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Ritger AC, Parker RK, Trask S, Ferrara NC. Elevated fear states facilitate ventral hippocampal engagement of basolateral amygdala neuronal activity. Front Behav Neurosci 2024; 18:1347525. [PMID: 38420349 PMCID: PMC10899678 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1347525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Fear memory formation and retention rely on the activation of distributed neural circuits. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) and ventral hippocampus (VH) in particular are two regions that support contextual fear memory processes and share reciprocal connections. The VH → BLA pathway is critical for increases in fear after initial learning, in both fear renewal following extinction learning and during fear generalization. This raises the possibility that functional changes in VH projections to the BLA support increases in learned fear. In line with this, fear can also be increased with alterations to the original content of the memory via reconsolidation, as in fear elevation procedures. However, very little is known about the functional changes in the VH → BLA pathway supporting reconsolidation-related increases in fear. In this study, we used in vivo extracellular electrophysiology to examine the functional neuronal changes within the BLA and in the VH → BLA pathway as a result of fear elevation and standard fear retrieval procedures. Elevated fear expression was accompanied by higher BLA spontaneous firing compared to a standard fear retrieval condition. Across a range of stimulation frequencies, we also found that VH stimulation evoked higher BLA firing following fear elevation compared to standard retrieval. These results suggest that fear elevation is associated with an increased capacity of the VH to drive neuronal activity in the BLA, highlighting a potential circuit involved in strengthening existing fear memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C. Ritger
- Department of Neuroscience, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
- Center for Neurobiology of Stress Resilience and Psychiatric Disorders, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Rachel K. Parker
- Department of Neuroscience, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
- Center for Neurobiology of Stress Resilience and Psychiatric Disorders, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sydney Trask
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Nicole C. Ferrara
- Center for Neurobiology of Stress Resilience and Psychiatric Disorders, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
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2
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Wei Q, Kumar V, Moore S, Li F, Murphy GG, Watson SJ, Akil H. High emotional reactivity is associated with activation of a molecularly distinct hippocampal-amygdala circuit modulated by the glucocorticoid receptor. Neurobiol Stress 2023; 27:100581. [PMID: 37928820 PMCID: PMC10623371 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotions are characterized not only by their valence but also by whether they are stable or labile. Yet, we do not understand the molecular or circuit mechanisms that control the dynamic nature of emotional responses. We have shown that glucocorticoid receptor overexpression in the forebrain (GRov) leads to a highly reactive mouse with increased anxiety behavior coupled with greater swings in emotional responses. This phenotype is established early in development and persists into adulthood. However, the neural circuitry mediating this lifelong emotional lability remains unknown. In the present study, optogenetic stimulation in ventral dentate gyrus (vDG) of GRov mice led to a greater range and a prolonged duration of anxiety behavior. cFos expression analysis showed that the amplified behavioral response to vDG activation in GRov mice is coupled to increased neuronal activity in specific brain regions. Relative to wild type mice, GRov mice displayed glutamatergic/GABAergic activation imbalance in ventral CA1 (vCA1) and selectively increased glutamatergic activation in the basal posterior amygdaloid complex. Moreover, forebrain GR overexpression led to increased activation of molecularly distinct subpopulations of neurons within the hippocampus and the posterior basolateral amygdala (pBLA) as evident from the increased cFos co-labeling in the calbindin1+ glutamatergic neurons in vCA1 and in the DARPP-32/Ppp1r1b+ glutamatergic neurons in pBLA. We propose that a molecularly distinct hippocampal-amygdala circuit is shaped by stress early in life and tunes the dynamics of emotional responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wei
- Corresponding author. Michigan Neuroscience Institute University of Michigan 205 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Corresponding author. Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, 205 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Shannon Moore
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Fei Li
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Geoffrey G. Murphy
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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3
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Melo MBD, Favaro VM, Oliveira MGM. The contextual fear conditioning consolidation depends on the functional interaction of the dorsal subiculum and basolateral amygdala in rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2023; 205:107827. [PMID: 37678544 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Fear conditioning tasks enable us to explore the neural basis of adaptative and maladaptive behaviors related to aversive memories. Recently, we provided the first evidence of the dorsal subiculum (DSub) involvement in contextual fear conditioning (CFC) consolidation by showing that the post-training bilateral NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor blockade in DSub impaired the performance of animals in the test session. As the memory consolidation process depends on the coordinated engagement of different brain regions, and the DSub share reciprocal projections with the basolateral amygdala (BLA), which is also involved in CFC, it is possible that the functional interaction between these sites can be relevant for the consolidation of this task. In this sense, the present study aimed to explore the effects of the functional disconnection of the DSub and BLA in the CFC consolidation after NMDA post-training blockade. In addition, to verify if the observed effects were due to spatial representation processes mediated by the DSub, we employed a hippocampal-independent procedure: tone fear conditioning (TFC). Results showed that the functional disconnection of these regions by post-training NMDA blockade impaired CFC consolidation, whereas there was no impairment in TFC. Altogether, the present data suggest that the DSub and BLA would functionally interact through NMDA-related synaptic plasticity to support CFC consolidation probably due to DSub-related spatial processing showing that the TFC consolidation was not disrupted. This work contributes to filling a gap of studies exploring the DSub involvement in fear conditioning by providing a broad framework of the subicular-amygdaloid connection functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio Braga de Melo
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Manchim Favaro
- Setor de Investigação de Doenças Neuromusculares, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Li J, Cao D, Yu S, Xiao X, Imbach L, Stieglitz L, Sarnthein J, Jiang T. Functional specialization and interaction in the amygdala-hippocampus circuit during working memory processing. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2921. [PMID: 37217494 PMCID: PMC10203226 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38571-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Both the hippocampus and amygdala are involved in working memory (WM) processing. However, their specific role in WM is still an open question. Here, we simultaneously recorded intracranial EEG from the amygdala and hippocampus of epilepsy patients while performing a WM task, and compared their representation patterns during the encoding and maintenance periods. By combining multivariate representational analysis and connectivity analyses with machine learning methods, our results revealed a functional specialization of the amygdala-hippocampal circuit: The mnemonic representations in the amygdala were highly distinct and decreased from encoding to maintenance. The hippocampal representations, however, were more similar across different items but remained stable in the absence of the stimulus. WM encoding and maintenance were associated with bidirectional information flow between the amygdala and the hippocampus in low-frequency bands (1-40 Hz). Furthermore, the decoding accuracy on WM load was higher by using representational features in the amygdala during encoding and in the hippocampus during maintenance, and by using information flow from the amygdala during encoding and that from the hippocampus during maintenance, respectively. Taken together, our study reveals that WM processing is associated with functional specialization and interaction within the amygdala-hippocampus circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Cao
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Yu
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Xiao
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Lukas Imbach
- Swiss Epilepsy Center, Klinik Lengg, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Neuroscience Center, ETH and University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lennart Stieglitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Sarnthein
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Zurich Neuroscience Center, ETH Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
- Research Center for Augmented Intelligence, Zhejiang Lab, 311100, Hangzhou, China.
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Fox LC, Scholl JL, Watt MJ, Forster GL. GABA A Receptor and Serotonin Transporter Expression Changes Dissociate Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Influence of Sex and Estrus Cycle Phase in Rats. Neuroscience 2023; 514:38-55. [PMID: 36736883 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injuries (mild TBIs) can affect both males and females, but females are more likely to report long-term psychological complications, including changes in mood and generalized anxiety. Additionally, reproductive cycle phase has been shown to affect mild TBI symptom expression within females. These variances may result from sex differences in mild TBI-induced alterations to neurotransmission in brain regions that influence mood and emotion, possibly mediated by sex steroids. The hippocampus and amygdala are implicated in stress responses and anxiety, and within these regions, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and serotonin modulate output and behavioral expression. Metabolites of progesterone can allosterically enhance GABAergic signaling, and sex steroids are suggested to regulate the expression of the serotonin transporter (SERT). To determine how mild TBI might alter GABA receptor and SERT expression in males and females, immunocytochemistry was used to quantify expression of the alpha-1 subunit of the GABAA receptor (α1-GABAA), SERT, and a neuronal marker (NeuN) in the brains of adult male and naturally-cycling female rats, both with and without mild TBI, 17 days after injury. Mild TBI altered the expression of α1-GABAA in the amygdala and hippocampus in both sexes, but the direction of change observed depended on sex and reproductive cycle phase. In contrast, mild TBI had little effect on SERT expression. However, SERT expression differed between sexes and varied with the cycle phase. These findings demonstrate that regulation of neurotransmission following mild TBI differs between males and females, with implications for behavioral outcomes and the efficacy of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Fox
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark St, Vermillion, SD, USA.
| | - Jamie L Scholl
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark St, Vermillion, SD, USA.
| | - Michael J Watt
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Gina L Forster
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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Ito W, Palmer AJ, Morozov A. Social Synchronization of Conditioned Fear in Mice Requires Ventral Hippocampus Input to the Amygdala. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 93:322-330. [PMID: 36244803 PMCID: PMC10069289 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social organisms synchronize behaviors as an evolutionary-conserved means of thriving. Synchronization under threat, in particular, benefits survival and occurs across species, including humans, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown because of the scarcity of relevant animal models. Here, we developed a rodent paradigm in which mice synchronized a classically conditioned fear response and identified an underlying neuronal circuit. METHODS Male and female mice were trained individually using auditory fear conditioning and then tested 24 hours later as dyads while allowing unrestricted social interaction during exposure to the conditioned stimulus under visible or infrared illumination to eliminate visual cues. The synchronization of the immobility or freezing bouts was quantified by calculating the effect size Cohen's d for the difference between the actual freezing time overlap and the overlap by chance. The inactivation of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, dorsal hippocampus, or ventral hippocampus was achieved by local infusions of muscimol. The chemogenetic disconnection of the hippocampus-amygdala pathway was performed by expressing hM4D(Gi) in the ventral hippocampal neurons and infusing clozapine N-oxide in the amygdala. RESULTS Mice synchronized cued but not contextual fear. It was higher in males than in females and attenuated in the absence of visible light. Inactivation of the ventral but not dorsal hippocampus or dorsomedial prefrontal cortex abolished fear synchronization. Finally, the disconnection of the hippocampus-amygdala pathway diminished fear synchronization. CONCLUSIONS Mice synchronize expression of conditioned fear relying on the ventral hippocampus-amygdala pathway, suggesting that the hippocampus transmits social information to the amygdala to synchronize threat response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Ito
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion Center for Neurobiology Research, Roanoke, Virginia.
| | - Alexander J Palmer
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion Center for Neurobiology Research, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Alexei Morozov
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion Center for Neurobiology Research, Roanoke, Virginia; Carilion Clinic Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia.
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Hong I, Kaang B. The complexity of ventral CA1 and its multiple functionalities. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2022; 21:e12826. [PMID: 35815710 PMCID: PMC9744572 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus is one of the most widely investigated brain regions with its massive contributions to multiple behaviours. Especially, the hippocampus is subdivided into the dorsal and ventral parts playing distinct roles. In this review, we will focus on the ventral hippocampus, especially the ventral CA1 (vCA1), whose role is being actively discovered. vCA1 is well known to be associated with emotion-like behaviour, in both positive (reward) and negative (aversive) stimuli. How can this small region in volume mediate such variety of responses? This question will be answered with technologies up to date that have allowed us to study in-depth the specific neural circuit and to map the complex connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilgang Hong
- School of Biological SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Bong‐Kiun Kaang
- School of Biological SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
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8
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Maternal stress induced anxiety-like behavior exacerbated by electromagnetic fields radiation in female rats offspring. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273206. [PMID: 35998127 PMCID: PMC9397925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a disagreement on whether extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) have a beneficial or harmful effect on anxiety-like behavior. Prenatal stress induces frequent disturbances in offspring physiology such as anxiety-like behavior extending to adulthood. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of prenatal stress and ELF-EMF exposure before and during pregnancy on anxiety-like behavior and some anxiety-related pathways in the hippocampus of female rat offspring. A total of 24 female rats 40 days of age were distributed into four groups of 6 rats each: control, Stress (rats whose mothers underwent chronic stress), EMF (rats whose mothers were exposed to electromagnetic fields) and EMF/S (rats whose mothers were simultaneously exposed to chronic stress and ELF-EMF). The rats were given elevated plus-maze and open field tests and then their brains were dissected and their hippocampus were subjected to analysis. ELISA was used to measure 24(S)-hydroxy cholesterol, corticosterone, and serotonin levels. Cryptochrome2, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, 3B-Hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2(NMDAr2) and phosphorylated N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2(PNMDAr2) were assayed by immunoblotting. Anxiety-like behavior increased in all treatment groups at the same time EMF increased anxiety induced by maternal stress in the EMF/S group. The stress group showed decreased serotonin and increased corticosterone levels. ELF-EMF elevated the PNMDAr2/NMDAr2 ratio and 24(S)-hydroxy cholesterol compared to the control group but did not change corticosterone. EMF did not restore changes induced by stress in behavioral and molecular tests. The results of the current study, clarified that ELF-EMF can induce anxiety-like behavior which may be attributed to an increase in the PNMDAr2/NMDAr2 ratio and 24(S)-OHC in the hippocampus, and prenatal stress may contribute to anxiety via a decrease in serotonin and an increase in corticosterone in the hippocampus. We also found that anxiety-like behavior induced by maternal stress exposure, is exacerbated by electromagnetic fields radiation.
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Urien L, Cohen S, Howard S, Yakimov A, Nordlicht R, Bauer EP. Aversive Contexts Reduce Activity in the Ventral Subiculum- BNST Pathway. Neuroscience 2022; 496:129-140. [PMID: 35724771 PMCID: PMC9329270 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Many anxiety disorders can be characterized by abnormalities in detecting and learning about threats, and the inability to reduce fear responses in non-threatening environments. PTSD may be the most representative of context processing pathology, as intrusive memories are experienced in "safe" contexts. The ventral subiculum (vSUB), the main output of the ventral hippocampus, encodes environmental cues and is critical for context processing. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) contributes to anxiety-like behaviors as well as context fear conditioning. Given the important roles of the BNST and the vSUB in these anxiety and fear-related behaviors, and the anatomical connections between the two brain regions, the major aims of this study were to characterize the anatomy and function of the vSUB-BNST pathway. First, using the retrograde tracer cholera toxin, we mapped the topographical arrangement of the vSUB-BNST pathway. Dual retrograde tracing experiments revealed neurons projecting to the BNST and those projecting to the basolateral amygdala are distinct populations. Second, we assessed whether activity in this pathway, as indexed by FOS immunohistochemistry, was modulated by context fear conditioning. Our data reveal less activation of the vSUB-BNST pathway in both males and females in aversive contexts and the greatest activation when animals explored a neutral familiar context. In addition, the vSUB of females contained fewer GABAergic neurons compared to males. These findings suggest that the vSUB-BNST pathway is involved in eliciting appropriate responses to contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Urien
- Departments of Biology and Neuroscience & Behavior, Barnard College of Columbia University, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, United States
| | - Stacey Cohen
- Departments of Biology and Neuroscience & Behavior, Barnard College of Columbia University, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, United States
| | - Sophia Howard
- Departments of Biology and Neuroscience & Behavior, Barnard College of Columbia University, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, United States
| | - Alexandrina Yakimov
- Departments of Biology and Neuroscience & Behavior, Barnard College of Columbia University, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, United States
| | - Rachel Nordlicht
- Departments of Biology and Neuroscience & Behavior, Barnard College of Columbia University, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, United States
| | - Elizabeth P Bauer
- Departments of Biology and Neuroscience & Behavior, Barnard College of Columbia University, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, United States.
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Azevedo EP, Ivan VJ, Friedman JM, Stern SA. Higher-Order Inputs Involved in Appetite Control. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:869-878. [PMID: 34593204 PMCID: PMC9704062 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of the neural control of appetite sheds light on the pathogenesis of eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and obesity. Both diseases are a result of maladaptive eating behaviors (overeating or undereating) and are associated with life-threatening health problems. The fine regulation of appetite involves genetic, physiological, and environmental factors, which are detected and integrated in the brain by specific neuronal populations. For centuries, the hypothalamus has been the center of attention in the scientific community as a key regulator of appetite. The hypothalamus receives and sends axonal projections to several other brain regions that are important for the integration of sensory and emotional information. These connections ensure that appropriate behavioral decisions are made depending on the individual's emotional state and environment. Thus, the mechanisms by which higher-order brain regions integrate exteroceptive information to coordinate feeding is of great importance. In this review, we will focus on the functional and anatomical projections connecting the hypothalamus to the limbic system and higher-order brain centers in the cortex. We will also address the mechanisms by which specific neuronal populations located in higher-order centers regulate appetite and how maladaptive eating behaviors might arise from altered connections among cortical and subcortical areas with the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefania P Azevedo
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York.
| | - Violet J Ivan
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Jeffrey M Friedman
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York
| | - Sarah A Stern
- Integrative Neural Circuits and Behavior Research Group, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, Florida.
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Pathway-specific inhibition of critical projections from the mediodorsal thalamus to the frontal cortex controls kindled seizures. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 214:102286. [PMID: 35537572 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a large unmet need for improved treatment for temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE); circuit-specific manipulation that disrupts the initiation and propagation of seizures is promising in this regard. The midline thalamus, including the mediodorsal nucleus (MD) is a critical distributor of seizure activity, but its afferent and efferent pathways that mediate seizure activity are unknown. Here, we used chemogenetics to silence input and output projections of the MD to discrete regions of the frontal cortex in the kindling model of TLE in rats. Chemogenetic inhibition of the projection from the amygdala to the MD abolished seizures, an effect that was replicated using optogenetic inhibition. Chemogenetic inhibition of projections from the MD to the prelimbic cortex likewise abolished seizures. By contrast, inhibition of projections from the MD to other frontal regions produced partial (orbitofrontal cortex, infralimbic cortex) or no (cingulate, insular cortex) attenuation of behavioral or electrographic seizure activity. These results highlight the particular importance of projections from MD to prelimbic cortex in the propagation of amygdala-kindled seizures.
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12
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Multimodal Gradient Mapping of Rodent Hippocampus. Neuroimage 2022; 253:119082. [PMID: 35278707 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus plays a central role in supporting our coherent and enduring sense of self and our place in the world. Understanding its functional organisation is central to understanding this complex role. Previous studies suggest function varies along a long hippocampal axis, but there is disagreement about the presence of sharp discontinuities or gradual change along that axis. Other open questions relate to the underlying drivers of this variation and the conservation of organisational principles across species. Here, we delineate the primary organisational principles underlying patterns of hippocampal functional connectivity (FC) in the mouse using gradient analysis on resting state fMRI data. We further applied gradient analysis to mouse gene co-expression data to examine the relationship between variation in genomic anatomy and functional organisation. Two principal FC gradients along a hippocampal axis were revealed. The principal gradient exhibited a sharp discontinuity that divided the hippocampus into dorsal and ventral compartments. The second, more continuous, gradient followed the long axis of the ventral compartment. Dorsal regions were more strongly connected to areas involved in spatial navigation while ventral regions were more strongly connected to areas involved in emotion, recapitulating patterns seen in humans. In contrast, gene co-expression gradients showed a more segregated and discrete organisation. Our findings suggest that hippocampal functional organisation exhibits both sharp and gradual transitions and that hippocampal genomic anatomy exerts only a subtle influence on this organisation.
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13
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De Meo E, Portaccio E, Prestipino E, Nacmias B, Bagnoli S, Razzolini L, Pastò L, Niccolai C, Goretti B, Bellinvia A, Fonderico M, Giorgio A, Stromillo ML, Filippi M, Sorbi S, De Stefano N, Amato MP. Effect of BDNF Val66Met polymorphism on hippocampal subfields in multiple sclerosis patients. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:1010-1019. [PMID: 34650209 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01345-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism was shown to strongly affect BDNF function, but its role in modulating gray matter damage in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients is still not clear. Given BDNF relevance on the hippocampus, we aimed to explore BDNF Val66Met polymorphism effect on hippocampal subfield volumes and its role in cognitive functioning in MS patients. Using a 3T scanner, we obtained dual-echo and 3DT1-weighted sequences from 50 MS patients and 15 healthy controls (HC) consecutively enrolled. MS patients also underwent genotype analysis of BDNF, neurological and neuropsychological evaluation. Hippocampal subfields were segmented by using Freesurfer. The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism was found in 22 MS patients (44%). Compared to HC, MS patients had lower volume in: bilateral hippocampus-amygdala transition area (HATA); cornus ammonis (CA)1, granule cell layer of dentate gyrus (GCL-DG), CA4 and CA3 of the left hippocampal head; molecular layer (ML) of the left hippocampal body; presubiculum of right hippocampal body and right fimbria. Compared to BDNF Val66Val, Val66Met MS patients had higher volume in bilateral hippocampal tail; CA1, ML, CA3, CA4, and GCL-DG of left hippocampal head; CA1, ML, and CA3 of the left hippocampal body; left HATA and presubiculum of the right hippocampal head. In MS patients, higher lesion burden was associated with lower volume of presubiculum of right hippocampal body; lower volume of left hippocampal tail was associated with worse visuospatial memory performance; lower volume of left hippocampal head with worse performance in semantic fluency. Our findings suggest the BNDF Val66Met polymorphism may have a protective role in MS patients against both hippocampal atrophy and cognitive impairment. BDNF genotype might be a potential biomarker for predicting cognitive prognosis, and an interesting target to study for neuroprotective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermelinda De Meo
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy. .,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
| | - Emilio Portaccio
- Department NEUROFARBA, Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Elio Prestipino
- Department NEUROFARBA, Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Benedetta Nacmias
- Department NEUROFARBA, Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Bagnoli
- Department NEUROFARBA, Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Luisa Pastò
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Benedetta Goretti
- Department NEUROFARBA, Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonio Giorgio
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Neurology Unit,, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Neurophysiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- Department NEUROFARBA, Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Nicola De Stefano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Amato
- Department NEUROFARBA, Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
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14
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Ramos JMJ, Morón I. Ventral hippocampus lesions and allocentric spatial memory in the radial maze: Anterograde and retrograde deficits. Behav Brain Res 2022; 417:113620. [PMID: 34624425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although the dorsal hippocampus (DHip) has been clearly implicated in spatial learning and memory, there is currently debate as to whether the ventral hippocampus (VHip) is also necessary in allocentric-based navigation tasks. To differentiate between these two subregions of the hippocampal dorsoventral axis, we examined the effect of neurotoxic lesions to the DHip and VHip in different learning situations, using a four-arm plus-shaped maze. In experiment 1 a spatial reference memory task was used, with results showing an acquisition deficit in DHip-lesioned rats but perfect learning in VHip-lesioned rats. However, in experiment 2 an acquisition deficit was found in VHip-lesioned rats using a doubly marked training protocol. In this case the position of the goal arm during training was marked simultaneously by the extramaze constellation of stimuli around the maze and an intramaze cue. The main results indicated that DHip and VHip groups presented significantly more allocentric errors in the probe test than the control rats. In experiments 3 and 4, animals with their brains still intact learned, respectively, a spatial reference memory task or a purely cue-guided navigation task, and DHip and VHip lesions were made 2-3 days after reaching learning criterion. Results indicated a profound retrograde deficit in both lesioned groups but only with regard to allocentric information. So, depending on the training protocol used, our results point to increased integration and cooperation throughout the hippocampal dorsoventral axis when allocentric learning and memory is involved. These data support the existence of a functional continuum from the dorsal to the ventral hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M J Ramos
- Department of Psychobiology and Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain.
| | - Ignacio Morón
- Department of Psychobiology and Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
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15
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Wei X, Centeno MV, Ren W, Borruto AM, Procissi D, Xu T, Jabakhanji R, Mao Z, Kim H, Li Y, Yang Y, Gutruf P, Rogers JA, Surmeier DJ, Radulovic J, Liu X, Martina M, Apkarian AV. Activation of the dorsal, but not the ventral, hippocampus relieves neuropathic pain in rodents. Pain 2021; 162:2865-2880. [PMID: 34160168 PMCID: PMC8464622 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Accumulating evidence suggests hippocampal impairment under the chronic pain phenotype. However, it is unknown whether neuropathic behaviors are related to dysfunction of the hippocampal circuitry. Here, we enhanced hippocampal activity by pharmacological, optogenetic, and chemogenetic techniques to determine hippocampal influence on neuropathic pain behaviors. We found that excitation of the dorsal (DH), but not the ventral (VH) hippocampus induces analgesia in 2 rodent models of neuropathic pain (SNI and SNL) and in rats and mice. Optogenetic and pharmacological manipulations of DH neurons demonstrated that DH-induced analgesia was mediated by N-Methyl-D-aspartate and μ-opioid receptors. In addition to analgesia, optogenetic stimulation of the DH in SNI mice also resulted in enhanced real-time conditioned place preference for the chamber where the DH was activated, a finding consistent with pain relief. Similar manipulations in the VH were ineffective. Using chemo-functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), where awake resting-state fMRI was combined with viral vector-mediated chemogenetic activation (PSAM/PSEM89s) of DH neurons, we demonstrated changes of functional connectivity between the DH and thalamus and somatosensory regions that tracked the extent of relief from tactile allodynia. Moreover, we examined hippocampal functional connectivity in humans and observe differential reorganization of its anterior and posterior subdivisions between subacute and chronic back pain. Altogether, these results imply that downregulation of the DH circuitry during chronic neuropathic pain aggravates pain-related behaviors. Conversely, activation of the DH reverses pain-related behaviors through local excitatory and opioidergic mechanisms affecting DH functional connectivity. Thus, this study exhibits a novel causal role for the DH but not the VH in controlling neuropathic pain-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhong Wei
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Departments of Physiology and
| | | | | | | | - Daniele Procissi
- Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Ting Xu
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | - Yajing Li
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and
- Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yiyuan Yang
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and
- Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Philipp Gutruf
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and
- Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - John A. Rogers
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and
- Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Jelena Radulovic
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Xianguo Liu
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Marco Martina
- Departments of Physiology and
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Apkar Vania Apkarian
- Departments of Physiology and
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Anesthesia, at Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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16
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Wei M, Feng S, Zhang L, Wang C, Chu S, Shi T, Zhou W, Zhang Y. Active Fraction Combination From Liuwei Dihuang Decoction Improves Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Neurogenic Microenvironment in Cranially Irradiated Mice. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:717719. [PMID: 34630096 PMCID: PMC8495126 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.717719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cranial radiotherapy is clinically used in the treatment of brain tumours; however, the consequent cognitive and emotional dysfunctions seriously impair the life quality of patients. LW-AFC, an active fraction combination extracted from classical traditional Chinese medicine prescription Liuwei Dihuang decoction, can improve cognitive and emotional dysfunctions in many animal models; however, the protective effect of LW-AFC on cranial irradiation–induced cognitive and emotional dysfunctions has not been reported. Recent studies indicate that impairment of adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) and alterations of the neurogenic microenvironment in the hippocampus constitute critical factors in cognitive and emotional dysfunctions following cranial irradiation. Here, our research further investigated the potential protective effects and mechanisms of LW-AFC on cranial irradiation–induced cognitive and emotional dysfunctions in mice. Methods: LW-AFC (1.6 g/kg) was intragastrically administered to mice for 14 days before cranial irradiation (7 Gy γ-ray). AHN was examined by quantifying the number of proliferative neural stem cells and immature neurons in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus. The contextual fear conditioning test, open field test, and tail suspension test were used to assess cognitive and emotional functions in mice. To detect the change of the neurogenic microenvironment, colorimetry and multiplex bead analysis were performed to measure the level of oxidative stress, neurotrophic and growth factors, and inflammation in the hippocampus. Results: LW-AFC exerted beneficial effects on the contextual fear memory, anxiety behaviour, and depression behaviour in irradiated mice. Moreover, LW-AFC increased the number of proliferative neural stem cells and immature neurons in the dorsal hippocampus, displaying a regional specificity of neurogenic response. For the neurogenic microenvironment, LW-AFC significantly increased the contents of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione, and catalase and decreased the content of malondialdehyde in the hippocampus of irradiated mice, accompanied by the increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor, insulin-like growth factor-1, and interleukin-4 content. Together, LW-AFC improved cognitive and emotional dysfunctions, promoted AHN preferentially in the dorsal hippocampus, and ameliorated disturbance in the neurogenic microenvironment in irradiated mice. Conclusion: LW-AFC ameliorates cranial irradiation–induced cognitive and emotional dysfunctions, and the underlying mechanisms are mediated by promoting AHN in the dorsal hippocampus and improving the neurogenic microenvironment. LW-AFC might be a promising therapeutic agent to treat cognitive and emotional dysfunctions in patients receiving cranial radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxiao Wei
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Shufang Feng
- Department of Poisoning and the Treatment, Affiliated Hospital to Academy of Military Medical Sciences (the 307 Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Shasha Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Yongxiang Zhang
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
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17
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Ayhan F, Kulkarni A, Berto S, Sivaprakasam K, Douglas C, Lega BC, Konopka G. Resolving cellular and molecular diversity along the hippocampal anterior-to-posterior axis in humans. Neuron 2021; 109:2091-2105.e6. [PMID: 34051145 PMCID: PMC8273123 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus supports many facets of cognition, including learning, memory, and emotional processing. Anatomically, the hippocampus runs along a longitudinal axis, posterior to anterior in primates. The structure, function, and connectivity of the hippocampus vary along this axis. In human hippocampus, longitudinal functional heterogeneity remains an active area of investigation, and structural heterogeneity has not been described. To understand the cellular and molecular diversity along the hippocampal long axis in human brain and define molecular signatures corresponding to functional domains, we performed single-nuclei RNA sequencing on surgically resected human anterior and posterior hippocampus from epilepsy patients, identifying differentially expressed genes at cellular resolution. We further identify axis- and cell-type-specific gene expression signatures that differentially intersect with human genetic signals, identifying cell-type-specific genes in the posterior hippocampus for cognitive function and the anterior hippocampus for mood and affect. These data are accessible as a public resource through an interactive website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Ayhan
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | - Stefano Berto
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | - Connor Douglas
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Bradley C Lega
- Department of Neurosurgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Genevieve Konopka
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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18
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Differential encoding of place value between the dorsal and intermediate hippocampus. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3053-3072.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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19
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Ding SL, Yao Z, Hirokawa KE, Nguyen TN, Graybuck LT, Fong O, Bohn P, Ngo K, Smith KA, Koch C, Phillips JW, Lein ES, Harris JA, Tasic B, Zeng H. Distinct Transcriptomic Cell Types and Neural Circuits of the Subiculum and Prosubiculum along the Dorsal-Ventral Axis. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107648. [PMID: 32433957 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Subicular regions play important roles in spatial processing and many cognitive functions, and these are mainly attributed to the subiculum (Sub) rather than the prosubiculum (PS). Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we identify 27 transcriptomic cell types residing in sub-domains of the Sub and PS. Based on in situ expression of reliable transcriptomic markers, the precise boundaries of the Sub and PS are consistently defined along the dorsoventral axis. Using these borders to evaluate Cre-line specificity and tracer injections, we find bona fide Sub projections topographically to structures important for spatial processing and navigation. In contrast, the PS sends its outputs to widespread brain regions crucial for motivation, emotion, reward, stress, anxiety, and fear. The Sub and PS, respectively, dominate dorsal and ventral subicular regions and receive different afferents. These results reveal two molecularly and anatomically distinct circuits centered in the Sub and PS, respectively, providing a consistent explanation for historical data and a clearer foundation for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Lin Ding
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Zizhen Yao
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | | | - Olivia Fong
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Phillip Bohn
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kiet Ngo
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Christof Koch
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Ed S Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Julie A Harris
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Bosiljka Tasic
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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20
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Developing of Focal Ischemia in the Hippocampus or the Amygdala Reveals a Regional Compensation Rule for Fear Memory Acquisition. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0398-20.2021. [PMID: 33785521 PMCID: PMC8174052 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0398-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Circuit compensation is often observed in patients with acute ischemic stroke, suggesting the importance of the interaction between brain regions. Also, contextual fear memory is an association between multisensory contexts and fearful stimuli, for which the interaction between the hippocampus and the amygdala is believed to be critical. To understand how focal ischemia in one region could influence the other region, we used a modified photo-thrombosis to induce focal ischemia in the hippocampus or the amygdala or both in freely-moving rats. We found that the learning curve and short-term memory (STM) were not affected in the rats although focal ischemia was induced 5 h before learning in either the hippocampus or the amygdala; these were impaired by the induction of ischemia in both the regions. Furthermore, the learning curve and STM were impaired when ischemia was induced 24 h before learning in either the hippocampus or the amygdala when the synaptic transmission was altered in one region because of ischemia in the other region. These results suggest that the circuit compensation between the hippocampus and the amygdala is critical for fear memory acquisition.
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21
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Troyner F, Bertoglio LJ. Nucleus reuniens of the thalamus controls fear memory reconsolidation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 177:107343. [PMID: 33242589 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The nucleus reuniens has been shown to support the acquisition, consolidation, maintenance, destabilization upon retrieval, and extinction of aversive memories. However, the direct participation of this thalamic subregion in memory reconsolidation is yet to be examined. The present study addressed this question in contextually fear-conditioned rats. Post-reactivation infusion of the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol, the glutamate N2A-containing NMDA receptor antagonist TCN-201, or the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin into the NR induced significant impairments in memory reconsolidation. Administering muscimol or TCN-201 and anisomycin locally, or associating locally infused muscimol or TCN-201 with systemically administered clonidine, an α2-receptor adrenergic agonist that attenuates the noradrenergic tonus associated with memory reconsolidation, produced no further reduction in freezing times when compared with the muscimol-vehicle, TCN-201-vehicle, vehicle-anisomycin, and vehicle-clonidine groups. This pattern of results indicates that such treatment combinations produced no additive/synergistic effects on reconsolidation. It is plausible that NR inactivation and antagonism of glutamate N2A-containing NMDA receptors weakened/prevented the subsequent action of anisomycin and clonidine because they disrupted the early stages of signal transduction pathways involved in memory reconsolidation. It is noteworthy that these pharmacological interventions, either alone or combined, induced no contextual memory specificity changes, as assessed in a later test in a novel and unpaired context. Besides, omitting memory reactivation precluded the impairing effects of muscimol, TCN-201, anisomycin, and clonidine on reconsolidation. Together, the present findings demonstrate interacting mechanisms through which the NR can regulate contextual fear memory restabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Troyner
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Leandro Jose Bertoglio
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil.
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22
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Thalamic nucleus reuniens regulates fear memory destabilization upon retrieval. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 175:107313. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Region-dependent regulation of acute ethanol on γ oscillation in the rat hippocampal slices. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:2959-2966. [PMID: 32700022 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05584-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethanol use disorders are a serious medical and public health problem in the world today. Acute ethanol intoxication can lead to cognitive dysfunction such as learning and memory impairment. Gamma oscillations (γ, 30-80 Hz) are synchronized rhythmic activity generated by population of neurons within local network, and closely related to learning and memory function. The hippocampus is a critical anatomic structure that supports learning and memory. On the grounds of structure and function, hippocampus can be divided into the intermediate (IH), the dorsal (DH), and ventral hippocampus (VH). The current study is the first to investigate the effects of acute ethanol on γ oscillations in these sub-regions of rat hippocampal slices. METHODS The sustained γ oscillations were induced by 200 nM kainate (KA) in the CA3c of IH, DH, and VH. When KA-induced γ oscillation reached the steady state, ethanol (50 mM or 100 mM) was applied and the effects of ethanol on γ oscillation power was measured in the slices sequentially sectioned from ventral to dorsal hippocampus of adult rats. RESULTS In the intermediate hippocampal slices, compared with control (KA only), ethanol (50 mM) caused 36.1 ± 3.9% decrease in γ power (p < 0.05, n = 10), while ethanol (100 mM) caused 55.3 ± 5.5% decrease in γ power (p < 0.001, n = 14). In the dorsal hippocampus, only ethanol (100 mM) caused 18.1 ± 8.6% decrease in γ power (p < 0.05, n = 12). However, in the ventral hippocampus, neither 50 mM nor 100 mM ethanol affected γ oscillation. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that ethanol may produce the differential suppression of γ oscillations in a dose-dependent manner in different sub-regions of hippocampus, suggesting that the modulation of ethanol on hippocampal γ oscillation is region-dependent.
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24
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Aging Alters Olfactory Bulb Network Oscillations and Connectivity: Relevance for Aging-Related Neurodegeneration Studies. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:1703969. [PMID: 32774353 PMCID: PMC7396091 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1703969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aging process eventually cause a breakdown in critical synaptic plasticity and connectivity leading to deficits in memory function. The olfactory bulb (OB) and the hippocampus, both regions of the brain considered critical for the processing of odors and spatial memory, are commonly affected by aging. Using an aged wild-type C57B/6 mouse model, we sought to define the effects of aging on hippocampal plasticity and the integrity of cortical circuits. Specifically, we measured the long-term potentiation of high-frequency stimulation (HFS-LTP) at the Shaffer-Collateral CA1 pyramidal synapses. Next, local field potential (LFP) spectra, phase-amplitude theta-gamma coupling (PAC), and connectivity through coherence were assessed in the olfactory bulb, frontal and entorhinal cortices, CA1, and amygdala circuits. The OB of aged mice showed a significant increase in the number of histone H2AX-positive neurons, a marker of DNA damage. While the input-output relationship measure of basal synaptic activity was found not to differ between young and aged mice, a pronounced decline in the slope of field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) and the population spike amplitude (PSA) were found in aged mice. Furthermore, aging was accompanied by deficits in gamma network oscillations, a shift to slow oscillations, reduced coherence and theta-gamma PAC in the OB circuit. Thus, while the basal synaptic activity was unaltered in older mice, impairment in hippocampal synaptic transmission was observed only in response to HFS. However, age-dependent alterations in neural network appeared spontaneously in the OB circuit, suggesting the neurophysiological basis of synaptic deficits underlying olfactory processing. Taken together, the results highlight the sensitivity and therefore potential use of LFP quantitative network oscillations and connectivity at the OB level as objective electrophysiological markers that will help reveal specific dysfunctional circuits in aging-related neurodegeneration studies.
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25
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Encoding of contextual fear memory in hippocampal-amygdala circuit. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1382. [PMID: 32170133 PMCID: PMC7069961 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15121-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In contextual fear conditioning, experimental subjects learn to associate a neutral context with an aversive stimulus and display fear responses to a context that predicts danger. Although the hippocampal–amygdala pathway has been implicated in the retrieval of contextual fear memory, the mechanism by which fear memory is encoded in this circuit has not been investigated. Here, we show that activity in the ventral CA1 (vCA1) hippocampal projections to the basal amygdala (BA), paired with aversive stimuli, contributes to encoding conditioned fear memory. Contextual fear conditioning induced selective strengthening of a subset of vCA1–BA synapses, which was prevented under anisomycin-induced retrograde amnesia. Moreover, a subpopulation of BA neurons receives stronger monosynaptic inputs from context-responding vCA1 neurons, whose activity was required for contextual fear learning and synaptic potentiation in the vCA1–BA pathway. Our study suggests that synaptic strengthening of vCA1 inputs conveying contextual information to a subset of BA neurons contributes to encoding adaptive fear memory for the threat-predictive context. Previous studies implicate the hippocampal–amygdala pathway in contextual fear conditioning, in which animals learn to associate a neutral context with an aversive stimulus and display fear responses to dangerous situations. Here the authors show that selective strengthening of hippocampal–amygdala pathway contributes to encoding adaptive fear memory for threat-predictive context.
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Hao ZY, Zhong Y, Ma ZJ, Xu HZ, Kong JY, Wu Z, Wu Y, Li J, Lu X, Zhang N, Wang C. Abnormal resting-state functional connectivity of hippocampal subfields in patients with major depressive disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20:71. [PMID: 32066415 PMCID: PMC7026985 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-020-02490-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have found that the hippocampus plays a very important role in major depressive disorder (MDD). The hippocampus can be divided into three subfields: the cornu ammonis (CA), dentate gyrus (DG) and subiculum. Each subfield of the hippocampus has a unique function and are differentially associated with the pathological mechanisms of MDD. However, no research exists to describe the resting state functional connectivity of each hippocampal subfield in MDD. METHODS Fifty-five patients with MDD and 25 healthy controls (HCs) matched for gender, age and years of education were obtained. A seed-based method that imposed a template on the whole brain was used to assess the resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of each hippocampal subfield. RESULTS Patients with MDD demonstrated increased connectivity in the left premotor cortex (PMC) and reduced connectivity in the right insula with the CA seed region. Increased connectivity was reported in the left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) with the DG seed region. The subiculum seed region revealed increased connectivity with the left premotor cortex (PMC), the right middle frontal gyrus (MFG), the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) and reduced connectivity with the right insula. ROC curves confirmed that the differences between groups were statistically significant. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the CA, DG and subiculum have significant involvement with MDD. Specifically, the abnormal functional connectivity of the CA may be related to bias of coding and integration of information in patients with MDD. The abnormal functional connectivity of the DG may be related to the impairment of working memory in patients with MDD, and the abnormal functional connectivity of the subiculum may be related to cognitive impairment and negative emotions in patients with MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Yu Hao
- grid.452645.40000 0004 1798 8369Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China ,grid.260474.30000 0001 0089 5711School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210097 Jiangsu China
| | - Yuan Zhong
- grid.260474.30000 0001 0089 5711School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210097 Jiangsu China ,grid.260474.30000 0001 0089 5711Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210097 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zi Juan Ma
- grid.452645.40000 0004 1798 8369Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
| | - Hua Zhen Xu
- grid.452645.40000 0004 1798 8369Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
| | - Jing Ya Kong
- grid.452645.40000 0004 1798 8369Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China ,grid.260474.30000 0001 0089 5711School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210097 Jiangsu China
| | - Zhou Wu
- grid.260474.30000 0001 0089 5711School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210097 Jiangsu China
| | - Yun Wu
- grid.452645.40000 0004 1798 8369Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China ,grid.260474.30000 0001 0089 5711School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210097 Jiangsu China
| | - Jian Li
- grid.452645.40000 0004 1798 8369Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China ,grid.260474.30000 0001 0089 5711School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210097 Jiangsu China
| | - Xin Lu
- grid.452645.40000 0004 1798 8369Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China ,grid.260474.30000 0001 0089 5711School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210097 Jiangsu China
| | - Ning Zhang
- grid.452645.40000 0004 1798 8369Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China ,grid.260474.30000 0001 0089 5711School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210097 Jiangsu China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Functional Brain Imaging Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
| | - Chun Wang
- Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China. .,School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210097, Jiangsu, China. .,Functional Brain Imaging Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China. .,Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
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Kapolowicz MR, Thompson LT. Plasticity in Limbic Regions at Early Time Points in Experimental Models of Tinnitus. Front Syst Neurosci 2020; 13:88. [PMID: 32038184 PMCID: PMC6992603 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2019.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tinnitus is one of the most prevalent auditory disorders worldwide, manifesting in both chronic and acute forms. The pathology of tinnitus has been mechanistically linked to induction of harmful neural plasticity stemming from traumatic noise exposure, exposure to ototoxic medications, input deprivation from age-related hearing loss, and in response to injuries or disorders damaging the conductive apparatus of the ears, the cochlear hair cells, the ganglionic cells of the VIIIth cranial nerve, or neurons of the classical auditory pathway which link the cochlear nuclei through the inferior colliculi and medial geniculate nuclei to auditory cortices. Research attempting to more specifically characterize the neural plasticity occurring in tinnitus have used a wide range of techniques, experimental paradigms, and sampled at different windows of time to reach different conclusions about why and which specific brain regions are crucial in the induction or ongoing maintenance of tinnitus-related plasticity. Despite differences in experimental methodologies, evidence reveals similar findings that strongly suggest that immediate and prolonged activation of non-classical auditory structures (i.e., amygdala, hippocampus, and cingulate cortex) may contribute to the initiation and development of tinnitus in addition to the ongoing maintenance of this devastating condition. The overarching focus of this review, therefore, is to highlight findings from the field supporting the hypothesis that abnormal early activation of non-classical sensory limbic regions are involved in tinnitus induction, with activation of these regions continuing to occur at different temporal stages. Since initial/early stages of tinnitus are difficult to control and to quantify in human clinical populations, a number of different animal paradigms have been developed and assessed in experimental investigations. Reviews of traumatic noise exposure and ototoxic doses of sodium salicylate, the most prevalently used animal models to induce experimental tinnitus, indicate early limbic system plasticity (within hours, minutes, or days after initial insult), supports subsequent plasticity in other auditory regions, and contributes to the pathophysiology of tinnitus. Understanding this early plasticity presents additional opportunities for intervention to reduce or eliminate tinnitus from the human condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R. Kapolowicz
- Center for Hearing Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Lucien T. Thompson
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
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Sensitized corticosterone responses do not mediate the enhanced fear memories in chronically stressed rats. Behav Brain Res 2020; 382:112480. [PMID: 31953122 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Following a stressful event, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis mediates the release of the stress hormone cortisol (corticosterone in rodents; CORT). Elevated CORT binds to glucocorticoid receptors to mediate physiological responses including facilitating memory formation. Previous work from our laboratory demonstrated that male rats exposed to chronic stress demonstrate enhanced contextual fear memories and sensitized CORT responses to subsequent stress exposure; however, this is unknown in female rats. The experiments here tested whether chronic stress enhances fear memory formation in female rats and whether the sensitized CORT response in chronic stress rats contributes to their enhanced fear memory. Studies first examined CORT responses to contextual fear conditioning in male and female rats and examined whether chronic stress enhanced the formation of contextual fear memories 24 h later. Studies then used metyrapone, a CORT synthesis inhibitor, to investigate whether blockade of plasma CORT would eliminate the chronic stress-induced enhancement in contextual fear memory. Results show that female rats have greater CORT responses than males, and chronic stress sensitizes the CORT response to fear conditioning in both sexes. However, female rats do not show enhanced contextual fear memory following chronic stress. Chronically stressed male rats show greater memory acquisition and show greater contextual fear memory 24 h later following fear conditioning. Metyrapone dampens contextual fear memory in all rats but does not eliminate the enhancement in freezing behavior in chronic stress rats. Collectively, these studies indicate sensitized CORT responses in chronically stressed rats is likely not the mechanism by which chronic stress facilitates memory formation.
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Pi G, Gao D, Wu D, Wang Y, Lei H, Zeng W, Gao Y, Yu H, Xiong R, Jiang T, Li S, Wang X, Guo J, Zhang S, Yin T, He T, Ke D, Li R, Li H, Liu G, Yang X, Luo MH, Zhang X, Yang Y, Wang JZ. Posterior basolateral amygdala to ventral hippocampal CA1 drives approach behaviour to exert an anxiolytic effect. Nat Commun 2020; 11:183. [PMID: 31924799 PMCID: PMC6954243 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13919-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The basolateral amygdala (BLA) and ventral hippocampal CA1 (vCA1) are cellularly and functionally diverse along their anterior-posterior and superficial-deep axes. Here, we find that anterior BLA (aBLA) and posterior BLA (pBLA) innervate deep-layer calbindin1-negative (Calb1-) and superficial-layer calbindin1-positive neurons (Calb1+) in vCA1, respectively. Photostimulation of pBLA-vCA1 inputs has an anxiolytic effect in mice, promoting approach behaviours during conflict exploratory tasks. By contrast, stimulating aBLA-vCA1 inputs induces anxiety-like behaviour resulting in fewer approaches. During conflict stages of the elevated plus maze task vCA1Calb1+ neurons are preferentially activated at the open-to-closed arm transition, and photostimulation of vCA1Calb1+ neurons at decision-making zones promotes approach with fewer retreats. In the APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, which shows anxiety-like behaviour, photostimulating the pBLA-vCA1Calb1+ circuit ameliorates the anxiety in a Calb1-dependent manner. These findings suggest the pBLA-vCA1Calb1+ circuit from heterogeneous BLA-vCA1 connections drives approach behaviour to reduce anxiety-like behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilin Pi
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China and Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Di Gao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China and Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Dongqin Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China and Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yali Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China and Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Physiology and Neurology, Key Laboratory for Brain Research of Henan Province, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Huiyang Lei
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China and Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wenbo Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China and Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Huiling Yu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China and Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Rui Xiong
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China and Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China and Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Shihong Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China and Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China and Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China and Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Si Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China and Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Taoyuan Yin
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China and Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ting He
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China and Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Dan Ke
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China and Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ruining Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China and Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Honglian Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China and Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Gongping Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China and Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Min-Hua Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience & Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China and Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China and Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
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Ishihara Y, Fukuda T, Sato F. Internal structure of the rat subiculum characterized by diverse immunoreactivities and septotemporal differences. Neurosci Res 2020; 150:17-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Cembrowski MS, Spruston N. Heterogeneity within classical cell types is the rule: lessons from hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 20:193-204. [PMID: 30778192 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic operation of brain regions is often interpreted by partitioning constituent neurons into 'cell types'. Historically, such cell types were broadly defined by their correspondence to gross features of the nervous system (such as cytoarchitecture). Modern-day neuroscientific techniques, enabling a more nuanced examination of neuronal properties, have illustrated a wealth of heterogeneity within these classical cell types. Here, we review the extent of this within-cell-type heterogeneity in one of the simplest cortical regions of the mammalian brain, the rodent hippocampus. We focus on the mounting evidence that the classical CA3, CA1 and subiculum pyramidal cell types all exhibit prominent and spatially patterned within-cell-type heterogeneity, and suggest these cell types provide a model system for exploring the organization and function of such heterogeneity. Given that the hippocampus is structurally simple and evolutionarily ancient, within-cell-type heterogeneity is likely to be a general and crucial feature of the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Cembrowski
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA.
| | - Nelson Spruston
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA.
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Przeździk I, Faber M, Fernández G, Beckmann CF, Haak KV. The functional organisation of the hippocampus along its long axis is gradual and predicts recollection. Cortex 2019; 119:324-335. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Lee SL(T, Lew D, Wickenheisser V, Markus EJ. Interdependence between dorsal and ventral hippocampus during spatial navigation. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01410. [PMID: 31571397 PMCID: PMC6790314 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The hippocampus is linked to the formation and retrieval of episodic memories and spatial navigation. In rats, it is an elongated structure divided into dorsal (septal) and ventral (temporal) regions paralleling the respective division in the posterior and anterior hippocampus in humans. The dorsal hippocampus has been suggested to be more important for spatial processing and the ventral to processing anxiety-based behaviors. Far less is known regarding the degree to which these different regions interact during information processing. The anatomical connectivity suggests a flow of information between the dorsal and ventral regions; conversely, there are also commissural connections to the contralateral hippocampus. The current study examined the extent to which information from the dorsal hippocampus interacts with processing in the ipsilateral and contralateral ventral hippocampus following the acquisition of a spatial task. METHODS Rats were well-trained on a spatial reference version of the water maze, followed by muscimol inactivation of different hippocampal subregions in a within-animal repeated design. Various combinations of bilateral, ipsilateral, and contralateral infusions were used. RESULTS Combined dorsal and ventral inactivation produced a severe impairment in spatial performance. Inactivation of only the dorsal or ventral regions resulted in intermediate impairment with performance levels falling between controls and combined inactivation. Performance was impaired during contralateral inactivation and was almost equivalent to bilateral dorsal and ventral hippocampus inactivation, while ipsilateral inactivation resulted in little impairment. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, results indicate that for spatial processing, the hippocampus functions as a single integrated structure along the longitudinal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Lin (Tommy) Lee
- Behavioral Neuroscience DivisionDepartment of Psychological SciencesUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsCTUSA
| | - Dana Lew
- Behavioral Neuroscience DivisionDepartment of Psychological SciencesUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsCTUSA
| | - Victoria Wickenheisser
- Behavioral Neuroscience DivisionDepartment of Psychological SciencesUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsCTUSA
| | - Etan J. Markus
- Behavioral Neuroscience DivisionDepartment of Psychological SciencesUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsCTUSA
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Adkins JM, Lynch JF, Hagerdorn P, Esterhuizen M, Jasnow AM. Anterior cingulate cortex and dorsal hippocampal glutamate receptors mediate generalized fear in female rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 107:109-118. [PMID: 31125757 PMCID: PMC7779207 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Exhibiting fear to non-threatening cues or contexts-generalized fear-is a shared characteristic of several anxiety disorders, which afflict women more than men. Female rats generalize contextual fear at a faster rate than males and this is due, in part, to actions of estradiol in the dorsal CA1 hippocampus (dCA1). To understand the mechanisms underlying estradiol's effects on generalization, we infused estradiol into the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) or ventral CA1 hippocampus (vCA1) of ovariectomized (OVX) female rats. Estradiol acts within the ACC, but not the vCA1, to promote generalized fear. We next examined if AMPA or NMDA receptor antagonists (NBQX, APV) infused into the dCA1 or the ACC of female rats could block generalized fear induced by systemic injections of estradiol. Immediate pre-testing infusions of NBQX or APV into either region eliminated estradiol-induced generalization. Specific blockade of GluN2B receptors with infusions of Ro 25-6981 into the dCA1 or ACC also eliminated generalized fear. Our results suggest that in addition to the dCA1, the ACC is an important locus for the effects of estradiol on fear generalization. Moreover, within these regions, AMPA and NMDA-GluN2B receptors are necessary for estradiol-induced generalization of fear responses, suggesting a critical involvement of glutamatergic transmission. Furthermore, we identified a novel role for GluN2B in mediating the effects of estradiol on generalized fear in female rats. These data potentially implicate GluN2B receptors in more general forms of memory retrieval inaccuracies, and form the foundation for exploration of glutamate receptor pharmacology for treatments of anxiety disorders involving generalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Adkins
- Department of Psychological Sciences and Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, United States
| | - Joseph F Lynch
- Department of Psychology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA, 17604, United States
| | - Payton Hagerdorn
- Department of Psychological Sciences and Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, United States
| | - Monique Esterhuizen
- Department of Psychological Sciences and Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, United States
| | - Aaron M Jasnow
- Department of Psychological Sciences and Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, United States.
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Alexander GM, Riddick NV, McCann KE, Lustberg D, Moy SS, Dudek SM. Modulation of CA2 neuronal activity increases behavioral responses to fear conditioning in female mice. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 163:107044. [PMID: 31319167 PMCID: PMC6689262 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Activity of hippocampal pyramidal cells is critical for certain forms of learning and memory, and work from our lab and others has shown that CA2 neuronal activity is required for social cognition and behavior. Silencing of CA2 neurons in mice impairs social memory, and mice lacking Regulator of G-Protein Signaling 14 (RGS14), a protein that is highly enriched in CA2 neurons, learn faster than wild types in the Morris water maze spatial memory test. Although the enhanced spatial learning abilities of the RGS14 KO mice suggest a role for CA2 neurons in at least one hippocampus-dependent behavior, the role of CA2 neurons in fear conditioning, which requires activity of hippocampus, amygdala, and possibly prefrontal cortex is unknown. In this study, we expressed excitatory or inhibitory DREADDs in CA2 neurons and administered CNO before the shock-tone-context pairing. On subsequent days, we measured freezing behavior in the same context but without the tone (contextual fear) or in a new context but in the presence of the tone (cued fear). We found that increasing CA2 neuronal activity with excitatory DREADDs during training resulted in increased freezing during the cued fear tests in males and females. Surprisingly, we found that only females showed increased freezing during the contextual fear memory tests. Using inhibitory DREADDs, we found that inhibiting CA2 neuronal activity during the training phase also resulted in increased freezing in females during the subsequent contextual fear memory test. Finally, we tested fear conditioning in RGS14 KO mice and found that female KO mice had increased freezing on the cued fear memory test. These three separate lines of evidence suggest that CA2 neurons are actively involved in both intra- and extra-hippocampal brain processes and function to influence fear memory. Finally, the intriguing and consistent findings of enhanced fear conditioning only among females is strongly suggestive of a sexual dimorphism in CA2-linked circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia M Alexander
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Natallia V Riddick
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Katharine E McCann
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Daniel Lustberg
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Sheryl S Moy
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Serena M Dudek
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
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36
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Mikolas P, Tozzi L, Doolin K, Farrell C, O'Keane V, Frodl T. Effects of early life adversity and FKBP5 genotype on hippocampal subfields volume in major depression. J Affect Disord 2019; 252:152-159. [PMID: 30986730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smaller hippocampus volume represents a consistent finding in major depression (MDD). Hippocampal neuroplasticity due to chronic stress might have differential effect on hippocampal subfields. We investigated the effects of the rs1360780 polymorphism of the hypothalamic-pituitary-axis related gene FKBP5 in combination with early life stress (ELA) on the structure of hippocampal subfields in MDD. METHODS We assessed the hippocampal subfields volumes in 85/67 MDD/healthy controls. We investigated the effects of diagnosis, FKBP5 allelic status and their interaction as predictors of hippocampal subfield volumes as well as the effect of ELA and its interaction with FKBP5. RESULTS MDD patients had smaller hippocampal volumes, in particular within the cornu ammonis (CA) and dentate gyrus (DG) regions. Patients exposed to ELA had larger hippocampi, in particular within the CA and DG. Among the patients exposed to ELA, the T allele carriers displayed lower volumes within the hippocampus-amygdala-transition-area (HATA) as those subjects homozygous for the C allele. LIMITATIONS We pooled the subjects from 2 centers in order to increase the sample size. We did not include the cumulative lifetime exposure to medication. CONCLUSIONS Hippocampal volume reductions in MDD were present particularly in the CA and DG. MDD with ELA display differential volume changes compared to MDD without ELA. The significant interaction between ELA and the rs1360780 polymorphism in HATA suggests a role of FKBP5 in the pathophysiology of structural alterations in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavol Mikolas
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Leonardo Tozzi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kelly Doolin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Chloe Farrell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Veronica O'Keane
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Thomas Frodl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
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37
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Zhang Y, Ouyang K, Lipina TV, Wang H, Zhou Q. Conditioned stimulus presentations alter anxiety level in fear-conditioned mice. Mol Brain 2019; 12:28. [PMID: 30925893 PMCID: PMC6441152 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-019-0445-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally believed that fear is rapidly triggered by a distinct cue while anxiety onset is less precise and not associated with a distinct cue. Although it has been claimed that both processes can be measured with certain independence of each other, it is unclear how exactly they differ. In this study, we measured anxiety in mice that received discriminative fear conditioning using behavioral, heart rate and calcium (Ca2+) responses in the ventral hippocampal CA1 (vCA1) neurons. We found that the occurrence of fear significantly interfered with anxiety measurements under various conditions. Diazepam reduced basal anxiety level but had no effect during the presentation of conditioned stimulus (CS). Injection of an inhibitory peptide of PKMzeta (ZIP) into the basolateral amygdala almost entirely abolished CS-triggered fear expression and reduced anxiety to basal level. Heart rate measures suggested a small reduction in anxiety during CS-. Calcium responses in the lateral hypothalamus-projecting vCA1 neurons showed a steady decay during CS suggesting a reduced anxiety. Thus, under our experimental conditions, CS presentations likely reduce anxiety level in the fear-conditioned mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhang
- State key laboratory of chemical oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kunfu Ouyang
- State key laboratory of chemical oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tatiana V Lipina
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia.,University of Toronto, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hong Wang
- State key laboratory of chemical oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- State key laboratory of chemical oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China.
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38
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Fateh AA, Long Z, Duan X, Cui Q, Pang Y, Farooq MU, Nan X, Chen Y, Sheng W, Tang Q, Chen H. Hippocampal functional connectivity-based discrimination between bipolar and major depressive disorders. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2019; 284:53-60. [PMID: 30684896 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite the impressive advancements in the neuropathology of mood disorders, patients with bipolar disorder (BD) are often misdiagnosed on the initial presentation with major depressive disorder (MDD). With supporting evidence from neuroimaging studies, the abnormal functional connectivity (FC) of the hippocampus has been associated with various mood disorders, including BD and MDD. However, the features of the hippocampal FC underlying MDD and BD have not been directly compared. This study aims to investigate the hippocampal resting-state FC (rsFC) analyses to distinguish these two clinical conditions. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data was collected from a sample group of 30 patients with BD, 29 patients with MDD and 30 healthy controls (HCs). One-way ANOVA was employed to assess the potential differences of the hippocampus FC across all subjects. BD patients exhibited increased FC of the bilateral anterior/posterior hippocampus with lingual gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) relative to patients MDD patients. In comparison with HCs, patients with BD and MDD had an increased FC between the right anterior hippocampus and lingual gyrus and a decreased FC between the right posterior hippocampus and right IFG. The results revealed a distinct hippocampal FC in MDD patients compared with that observed in BD patients. These findings may assist investigators in attempting to distinguish mood disorders by using fMRI data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ameen Fateh
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuro-Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiliang Long
- Sleep and Neuroimaging Center, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xujun Duan
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuro-Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Cui
- School of Political Science and Public Administration, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yajing Pang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuro-Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Muhammad Umar Farooq
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China
| | - Xiaoyu Nan
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuro-Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; School of Political Science and Public Administration, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuyan Chen
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuro-Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Sheng
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuro-Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Tang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuro-Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Huafu Chen
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuro-Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
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Stewart M. An explanation for sudden death in epilepsy (SUDEP). J Physiol Sci 2018; 68:307-320. [PMID: 29542031 PMCID: PMC10717429 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-018-0602-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This review traces the examination of autonomic, cardiovascular, and respiratory derangements associated with seizure activity in the clinical and preclinical literature generally, and in the author's animal model specifically, and concludes with the author's views on the potential mechanisms for sudden death in epilepsy (SUDEP). An animal model that employs kainic acid-induced seizures on a background of urethane anesthesia has permitted unprecedented access to the behavior of autonomic, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems during seizure activity. The result is a detailed description of the major causes of death and how this animal model can be used to develop and test preventative and interventional strategies. A critical translational step was taken when the rat data were shown to directly parallel data from definite SUDEP cases in the clinical literature. The reasons why ventricular fibrillation as a cause of death is so rarely reported and tools for verifying that seizure-associated laryngospasm can induce obstructive apnea as a cause of death are discussed in detail. Many details of the specific kinetics of activation of brainstem neurons serving autonomic and respiratory function remain to be elucidated, but the boundary conditions described in this review provide an excellent framework for more focused studies. A number of studies conducted in animal models of seizure activity and in epilepsy patients have contributed information on the autonomic, cardiovascular, and respiratory consequences of seizure activity spreading through hypothalamus and brainstem to the periphery. The result is detailed information on the systemic impact of seizure spread and the development of an understanding of the essential mechanistic features of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). This review summarizes translation of data obtained from animal models to biomarkers that are useful in evaluating data from epilepsy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Stewart
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA.
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA.
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40
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Cembrowski MS, Menon V. Continuous Variation within Cell Types of the Nervous System. Trends Neurosci 2018; 41:337-348. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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41
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Abstract
Top-down processes conveying contextual information play a major role in shaping odor representations within the olfactory system, yet the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The hippocampus (HPC) is a major source of olfactory top-down modulation, providing direct excitatory inputs to the anterior olfactory nucleus (AON). However, HPC-AON projections remain uncharacterized. In an effort to understand how hippocampal inputs are distributed within the AON, we systematically outlined their organization using anterograde and retrograde tracing methods. We found that AON-projecting hippocampal pyramidal neurons are located mostly in the ventral two-thirds of the HPC and are organized topographically such that cells with a ventral to intermediate hippocampal point of origin terminate, respectively, at the medial to lateral AON. Our neuroanatomical findings suggest a potential role for the HPC in the early processing and contextualization of odors which merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afif J Aqrabawi
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jun Chul Kim
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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42
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Jimenez JC, Su K, Goldberg AR, Luna VM, Biane JS, Ordek G, Zhou P, Ong SK, Wright MA, Zweifel L, Paninski L, Hen R, Kheirbek MA. Anxiety Cells in a Hippocampal-Hypothalamic Circuit. Neuron 2018; 97:670-683.e6. [PMID: 29397273 PMCID: PMC5877404 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus is traditionally thought to transmit contextual information to limbic structures where it acquires valence. Using freely moving calcium imaging and optogenetics, we show that while the dorsal CA1 subregion of the hippocampus is enriched in place cells, ventral CA1 (vCA1) is enriched in anxiety cells that are activated by anxiogenic environments and required for avoidance behavior. Imaging cells defined by their projection target revealed that anxiety cells were enriched in the vCA1 population projecting to the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) but not to the basal amygdala (BA). Consistent with this selectivity, optogenetic activation of vCA1 terminals in LHA but not BA increased anxiety and avoidance, while activation of terminals in BA but not LHA impaired contextual fear memory. Thus, the hippocampus encodes not only neutral but also valence-related contextual information, and the vCA1-LHA pathway is a direct route by which the hippocampus can rapidly influence innate anxiety behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Jimenez
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry & Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katy Su
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry & Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander R Goldberg
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry & Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victor M Luna
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry & Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeremy S Biane
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gokhan Ordek
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry & Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pengcheng Zhou
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition and Machine Learning Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Departments of Statistics and Neuroscience, Grossman Center for the Statistics of Mind, Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Kavli Institute for Brain Science, and NeuroTechnology Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samantha K Ong
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry & Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew A Wright
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Larry Zweifel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Liam Paninski
- Departments of Statistics and Neuroscience, Grossman Center for the Statistics of Mind, Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Kavli Institute for Brain Science, and NeuroTechnology Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - René Hen
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry & Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Mazen A Kheirbek
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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43
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Tritschler L, Kheirbek MA, Dantec YL, Mendez-David I, Guilloux JP, Faye C, Doan J, Pham TH, Hen R, David DJ, Gardier AM. Optogenetic activation of granule cells in the dorsal dentate gyrus enhances dopaminergic neurotransmission in the Nucleus Accumbens. Neurosci Res 2017; 134:56-60. [PMID: 29246683 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG) has distinct roles along its dorso-ventral axis. In the mouse, we recently demonstrated that dorsal DG (dDG) stimulation enhances exploratory behavior (Kheirbek et al., 2013). Dopamine (DA) release in the Nucleus Accumbens (NAcc), which belongs to the reward system, could be a key target of dDG mediating this motivation-related behavior. Here, an optogenetic stimulation of either ventral (vDG) or dDG granule cells was coupled with NAcc DA release monitoring using in vivo microdialysis. Only dDG stimulation enhanced NAcc DA release, indicating differential interconnections between dDG and vDG to the reward system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Tritschler
- CESP/UMR-S 1178, Univ. Paris-Sud, Fac Pharmacie, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, 92290, France.
| | - Mazen A Kheirbek
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yannick Le Dantec
- CESP/UMR-S 1178, Univ. Paris-Sud, Fac Pharmacie, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, 92290, France
| | - Indira Mendez-David
- CESP/UMR-S 1178, Univ. Paris-Sud, Fac Pharmacie, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, 92290, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Guilloux
- CESP/UMR-S 1178, Univ. Paris-Sud, Fac Pharmacie, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, 92290, France
| | - Charlène Faye
- CESP/UMR-S 1178, Univ. Paris-Sud, Fac Pharmacie, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, 92290, France
| | - Julie Doan
- CESP/UMR-S 1178, Univ. Paris-Sud, Fac Pharmacie, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, 92290, France
| | - Thu Ha Pham
- CESP/UMR-S 1178, Univ. Paris-Sud, Fac Pharmacie, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, 92290, France
| | - René Hen
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Denis J David
- CESP/UMR-S 1178, Univ. Paris-Sud, Fac Pharmacie, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, 92290, France
| | - Alain M Gardier
- CESP/UMR-S 1178, Univ. Paris-Sud, Fac Pharmacie, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, 92290, France
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44
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Yang Y, Wang JZ. From Structure to Behavior in Basolateral Amygdala-Hippocampus Circuits. Front Neural Circuits 2017; 11:86. [PMID: 29163066 PMCID: PMC5671506 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotion influences various cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The amygdala is specialized for input and processing of emotion, while the hippocampus is essential for declarative or episodic memory. During emotional reactions, these two brain regions interact to translate the emotion into particular outcomes. Here, we briefly introduce the anatomy and functions of amygdala and hippocampus, and then present behavioral, electrophysiological, optogenetic and biochemical evidence from recent studies to illustrate how amygdala and hippocampus work synergistically to form long-term memory. With recent technological advances, the causal investigations of specific neural circuit between amygdala and hippocampus will help us understand the brain mechanisms of emotion-regulated memories and improve clinical treatment of emotion-associated memory disorders in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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45
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Almonte AG, Ewin SE, Mauterer MI, Morgan JW, Carter ES, Weiner JL. Enhanced ventral hippocampal synaptic transmission and impaired synaptic plasticity in a rodent model of alcohol addiction vulnerability. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12300. [PMID: 28951619 PMCID: PMC5615051 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12531-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It has long been appreciated that adolescence represents a uniquely vulnerable period when chronic exposure to stressors can precipitate the onset of a broad spectrum of psychiatric disorders and addiction in adulthood. However, the neurobiological substrates and the full repertoire of adaptations within these substrates making adolescence a particularly susceptible developmental stage are not well understood. Prior work has demonstrated that a rodent model of adolescent social isolation (aSI) produces robust and persistent increases in phenotypes relevant to anxiety/stressor disorders and alcohol addiction, including anxiogenesis, deficits in fear extinction, and increased ethanol consumption. Here, we used extracellular field recordings in hippocampal slices to investigate adaptations in synaptic function and synaptic plasticity arising from aSI. We demonstrate that this early life stressor leads to enhanced excitatory synaptic transmission and decreased levels of long-term potentiation at hippocampal Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses. Further, these changes were largely confined to the ventral hippocampus. As the ventral hippocampus is integral to neurocircuitry that mediates emotional behaviors, our results add to mounting evidence that aSI has profound effects on brain areas that regulate affective states. These studies also lend additional support to our recent proposal of the aSI model as a valid model of alcohol addiction vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine G Almonte
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Sarah E Ewin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Madelyn I Mauterer
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - James W Morgan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Eugenia S Carter
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Weiner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
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46
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Akiki TJ, Averill CL, Abdallah CG. A Network-Based Neurobiological Model of PTSD: Evidence From Structural and Functional Neuroimaging Studies. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2017; 19:81. [PMID: 28924828 PMCID: PMC5960989 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-017-0840-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although a fine-grained understanding of the neurobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is yet to be elucidated, the last two decades have seen a rapid growth in the study of PTSD using neuroimaging techniques. The current review summarizes important findings from functional and structural neuroimaging studies of PTSD, by primarily focusing on their relevance towards an emerging network-based neurobiological model of the disorder. RECENT FINDINGS PTSD may be characterized by a weakly connected and hypoactive default mode network (DMN) and central executive network (CEN) that are putatively destabilized by an overactive and hyperconnected salience network (SN), which appears to have a low threshold for perceived saliency, and inefficient DMN-CEN modulation. There is considerable evidence for large-scale functional and structural network dysfunction in PTSD. Nevertheless, several limitations and gaps in the literature need to be addressed in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teddy J. Akiki
- National Center for PTSD – Clinical Neurosciences Division, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, Connecticut,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Christopher L. Averill
- National Center for PTSD – Clinical Neurosciences Division, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, Connecticut,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Chadi G. Abdallah
- National Center for PTSD – Clinical Neurosciences Division, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, Connecticut,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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47
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Shoshan N, Segev A, Abush H, Mizrachi Zer-Aviv T, Akirav I. Cannabinoids prevent the differential long-term effects of exposure to severe stress on hippocampal- and amygdala-dependent memory and plasticity. Hippocampus 2017; 27:1093-1109. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noa Shoshan
- Department of Psychology; University of Haifa; Haifa 3498838 Israel
| | - Amir Segev
- Department of Psychology; University of Haifa; Haifa 3498838 Israel
| | - Hila Abush
- Department of Psychology; University of Haifa; Haifa 3498838 Israel
| | | | - Irit Akirav
- Department of Psychology; University of Haifa; Haifa 3498838 Israel
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Chen W, Wang Y, Wang X, Li H. Neural circuits involved in the renewal of extinguished fear. IUBMB Life 2017; 69:470-478. [PMID: 28464461 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The last 10 years have witnessed a substantial progress in understanding the neural mechanisms for the renewal of the extinguished fear memory. Based on the theory of fear extinction, exposure therapy has been developed as a typical cognitive behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Although the fear memory can be extinguished by repeated presentation of conditioned stimulus without unconditioned stimulus, the fear memory is not erased and tends to relapse outside of extinction context, which is referred to as renewal. Therefore, the renewal is regarded as a great obstruction interfering with the effect of exposure therapy. In recent years, there has been a great deal of studies in understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of fear renewal. These offer a foundation upon which novel therapeutic interventions for the renewal may be built. This review focuses on behavioral, anatomical and electrophysiological studies that interpret roles of the hippocampus, prelimbic cortex and amygdala as well as the connections between them for the renewal of the extinguished fear. Additionally, this review suggests the possible pathways for the renewal: (1) the prelimbic cortex may integrate contextual information from hippocampal inputs and project to the basolateral amygdala to mediate the renewal of extinguished fear memory; the ventral hippocampus may innervate the activities of the basolateral amygdala or the central amygdala directly for the renewal. © 2017 IUBMB Life, 69(7):470-478, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihai Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Xiaqing Wang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Hong Li
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, China
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Synaptic Targeting of Double-Projecting Ventral CA1 Hippocampal Neurons to the Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Basal Amygdala. J Neurosci 2017; 37:4868-4882. [PMID: 28385873 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3579-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquisition and retrieval of contextual fear memory requires coordinated neural activity in the hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and amygdala. The contextual information encoded in the hippocampus is conveyed to the mPFC and amygdala for contextual fear conditioning. Previous studies have suggested that a CA1 neuronal population in the ventral hippocampus (VH) projects to both the mPFC and amygdala and is recruited in context-dependent control of conditioned fear. However, how double-projecting ventral CA1 hippocampal (vCA1) neurons modulate the activity of the mPFC and amygdala at the synaptic level has not been determined previously. Here, we show that the optogenetic silencing of the VH prevented the recall of contextual fear memory in mice, indicating its role in contextual fear expression. In dual retrograde viral tracing and c-Fos immunostaining experiments, we found that a proportion of vCA1 neurons projected to both the mPFC and amygdala and were recruited preferentially during context exposure, suggesting their role in encoding context representations. Moreover, optogenetic stimulation of axon collaterals of double-projecting vCA1 neurons induced monosynaptic excitatory responses in both the mPFC and basal amygdala, indicating that they could convey contextual information through the VH-mPFC and VH-amygdala pathways. The activation of double-projecting vCA1 neurons also induced action potential firings in the mPFC neurons that project to the amygdala, suggesting that they can also activate the VH-mPFC-amygdala pathway. With these synaptic mechanisms, double-projecting vCA1 neurons could induce synchronized neural activity in the mPFC and amygdala and convey contextual information efficiently to the basal amygdala for contextual fear conditioning.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This work demonstrates that ventral CA1 hippocampal (vCA1) neurons projecting to both the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and amygdala are activated preferentially when contextual information is processed in the ventral hippocampus, which is required for contextual fear expression. Our electrophysiological experiments reveal that the activation of double-projecting vCA1 neurons induces excitatory synaptic activity in both the mPFC and amygdala. These results suggest that double-projecting vCA1 neurons could contribute to contextual fear responses by inducing synchronized activity in the mPFC and amygdala and conveying contextual information to the basal amygdala more efficiently than vCA1 neurons projecting to either the mPFC or amygdala alone. These findings provide important insights into the mechanisms of the acquisition and retrieval of contextual fear memory.
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Lau T, Bigio B, Zelli D, McEwen BS, Nasca C. Stress-induced structural plasticity of medial amygdala stellate neurons and rapid prevention by a candidate antidepressant. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:227-234. [PMID: 27240534 PMCID: PMC5133196 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The adult brain is capable of adapting to internal and external stressors by undergoing structural plasticity, and failure to be resilient and preserve normal structure and function is likely to contribute to depression and anxiety disorders. Although the hippocampus has provided the gateway for understanding stress effects on the brain, less is known about the amygdala, a key brain area involved in the neural circuitry of fear and anxiety. Here, in mice more vulnerable to stressors, we demonstrate structural plasticity within the medial and basolateral regions of the amygdala in response to prolonged 21-day chronic restraint stress (CRS). Three days before the end of CRS, treatment with the putative, rapidly acting antidepressant, acetyl-l-carnitine (LAC) in the drinking water opposed the direction of these changes. Behaviorally, the LAC treatment during the last part of CRS enhanced resilience, opposing the effects of CRS, as shown by an increased social interaction and reduced passive behavior in a forced swim test. Furthermore, CRS mice treated with LAC show resilience of the CRS-induced structural remodeling of medial amygdala (MeA) stellate neurons. Within the basolateral amygdala (BLA), LAC did not reduce, but slightly enhanced, the CRS-increased length and number of intersections of pyramidal neurons. No structural changes were observed in MeA bipolar neurons, BLA stellate neurons or in lateral amygdala stellate neurons. Our findings identify MeA stellate neurons as an important component in the responses to stress and LAC action and show that LAC can promote structural plasticity of the MeA. This may be useful as a model for increasing resilience to stressors in at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Lau
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York; 10065, USA
| | - B. Bigio
- The Rockefeller University, Center for Clinical & Translational Science, New York, USA
| | - D. Zelli
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York; 10065, USA
| | - BS. McEwen
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York; 10065, USA
| | - C. Nasca
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York; 10065, USA
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