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Tong X, Chen J, Wang M, Liu J, Li J, Wang X, Zuo Y, Xu X, Wang Y, Wang B, Guo W, Zheng Y. Development of a Bioorthogonal Click-to-Release Reaction for Hydrogen Polysulfide (H 2S n) Detection. Anal Chem 2024; 96:15631-15639. [PMID: 39287125 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we present an innovative "click-to-release" strategy for the design of highly specific H2Sn bioorthogonal probes that undergo a specific click reaction with H2Sn and release fluorophores by a following rearrangement. A library of cyclooctyne derivatives was established and successfully demonstrated the availability of the release strategy. Then, a model probe CM-CT was synthesized, which can achieve effective fluorophore release (>80%) in the presence of a H2Sn donor. To further validate the application of this class of probes, a new probe QN-RHO-CT based on Rhodamine 110 was developed. This probe showed good water solubility (>160 μM) and fast release kinetics and can achieve selective H2Sn detection in living cells. We used this probe to study the process of H2S-mediated protein S-persulfidation and demonstrated that excess H2S would directly react with protein persulfides to generate H2S2 and reduce the persulfides to thiols. Additionally, we elucidated the click-to-release mechanism in our design through a detailed mechanistic study, confirming the generation of the key intermediate α, β-unsaturated cyclooctanethione. This bioorthogonal click-to-release reaction provides a useful tool for investigating the function of H2Sn and paves the way for biological studies on H2Sn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xidan Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Maolin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Jianru Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Yifei Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Yichen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Weiwei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Yueqin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
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2
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Fosnacht KG, Sharma J, Champagne PA, Pluth MD. Transpersulfidation or H 2S Release? Understanding the Landscape of Persulfide Chemical Biology. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18689-18698. [PMID: 38935871 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Persulfides (RSSH) are biologically important reactive sulfur species that are endogenously produced, protect key cysteine residues from irreversible oxidation, and are important intermediates during different enzymatic processes. Although persulfides are stronger nucleophiles than their thiol counterparts, persulfides can also act as electrophiles in their neutral, protonated form in specific environments. Moreover, persulfides are electrophilic at both sulfur atoms, and the reaction with a thiolate can lead to either H2S release with disulfide formation or alternatively result in transpersulfidation. Despite the broad acceptance of these reaction pathways, the specific properties that control whether persulfides react through the H2S-releasing or transpersulfidation pathway remain elusive. Herein, we use a combined computational and experimental approach to directly investigate the reactivity between persulfides and thiols to answer these questions. Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we demonstrate that increasing steric bulk or electron withdrawal near the persulfide can shunt persulfide reactivity through the transpersulfidation pathway. Building from these insights, we use a synthetic persulfide donor and an N-iodoacetyl l-tyrosine methyl ester (TME-IAM) trapping agent to experimentally monitor and measure transpersulfidation from a bulky penicillamine-based persulfide to a cysteine-based thiol, which, to the best of our knowledge, is the first direct observation of transpersulfidation between low-molecular-weight species. Taken together, these combined approaches highlight how the properties of persulfides are directly impacted by local environments, which has significant impacts in understanding the complex chemical biology of these reactive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylin G Fosnacht
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Jyoti Sharma
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07103, United States
| | - Pier Alexandre Champagne
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07103, United States
| | - Michael D Pluth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
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3
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Chen G, Yu J, Wu L, Ji X, Xu J, Wang C, Ma S, Miao Q, Wang L, Wang C, Lewis SE, Yue Y, Sun Z, Liu Y, Tang B, James TD. Fluorescent small molecule donors. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6345-6398. [PMID: 38742651 PMCID: PMC11181996 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00124e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Small molecule donors (SMDs) play subtle roles in the signaling mechanism and disease treatments. While many excellent SMDs have been developed, dosage control, targeted delivery, spatiotemporal feedback, as well as the efficiency evaluation of small molecules are still key challenges. Accordingly, fluorescent small molecule donors (FSMDs) have emerged to meet these challenges. FSMDs enable controllable release and non-invasive real-time monitoring, providing significant advantages for drug development and clinical diagnosis. Integration of FSMDs with chemotherapeutic, photodynamic or photothermal properties can take full advantage of each mode to enhance therapeutic efficacy. Given the remarkable properties and the thriving development of FSMDs, we believe a review is needed to summarize the design, triggering strategies and tracking mechanisms of FSMDs. With this review, we compiled FSMDs for most small molecules (nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, reactive oxygen species and formaldehyde), and discuss recent progress concerning their molecular design, structural classification, mechanisms of generation, triggered release, structure-activity relationships, and the fluorescence response mechanism. Firstly, from the large number of fluorescent small molecular donors available, we have organized the common structures for producing different types of small molecules, providing a general strategy for the development of FSMDs. Secondly, we have classified FSMDs in terms of the respective donor types and fluorophore structures. Thirdly, we discuss the mechanisms and factors associated with the controlled release of small molecules and the regulation of the fluorescence responses, from which universal guidelines for optical properties and structure rearrangement were established, mainly involving light-controlled, enzyme-activated, reactive oxygen species-triggered, biothiol-triggered, single-electron reduction, click chemistry, and other triggering mechanisms. Fourthly, representative applications of FSMDs for trackable release, and evaluation monitoring, as well as for visible in vivo treatment are outlined, to illustrate the potential of FSMDs in drug screening and precision medicine. Finally, we discuss the opportunities and remaining challenges for the development of FSMDs for practical and clinical applications, which we anticipate will stimulate the attention of researchers in the diverse fields of chemistry, pharmacology, chemical biology and clinical chemistry. With this review, we hope to impart new understanding thereby enabling the rapid development of the next generation of FSMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Chen
- The Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
| | - Jing Yu
- The Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
| | - Luling Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Xinrui Ji
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jie Xu
- The Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
| | - Chao Wang
- The Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
| | - Siyue Ma
- The Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
| | - Qing Miao
- The Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
| | - Linlin Wang
- The Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
| | - Chen Wang
- The Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
| | - Simon E Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Yanfeng Yue
- Department of Chemistry, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, 19901, USA.
| | - Zhe Sun
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Yuxia Liu
- The Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China.
| | - Tony D James
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
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4
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Xu BX, Hu TY, Du JB, Xie T, Xu YW, Jin X, Xu ST, Jin HW, Wang G, Wang J, Zhen L. In pursuit of feedback activation: New insights into redox-responsive hydropersulfide prodrug combating oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2024; 72:103130. [PMID: 38522110 PMCID: PMC10973683 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Redox-responsive hydropersulfide prodrugs are designed to enable a more controllable and efficient hydropersulfide (RSSH) supply and to thoroughly explore their biological and therapeutic applications in oxidative damage. To obtain novel activation patterns triggered by redox signaling, we focused on NAD(P)H: quinone acceptor oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), a canonical antioxidant enzyme, and designed NQO1-activated RSSH prodrugs. We also performed a head-to-head comparison of two mainstream structural scaffolds with solid quantitative analysis of prodrugs, RSSH, and metabolic by-products by LC-MS/MS, confirming that the perthiocarbamate scaffold was more effective in intracellular prodrug uptake and RSSH production. The prodrug was highly potent in oxidative stress management against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Strikingly, this prodrug possessed potential feedback activation properties by which the delivered RSSH can further escalate the prodrug activation via NQO1 upregulation. Our strategy pushed RSSH prodrugs one step further in the pursuit of efficient release in biological matrices and improved druggability against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Xin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tian-Yu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin-Biao Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ya-Wen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Si-Tao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao-Wen Jin
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jiankun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Le Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.
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5
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Yu Y, Chen J, Huang M, Jiang Y, Zhou X, Wang J, Li J, Cao H. Transition-Metal-Free Disulfuration of Amides with Trisulfide Dioxides via Formation of Unaccessible S-S-N Bonds. J Org Chem 2024; 89:3590-3596. [PMID: 38364441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Under transition-metal-free conditions, trisulfide dioxides were used as disulfurating reagents to react with a wide range of amides, affording various substituted N-disulfanyl amides in good yields. Furthermore, the gram-scale experiment has confirmed the practicability of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University-University of Hong Kong Joint Biomedical Innovation Platform, Zhongshan, 528437, P. R. China
| | - Jianxin Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Mingzhou Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yuhao Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xianhang Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jinsong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Hua Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University-University of Hong Kong Joint Biomedical Innovation Platform, Zhongshan, 528437, P. R. China
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6
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Choudhary BS, Kumar TA, Vashishtha A, Tejasri S, Kumar AS, Agarwal R, Chakrapani H. An esterase-cleavable persulfide donor with no electrophilic byproducts and a fluorescence reporter. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1727-1730. [PMID: 38240148 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04948e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and associated sulfur species known as persulfide or sulfane sulfur are considered among the first responders to oxidative stress. However, tools that reliably generate these species without any potentially toxic byproducts are limited, and even fewer report the generation of a persulfide. Here, using a latent fluorophore embedded with N-acetylcysteine persulfide, we report a new tool that is cleaved by esterase to produce a persulfide as well as a fluorescence reporter without any electrophilic byproducts. The rate of formation of the fluorescence reporter is nearly identical to the rate of formation of the persulfide suggesting that the use of this probe eliminates the need for secondary assays that report persulfide formation. Symptomatic with persulfide generation, the newly developed donor was able to protect chondrocyte cells from oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat S Choudhary
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune 411 008, Maharashtra, India.
| | - T Anand Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune 411 008, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Akshi Vashishtha
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560 012, Karnataka, India
| | - Sushma Tejasri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune 411 008, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Amal S Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune 411 008, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Rachit Agarwal
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560 012, Karnataka, India
| | - Harinath Chakrapani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune 411 008, Maharashtra, India.
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7
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Young K, Yamane S, GharehTapeh EA, Kasamatsu S, Ihara H, Hasegawa U. Manganese Porphyrin-Containing Polymeric Micelles: A Novel Approach for Intracellular Catalytic Formation of Per/Polysulfide Species from a Hydrogen Sulfide Donor. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2302429. [PMID: 37916994 PMCID: PMC11468854 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Per/polysulfide species that are generated from endogenously produced hydrogen sulfide have critical regulatory roles in a wide range of cellular processes. However, the lack of delivery systems that enable controlled and sustained release of these unstable species in biological systems hinders the advancement of sulfide biology research, as well as the translation of knowledge to therapeutic applications. Here, a novel approach is developed to generate per/polysulfide species in cells by combining an H2 S donor and manganese porphyrin-containing polymeric micelles (MnPMCs) that catalyze oxidization of H2 S to per/polysulfide species. MnPMCs serve as a catalyst for H2 S oxidation in aerobic phosphate buffer. HPLC-MS/MS analysis reveals that H2 S oxidation by MnPMCs in the presence of glutathione results in the formation of glutathione-SnH (n = 2 and 3). Furthermore, co-treatment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells with the H2 S donor anethole dithiolethione and MnPMCs increases intracellular per/polysulfide levels and induces a proangiogenic response. Co-delivery of MnPMCs and an H2 S donor is a promising approach for controlled delivery of polysulfides for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemper Young
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringThe Pennsylvania State UniversitySteidle BuildingUniversity ParkPA1680USA
| | - Setsuko Yamane
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringThe Pennsylvania State UniversitySteidle BuildingUniversity ParkPA1680USA
- Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryNational Institute of Technology, Numazu College3600 OokaNumazuShizuoka410‐8501Japan
| | - Elmira Abbasi GharehTapeh
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringThe Pennsylvania State UniversitySteidle BuildingUniversity ParkPA1680USA
| | - Shingo Kasamatsu
- Department of Biological ChemistryOsaka Metropolitan University1‐1 Gakuen‐choSakaiOsaka599‐8531Japan
| | - Hideshi Ihara
- Department of Biological ChemistryOsaka Metropolitan University1‐1 Gakuen‐choSakaiOsaka599‐8531Japan
| | - Urara Hasegawa
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringThe Pennsylvania State UniversitySteidle BuildingUniversity ParkPA1680USA
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Ikeda-Imafuku M, Fukuta T, Tuan Giam Chuang V, Sawa T, Maruyama T, Otagiri M, Ishida T, Ishima Y. Acute Kidney Injury Caused by Rhabdomyolysis Is Ameliorated by Serum Albumin-Based Supersulfide Donors through Antioxidative Pathways. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:128. [PMID: 38256961 PMCID: PMC10819804 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is responsible for the onset and progression of various kinds of diseases including rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI). Antioxidants are, therefore, thought to aid in the recovery of illnesses linked to oxidative stress. Supersulfide species have been shown to have substantial antioxidative activity; however, due to their limited bioavailability, few supersulfide donors have had their actions evaluated in vivo. In this study, human serum albumin (HSA) and N-acetyl-L-cysteine polysulfides (NACSn), which have polysulfides in an oxidized form, were conjugated to create a supersulfide donor. HSA is chosen to be a carrier of NACSn because of its extended blood circulation and high level of biocompatibility. In contrast to a supersulfide donor containing reduced polysulfide in HSA, the NACSn-conjugated HSAs exhibited stronger antioxidant activity than HSA and free NACSn without being uptaken by the cells in vitro. The supersulfide donor reduced the levels of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine significantly in a mouse model of rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI. Supersulfide donors significantly reduced the expression of oxidative stress markers in the kidney. These results indicate that the developed supersulfide donor has the therapeutic effect on rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Ikeda-Imafuku
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wakayama Medical University, 25-1 Shichibancho, Wakayama 640-8156, Japan; (M.I.-I.); (T.F.)
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan;
| | - Tatsuya Fukuta
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wakayama Medical University, 25-1 Shichibancho, Wakayama 640-8156, Japan; (M.I.-I.); (T.F.)
| | - Victor Tuan Giam Chuang
- Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth 6845, Australia;
| | - Tomohiro Sawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan;
| | - Toru Maruyama
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan;
| | - Masaki Otagiri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan;
| | - Tatsuhiro Ishida
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan;
| | - Yu Ishima
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan;
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University 5 Nakauchi-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
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9
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Sarkar S, Kumar R, Matson JB. Hydrogels for Gasotransmitter Delivery: Nitric Oxide, Carbon Monoxide, and Hydrogen Sulfide. Macromol Biosci 2024; 24:e2300138. [PMID: 37326828 PMCID: PMC11180494 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Gasotransmitters, gaseous signaling molecules including nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2 S), maintain myriad physiological processes. Low levels of gasotransmitters are often associated with specific problems or diseases, so NO, CO, and H2 S hold potential in treating bacterial infections, chronic wounds, myocardial infarction, ischemia, and various other diseases. However, their clinical applications as therapeutic agents are limited due to their gaseous nature, short half-life, and broad physiological roles. One route toward the greater application of gasotransmitters in medicine is through localized delivery. Hydrogels are attractive biomedical materials for the controlled release of embedded therapeutics as they are typically biocompatible, possess high water content, have tunable mechanical properties, and are injectable in certain cases. Hydrogel-based gasotransmitter delivery systems began with NO, and hydrogels for CO and H2 S have appeared more recently. In this review, the biological importance of gasotransmitters is highlighted, and the fabrication of hydrogel materials is discussed, distinguishing between methods used to physically encapsulate small molecule gasotransmitter donor compounds or chemically tether them to a hydrogel scaffold. The release behavior and potential therapeutic applications of gasotransmitter-releasing hydrogels are also detailed. Finally, the authors envision the future of this field and describe challenges moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John B. Matson
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
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10
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Yu Y, Zhou X, Wang J, Jiang Y, Cao H. Construction of β-Acetoxy or β-Hydroxyl Disulfides via Highly Regioselective Ring-Opening of Epoxides with Acetyl Masked Disulfide Nucleophiles. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 38054746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
In the organic or water phase, acetyl masked disulfide nucleophiles were used as the disulfide source to react with a wide range of epoxides, affording various β-acetoxy or β-hydroxyl disulfides in good yields with high regioselectivity. This method features transition-metal-free, simple experimental conditions, high atom economy, and scalable potential, which make it attractive and practical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University-University of Hong Kong Joint Biomedical Innovation Platform, Zhongshan 528437, PR China
| | - Xianhang Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jinsong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yuhao Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Hua Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University-University of Hong Kong Joint Biomedical Innovation Platform, Zhongshan 528437, PR China
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11
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Prange CJ, Hu X, Tang L. Smart chemistry for traceless release of anticancer therapeutics. Biomaterials 2023; 303:122353. [PMID: 37925794 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
In the design of delivery strategies for anticancer therapeutics, the controlled release of intact cargo at the destined tumor and metastasis locations is of particular importance. To this end, stimuli-responsive chemical linkers have been extensively investigated owing to their ability to respond to tumor-specific physiological stimuli, such as lowered pH, altered redox conditions, increased radical oxygen species and pathological enzymatic activities. To prevent premature action and off-target effects, anticancer therapeutics are chemically modified to be transiently inactivated, a strategy known as prodrug development. Prodrugs are reactivated upon stimuli-dependent release at the sites of interest. As most drugs and therapeutic proteins have the optimal activity when released from carriers in their native and original forms, traceless release mechanisms are increasingly investigated. In this review, we summarize the chemical toolkit for developing innovative traceless prodrug strategies for stimuli-responsive drug delivery and discuss the applications of these chemical modifications in anticancer treatment including cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Jasmin Prange
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland; Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Xile Hu
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.
| | - Li Tang
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland; Institute of Materials Science & Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.
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12
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Hu Q, Zhu C, Hankins RA, Murmello AR, Marrs GS, Lukesh JC. An ROS-Responsive Donor That Self-Reports Its H 2S Delivery by Forming a Benzoxazole-Based Fluorophore. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25486-25494. [PMID: 37950698 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), an endogenous signaling molecule, is known to play a pivotal role in neuroprotection, vasodilation, and hormonal regulation. To further explore the biological effects of H2S, refined donors that facilitate its biological delivery, especially under specific (patho) physiological conditions, are needed. In the present study, we demonstrate that ortho-substituted, aryl boronate esters provide two unique and distinct pathways for H2S release from thioamide-based donors: Lewis acid-facilitated hydrolysis and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidation/cyclization. Through a detailed structure-activity relationship study, donors that resist hydrolysis and release H2S solely via the latter mechanism were identified, which have the added benefit of providing a potentially useful heterocycle as the lone byproduct of this novel chemistry. To highlight this, we developed an ROS-activated donor (QH642) that simultaneously synthesizes a benzoxazole-based fluorophore en route to its H2S delivery. A distinct advantage of this design over earlier self-reporting donors is that fluorophore formation is possible only if H2S has been discharged from the donor. This key feature eliminates the potential for false positives and provides a more accurate depiction of reaction progress and donor delivery of H2S, including in complex cellular environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Wake Downtown Campus, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, United States
| | - Changlei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Wake Downtown Campus, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, United States
| | - Rynne A Hankins
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Wake Downtown Campus, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, United States
| | - Allison R Murmello
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Wake Downtown Campus, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, United States
| | - Glen S Marrs
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, United States
| | - John C Lukesh
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Wake Downtown Campus, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, United States
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13
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Shi Y, Li H, Chu D, Lin W, Wang X, Wu Y, Li K, Wang H, Li D, Xu Z, Gao L, Li B, Chen H. Rescuing Nucleus Pulposus Cells From Senescence via Dual-Functional Greigite Nanozyme to Alleviate Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300988. [PMID: 37400370 PMCID: PMC10477883 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) lead to progressive deterioration of mitochondrial function, resulting in tissue degeneration. In this study, ROS accumulation induced nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) senescence is observed in degenerative human and rat intervertebral disc, suggesting senescence as a new therapeutic target to reverse intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). By targeting this, dual-functional greigite nanozyme is successfully constructed, which shows the ability to release abundant polysulfides and presents strong superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, both of which function to scavenge ROS and maintain the tissue at physical redox level. By significantly lowering the ROS level, greigite nanozyme rescues damaged mitochondrial function in IVDD models both in vitro and in vivo, rescues NPCs from senescence and alleviated the inflammatory response. Furthermore, RNA-sequencing reveals ROS-p53-p21 axis is responsible for cellular senescence-induced IVDD. Activation of the axis abolishes greigite nanozyme rescued NPCs senescence phenotype, as well as the alleviated inflammatory response to greigite nanozyme, which confirms the role of ROS-p53-p21 axis in greigite nanozyme's function to reverse IVDD. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that ROS-induced NPCs senescence leads to IVDD and the dual-functional greigite nanozyme holds strong potential to reverse this process, providing a novel strategy for IVDD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shi
- Department of OrthopedicsAffiliated Hospital of Yangzhou UniversityNo. 368 Hanjiang RoadYangzhou225000P. R. China
- Institute of Translational MedicineMedical CollegeYangzhou UniversityNo.136 Jiangyang RoadYangzhou215000P. R. China
| | - Hanwen Li
- Orthopedic InstituteDepartment of Orthopedic SurgeryFirst Affiliated HospitalSuzhou Medical CollegeSoochow UniversityNo. 899 Pinghai RoadSuzhou215000P. R. China
| | - Dongchuan Chu
- Department of RadiologyAffiliated Hospital of Yangzhou UniversityNo. 368 Hanjiang RoadYangzhou225000P. R. China
| | - Wenzheng Lin
- Department of OrthopedicsAffiliated Hospital of Yangzhou UniversityNo. 368 Hanjiang RoadYangzhou225000P. R. China
- Institute of Translational MedicineMedical CollegeYangzhou UniversityNo.136 Jiangyang RoadYangzhou215000P. R. China
| | - Xinglong Wang
- Department of OrthopedicsAffiliated Hospital of Yangzhou UniversityNo. 368 Hanjiang RoadYangzhou225000P. R. China
- Institute of Translational MedicineMedical CollegeYangzhou UniversityNo.136 Jiangyang RoadYangzhou215000P. R. China
| | - Yin Wu
- Department of OrthopedicsAffiliated Hospital of Yangzhou UniversityNo. 368 Hanjiang RoadYangzhou225000P. R. China
- Institute of Translational MedicineMedical CollegeYangzhou UniversityNo.136 Jiangyang RoadYangzhou215000P. R. China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of OrthopedicsAffiliated Hospital of Yangzhou UniversityNo. 368 Hanjiang RoadYangzhou225000P. R. China
- Institute of Translational MedicineMedical CollegeYangzhou UniversityNo.136 Jiangyang RoadYangzhou215000P. R. China
| | - Huihui Wang
- Institute of Translational MedicineMedical CollegeYangzhou UniversityNo.136 Jiangyang RoadYangzhou215000P. R. China
| | - Dandan Li
- Institute of Translational MedicineMedical CollegeYangzhou UniversityNo.136 Jiangyang RoadYangzhou215000P. R. China
| | - Zhuobin Xu
- Department of OrthopedicsAffiliated Hospital of Yangzhou UniversityNo. 368 Hanjiang RoadYangzhou225000P. R. China
- Institute of Translational MedicineMedical CollegeYangzhou UniversityNo.136 Jiangyang RoadYangzhou215000P. R. China
| | - Lizeng Gao
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for NanozymeInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesNo. 15 Datun RoadBeijing100101P. R. China
| | - Bin Li
- Orthopedic InstituteDepartment of Orthopedic SurgeryFirst Affiliated HospitalSuzhou Medical CollegeSoochow UniversityNo. 899 Pinghai RoadSuzhou215000P. R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of OrthopedicsAffiliated Hospital of Yangzhou UniversityNo. 368 Hanjiang RoadYangzhou225000P. R. China
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14
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Yu B, Yang X, Yuan Z, Wang B. Prodrugs of sulfide and persulfide species: Implications in their different pharmacological activities. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2023; 75:102329. [PMID: 37279623 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.102329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Reactive sulfur species (RSS), such as H2S, hydrogen polysulfide (H2Sn, n ≥ 2), and hydropersulfides (RSSnH, n ≥ 1), are known to mediate diverse signaling pathways and possess a plethora of exciting therapeutic opportunities. Historically, due to the rapid inter-conversion among those species in vivo, the biological differences of distinct sulfur species were often overlooked. These species were considered to enrich the global sulfur pool in almost an equal fashion. However, advancement in this field has revealed that sulfur species at different oxidation states result in different pharmacological effects including scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), activating ion channels, and exhibiting analgesic effects. Here, we summarize recent advances in studying the biological and pharmacological differences of distinct sulfur species; discuss this phenomenon from the view of chemical properties and sulfur signaling pathways; and lay out a roadmap to transforming such new knowledge into general principles in developing sulfur-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingchen Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Zhengnan Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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15
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Fukuto JM. The chemistry of hydropersulfides (RSSH) as related to possible physiological functions. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023:109659. [PMID: 37263465 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Hydropersulfides (RSSH) are oxidized thiol (RSH) derivatives that have been shown to be biologically prevalent with likely important functions (along with other polysulfur compounds). The functional utility of RSSH can be gleaned from their unique chemical properties. That is, RSSH possess chemical reactivity not present in other biologically relevant sulfur species that should allow them to be used in specific ways in biology as effector/signaling molecules. For example, compared to RSH, RSSH are considered to be superior nucleophiles, reductants and metal ligands. Moreover, unlike RSH, RSSH can be either reductants/nucleophiles or oxidants/electrophiles depending on the protonated state. It has also become clear that studies related to the chemical biology and physiology of hydrogen suflide (H2S) must also consider the effects of RSSH (and related polysulfur species) as they are biochemically linked. Herein is a discussion of the relevant chemistry of RSSH that can serve as a basis for understanding how RSSH can be used by cells to, for example, combat stresses and used in signaling. Also, discussed are some current experimental studies regarding the biological activity of RSSH that can be explained by their chemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon M Fukuto
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA; Department of Chemistry, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA, 94928, USA.
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16
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H2S Donors with Cytoprotective Effects in Models of MI/R Injury and Chemotherapy-Induced Cardiotoxicity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030650. [PMID: 36978898 PMCID: PMC10045576 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous signaling molecule that greatly influences several important (patho)physiological processes related to cardiovascular health and disease, including vasodilation, angiogenesis, inflammation, and cellular redox homeostasis. Consequently, H2S supplementation is an emerging area of interest, especially for the treatment of cardiovascular-related diseases. To fully unlock the medicinal properties of hydrogen sulfide, however, the development and refinement of H2S releasing compounds (or donors) are required to augment its bioavailability and to better mimic its natural enzymatic production. Categorizing donors by the biological stimulus that triggers their H2S release, this review highlights the fundamental chemistry and releasing mechanisms of a range of H2S donors that have exhibited promising protective effects in models of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI/R) injury and cancer chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity, specifically. Thus, in addition to serving as important investigative tools that further advance our knowledge and understanding of H2S chemical biology, the compounds highlighted in this review have the potential to serve as vital therapeutic agents for the treatment (or prevention) of various cardiomyopathies.
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17
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He B, Zhang Z, Huang Z, Duan X, Wang Y, Cao J, Li L, He K, Nice EC, He W, Gao W, Shen Z. Protein persulfidation: Rewiring the hydrogen sulfide signaling in cell stress response. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 209:115444. [PMID: 36736962 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The past few decades have witnessed significant progress in the discovery of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as a ubiquitous gaseous signaling molecule in mammalian physiology, akin to nitric oxide and carbon monoxide. As the third gasotransmitter, H2S is now known to exert a wide range of physiological and cytoprotective functions in the biological systems. However, endogenous H2S concentrations are usually low, and its potential biologic mechanisms responsible have not yet been fully clarified. Recently, a growing body of evidence has demonstrated that protein persulfidation, a posttranslational modification of cysteine residues (RSH) to persulfides (RSSH) elicited by H2S, is a fundamental mechanism of H2S-mediated signaling pathways. Persulfidation, as a biological switch for protein function, plays an important role in the maintenance of cell homeostasis in response to various internal and external stress stimuli and is also implicated in numerous diseases, such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. In this review, the biological significance of protein persulfidation by H2S in cell stress response is reviewed providing a framework for understanding the multifaceted roles of H2S. A mechanism-guided perspective can help open novel avenues for the exploitation of therapeutics based on H2S-induced persulfidation in the context of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo He
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhao Huang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xirui Duan
- Department of Oncology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Yu Wang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jiangjun Cao
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lei Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Kai He
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Edouard C Nice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Weifeng He
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Wei Gao
- Clinical Genetics Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital & Clinical Medical College of Chengdu University, Chengdu 610081, China.
| | - Zhisen Shen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315040, Zhejiang, China.
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18
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Lao T, Chen J, Zhou X, Zhang Z, Cao G, Su Z, Yu Y, Cao H. Visible-light-induced synthesis of N-disulfanyl indoles, pyrroles or carbazoles via the construction of stable S-S-N bonds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:458-461. [PMID: 36519391 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04616d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A simple and efficient visible-light-induced approach for the formation of stable S-S-N bonds has been developed. Through these photocatalytic reactions, a series of N-disulfanyl indoles, pyrroles and carbazoles were afforded with good to excellent yields. Moreover, the gram-scale experiment has confirmed the practicability of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfeng Lao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China.
| | - Jianxin Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China.
| | - Xianhang Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China.
| | - Ziwu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China.
| | - Gao Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China.
| | - Zhengquan Su
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China.
| | - Yue Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China. .,Guangdong Pharmaceutical University-University of Hong Kong Joint Biomedical Innovation Platform, Zhongshan 528437, China
| | - Hua Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China. .,Guangdong Pharmaceutical University-University of Hong Kong Joint Biomedical Innovation Platform, Zhongshan 528437, China
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19
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Blevins DJ, Nazir R, Hossein Dabiri SM, Akbari M, Wulff JE. The effects of cell culture conditions on premature hydrolysis of traceless ester-linked disulfide linkers. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Jiang S, Chen Y. The role of sulfur compounds in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:928287. [PMID: 36339716 PMCID: PMC9626809 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.928287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common respiratory disease that brings about great social and economic burden, with oxidative stress and inflammation affecting the whole disease progress. Sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), thiols, and persulfides/polysulfides have intrinsic antioxidant and anti-inflammatory ability, which is engaged in the pathophysiological process of COPD. Hydrogen sulfide mainly exhibits its function by S-sulfidation of the cysteine residue of the targeted proteins. It also interacts with nitric oxide and acts as a potential biomarker for the COPD phenotype. Thiols’ redox buffer such as the glutathione redox couple is a major non-enzymatic redox buffer reflecting the oxidative stress in the organism. The disturbance of redox buffers was often detected in patients with COPD, and redressing the balance could delay COPD exacerbation. Sulfane sulfur refers to a divalent sulfur atom bonded with another sulfur atom. Among them, persulfides and polysulfides have an evolutionarily conserved modification with antiaging effects. Sulfur compounds and their relative signaling pathways are also associated with the development of comorbidities in COPD. Synthetic compounds which can release H2S and persulfides in the organism have gradually been developed. Naturally extracted sulfur compounds with pharmacological effects also aroused great interest. This study discussed the biological functions and mechanisms of sulfur compounds in regulating COPD and its comorbidities.
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21
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Aggarwal SC, Khodade VS, Porche S, Pharoah BM, Toscano JP. Photochemical Release of Hydropersulfides. J Org Chem 2022; 87:12644-12652. [PMID: 36084133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hydropersulfides (RSSH) have received significant interest in the field of redox biology because of their intriguing biochemical properties. However, because RSSH are inherently unstable, their study is challenging, and as a result, the details of their physiological roles remain ill-defined. Herein, we report strategies to release RSSH utilizing photoremovable protecting groups. RSSH protection with the well-established p-hydroxyphenacyl (pHP) photoprotecting group resulted in inefficient RSSH photorelease along with complex chemistry. Therefore, an alternative precursor was examined in which a self-immolative linker was inserted between the pHP group and RSSH, providing nearly quantitative RSSH release following photolysis at 365 nm. Inspired by these results, we also synthesized an analogous precursor derivatized with 7-diethylaminocoumarin (DEACM), a visible light-cleavable photoprotecting group. Photolysis of this precursor at 420 nm led to efficient RSSH release, and in vitro experiments demonstrated intracellular RSSH delivery in breast cancer MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil C Aggarwal
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Vinayak S Khodade
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Sarah Porche
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Blaze M Pharoah
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - John P Toscano
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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22
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Reactive sulfur species and their significance in health and disease. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:231692. [PMID: 36039860 PMCID: PMC9484011 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20221006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive sulfur species (RSS) have been recognized in the last two decades as very important molecules in redox regulation. They are involved in metabolic processes and, in this way, they are responsible for maintenance of health. This review summarizes current information about the essential biological RSS, including H2S, low molecular weight persulfides, protein persulfides as well as organic and inorganic polysulfides, their synthesis, catabolism and chemical reactivity. Moreover, the role of RSS disturbances in various pathologies including vascular diseases, chronic kidney diseases, diabetes mellitus Type 2, neurological diseases, obesity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and in the most current problem of COVID-19 is presented. The significance of RSS in aging is also mentioned. Finally, the possibilities of using the precursors of various forms of RSS for therapeutic purposes are discussed.
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23
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Garcia AC, Zakharov LN, Pluth MD. Supramolecular Activation of S 8 by Cucurbiturils in Water and Mechanism of Reduction to H 2S by Thiols: Insights into Biological Sulfane Sulfur Trafficking. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15324-15332. [PMID: 35929817 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Reactive sulfur species (RSS) play critical roles in diverse chemical environments. Molecules containing sulfane sulfur (S0) have emerged as key species involved in cellular redox buffering as well as RSS generation, translocation, and action. Using cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) as a model hydrophobic host, we demonstrate here that S8 can be encapsulated to form a 1:1 host guest complex, which was confirmed by solution state experiments, mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography. The solid state structure of CB[7]/S8 shows that the encapsulated S8 is available to nucleophiles through the carbonyl portals of the host. Treatment of CB[7]/S8 with thiols results in efficient reduction of S8 to H2S in water at physiological pH. We establish that encapsulated S8 is attacked by a thiol within the CB[7] host and that the resultant soluble hydropolysulfide is ejected into solution, where it reacts further with thiols to generate soluble sulfane sulfur carriers and ultimately H2S. The formation of these intermediate is supported by observed kinetic saturation behavior, competitive inhibition experiments, and alkylative trapping experiments. We also demonstrate that CB[7]/S8 can be used to increase sulfane sulfur levels in live cells using fluorescence microscopy. More broadly, this work suggests a general activation mechanism of S8 by hydrophobic motifs, which may be applicable to proteins, membranes, or other bimolecular compartments that could transiently bind and solubilize S8 to promote reaction with thiols to solubilize and shuttle S8 back into the redox labile sulfane sulfur pool. Such a mechanism would provide an attractive manifold in which to understand the RSS translocation and trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman C Garcia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, and Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-12532, United States
| | - Lev N Zakharov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, and Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-12532, United States
| | - Michael D Pluth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, and Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-12532, United States
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24
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Zarenkiewicz J, Perez-Ternero C, Kojasoy V, McGinity C, Khodade VS, Lin J, Tantillo DJ, Toscano JP, Hobbs AJ, Fukuto JM. The reaction of hydropersulfides (RSSH) with S-nitrosothiols (RS-NO) and the biological/physiological implications. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 188:459-467. [PMID: 35809768 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.06.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
S-Nitrosothiol (RS-NO) generation/levels have been implicated as being important to numerous physiological and pathophysiological processes. As such, the mechanism(s) of their generation and degradation are important factors in determining their biological activity. Along with the effects on the activity of thiol proteins, RS-NOs have also been reported to be reservoirs or storage forms of nitric oxide (NO). That is, it is hypothesized that NO can be released from RS-NO at opportune times to, for example, regulate vascular tone. However, to date there are few established mechanisms that can account for facile NO release from RS-NO. Recent discovery of the biological formation and prevalence of hydropersulfides (RSSH) and their subsequent reaction with RS-NO species provides a possible route for NO release from RS-NO. Herein, it is found that RSSH is capable of reacting with RS-NO to liberate NO and that the analogous reaction using RSH is not nearly as proficient in generating NO. Moreover, computational results support the prevalence of this reaction over other possible competing processes. Finally, results of biological studies of NO-mediated vasorelaxation are consistent with the idea that RS-NO species can be degraded by RSSH to release NO.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina Perez-Ternero
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Volga Kojasoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Christopher McGinity
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Vinayak S Khodade
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Joseph Lin
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA, 94928, USA
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - John P Toscano
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
| | - Adrian J Hobbs
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Jon M Fukuto
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA; Department of Chemistry, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA, 94928, USA.
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25
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Huang Z, Luo Y, Zhang T, Ding Y, Chen M, Chen J, Liu Q, Huang Y, Zhao C. A Stimuli-Responsive Small-Molecule Metal-Carrying Prochelator: A Novel Prodrug Design Strategy for Metal Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203500. [PMID: 35513877 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Selective activation of prodrugs is an important approach to reduce the side effects of disease treatment. We report a prodrug design concept for metal complexes, termed "metal-carrying prochelator", which can co-carry a metal ion and chelator within a single small-molecule compound and remain inert until it undergoes a specifically triggered intramolecular chelation to synthesize a bioactive metal complex in situ for targeted therapy. As a proof-of-concept, we designed a H2 O2 -responsive small-molecule prochelator, DPBD, based on the strong chelator diethyldithiocarbamate (DTC) and copper. DPBD can carry Cu2+ (DPBD-Cu) and respond to elevated H2 O2 levels in tumor cells by releasing DTC, which rapidly chelates Cu2+ from DPBD-Cu affording a DTC-copper complex with high cytotoxicity, realizing potent antitumor efficacy with low systemic toxicity. Thus, with its unique intramolecularly triggered activation mechanism, this concept based on a small-molecule metal-carrying prochelator can help in the prodrug design of metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeqian Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yong Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yaqing Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Meixu Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qiuxing Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yanjuan Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chunshun Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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26
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Xu Y, Xu B, Wang J, Jin H, Xu S, Wang G, Zhen L. Peroxynitrite‐Promoted Persulfide Prodrugs with Protective Potential against Paracetamol Poisoning. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200540. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya‐Wen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjia Xiang Nanjing 210009 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Bi‐Xin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjia Xiang Nanjing 210009 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Jiankun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjia Xiang Nanjing 210009 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Hao‐Wen Jin
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjia Xiang Nanjing 210009 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Si‐Tao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjia Xiang Nanjing 210009 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Guangji Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjia Xiang Nanjing 210009 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Le Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjia Xiang Nanjing 210009 Jiangsu P. R. China
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27
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Bolton SG, Pluth MD. Efficient inhibition of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) by sulfuration with solubilized elemental sulfur. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 185:46-51. [PMID: 35470062 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitric oxide (NO) have garnered increasing scientific interest in recent decades due to their classifications as members of the gasotransmitter family of signaling molecules. Due to the versatility of sulfur redox chemistry in biological systems, H2S specifically is being studied for its ability to modulate cellular redox environments, particularly through the downstream production of oxidized sulfur species. A major mechanism of this regulation is through a posttranslational modification known as persulfidation, where oxidized sulfur atoms are appended to free cysteine in proteins. Currently, it is difficult to discern the activity of H2S itself versus these oxidized sulfur species, particularly sulfane sulfur (S0). We have previously developed a method of solvating S8, a source of pure S0, to more accurately study persulfidation and sulfuration in general. Here, we apply this pure S0 to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), which has previously been shown to be inhibited by S0-containing polysulfides via persulfidation. Using solvated S0, we demonstrate that native, reduced GAPDH can be completely inhibited by sulfuration with S0. Further, oxidized GAPDH activity cannot be rescued using S0, demonstrating that it is the oxidation of reduced GAPDH by S0 that curtails its activity. We also compare inhibition of GAPDH by pure S0 to different polysulfides and demonstrate the modulating effects that pendant alkyl groups have on GAPDH inhibition. These results highlight the promise of this novel, simplified system for the study of S0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah G Bolton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Michael D Pluth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA.
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28
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Huang Z, Luo Y, Zhang T, Ding Y, Chen M, Chen J, Liu Q, Huang Y, Zhao C. A Stimuli‐Responsive Small‐Molecule Metal‐Carrying Prochelator: A Novel Prodrug Design Strategy for Metal Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeqian Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Yong Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Yaqing Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Meixu Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Qiuxing Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Yanjuan Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Chunshun Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
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29
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Yu B, Kang T, Xu Y, Liu Y, Ma Y, Ke B. Prodrugs of Persulfide and Sulfide: Is There a Pharmacological Difference between the Two in the Context of Rapid Exchanges among Various Sulfur Species In Vivo? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201668. [PMID: 35218121 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sulfide and persulfide are chemically different and one might expect persulfide to be more effective in mediating sulfur signaling because persulfide can directly modify protein cysteine residue. However, rapid scrambling, and interconversions occur among sulfur species. Then there is the question of whether the chemical reactivity differences between sulfide and persulfide would translate into pharmacological differences. Utilizing a delivery system to generate pure hydrogen sulfide (H2 S), hydrogen persulfide (H2 S2 ), and N-acetyl-l-cysteine persulfide (N-CysSSH), we examined the activities of sulfide and persulfide in vitro and in vivo. Persulfide prodrugs exhibited increased activities compared to the H2 S prodrug. In particular, the H2 S2 prodrug offers much-elevated analgesic effects compared to the H2 S prodrug in vivo. Persulfide prodrugs also possess a reduced level of toxicity compared to the H2 S prodrug in vivo, indicating persulfide might represent a better therapeutic paradigm than H2 S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingchen Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Ting Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Yiqing Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Yaru Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Bowen Ke
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
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30
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Yu B, Kang T, Xu Y, Liu Y, Ma Y, Ke B. Prodrugs of Persulfide and Sulfide: Is There a Pharmacological Difference between the Two in the Context of Rapid Exchanges among Various Sulfur Species In Vivo
?. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingchen Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics Georgia State University Atlanta GA 30303 USA
| | - Ting Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 Sichuan P. R. China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 Sichuan P. R. China
| | - Yiqing Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 Sichuan P. R. China
| | - Yaru Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 Sichuan P. R. China
| | - Bowen Ke
- Department of Anesthesiology Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 Sichuan P. R. China
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31
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Uchiyama J, Akiyama M, Hase K, Kumagai Y, Kim YG. Gut microbiota reinforce host antioxidant capacity via the generation of reactive sulfur species. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110479. [PMID: 35263581 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota act beyond the gastrointestinal tract to regulate the physiology of the host. However, their contribution to the antioxidant capacity of the host remains largely understudied. In this study, we observe that gut bacteria increase the steady-state plasma levels of high-antioxidant molecules, reactive sulfur species (RSS), such as hydrogen sulfide and cysteine persulfide (CysSSH), in the host. Moreover, gut bacteria utilize cystine as a substrate to enzymatically produce CysSSH. Administration of cystine to mice increases their plasma levels of RSS and suppresses the concanavalin-A-induced oxidative stress and liver damage in a gut-microbiota-dependent manner. We find that gut bacteria belonging to the Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae families have a high capacity to produce RSS, requiring pyridoxal 5'-phosphate for their enzymatic reactions. Collectively, our data demonstrate that gut microbiota enhance the antioxidant capacity of the host through the generation of RSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Uchiyama
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan; Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Masahiro Akiyama
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan.
| | - Koji Hase
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Yoshito Kumagai
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yun-Gi Kim
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan.
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32
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Bora P, Sathian MB, Chakrapani H. Enhancing cellular sulfane sulfur through β-glycosidase-activated persulfide donors: mechanistic insights and oxidative stress mitigation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:2987-2990. [PMID: 35147153 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc07162a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sulfane sulfur species such as persulfides and polysulfides along with hydrogen sulfide protect cells from oxidative stress and are key members of the cellular antioxidant pool. Here, we report perthiocarbamate-based prodrugs that are cleaved by β-glycosidases to produce persulfide and relatively innocuous byproducts. The β-glucosidase-activated persulfide donor enhances cellular sulfane sulfur and protects cells against lethality induced by elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerona Bora
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune 411 008, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Manjima B Sathian
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune 411 008, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Harinath Chakrapani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune 411 008, Maharashtra, India.
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33
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Khodade VS, Aggarwal SC, Eremiev A, Bao E, Porche S, Toscano JP. Development of Hydropersulfide Donors to Study Their Chemical Biology. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:309-326. [PMID: 34278824 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Hydropersulfides (RSSH) are ubiquitous in prokaryotes, eukaryotic cells, and mammalian tissues. The unique chemical properties and prevalent nature of these species suggest a crucial role of RSSH in cell regulatory processes, yet little is known about their physiological functions. Recent Advances: Examining the biological roles of RSSH species is challenging because of their inherent instability. In recent years, researchers have developed a number of small-molecule donors that efficiently release RSSH in response to various stimuli, including pH, thiols, reactive oxygen species, enzymes, and light. These RSSH donors have provided researchers with chemical tools to uncover the potential function and role of RSSH as physiological signaling and/or protecting agents. Critical Issues: Because RSSH, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and higher order polysulfides are related to each other and can be present simultaneously in biological systems, distinguishing among the activities due to each of these species is difficult. Discerning this activity is critical to elucidate the chemical biology and physiology of RSSH. Moreover, although RSSH donors have been shown to confer cytoprotection against oxidative and electrophilic stress, their biological targets remain to be elucidated. Future Directions: The development of RSSH donors with optimal drug-like properties and selectivity toward specific tissues/pathologies represents a promising approach. Further investigation of releasing efficiencies in vivo and a clear understanding of RSSH biological responses remain targets for future investigation. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 309-326.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak S Khodade
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sahil C Aggarwal
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexander Eremiev
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric Bao
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah Porche
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John P Toscano
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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34
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Ding H, Chang J, He F, Gai S, Yang P. Hydrogen Sulfide: An Emerging Precision Strategy for Gas Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101984. [PMID: 34788499 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Advances in nanotechnology have enabled the rapid development of stimuli-responsive therapeutic nanomaterials for precision gas therapy. Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) is a significant gaseous signaling molecule with intrinsic biochemical properties, which exerts its various physiological effects under both normal and pathological conditions. Various nanomaterials with H2 S-responsive properties, as new-generation therapeutic agents, are explored to guide therapeutic behaviors in biological milieu. The cross disciplinary of H2 S is an emerging scientific hotspot that studies the chemical properties, biological mechanisms, and therapeutic effects of H2 S. This review summarizes the state-of-art research on H2 S-related nanomedicines. In particular, recent advances in H2 S therapeutics for cancer, such as H2 S-mediated gas therapy and H2 S-related synergistic therapies (combined with chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, and chemodynamic therapy) are highlighted. Versatile imaging techniques for real-time monitoring H2 S during biological diagnosis are reviewed. Finally, the biosafety issues, current challenges, and potential possibilities in the evolution of H2 S-based therapy that facilitate clinical translation to patients are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Ding
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology Ministry of Education College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Harbin Engineering University Harbin 150001 P. R. China
| | - Jinhu Chang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology Ministry of Education College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Harbin Engineering University Harbin 150001 P. R. China
| | - Fei He
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology Ministry of Education College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Harbin Engineering University Harbin 150001 P. R. China
| | - Shili Gai
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology Ministry of Education College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Harbin Engineering University Harbin 150001 P. R. China
| | - Piaoping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology Ministry of Education College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Harbin Engineering University Harbin 150001 P. R. China
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35
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Gao L, Cheng J, Shen Z, Zhang G, Liu S, Hu J. Orchestrating Nitric Oxide and Carbon Monoxide Signaling Molecules for Synergistic Treatment of MRSA Infections. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gao
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Jian Cheng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Guoying Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Shiyong Liu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Jinming Hu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
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36
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Gavriel A, Sambrook M, Russell AT, Hayes W. Recent advances in self-immolative linkers and their applications in polymeric reporting systems. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00414c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Interest in self-immolative chemistry has grown over the past decade with more research groups harnessing the versatility to control the release of a compound from a larger chemical entity, given...
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37
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Gao L, Cheng J, Shen Z, Zhang G, Liu S, Hu J. Orchestrating Nitric Oxide and Carbon Monoxide Signaling Molecules for Synergistic Treatment of MRSA Infections. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202112782. [PMID: 34694047 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The local delivery of gaseous signaling molecules (GSMs) has shown promising therapeutic potential. However, although GSMs have a subtle interplay in physiological and pathological conditions, the co-delivery of different GSMs for therapeutic purposes remains unexplored. Herein, we covalently graft a nitric oxide (NO)-releasing N-nitrosamine moiety onto the carbon monoxide (CO)-releasing 3-hydroxyflavone (3-HF) antenna, resulting in the first NO/CO-releasing donor. Under visible light irradiation, photo-mediated co-release of NO and CO reveals a superior antimicrobial effect toward Gram-positive bacteria with a combination index of 0.053. The synergy of NO and CO hyperpolarizes and permeabilizes bacterial membranes, which, however, shows negligible hemolysis and no evident toxicity toward normal mammalian cells. Moreover, the co-release of NO and CO can efficiently treat MRSA infection in a murine skin wound model, showing a better therapeutic capacity than vancomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gao
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Jian Cheng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Guoying Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Shiyong Liu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Jinming Hu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
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38
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Bora P, Manna S, Nair MA, Sathe RRM, Singh S, Sreyas Adury VS, Gupta K, Mukherjee A, Saini DK, Kamat SS, Hazra AB, Chakrapani H. Leveraging an enzyme/artificial substrate system to enhance cellular persulfides and mitigate neuroinflammation. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12939-12949. [PMID: 34745524 PMCID: PMC8513928 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03828a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Persulfides and polysulfides, collectively known as the sulfane sulfur pool along with hydrogen sulfide (H2S), play a central role in cellular physiology and disease. Exogenously enhancing these species in cells is an emerging therapeutic paradigm for mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation that are associated with several diseases. In this study, we present a unique approach of using the cell's own enzyme machinery coupled with an array of artificial substrates to enhance the cellular sulfane sulfur pool. We report the synthesis and validation of artificial/unnatural substrates specific for 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST), an important enzyme that contributes to sulfur trafficking in cells. We demonstrate that these artificial substrates generate persulfides in vitro as well as mediate sulfur transfer to low molecular weight thiols and to cysteine-containing proteins. A nearly 100-fold difference in the rates of H2S production for the various substrates is observed supporting the tunability of persulfide generation by the 3-MST enzyme/artificial substrate system. Next, we show that the substrate 1a permeates cells and is selectively turned over by 3-MST to generate 3-MST-persulfide, which protects against reactive oxygen species-induced lethality. Lastly, in a mouse model, 1a is found to significantly mitigate neuroinflammation in the brain tissue. Together, the approach that we have developed allows for the on-demand generation of persulfides in vitro and in vivo using a range of shelf-stable, artificial substrates of 3-MST, while opening up possibilities of harnessing these molecules for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerona Bora
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411 008 Maharashtra India
| | - Suman Manna
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411 008 Maharashtra India
| | - Mrutyunjay A Nair
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411 008 Maharashtra India
| | - Rupali R M Sathe
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411 008 Maharashtra India
| | - Shubham Singh
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411 008 Maharashtra India
| | - Venkata Sai Sreyas Adury
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411 008 Maharashtra India
| | - Kavya Gupta
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 Karnataka India
| | - Arnab Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411 008 Maharashtra India
| | - Deepak K Saini
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 Karnataka India
| | - Siddhesh S Kamat
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411 008 Maharashtra India
| | - Amrita B Hazra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411 008 Maharashtra India
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411 008 Maharashtra India
| | - Harinath Chakrapani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411 008 Maharashtra India
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39
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Hu B, Song N, Cao Y, Li M, Liu X, Zhou Z, Shi L, Yu Z. Noncanonical Amino Acids for Hypoxia-Responsive Peptide Self-Assembly and Fluorescence. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:13854-13864. [PMID: 34410694 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Design of endogenous stimuli-responsive amino acids allows for precisely modulating proteins or peptides under a biological microenvironment and thereby regulating their performance. Herein we report a noncanonical amino acid 2-nitroimidazol-1-yl alanine and explore its functions in creation of the nitroreductase (NTR)-responsive peptide-based supramolecular probes for efficient hypoxia imaging. On the basis of the reduction potential of the nitroimidazole unit, the amino acid was synthesized via the Mitsunobu reaction between 2-nitroimidazole and a serine derivate. We elucidated the relationship between the NTR-responsiveness of the amino acid and the structural feature of peptides involving a series of peptides. This eventually facilitates development of aromatic peptides undergoing NTR-responsive self-assembly by rationally optimizing the sequences. Due to the intrinsic role of 2-nitroimidazole in the fluorescence quench, we created a morphology-transformable supramolecular probe for imaging hypoxic tumor cells based on NTR reduction. We found that the resulting supramolecular probes penetrated into solid tumors, thus allowing for efficient fluorescence imaging of tumor cells in hypoxic regions. Our findings demonstrate development of a readily synthesized and versatile amino acid with exemplified properties in creating fluorescent peptide nanostructures responsive to a biological microenvironment, thus providing a powerful toolkit for synthetic biology and development of novel biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Na Song
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yawei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Mingming Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhifei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Linqi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhilin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
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40
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Dillon KM, Matson JB. A Review of Chemical Tools for Studying Small Molecule Persulfides: Detection and Delivery. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:1128-1141. [PMID: 34114796 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has gained significant attention as a potent bioregulator in the redox metabolome, but it is just one of many reactive sulfur species (RSS). Recently, small molecule persulfides (structure RSSH) have emerged as RSS of particular interest due to their enhanced antioxidant abilities compared to H2S and their ability to directly convert protein thiols into protein persulfides, suggesting that persulfides may have distinct physiological functions from H2S. However, persulfides exhibit instability and cross-reactivity that hampers the elucidation of their precise biological roles. As such, chemists have designed chemical tools and techniques to facilitate the study of persulfides under various conditions. These molecules and methods include persulfide trapping reagents and sensors, as well as compounds that degrade in response to various triggers to release persulfides, termed persulfide donors. There now exist a variety of persulfide donor classes, some of which possess tissue-targeting capabilities designed to mimic localized endogenous production of RSS. This Review briefly covers the physicochemical properties of persulfides, the endogenous production of small molecule persulfides, and their reactions with protein thiols and other reactive species. These introductory sections are followed by a discussion of chemical tools used in persulfide chemical biology, with critical analysis of recent advancements in the field and commentary on potential directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kearsley M. Dillon
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - John B. Matson
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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41
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Khodade VS, Aggarwal SC, Pharoah BM, Paolocci N, Toscano JP. Alkylsulfenyl thiocarbonates: precursors to hydropersulfides potently attenuate oxidative stress. Chem Sci 2021; 12:8252-8259. [PMID: 34194717 PMCID: PMC8208316 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01550h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery of the prevalence of hydropersulfides (RSSH) species in biological systems suggests their potential roles in cell regulatory processes. However, the reactive and transient nature of RSSH makes their study difficult, and dependent on the use of donor molecules. Herein, we report alkylsulfenyl thiocarbonates as a new class of RSSH precursors that efficiently release RSSH under physiologically relevant conditions. RSSH release kinetics from these precursors are tunable through electronic modification of the thiocarbonate carbonyl group's electrophilicity. In addition, these precursors also react with thiols to release RSSH with a minor amount of carbonyl sulfide (COS). Importantly, RSSH generation by these precursors protects against oxidative stress in H9c2 cardiac myoblasts. Furthermore, we demonstrate the ability of these precursors to increase intracellular RSSH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak S Khodade
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland 21218 USA
| | - Sahil C Aggarwal
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland 21218 USA
| | - Blaze M Pharoah
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland 21218 USA
| | - Nazareno Paolocci
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland 21205 USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova Padova Italy
| | - John P Toscano
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland 21218 USA
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42
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Zhu C, Suarez SI, Lukesh JC. Illuminating and alleviating cellular oxidative stress with an ROS-activated, H2S-donating theranostic. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.152944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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43
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Dillon KM, Morrison HA, Powell CR, Carrazzone RJ, Ringel-Scaia VM, Winckler EW, Council-Troche RM, Allen IC, Matson JB. Targeted Delivery of Persulfides to the Gut: Effects on the Microbiome. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6061-6067. [PMID: 33511734 PMCID: PMC7967250 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Persulfides (R-SSH) have been hypothesized as potent redox modulators and signaling compounds. Reported herein is the synthesis, characterization, and in vivo evaluation of a persulfide donor that releases N-acetyl cysteine persulfide (NAC-SSH) in response to the prokaryote-specific enzyme nitroreductase. The donor, termed NDP-NAC, decomposed in response to E. coli nitroreductase, resulting in release of NAC-SSH. NDP-NAC elicited gastroprotective effects in mice that were not observed in animals treated with control compounds incapable of persulfide release or in animals treated with Na2 S. NDP-NAC induced these effects by the upregulation of beneficial small- and medium-chain fatty acids and through increasing growth of Turicibacter sanguinis, a beneficial gut bacterium. It also decreased the populations of Synergistales bacteria, opportunistic pathogens implicated in gastrointestinal infections. This study reveals the possibility of maintaining gut health or treating microbiome-related diseases by the targeted delivery of reactive sulfur species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kearsley M. Dillon
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Holly A. Morrison
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Chadwick R. Powell
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Ryan J. Carrazzone
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Veronica M. Ringel-Scaia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Ethan W. Winckler
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - R. McAlister Council-Troche
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Irving C. Allen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - John B. Matson
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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44
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Dillon KM, Morrison HA, Powell CR, Carrazzone RJ, Ringel‐Scaia VM, Winckler EW, Council‐Troche RM, Allen IC, Matson JB. Targeted Delivery of Persulfides to the Gut: Effects on the Microbiome. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kearsley M. Dillon
- Department of Chemistry Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, and Macromolecules Innovation Institute Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA 24061 USA
| | - Holly A. Morrison
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA 24061 USA
| | - Chadwick R. Powell
- Department of Chemistry Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, and Macromolecules Innovation Institute Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA 24061 USA
| | - Ryan J. Carrazzone
- Department of Chemistry Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, and Macromolecules Innovation Institute Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA 24061 USA
| | - Veronica M. Ringel‐Scaia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA 24061 USA
| | - Ethan W. Winckler
- Department of Chemistry Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, and Macromolecules Innovation Institute Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA 24061 USA
| | - R. McAlister Council‐Troche
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA 24061 USA
| | - Irving C. Allen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA 24061 USA
| | - John B. Matson
- Department of Chemistry Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, and Macromolecules Innovation Institute Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA 24061 USA
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45
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Woods JJ, Wilson JJ. A Dinuclear Persulfide-Bridged Ruthenium Compound is a Hypoxia-Selective Hydrogen Sulfide (H 2 S) Donor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:1588-1592. [PMID: 33022823 PMCID: PMC7855780 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) is a gaseous molecule that has received attention for its role in biological processes and therapeutic potential in diseases, such as ischemic reperfusion injury. Despite its clinical relevance, delivery of H2 S to biological systems is hampered by its toxicity at high concentrations. Herein, we report the first metal-based H2 S donor that delivers this gas selectively to hypoxic cells. We further show that H2 S release from this compound protects H9c2 rat cardiomyoblasts from an in vitro model of ischemic reperfusion injury. These results validate the utility of redox-activated metal complexes as hypoxia-selective H2 S-releasing agents for use as tools to study the role of this gaseous molecule in complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Woods
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Robert F. Smith School for Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Justin J Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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46
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Woods JJ, Wilson JJ. A Dinuclear Persulfide‐Bridged Ruthenium Compound is a Hypoxia‐Selective Hydrogen Sulfide (H
2
S) Donor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J. Woods
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
- Robert F. Smith School for Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Justin J. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
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47
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Xu Y, Wang J, Zhen L, Wang G. Research Progress of Small-Molecular Hydropersulfide Donors. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202101008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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48
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Fukuto JM, Lin J, Khodade VS, Toscano JP. Predicting the Possible Physiological/Biological Utility of the Hydropersulfide Functional Group Based on Its Chemistry: Similarities Between Hydropersulfides and Selenols. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:1295-1307. [PMID: 32103674 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Hydropersulfides (RSSH) and related polysulfide species (RSnR, n > 2, R = alkyl, H) are highly biologically prevalent with likely important physiological functions. Due to their prevalence, many labs have begun to investigate their possible roles, especially with regards to their protective, redox, and signaling properties. Recent Advances: A significant amount of work has been performed while delineating the chemical reactivity/chemical properties of hydropersulfides, and it is clear that their overall chemistry is distinct from all other biologically relevant sulfur species (e.g., thiols, disulfides, sulfenic acids, etc.). Critical Issues: One way to predict and ultimately understand the biological functions of hydropersulfides is to focus on their unique chemistry, which should provide the rationale for why this unique functionality is present. Interestingly, some of the chemical properties of RSSH are strikingly similar to those of selenols (RSeH). Therefore, it may be important to consider the known functions of selenoproteins when speculating about the possible functions of RSSH species. Future Directions: Currently, many of the inherent chemical differences between hydropersulfides and other biological sulfur species have been established. It remains to be determined, however, whether and how these differences are utilized to accomplish specific biochemical/physiological goals. A significant aspect of elucidating the biological utility of hydropersulfides will be to determine the mechanisms of regulation of their formation and/or biosynthesis, that is, based on whether it can be determined under what cellular conditions hydropersulfides are made, more meaningful speculation regarding their functions/roles can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon M Fukuto
- Department of Chemistry and Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California, USA.,Department of Chemistry, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph Lin
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California, USA
| | - Vinayak S Khodade
- Department of Chemistry, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John P Toscano
- Department of Chemistry, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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49
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A comparison of the chemical biology of hydropersulfides (RSSH) with other protective biological antioxidants and nucleophiles. Nitric Oxide 2020; 107:46-57. [PMID: 33253886 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The hydropersulfide (RSSH) functional group has received significant recent interest due to its unique chemical properties that set it apart from other biological species. The chemistry of RSSH predicts that one possible biological role may be as a protectant against cellular oxidative and electrophilic stress. That is, RSSH has reducing and nucleophilic properties that may combat the potentially destructive biochemistry of toxicologically relevant oxidants and electrophiles. However, there are currently numerous other molecules that have established roles in this regard. For example, ascorbate and tocopherols are potent antioxidants that quench deleterious oxidative reactions and glutathione (GSH) is a well-established and highly prevalent biological protectant against electrophile toxicity. Thus, in order to begin to understand the possible role of RSSH species as protectants against oxidative/electrophilic stress, the inherent chemical properties of RSSH versus these other protectants will be discussed and contrasted.
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50
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Yang CT, Devarie-Baez NO, Hamsath A, Fu XD, Xian M. S-Persulfidation: Chemistry, Chemical Biology, and Significance in Health and Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:1092-1114. [PMID: 31547682 PMCID: PMC7583347 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Significance: S-Persulfidation generates persulfide adducts (RSSH) on both small molecules and proteins. This process is believed to be critical in the regulation of biological functions of reactive sulfur species such as H2S, as well as in signal transduction. S-Persulfidation also plays regulatory roles in human health and diseases. Recent Advances: Some mechanisms underlying the generation of low-molecular-weight persulfides and protein S-persulfidation in living organisms have been uncovered. Some methods for the specific delivery of persulfides and the detection of persulfides in biological systems have been developed. These advances help to pave the road to better understand the functions of S-persulfidation. Critical Issues: Persulfides are highly reactive and unstable. Currently, their identification relies on trapping them by S-alkylation, but this is not always reliable due to rapid sulfur exchange reactions. Therefore, the presence, identity, and fates of persulfides in biological environments are sometimes difficult to track. Future Directions: Further understanding the fundamental chemistry/biochemistry of persulfides and development of more reliable detection methods are needed. S-Persulfidation in specific protein targets is essential in organismal physiological health and human disease states. Besides cardiovascular and neuronal systems, the roles of persulfidation in other systems need to be further explored. Contradictory results of persulfidation in biology, especially in cancer, need to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Tao Yang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Protein Modification and Degradation Key Lab of Guangzhou and Guangdong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Clinical Pharmacology in School of Pharmaceutics Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Nelmi O Devarie-Baez
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University-Tri Cities, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Akil Hamsath
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Xiao-Dong Fu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Protein Modification and Degradation Key Lab of Guangzhou and Guangdong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Clinical Pharmacology in School of Pharmaceutics Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Xian
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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