with chemoresistant EOC.

Pulmonary Myeloid Cells in Mild Cases of COVID-19 Upregulate the Intracellular Fc Receptor TRIM21 and Transcribe Proteasome-Associated Molecules

Much remains to be understood about COVID-19, but the protective role of antibodies (Igs) is widely accepted in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Igs' functions are mainly carried out by receptors that bind to their Fc portion (FcR), and less attention has been dedicated to the cytoplasmic members of this family. In this work, we used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data to discern cell populations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from healthy individuals and patients with mild or severe COVID-19. Then, we evaluated the transcription of neonatal FcR (FcRn, FCGRT gene) and tripartite motif-containing protein 21 (TRIM21) and its downstream signaling components. The TRIM21 pathway is vital for virus infections as it has a dual function, leading opsonized viruses to degradation by proteasomes and the activation of innate inflammatory anti-virus response. The transcriptional level of FCGRT showed no statistical differences in any cell population comparing the three groups of patients. On the other hand, TRIM21 transcription was significantly higher in myeloid cells collected from patients with mild COVID-19. When comparing mild with severe cases, there was no statistical difference in TRIM21 transcription in lung adaptive lymphoid cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILC). Yet, we analyzed the transcription of all downstream signaling molecules in myeloid and, as most cells expressed the receptor, in adaptive lymphoid cells. Moreover, ILCs from mild cases and all cell populations from severe cases were missing most downstream components of the pathway. We observed that members of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and other components associated with TRIM21 proteasomal degradation were transcribed in mild cases. Despite the transcription of the danger sensors DDX58 and IFIH1, the transcriptional level of inflammatory IL1B and IL18 was generally very low, along with the NLRP3 danger sensor, members of the NF-κB pathway, and TNF. Therefore, our data suggest that TRIM21 may contribute to SARS-CoV-2 protection by reducing the viral load, while the inflammatory branch of the pathway would be silenced, leading to no pathogenic cytokine production.

Cardiomyocyte regeneration after infarction: changes, opportunities and challenges

Myocardial infarction is a cardiovascular disease that poses a serious threat to human health. The traditional view is that adult mammalian cardiomyocytes have almost no regenerative ability, but recent studies have shown that they have regenerative potential under specific conditions. This article comprehensively describes the research progress of post-infarction cardiomyocyte regeneration, including the characteristics of cardiomyocytes and post-infarction changes, regeneration mechanisms, influencing factors, potential therapeutic strategies, challenges and future development directions, and deeply discusses the specific pathways and targets included in the regeneration mechanism, aiming to provide new ideas and methods for the treatment of myocardial infarction.

Dual-targeting Aggregation-induced emission polymer micelles mediate immunogenic sonodynamic therapy for Tumor cell growth inhibition and macrophage reprogramming

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is a promising cancer treatment known for its deep tumor penetration and high efficacy. However, developing highly efficient sonosensitizers remains a significant challenge. Reports on SDT using aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) are rare, highlighting the urgent need for novel AIE-active sonosensitizers. For the first time, we have developed tumor- and macrophage-targeting nano micelles, AIE/Biotin/Mannose-M (ABM-M), utilizing aggregation-induced emission polymers. The ABM-M mediate immunogenic cell death through SDT. By reprogramming tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), they promote the conversion of M2 macrophages into M1 macrophages, reversing the tumor's immunosuppressive environment. We optimized the ratio of functional molecules to achieve maximum fluorescence intensity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The multi-targeting nature of ABM-M enables them to bind to relevant antibodies or other molecules, enhancing the capture and presentation of tumor antigens. This, in turn, activates the immune responses of dendritic cells and T cells while inhibiting angiogenesis, creating a more favorable microenvironment for antitumor therapy. Furthermore, ABM-M can be combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as anti-PD-L1 antibodies, to achieve promising outcomes in cancer immunotherapy. The ABM-M nanomaterials offer multi-layered and multi-targeting immune regulation. This study provides a blueprint for developing next-generation cancer diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Our research pioneers the use of nanomicelles to simultaneously target both tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), integrated with sonodynamic therapy. Through precise ratio adjustments, we engineered nanomicelles capable of multi-target regulation. These micelles uniquely induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) and repolarize macrophages from an immunosuppressive M2 phenotype to an immunostimulatory M1 phenotype, reversing the tumor's immunosuppressive microenvironment. This dual mechanism can be enhanced by combining with immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as anti-PD-L1 antibodies, offering a promising strategy to treat refractory cancers. Extensive in vitro and in vivo validation confirms their therapeutic potential, providing a solid foundation for clinical application. This innovative approach shows significant promise for revolutionizing cancer treatment and improving patient outcomes.

The ADAR1-regulated cytoplasmic dsRNA-sensing pathway is a novel mechanism of lenalidomide resistance in multiple myeloma

ABSTRACT

Immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) are a major class of drugs for treating multiple myeloma (MM); however, acquired resistance to IMiDs remains a significant clinical challenge. Although alterations in cereblon and its pathway are known to contribute to IMiD resistance, they account for only 20% to 30% of cases, and the underlying mechanisms in the majority of the resistance cases remain unclear. Here, we identified adenosine deaminase acting on RNA1 (ADAR1) as a novel driver of lenalidomide resistance in MM. We showed that lenalidomide activates the MDA5-mediated double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-sensing pathway in MM cells, leading to interferon (IFN)-mediated apoptosis, with ADAR1 as the key regulator. Mechanistically, ADAR1 loss increased lenalidomide sensitivity through endogenous dsRNA accumulation, which in turn triggered dsRNA-sensing pathways and enhanced IFN responses. Conversely, ADAR1 overexpression reduced lenalidomide sensitivity, attributed to increased RNA editing frequency, reduced dsRNA accumulation, and suppression of the dsRNA-sensing pathways. In summary, we report the involvement of ADAR1-regulated dsRNA sensing in modulating lenalidomide sensitivity in MM. These findings highlight a novel RNA-related mechanism underlying lenalidomide resistance and underscore the potential of targeting ADAR1 as a novel therapeutic strategy.

Application status and research progress of targeted therapy drugs for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignant tumor in women and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women. As one of the most common subtypes of breast cancer, patients with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) breast cancer usually experience disease progression over an extended period of time, triggering the search for therapeutic strategies other than endocrine therapy. In recent years, continuous research on various targets has led to dramatic changes in the treatment of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer patients, resulting in prolonged clinical survival. With the redefinition of human epidermal growth factor-2 (HER2) expression, more precise and individualized treatment is possible. This review comprehensively reviews targeted therapies and critical clinical trials for HR+ breast cancer and tracks the latest advances. It also provides valuable insights into the future direction of targeted therapies.

Zα and Zβ Localize ADAR1 to Flipons That Modulate Innate Immunity, Alternative Splicing, and Nonsynonymous RNA Editing

The double-stranded RNA editing enzyme ADAR1 connects two forms of genetic programming, one based on codons and the other on flipons. ADAR1 recodes codons in pre-mRNA by deaminating adenosine to form inosine, which is translated as guanosine. ADAR1 also plays essential roles in the immune defense against viruses and cancers by recognizing left-handed Z-DNA and Z-RNA (collectively called ZNA). Here, we review various aspects of ADAR1 biology, starting with codons and progressing to flipons. ADAR1 has two major isoforms, with the p110 protein lacking the p150 Zα domain that binds ZNAs with high affinity. The p150 isoform is induced by interferon and targets ALU inverted repeats, a class of endogenous retroelement that promotes their transcription and retrotransposition by incorporating Z-flipons that encode ZNAs and G-flipons that form G-quadruplexes (GQ). Both p150 and p110 include the Zβ domain that is related to Zα but does not bind ZNAs. Here we report strong evidence that Zβ binds the GQ that are formed co-transcriptionally by ALU repeats and within R-loops. By binding GQ, ADAR1 suppresses ALU-mediated alternative splicing, generates most of the reported nonsynonymous edits and promotes R-loop resolution. The recognition of the various alternative nucleic acid conformations by ADAR1 connects genetic programming by flipons with the encoding of information by codons. The findings suggest that incorporating G-flipons into editmers might improve the therapeutic editing efficacy of ADAR1.

Molecules-mediated bidirectional interactions between microbes and human cells

Complex molecules-mediated interactions, which are based on the bidirectional information exchange between microbes and human cells, enable the defense against diseases and health maintenance. Recently, diverse single-direction interactions based on active metabolites, immunity factors, and quorum sensing signals have largely been summarized separately. In this review, according to a simplified timeline, we proposed the framework of Molecules-mediated Bidirectional Interactions (MBI) between microbe and humans to decipher and understand their intricate interactions systematically. About the microbe-derived interactions, we summarized various molecules, such as short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, tryptophan catabolites, and quorum sensing molecules, and their corresponding human receptors. Concerning the human-derived interactions, we reviewed the effect of human molecules, including hormones, cytokines, and other circulatory metabolites on microbial characteristics and phenotypes. Finally, we discussed the challenges and trends for developing and deciphering molecule-mediated bidirectional interactions and their potential applications in the guard of human health.

Enhancer reprogramming: critical roles in cancer and promising therapeutic strategies

Transcriptional dysregulation is a hallmark of cancer initiation and progression, driven by genetic and epigenetic alterations. Enhancer reprogramming has emerged as a pivotal driver of carcinogenesis, with cancer cells often relying on aberrant transcriptional programs. The advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies has provided critical insights into enhancer reprogramming events and their role in malignancy. While targeting enhancers presents a promising therapeutic strategy, significant challenges remain. These include the off-target effects of enhancer-targeting technologies, the complexity and redundancy of enhancer networks, and the dynamic nature of enhancer reprogramming, which may contribute to therapeutic resistance. This review comprehensively encapsulates the structural attributes of enhancers, delineates the mechanisms underlying their dysregulation in malignant transformation, and evaluates the therapeutic opportunities and limitations associated with targeting enhancers in cancer.

Peptide‑based therapeutic strategies for glioma: Current state and prospects

Glioma is a prevalent form of primary malignant central nervous system tumor, characterized by its cellular invasiveness, rapid growth, and the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)/blood-brain tumor barrier (BBTB). Current therapeutic approaches, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, have shown limited efficacy in achieving significant antitumor effects. Therefore, there is an urgent demand for new treatments. Therapeutic peptides represent an innovative class of pharmaceutical agents with lower immunogenicity and toxicity. They are easily modifiable via chemical means and possess deep tissue penetration capabilities which reduce side effects and drug resistance. These unique pharmacokinetic characteristics make peptides a rapidly growing class of new therapeutics that have demonstrated significant progress in glioma treatment. This review outlines the efforts and accomplishments in peptide-based therapeutic strategies for glioma. These therapeutic peptides can be classified into four types based on their anti-tumor function: tumor-homing peptides, inhibitor/antagonist peptides targeting cell surface receptors, interference peptides, and peptide vaccines. Furthermore, we briefly summarize the results from clinical trials of therapeutic peptides in glioma, which shows that peptide-based therapeutic strategies exhibit great potential as multifunctional players in glioma therapy.

IRF1 is a core transcriptional regulatory circuitry member promoting AML progression by regulating lipid metabolism

BACKGROUND

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a prevalent malignancy of the hematologic system. Despite advancements in therapeutic approaches, significant heterogeneity and therapeutic resistance pose substantial challenges to treatment. Tumors driven by core transcription factors through super-enhancers can establish core transcriptional regulatory circuits (CRCs) that modulate oncogene expression programs. Identifying CRC is crucial for understanding disease-related transcriptional regulation. This study sought to predict and establish a CRC model for AML, identify genes critical for AML survival and explore their regulatory mechanisms in AML progression.

METHODS

The dbCoRC tool was used for predictive analysis of H3K27ac ChIP-seq data from 11 AML samples to construct and validate the CRC model in AML patients. To elucidate the functional role of the CRC member IRF1, we utilized short hairpin RNA (shRNA) to knock down IRF1 in AML cells. RNA-seq, CUT&Tag and lipidomics technologies were subsequently used to investigate the regulatory roles and downstream mechanisms of IRF1 in AML.

RESULTS

This study established a core transcriptional regulatory circuit consisting of IRF1, ELF1, ETV6, RUNX2, and MEF2D, which formed an interconnected autoregulatory loop. Further investigations revealed up-regulated expression of IRF1 in AML patients, which was associated with poor prognosis. Inhibition of IRF1 expression resulted in decreased AML cell proliferation and induced apoptosis, indicating its essential role in the survival of AML cells. Additionally, this study revealed that IRF1 directly regulates the transcription of key genes such as FASN, SCD, and SREBF1 for lipid synthesis, thereby affecting lipid metabolism in AML cells.

CONCLUSION

In summary, this study identified IRF1 as a novel core transcription factor involved in AML pathogenesis. IRF1 collaborates with ELF1, ETV6, RUNX2, and MEF2D to form a core transcriptional regulatory circuit that promotes AML progression. Furthermore, we demonstrated that IRF1 directly regulates the expression of key genes involved in lipid metabolism, influencing the synthesis of diverse lipid molecules crucial for AML survival.

Targeting FABP4/UCP2 axis to overcome cetuximab resistance in obesity-driven CRC with drug-tolerant persister cells

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is closely linked to obesity, a condition that significantly impacts tumor progression and therapeutic resistance. Although cetuximab, an EGFR-targeting monoclonal antibody, is a cornerstone in metastatic CRC treatment, resistance often emerges, leading to poor outcomes. This study investigated the role of drug-tolerant persister (DTP) cells and their metabolic interactions within the tumor microenvironment (TME) in cetuximab resistance. Using patient-derived organoids and in vivo models, we identified the FABP4/UCP2 axis as a critical mediator of resistance. Organoids derived from cetuximab non-responders revealed upregulated FABP4 and UCP2 expression post-treatment. Coculture experiments with adipocytes showed that FABP4 and UCP2 promote lipid metabolic reprogramming, facilitating cancer cell survival in a dormant state. CRISPR/Cas9 mediated inhibition of FABP4 disrupted this metabolic interaction, sensitising resistant cells to cetuximab. In vivo, the FABP4 inhibitor BMS309403, either alone or in combination with cetuximab, significantly reduced tumor growth in resistant CRC models, highlighting its therapeutic potential. These findings establish the FABP4/UCP2 axis as a pivotal driver of cetuximab resistance in obesity-associated CRC and suggest that targeting this metabolic pathway could improve outcomes in DTP-resistant CRC patients.

In vitro ovarian tumor-conditioned CD163+ human macrophages retain phagocytic response to CD47 blockade

INTRODUCTION

CD163-expressing macrophages are abundant in ovarian cancer where they accelerate tumor growth and metastasis. CD47 blockade is a novel immunotherapy aiming to activate macrophage phagocytosis of tumor cells, but it is currently unknown if the tumor-associated macrophages expressing CD163 respond poorly to CD47 blockade.

METHODS

Human monocyte-derived macrophages were exposed to tumor-conditioned medium from A2780 ovarian cancer cells during differentiation. Effects on gene expression, membrane protein levels, release of soluble proteins and macrophage phagocytosis of A2780 cells in response to CD47 blockade were measured and compared to control macrophages.

RESULTS

Tumor cell conditioning induced macrophage expression of CD163 on both the mRNA and protein level. Furthermore, tumor conditioning simultaneously increased protein expression of the phenotype markers CD206 and CD80, and the phagocytosis checkpoint LILRB1. However, tumor conditioning did not reduce phagocytic capacity, as CD47 blockade induced macrophage phagocytosis of A2780 cells to similar degrees in both control and tumor cell-conditioned macrophages.

DISCUSSION

In vitro tumor conditioning did not reduce the phagocytic response to CD47 blockade, suggesting that induction of a macrophage phenotype with increased expression of CD163 does not directly limit the capacity for phagocytosis of tumor cells. In conclusion, these findings suggest that CD163+ macrophages remain responsive to CD47 blockade, highlighting their potential as targets for immunotherapy in ovarian cancer.

ADAR1 is required for acute myeloid leukemia cell survival by modulating post-transcriptional Wnt signaling through impairing miRNA biogenesis

Recent extensive studies on the genomic and molecular profiles of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have expanded the treatment options, including, a range of compounds represented by fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 and isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2 inhibitors. However, despite this progress, further treatments for AML are still required. Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1) has been shown to play an important oncogenic role in many cancers, but its involvement in AML progression remains underexplored. In this study, we demonstrated that ADAR1 was overexpressed in AML and served as a crucial oncogenic target. Loss of ADAR1 inhibited the Wnt signaling pathway, blocked AML cell proliferation, and induced apoptosis. Importantly, we demonstrate that ADAR1, as an RNA-binding protein, interacts with pri-miR-766 independently of its editing function, regulating the maturation of miR-766-3p and enhancing the expression of WNT5B. Genetic inhibition or use of the ADAR1 inhibitor ZYS-1 significantly suppressed AML cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. Overall, these results elucidated the tumorigenic mechanism of ADAR1 and validated it as a potential drug target in AML.

Cancer stem cells: Masters of all traits

Cancer is a heterogeneous disease, which contributes to its rapid progression and therapeutic failure. Besides interpatient tumor heterogeneity, tumors within a single patient can present with a heterogeneous mix of genetically and phenotypically distinct subclones. These unique subclones can significantly impact the traits of cancer. With the plasticity that intratumoral heterogeneity provides, cancers can easily adapt to changes in their microenvironment and therapeutic exposure. Indeed, tumor cells dynamically shift between a more differentiated, rapidly proliferating state with limited tumorigenic potential and a cancer stem cell (CSC)-like state that resembles undifferentiated cellular precursors and is associated with high tumorigenicity. In this context, CSCs are functionally located at the apex of the tumor hierarchy, contributing to the initiation, maintenance, and progression of tumors, as they also represent the subpopulation of tumor cells most resistant to conventional anti-cancer therapies. Although the CSC model is well established, it is constantly evolving and being reshaped by advancing knowledge on the roles of CSCs in different cancer types. Here, we review the current evidence of how CSCs play a pivotal role in providing the many traits of aggressive tumors while simultaneously evading immunosurveillance and anti-cancer therapy in several cancer types. We discuss the key traits and characteristics of CSCs to provide updated insights into CSC biology and highlight its implications for therapeutic development and improved treatment of aggressive cancers.

Synergistic effects of immunotherapy and adjunctive therapies in prostate cancer management

In recent years, cancer immunotherapy has received widespread attention due to significant tumor clearance in some malignancies. Various immunotherapy approaches, including vaccines, immune checkpoint inhibitors, oncolytic virotherapy, bispecific T cell engagers, and adoptive T cell transfer, have completed or are undergoing clinical trials for prostate cancer. Despite immune checkpoint blockade's extraordinary effectiveness in treating a variety of cancers, targeted prostate cancer treatment using the immune system is still in its infancy. Multiple factors including the heterogeneity of prostate cancer, the cold tumor microenvironment, and a low level of neoantigens, contribute to the poor immunotherapy response. Significant effort is being devoted to improving immune-based prostate cancer therapy. Recently, several key discoveries demonstrate that prostate cancer immunotherapy agents may be used to promise better prognosis for patients as part of combination strategies with other agents targeting tumor-associated immune mechanism of resistance. Here, this review comprehensively examines the recent advancements in immunotherapy for prostate cancer, exploring its potential synergistic effects when combined with other treatment modalities to enhance clinical efficacy.

ABO-Blood Group Associates With Survival Outcomes in Patients With Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treated With Pembrolizumab Monotherapy

PURPOSE

In patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with high programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, there is still a lack of biomarkers to identify patients with maximum benefit from first-line treatment with checkpoint inhibitor therapy (CIT) alone. This work examines the impact of different ABO blood groups (BG) on the response to CIT monotherapy.

METHODS

Retrospective analysis of patients with stage IV NSCLC and high PD-L1 expression (tumor proportional score/TPS ≥ 50%), receiving first-line therapy with pembrolizumab alone or in combination with chemotherapy at the West German Cancer Center from 2017 to 2022. Study endpoints were overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS).

RESULTS

Eighty-two patients were included in the analysis. Twenty-two patients (27%) received first-line therapy with pembrolizumab alone (monoimmunotherapy cohort/MIC), of which seven patients (32%) had BGO. Sixty patients (73%) were treated with pembrolizumab combined with platinum-based chemotherapy (chemoimmunotherapy cohort/CIC), of which 38 (63%) had BGO. In MIC, younger age and BGO were independent predictors of favorable OS (BGO vs. other ABO-BG: HR 0.22, 95% CI: 0.1-0.9; p = 0.037; median OS 62 versus 19 months) and PFS (BGO vs. other ABO-BG: HR 0.21, 95% CI: 0.1-0.8; p = 0.024; median PFS 39 vs. 4 months). There was no significant impact of ABO-BG in patients treated with CIC. In support, a historical control group treated with chemotherapy alone also showed no prognostic impact of the ABO-BG.

CONCLUSION

BGO associates with favorable survival in patients with NSCLC receiving pembrolizumab monotherapy, but not in patients with chemo-immunotherapy or chemotherapy. Further validation of this promising strategy for personalized decision-making is warranted.

Pseudostellaria heterophylla (Miq.) Pax, a traditional folk medicine, ameliorates colorectal cancer by remodeling the tumor immune microenvironment

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Pseudostellaria heterophylla (Miq.) Pax (PH) is a traditional folk medicine, which is widely used clinically for digestive system tumors such as esophageal, gastric, colorectal, and liver cancers. The anti-tumor effect and mechanism of PH in colorectal cancer (CRC) deserves further study.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The objective of this study is to examine the effects and the underlying mechanisms of aqueous extract of Pseudostellaria heterophylla (Miq.) Pax (AEPH) in the CRC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The components of AEPH were fully resolved using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q/Orbitrap HRMS). The effect of AEPH was evaluated in vivo using the MC38 mouse colon cancer model, and its impact on the tumor microenvironment was analyzed by flow cytometry. Bioinformatics analysis, combined with transcriptome sequencing, was utilized to further investigate the signaling pathways of AEPH in CRC cells.

RESULTS

A mass spectrometry analysis identified 371 compounds in AEPH, each with a comprehensive score exceeding 60. In vivo experiments demonstrated that AEPH suppressed the growth of MC38 tumors without exhibiting obvious toxicity. Mechanistic studies revealed that AEPH inhibited the JNK signaling pathway, reduced Chemokine C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 (CCL5) secreted by CRC cells, hindered the recruitment of M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), promoted the infiltration of IFN-γ+ CD8+ T cells, and improved the immunosuppressive microenvironment of CRC.

CONCLUSION

AEPH contributes to the remodeling of the tumor immune microenvironment primarily through the inhibition of CCL5-mediated recruitment of M2-like TAMs. The findings of this study offer a novel perspective on the potential development of AEPH as a therapeutic agent for CRC.

Novel treatment strategies for chronic myeloid leukemia

ABSTRACT

Starting with imatinib, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have turned chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) from a lethal blood cancer into a chronic condition. As patients with access to advanced CML care have an almost normal life expectancy, there is a perception that CML is a problem of the past, and one should direct research resources elsewhere. However, a closer look at the current CML landscape reveals a more nuanced picture. Most patients still require life-long TKI therapy to avoid recurrence of active CML. Chronic TKI toxicity and the high costs of the well-tolerated agents remain challenging. Progression to blast phase still occurs, particularly in socioeconomically disadvantaged parts of the world, where high-risk CML at diagnosis is common. Here, we review the prospects of further improving TKIs to achieve optimal suppression of BCR::ABL1 kinase activity, the potential of combining different classes of TKIs, and the current state of BCR::ABL1 degraders. We cover combination therapy approaches to address TKI resistance in the setting of residual leukemia and in advanced CML. Despite the unprecedented success of TKIs in CML, more work is needed to truly finish the job, and we hope to stimulate innovative research aiming to achieve this goal.

The Immune Modulatory Role of Surfactants in Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a prevalent respiratory microbe that causes acute inflammation in the respiratory system. Surfactant proteins (SP), particularly SP-A and SP-D, are essential for the immunological protection against M. pneumoniae infection. Variant SP-A2 may lead to immune reactions, which could account for the variability in clinical manifestations among individuals. Mechanistically, these surfactant proteins may act as candidate receptors, facilitating both the adhesion of M. pneumoniae and internalization of community-acquired respiratory distress syndrome toxin. They also exhibit a high affinity for lipid ligands on the surface of M. pneumoniae membranes via their carbohydrate recognition domains, which aid in the direct clearing of the bacteria. In addition, SP-A and SP-D demonstrated synergistic effects in augmenting the intake and elimination of M. pneumoniae by alveolar macrophages. Furthermore, these surfactant proteins negatively regulate pulmonary inflammation by influencing lymphocyte and dendritic cell activities, reducing airway eosinophilic infiltration, and managing asthma-related inflammatory responses. A thorough understanding of the immunomodulatory roles of surfactant proteins in M. pneumoniae infection will shed light on how homeostasis is preserved during mycoplasma pneumonia and may guide the development of novel therapeutic strategies against this organism.

From silent partners to potential therapeutic targets: macrophages in colorectal cancer

Cancer cells grow and survive in the tumor microenvironment, which is a complicated process. As a key part of how colorectal cancer (CRC) progresses, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) exhibit a double role. Through angiogenesis, this TAM can promote the growth of cancers. Although being able to modify and adjust immune cells is a great advantage, these cells can also exhibit anti-cancer properties including direct killing of cancer cells, presenting antigens, and aiding T cell-mediated responses. The delicate regulatory mechanisms between the immune system and tumors are composed of a complex network of pathways regulated by several factors including hypoxia, metabolic reprogramming, cytokine/chemokine signaling, and cell interactions. Decoding and figuring out these complex systems become significant in building targeted treatment programs. Targeting TAMs in CRC involves disrupting chemokine signaling or adhesion molecules, reprogramming them to an anti-tumor phenotype using TLR agonists, CD40 agonists, or metabolic modulation, and selectively removing TAM subsets that promote tumor growth. Multi-drug resistance, the absence of an accurate biomarker, and drug non-specificity are also major problems. Combining macrophage-targeted therapies with chemotherapy and immunotherapy may revolutionize treatment. Macrophage studies will advance with new technology and multi-omics methodologies to help us understand CRC and build specific and efficient treatments.

Core transcriptional regulatory circuitry molecule ZNF217 promotes AML cell proliferation by up-regulating MYB

Leukemia is characterized by multiple rearrangements of signal transduction genes and overexpression of nonmutated genes, such as transcription factors (TFs) genes. Super-enhancers (SEs) are prevalent in human cancers and are associated with the accumulation of numerous core TFs. SEs drive the expression of core TF genes by delivering robust transcriptional activation signals. Additionally, core TFs sustain the stability and activity of SEs through mutual auto-regulation loops, creating a positive feedback loop known as the Core Transcriptional Regulation Circuit (CRC). Using ChIP-seq data, we identified the involvement of the SE-related gene ZNF217 in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), in which its functional role and underlying mechanism remain unclear. We demonstrated that ZNF217, ELF1, MEF2D, RUNX2, and FOXP1 are likely integral components of the AML CRC through various experimental techniques, including CUT&Tag, short hairpin RNA (shRNA) transduction, and Luciferase reporter assays. Notably, ZNF217 was determined to be indispensable for the proliferation and viability of AML cells both in vitro and in vivo. Subsequent analysis of RNA-seq and CUT&Tag results identified MYB as a key direct target of ZNF217. Overall, our research highlights ZNF217 as a critical oncogene in AML and offers new insights into the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms at play in AML.

SIL-TAL1-Positive Adult T-ALL with t(11;14)(p15;q11.2): A Rare Case Report Highlighting Prognostic Challenges and Treatment Implications

T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) with coexisting SIL-TAL1 fusion and t(11;14)(p15;q11.2) is exceedingly rare. There are limited data on the clinical course and outcomes of such patients. We report a case of a 19-year-old male presenting with aggressive T-ALL harboring these abnormalities, along with NOTCH1 and PTEN mutations. SIL-TAL1 positivity is associated with poor prognosis in T-ALL. Despite achieving remission with intensive chemotherapy, the patient experienced rapid relapse and poor overall survival, reflecting the ineffectiveness of conventional treatments. The findings highlight the synergistic role of SIL-TAL1 and t(11;14) in disease progression and underscore the urgent need for targeted therapies and immunotherapies to improve outcomes in such high-risk cases.

Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment in EGFR-Mutant Lung Cancer: Opportunities and Challenges

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have transformed the treatment of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutant non-small cell lung cancer. However, treatment resistance remains a major challenge in clinical practice. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex system composed of tumor cells, immune and non-immune cells, and non-cellular components. Evidence indicates that dynamic changes in TME during TKI treatment are associated with the development of resistance. Research has focused on identifying how each component of the TME interacts with tumors and TKIs to understand therapeutic targets that could address TKI resistance. In this review, we describe how TME components, such as immune cells, fibroblasts, blood vessels, immune checkpoint proteins, and cytokines, interact with EGFR-mutant tumors and how they can promote resistance to TKIs. Furthermore, we discuss potential strategies targeting TME as a novel therapeutic approach.

CAR-macrophages targets CD26 to eliminate chronic myeloid leukemia stem cells

BACKGROUND

Chronic myeloid leukemia stem cells (CML-LSCs), which exhibit resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), are the leading cause of treatment failure and recurrence in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). This highlights the urgent need for novel therapies aimed at eliminating these CML-LSCs. Chimeric antigen receptor macrophages (CAR-M) not only perform phagocytosis on target cells but also function as antigen-presenting cells, thereby activating the anti-tumor immune response.CD26 (dipeptidyl peptidase 4, DPP IV) is abundantly expressed in CML-LSCs and functions as a tumor-specific antigen (TSA) in CAR-M treatment. The purpose of this study is to evaluate CAR-M's efficacy in targeting CD26-positive CML cells and to develop a novel strategy for CML treatment.

METHODS

CD26 CAR-M was constructed using mouse-derived macrophage Raw264.7 cells. CD26 was overexpressed in CML cell lines BP210 and BP210-T315I. The targeting phagocytosis of CAR-M was verified using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. X-ray was used to eliminate the tumorigenicity of CAR-M, and the safety of CAR-M was verified through CCK-8, clone formation assays, and animal experiments. To assess the anti-leukemia ability of CAR-M in the CML mouse model, the survival, peripheral blood white blood cell counts, and CML cell infiltration in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow (BM) were measured. Additionally, CD26 CAR-THP1 was constructed, and its phagocytic ability against CD26-positive cells NCI-H2452 was confirmed by confocal microscopy.

RESULTS

We successfully constructed CD26 CAR-M and validated its targeted phagocytosis of CD26-positive CML cells both in vitro and in vivo. The data indicate that CAR-M has higher phagocytic efficiency in CD26-positive CML cells than in CD26-negative cells. CAR-M-treated CML mice demonstrated extended survival and reduced CML invasion. In addition, CAR-THP1 demonstrated targeted phagocytosis of NCI-H2452 cells that normally express CD26.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates that CD26 CAR-M effectively targets and phagocytizes CD26-positive CML cells, implying that targeting CD26 with CAR-M could be a viable method for eradicating CML-LSCs. Furthermore, our discoveries illuminate the potential application of CAR-M in treating hematological malignancies.

Comprehensive dissection of cis-regulatory elements in a 2.8 Mb topologically associated domain in six human cancers

Cis-regulatory elements (CREs), such as enhancers and promoters, are fundamental regulators of gene expression and, across different cell types, the MYC locus utilizes a diverse regulatory architecture driven by multiple CREs. To better understand differences in CRE function, we perform pooled CRISPR inhibition (CRISPRi) screens to comprehensively probe the 2.8 Mb topologically-associated domain containing MYC in 6 human cancer cell lines with nucleotide resolution. We map 32 CREs where inhibition leads to changes in cell growth, including 8 that overlap previously identified enhancers. Targeting specific CREs decreases MYC expression by as much as 60%, and cell growth by as much as 50%. Using 3-D enhancer contact mapping, we find that these CREs almost always contact MYC but less than 10% of total MYC contacts impact growth when silenced, highlighting the utility of our approach to identify phenotypically-relevant CREs. We also detect an enrichment of lineage-specific transcription factors (TFs) at MYC CREs and, for some of these TFs, find a strong, tumor-specific correlation between TF and MYC expression not found in normal tissue. Taken together, these CREs represent systematically identified, functional regulatory regions and demonstrate how the same region of the human genome can give rise to complex, tissue-specific gene regulation.

Human Embryonic Kidney HEK293 Cells as a Model to Study SMVT-Independent Transport of Biotin and Biotin-Furnished Nanoparticles in Targeted Therapy

The aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of human embryonic kidney HEK293 cells as a model of normal cells in biotin-mediated therapy. The expression and role of sodium multivitamin transporter (SMVT) in the uptake and accumulation of free biotin, as well as cationic and neutral biotinylated PAMAM dendrimers of the fourth generation synthesized in our laboratory, were assessed in HEK293 cells in comparison to other immortalized (HaCaT) and cancer cells (HepG2, U-118 MG). The obtained data showed that a higher level of SMVT in HEK293 cells was not associated with a stronger uptake of biotin and biotinylated PAMAM dendrimers. Biotinylation increased the selective uptake of neutral dendrimers in an inversely proportional manner to the concentration used; however, the accumulation in HEK293 cells was lower than that in cells of other cell lines. The time-dependent biotin and biotinylated dendrimers uptake profiles differed significantly. Therefore, it should be assumed that the efficiency of biotinylated nanoparticles' uptake depends on multiple cellular transport mechanisms. Toxicity tests showed significantly higher sensitivity to PAMAM conjugates for HEK293 cells than for HepG2 and HaCaT cells. Molecular modeling studies and the profile of biotin uptake suggest that not only SMVT but also monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT-1) may play an important role in the selective transport of biotin and biotinylated nanoparticles into cells. Due to the complexity of the problem, further studies are necessary. In summary, HEK293 cells can be considered a valuable model of normal cells in the study of biotin- targeted therapy using nanoparticles based on PAMAM dendrimers.

Is the Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio a Predictive Factor of Pathological Complete Response in Egyptian Breast Cancer Patients Treated with Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy?

Background and Objectives: The role of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as a predictor of response in breast cancers after neoadjuvant chemotherapy is controversial. This study aims to explore the relationship of NLR with pathological complete response (pCR) in a cohort of Egyptian breast cancer patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Materials and Methods: Forty-six breast cancer females received preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy and then underwent surgery. All resected tumors were evaluated to determine the pathologic effect of the neoadjuvant chemotherapy. A complete blood count was carried out at baseline before beginning the neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The absolute count of neutrophils was divided by the absolute count of lymphocytes to calculate the NLR. Results: Of the study patients, 18 (39.1%) were considered to have a low NLR (NLR < 1.76), and 28 (60.9%) were considered to have a high NLR (NLR ≥ 1.76). Patients with a low NLR had 18-fold higher rates of pCR when compared to patients with a high NLR (OR 18.1; 95% CI (1.058-310.757); p = 0.046). Conclusions: Our findings indicate that the pretreatment NLR is a pivotal predictor factor of the pathological complete response in Egyptian breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Antitumor Activity of USP7 Inhibitor GNE-6776 in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Involves Regulation of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition, Cell Cycle, Wnt/β-Catenin, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathways

Objective: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a major cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. This study investigated the effects and mechanisms of the USP7 inhibitor GNE-6776 on human NSCLC A549 and H1299 cells, providing insights for anti-NSCLC drug development. Methods: USP7 expression was analyzed in lung cancer tissue using data from public databases. RNA sequencing and functional enrichment analyses were conducted to explore differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and potentially related pathways. A549 and H1299 cells were treated with GNE-6776 at different concentrations, and its effects on cell proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential, and cell cycle were evaluated. Changes in protein expression following GNE-6776 treatment were assessed by Western blot. A xenograft tumor model in nude mice was used to evaluate the in vivo effects of GNE-6776. Results: GNE-6776 inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of A549 and H1299 cells, induced apoptosis, and caused cells to arrest in the G1 phase in a concentration-dependent manner. GNE-6776 decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential, suppressed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, and downregulated the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. GNE-6776 significantly inhibited tumor growth without affecting body weight, reduced expression of CDK6, C-myc, and N-cadherin, and increased GSK3β expression in tumor tissue. Conclusions: In summary, GNE-6776 demonstrated potent anti-tumor activity in NSCLC both in vitro and in vivo. GNE-6776 suppresses NSCLC cell proliferation, invasion, and migration while promoting apoptosis by inhibiting the EMT and modulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. These findings support its potential as a therapeutic agent for treating NSCLC.

Unveiling the prognostic significance of RNA editing-related genes in colon cancer: evidence from bioinformatics and experiment

BACKGROUND

RNA editing is recognized as a crucial factor in cancer biology. Its potential application in predicting the prognosis of colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) remains unexplored.

METHODS

RNA editing data of COAD patients were downloaded from the Synapse database. LASSO regression was used to construct the risk model and verified by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed to delineate the biological significance of the differentially expressed genes. Finally, differential analysis and immunohistochemistry were used to verify the expression of adenosine deaminase 1 (ADAR1).

RESULTS

We evaluated a total of 4079 RNA editing sites in 514 COAD patients from Synapse database. A prognostic signature was constructed based on five genes were significantly associated with the prognosis of COAD patients including GNL3L, NUP43, MAGT1, EMP2, and ARSD. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that RNA editing-related genes (RERGs)-related signature was an independent risk factor for COAD. Moreover, Experimental evidence shows that ADAR1 is highly expressed in colon adenocarcinoma and silencing ADAR1 can inhibit cancer cell proliferation.

CONCLUSION

We established a prognostic model based on five RERGs with strong predictive value. This model not only serves as a foundation for a novel prognostic tool but also facilitates the identification of potential drug candidates for treating COAD.

Bibliometric insight into neoadjuvant immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: trends, collaborations, and future avenues

Background

Neoadjuvant immunotherapy (NIT) is a rapidly emerging paradigm for advanced resectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, there is no bibliometric analysis in this research field.

Objective

To analyze the hotspots and trends in the research of NIT for NSCLC and provide a reference for the study of NIT for lung cancer in China.

Methods

Retrieve literature related to NIT for NSCLC from Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus databases up to September 10, 2024. Use CiteSpace and VOSviewer software visualization software to analyze the keywords of country, author, institution, and literature.

Results

There were 1575 references, and the overall annual publication volume showed an upward trend; Forde and Patrick M have published the most articles in the literature. The research hotspots mainly focus on chemotherapy, NIT for NSCLC, immunotherapy, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, pathological reactions, etc.

Conclusions

This is the first bibliometric study comprehensively summarizing NIT's research trends and development in NSCLC. Our bibliometric assessment provides a panoramic view of the research milieu surrounding NIT for NSCLC, encapsulating the present state, evolving trends, and potential future directions, particularly emphasizing the promise of immunochemotherapy.

Mcm5 mutation leads to silencing of Stat1-bcl2 which accelerating apoptosis of immature T lymphocytes with DNA damage

Mutation in genes involved in DNA replication continuously disrupt DNA replication and give rise to genomic instability, a critical driver of oncogenesis. To prevent leukemia, immature T lymphocytes with genomic instability often undergo rapid cell death during development. However, the mechanism by which immature T lymphocytes undergo rapid cell death upon genomic instability has been enigmatic. Here we show that zebrafish mcm5 mutation leads to DNA damage in immature T lymphocytes and the immature T cells sensitively undergo rapid cell death. Detailed analyses demonstrated that the immature T lymphocytes undergo rapid apoptosis via upregulation of tp53 and downregulation of bcl2 transcription in mcm5 mutants. Mechanistically, Mcm5 directly binds to Stat1a and facilitates its phosphorylation to enhance bcl2a expression under the conditions of DNA replication stress. However, in mcm5 mutants, the absence of the Mcm5-Stat1 complex decreases Stat1 phosphorylation and subsequent bcl2a transcription, accelerating apoptosis of immature T lymphocytes with genomic instability. Furthermore, our study shows that the role of Mcm5 in T-cell development is conserved in mice. In conclusion, our work identifies a role of Mcm5 in regulating T cell development via Stat1-Bcl2 cascade besides its role in DNA replication, providing a kind of mechanism by which immature T cells with gene mutation-induced DNA damage are rapidly cleared during T lymphocyte development.

Advancements in cellular immunotherapy: overcoming resistance in lung and colorectal cancer

Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment, offering hope for patients with otherwise treatment-resistant tumors. Among the most promising approaches are cellular therapies, particularly chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy, which has shown remarkable success in hematologic malignancies. However, the application of these therapies to solid tumors, such as lung and colorectal cancers, has faced significant challenges. Tumor resistance mechanisms-ranging from immune evasion, antigen loss, and immune checkpoint upregulation, to tumor microenvironment immunosuppression-remain major obstacles. This mini-review highlights the latest advancements in tumor immunotherapy, with a focus on cellular therapies, and addresses the resistance mechanisms that hinder their effectiveness in lung and colorectal cancers. We examine the evolution of CAR-T cell therapy, as well as the potential of engineered natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages in solid tumor treatment. The review also explores cutting-edge strategies aimed at overcoming resistance, including combination therapies, gene editing technologies, and nanotechnology for targeted drug delivery. By discussing the molecular, cellular, and microenvironmental factors contributing to resistance, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of how these challenges can be overcome, paving the way for more effective, personalized immunotherapies in lung and colorectal cancer treatment.

Crosstalk of SPINK4 Expression With Patient Mortality, Immunotherapy and Metastasis in Pan-Cancer Based on Integrated Multi-Omics Analyses

Background

Cancer remains a major global health challenge, with early detection and prompt treatment being crucial for reducing mortality rates. The SPINK4 has been linked to the development of several tumors, and there is growing evidence of its involvement. However, its specific functions and effects in different cancer types remain unclear.

Methods

The association between SPINK4 expression levels and tumor progression was investigated and confirmed using the TCGA dataset. Kaplan-Meier curves were utilized to examine the correlation between SPINK4 expression with survival outcomes in pan-cancer patients. The Pearson method was employed to investigate the association of SPINK4 expression with the tumor microenvironment, stemness score, immunoinfiltrating subtype, and chemotherapy sensitivity in human different cancer types. Wound healing and Transwell assays were performed to confirm the roles of the model gene in colon adenocarcinoma cells.

Results

The expression of SPINK4 shows heterogeneity across pan-cancer tissues, and is closely associated with poor prognosis, immune cell invasion, tumor cell resistance, and tumor metastasis in a various human cancer. Mutation of SPINK4 hold significant predictive value for poor prognosis of pan-cancer patients. In addition, SPINK4 expression was significantly correlated with the tumor microenvironment (stromal cells and immune cells) and stemness score (DNAss and RNAss) in human pan-cancer tissues, particularly in BLCA and COAD. Single-cell sequencing analysis showed that SPINK4 is mainly expressed in endothelial cells in BLCA and in malignant cells in COAD. Drug resistance analysis showed a significant association between SPINK4 expression and sensitivity to several cancer chemotherapy drugs. Importantly, overexpression of SPINK4 promoted the metastasis of colon cancer cell lines (HCT116 and RKO), whereas SPINK4 knockout markedly inhibited their metastasis.

Conclusion

These findings reveal the crucial role of SPINK4 in the pan-cancer process and may have significant implications for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer in the future.

T-regulatory cells for the treatment of autoimmune diseases

Autoimmune diseases result from imbalances in the immune system and disturbances in the mechanisms of immune tolerance. T-regulatory cells (Treg) are key factors in the formation of immune tolerance. Tregs modulate immune responses and repair processes, controlling the innate and adaptive immune system. The use of Tregs in the treatment of autoimmune diseases began with the manipulation of endogenous Tregs using immunomodulatory drugs. Then, a method of adoptive transfer of Tregs grown in vitro was developed. Adoptive transfer of Tregs includes polyclonal Tregs with non-specific effects and antigen-specific Tregs in the form of CAR-Treg and TCR-Treg. This review discusses non-specific and antigen-specific approaches to the use of Tregs, their advantages, disadvantages, gaps in development, and future prospects.

Enhancement of Transdermal Drug Delivery: Integrating Microneedles with Biodegradable Microparticles

This investigation aimed to enhance transdermal methotrexate delivery through human skin by employing Dr. Pen microneedles and poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) acid microparticles formulated from eight polymer grades (Expansorb DLG 95-4A, DLG 75-5A, DLG 50-2A, DLG 50-5A, DLG 50-8A, DLG 50-6P, DLG 50-7P, and DLL 10-15A). A comprehensive characterization of the microparticles was performed, encompassing various parameters such as size, charge, morphology, microencapsulation efficiency, yield, release kinetics, and chemical composition. The efficacy of microneedles in disrupting skin integrity was demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy, dye binding, histological examination, confocal laser microscopy, and pore size analysis. Microneedle-mediated skin microporation led to a substantial reduction in skin electrical resistance and a concomitant increase in transepidermal water loss. In vitro permeation experiments using human skin delivered microparticles into microporated skin and demonstrated a considerable difference in methotrexate delivery among the polymer groups. Microneedle treatment significantly amplified cumulative drug delivery, steady-state flux, diffusion coefficient, permeability coefficient, and drug concentration within skin layers while concurrently diminishing lag time (p < 0.05). Furthermore, a robust correlation was established between microparticle properties (cumulative release, release rate, encapsulation efficiency) and drug deposition in the skin. In conclusion, the synergistic combination of Dr. Pen microneedles and PLGA microparticles facilitated enhanced and regulated transdermal methotrexate delivery.

Frontiers in pancreatic cancer on biomarkers, microenvironment, and immunotherapy

Pancreatic cancer remains one of the most challenging malignancies to treat due to its late-stage diagnosis, aggressive progression, and high resistance to existing therapies. This review examines the latest advancements in early detection, and therapeutic strategies, with a focus on emerging biomarkers, tumor microenvironment (TME) modulation, and the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in data analysis. We highlight promising biomarkers, including microRNAs (miRNAs) and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), that offer enhanced sensitivity and specificity for early-stage diagnosis when combined with multi-omics panels. A detailed analysis of the TME reveals how components such as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), immune cells, and the extracellular matrix (ECM) contribute to therapy resistance by creating immunosuppressive barriers. We also discuss therapeutic interventions that target these TME components, aiming to improve drug delivery and overcome immune evasion. Furthermore, AI-driven analyses are explored for their potential to interpret complex multi-omics data, enabling personalized treatment strategies and real-time monitoring of treatment response. We conclude by identifying key areas for future research, including the clinical validation of biomarkers, regulatory frameworks for AI applications, and equitable access to innovative therapies. This comprehensive approach underscores the need for integrated, personalized strategies to improve outcomes in pancreatic cancer.

PROTACs coupled with oligonucleotides to tackle the undruggable

Undruggable targets account for roughly 85% of human disease-related targets and represent a category of therapeutic targets that are difficult to tackle with traditional methods, but their considerable clinical importance. These targets are generally defined by planar functional interfaces and the absence of efficient ligand-binding pockets, making them unattainable for conventional pharmaceutical strategies. The advent of oligonucleotide-based proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) has instilled renewed optimism in addressing these challenges. These PROTACs facilitate the targeted degradation of undruggable entities, including transcription factors (TFs) and RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), via proteasome-dependent mechanisms, thereby presenting novel therapeutic approaches for diseases linked to these targets. This review offers an in-depth examination of recent progress in the integration of PROTAC technology with oligonucleotides to target traditionally undruggable proteins, emphasizing the design principles and mechanisms of action of these innovative PROTACs.

Chimeric Antigen Receptor Cell Therapy: Empowering Treatment Strategies for Solid Tumors

Chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cell therapy has demonstrated impressive efficacy in the treatment of blood cancers; however, its effectiveness against solid tumors has been significantly limited. The differences arise from a range of difficulties linked to solid tumors, including an unfriendly tumor microenvironment, variability within the tumors, and barriers to CAR-T cell infiltration and longevity at the tumor location. Research shows that the reasons for the decreased effectiveness of CAR-T cells in treating solid tumors are not well understood, highlighting the ongoing need for strategies to address these challenges. Current strategies frequently incorporate combinatorial therapies designed to boost CAR-T cell functionality and enhance their capacity to effectively target solid tumors. However, these strategies remain in the testing phase and necessitate additional validation to assess their potential benefits. CAR-NK (natural killer), CAR-iNKT (invariant natural killer T), and CAR-M (macrophage) cell therapies are emerging as promising strategies for the treatment of solid tumors. Recent studies highlight the construction and optimization of CAR-NK cells, emphasizing their potential to overcome the unique challenges posed by the solid tumor microenvironment, such as hypoxia and metabolic barriers. This review focuses on CAR cell therapy in the treatment of solid tumors.

Optimizing Osimertinib for NSCLC: Targeting Resistance and Exploring Combination Therapeutics

Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations present in a substantial proportion of patients. Third-generation EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR TKI), exemplified by osimertinib, have dramatically improved outcomes by effectively targeting the T790M mutation-a primary driver of acquired resistance to earlier-generation EGFR TKI. Despite these successes, resistance to third-generation EGFR TKIs inevitably emerges. Mechanisms include on-target mutations such as C797S, activation of alternative pathways like MET amplification, histologic transformations, and intricate tumor microenvironment (TME) alterations. These resistance pathways are compounded by challenges in tolerability, adverse events, and tumor heterogeneity. In light of these hurdles, this review examines the evolving landscape of combination therapies designed to enhance or prolong the effectiveness of third-generation EGFR TKIs. We explore key strategies that pair osimertinib with radiotherapy, anti-angiogenic agents, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and other molecularly targeted drugs, and we discuss the biological rationale, preclinical evidence, and clinical trial data supporting these approaches. Emphasis is placed on how these combinations may circumvent diverse resistance mechanisms, improve survival, and maintain a favorable safety profile. By integrating the latest findings, this review aims to guide clinicians and researchers toward more individualized and durable treatment options, ultimately enhancing both survival and quality of life for patients with EGFR-mutated NSCLC.

Genetic Code Expansion: Recent Developments and Emerging Applications

The concept of genetic code expansion (GCE) has revolutionized the field of chemical and synthetic biology, enabling the site-specific incorporation of noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) into proteins, thus opening new avenues in research and applications across biology and medicine. In this review, we cover the principles of GCE, including the optimization of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS)/tRNA system and the advancements in translation system engineering. Notable developments include the refinement of aaRS/tRNA pairs, enhancements in screening methods, and the biosynthesis of noncanonical amino acids. The applications of GCE technology span from synthetic biology, where it facilitates gene expression regulation and protein engineering, to medicine, with promising approaches in drug development, vaccine production, and gene editing. The review concludes with a perspective on the future of GCE, underscoring its potential to further expand the toolkit of biology and medicine. Through this comprehensive review, we aim to provide a detailed overview of the current state of GCE technology, its challenges, opportunities, and the frontier it represents in the expansion of the genetic code for novel biological research and therapeutic applications.

Modernizing Neuro-Oncology: The Impact of Imaging, Liquid Biopsies, and AI on Diagnosis and Treatment

Advances in neuro-oncology have transformed the diagnosis and management of brain tumors, which are among the most challenging malignancies due to their high mortality rates and complex neurological effects. Despite advancements in surgery and chemoradiotherapy, the prognosis for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and brain metastases remains poor, underscoring the need for innovative diagnostic strategies. This review highlights recent advancements in imaging techniques, liquid biopsies, and artificial intelligence (AI) applications addressing current diagnostic challenges. Advanced imaging techniques, including diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), improve the differentiation of tumor progression from treatment-related changes. Additionally, novel positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers, such as 18F-fluoropivalate, 18F-fluoroethyltyrosine, and 18F-fluluciclovine, facilitate metabolic profiling of high-grade gliomas. Liquid biopsy, a minimally invasive technique, enables real-time monitoring of biomarkers such as circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), extracellular vesicles (EVs), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), and tumor-educated platelets (TEPs), enhancing diagnostic precision. AI-driven algorithms, such as convolutional neural networks, integrate diagnostic tools to improve accuracy, reduce interobserver variability, and accelerate clinical decision-making. These innovations advance personalized neuro-oncological care, offering new opportunities to improve outcomes for patients with central nervous system tumors. We advocate for future research integrating these tools into clinical workflows, addressing accessibility challenges, and standardizing methodologies to ensure broad applicability in neuro-oncology.

Application of Strontium Chloride Hexahydrate to Synthesize Strontium-Substituted Carbonate Apatite as a pH-Sensitive, Biologically Safe, and Highly Efficient siRNA Nanocarrier

Naked siRNAs are sensitive to enzymatic degradation, phagocytic entrapment, quick renal excretion, membrane impermeability, endosomal escape, and off-target effects. Designing a safe and efficient nanocarrier for siRNA delivery to the target site without toxicity remains a significant hurdle in gene therapy. CA is a unique derivative of hydroxyapatite and a highly pH-sensitive nanocarrier with strong particle aggregation and a high polydispersity index. Strontium (Sr2+), a group two divalent metal in the periodic table, has been reported for substituting calcium (Ca2+) ions from the apatite lattice and limiting particle growth/aggregation. This study used strontium chloride hexahydrate (SrCl2·6H2O) salt to develop a Sr-substituted CA (Sr-CA) nanocarrier with ∼30 nm size, spherical shape, less aggregation, homodispersity, and a fair anionic charge. Sr-CA demonstrated a large surface area-to-volume ratio, an improved cargo loading efficiency, and enhanced cellular uptake in HEK-293 cells. Moreover, Sr-CA is a pH-responsive nanocarrier responsible for its long physiological stability, efficient endosomal escape, and optimal cargo delivery within cells. These NPs have differential effects on MAPK1, MAP2K4, PIK3Ca, CAMK4, and p53 gene expression in HEK-293 cells without showing any significant cytotoxicity in cell growth properties. Gene silencing by Sr-CA-mediated siRNA delivery against MAPK1, MAP2K4, PIK3Ca, and CAMK4 genes significantly decreased the level of target gene expression and cell survival, demonstrating successful intracellular siRNA delivery in HEK-293 cells. Additionally, biocompatibility testing confirmed the biological safety of the Sr-CA nanocarrier in mice. These findings suggest that Sr-CA nanocarriers are a promising siRNA delivery system, combining high efficiency with pH-sensitive release and excellent biocompatibility, making them a viable option for future therapeutic applications.