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Nishi K, Imamura I, Hoashi K, Kiyama R, Mitsuiki S. Estrogenic Prenylated Flavonoids in Sophora flavescens. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:204. [PMID: 38397194 PMCID: PMC10887985 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Sophora flavescens is a medicinal herb distributed widely in Japan and it has been used to treat various diseases and symptoms. To explore its pharmacological use, we examined the estrogenic activity of four prenylated flavonoids, namely kurarinone, kushenols A and I, and sophoraflavanone G, which are characterized by the lavandulyl group at position 8 of ring A, but have variations in the hydroxyl group at positions 3 (ring C), 5 (ring A) and 4' (ring B). These prenylated flavonoids were examined via cell proliferation assays using sulforhodamine B, Western blotting, and RT-PCR, corresponding to cell, protein, and transcription assays, respectively, based on estrogen action mechanisms. All the assays employed here found weak but clear estrogenic activities for the prenylated flavonoids examined. Furthermore, the activities were inhibited by an estrogen receptor antagonist, suggesting that the activities were likely being mediated by the estrogen receptors. However, there were differences in the activity, attributable to the hydroxyl group at position 4', which is absent in kushenol A. While the estrogenic activity of kurarinone and sophoraflavanone G has been reported before, to the best of our knowledge, there are no such reports on kushenols A and I. Therefore, this study represents the first report of their estrogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shinji Mitsuiki
- Faculty of Life Science, Kyushu Sangyo University, Fukuoka 813-8503, Japan; (K.N.); (I.I.); (K.H.); (R.K.)
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2
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Agrawal N, Bhardwaj A, Singh S, Goyal A, Gaurav A. Natural Products as Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: Potential Agents for Neurological Disorders. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2024; 27:701-714. [PMID: 37165491 DOI: 10.2174/1386207326666230510141008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The role of medicinal plants has been advantageous due to their manifestation through various cellular and molecular mechanisms. Inhibition of the monoamine oxidase enzyme is suspected to be a highly effective treatment for various neurological illnesses like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, depression, social phobia, and panic disorders. The study of phytochemicals and plant extracts used as a traditional source of medication revealed that they possess the vast potential for monoamine oxidase inhibition. Thus, the article focuses on the potential use of plant extracts and phytochemicals as sources of novel MAO inhibitors for treating neurological disorders. Exhaustive literature search revealed that a variety of phytochemicals from the categories such as flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, alkyl phenyl ketones, coumarin derivatives and essential oils have displayed potential MAO inhibition. This review highlights the progress made in the discovery and development of plant-based MAO inhibitors and aims to provide medicinal chemists with an overview of this information to aid in the development of clinically viable drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Agrawal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Sonia Singh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ahsas Goyal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anand Gaurav
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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3
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Singh L, Kaur H, Chandra Arya G, Bhatti R. Neuroprotective potential of formononetin, a naturally occurring isoflavone phytoestrogen. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 103:e14353. [PMID: 37722967 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The increased prevalence of neurological illnesses is a burgeoning challenge to the public healthcare system and presents greater financial pressure. Formononetin, an O-methylated isoflavone, has gained a lot of attention due to its neuroprotective potential explored in several investigations. Formononetin is widely found in legumes and several types of clovers including Trifolium pratense L., Astragalus membranaceus, Sophora tomentosa, etc. Formononetin modulates various endogenous mediators to confer neuroprotection. It prevents RAGE activation that results in the inhibition of neuronal damage via downregulating the level of ROS and proinflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, formononetin also increases the expression of ADAM-10, which affects the pathology of neurodegenerative disease by lowering tau phosphorylation, maintaining synaptic plasticity, and boosting hippocampus neurogenesis. Besides these, formononetin also increases the expression of antioxidants, Nrf-2, PI3K, ApoJ, and LRP1. Whereas, reduces the expression of p65-NF-κB and proinflammatory cytokines. It also inhibits the deposition of Aβ and MAO-B activity. An inhibition of Aβ/RAGE-induced activation of MAPK and NOX governs the protection elicited by formononetin against inflammatory and oxidative stress-induced neuronal damage. Besides this, PI3K/Akt and ER-α-mediated activation of ADAM10, ApoJ/LRP1-mediated clearance of Aβ, and MAO-B inhibition-mediated preservation of dopaminergic neurons integrity are the major modulations produced by formononetin. This review covers the biosynthesis of formononetin and key molecular pathways modulated by formononetin to confer neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovedeep Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
- University Institute of Pharma Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Girish Chandra Arya
- University Institute of Pharma Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Rajbir Bhatti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
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4
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Alcohol-Induced Headache with Neuroinflammation: Recent Progress. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9020184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol and other congeners in alcoholic beverages and foods are known triggers of alcohol-induced headaches (AIHs). Recent studies implicate AIHs as an important underlying factor for neuroinflammation. Studies show the relationship between alcoholic beverages, AIH agents, neuroinflammation, and the pathway they elicit. However, studies elucidating specific AIH agents’ pathways are scarce. Works reviewing their pathways can give invaluable insights into specific substances’ patterns and how they can be controlled. Hence, we reviewed the current understanding of how AIH agents in alcoholic beverages affect neuroinflammation and their specific roles. Ethanol upregulates transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression levels; both receptors trigger a neuroinflammation response that promotes AIH manifestation—the most common cause of AIHs. Other congeners such as histamine, 5-HT, and condensed tannins also upregulate TRPV1 and TLR4, neuroinflammatory conditions, and AIHs. Data elucidating AIH agents, associating pathways, and fermentation parameters can help reduce or eliminate AIH inducers and create healthier beverages.
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5
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Fang C, Zhang Z, Xu H, Liu Y, Wang X, Yuan L, Xu Y, Zhu Z, Zhang A, Shao A, Lou M. Natural Products for the Treatment of Post-stroke Depression. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:918531. [PMID: 35712727 PMCID: PMC9196125 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.918531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-stroke depression (PSD) is the most frequent and important neuropsychiatric consequence of stroke. It is strongly associated with exacerbated deterioration of functional recovery, physical and cognitive recoveries, and quality of life. However, its mechanism is remarkably complicated, including the neurotransmitters hypothesis (which consists of a monoaminergic hypothesis and glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity hypothesis), inflammation hypothesis, dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and neurotrophic hypothesis and neuroplasticity. So far, the underlying pathogenesis of PSD has not been clearly defined yet. At present, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been used as the first-line drugs to treat patients with PSD. Additionally, more than SSRIs, a majority of the current antidepressants complied with multiple side effects, which limits their clinical application. Currently, a wide variety of studies revealed the therapeutic potential of natural products in the management of several diseases, especially PSD, with minor side effects. Accordingly, in our present review, we aim to summarize the therapeutic targets of these compounds and their potential role in-clinic therapy for patients with PSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyou Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Houshi Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yibo Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanzhi Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengyang Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Anke Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Anke Zhang, ; Anwen Shao, ; Meiqing Lou,
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Anke Zhang, ; Anwen Shao, ; Meiqing Lou,
| | - Meiqing Lou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Anke Zhang, ; Anwen Shao, ; Meiqing Lou,
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Evaluation of Inhibitory Activities of Sophora flavescens and Angelica gigas Nakai Root Extracts against Monoamine Oxidases, Cholinesterases, and β-Secretase. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10050880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, Sophora flavescens (SF) from Yeongcheon (YSF) and Mt. Jiri (JiSF), and Angelica gias (AG) from Yeongcheon (YAG), Mt. Jiri (JiAG), and Jecheon (JeAG) were extracted using three concentrations of ethanol, 95% (95Et), 70% (70Et), and 50% (50Et), and hot water (DW) to evaluate the inhibitions of monoamine oxidases (MAOs; MAO-A and B), cholinesterases (ChEs; AChE and BChE) and β-secretase (BACE1) for targeting depression and neurodegenerative diseases. There were no significant differences in constituent compounds depending on herbal origins, except that YSF-95Et and JiSF-95Et showed a distinct non-polar spot upper maackiain position, and JiAG and JeAG showed a higher amount of decursin than YAG. Ethanolic YAG and JeAG extracts showed the highest MAO-A inhibition, and YSF-95Et mostly inhibited MAO-B. JiSF-95Et showed the highest AChE inhibition and YSF-70Et, JiSF-95Et, and -70Et showed the highest BChE inhibition. Interestingly, ethanolic AG extracts showed extremely potent BACE1 inhibition, especially for JiAG-95Et and JeAG-50Et, whereas there have been no reports about BACE1 inhibition of decursin, the major compound, or AG extracts in other studies. All extracts were nontoxic to MDCK and SH-SY5Y with a low toxicity to HL-60. The results showed a different pattern of inhibitory activities of the extracts toward target enzymes depending on the origins, and multi-target abilities, especially for MAO-B and BChE by YSF-95Et, for AChE and BChE by JiSF-95Et, and for MAO-B and BACE1 by JiAG-95Et. It is suggested that those extracts are potential candidates for finding novel compounds with multi-target inhibitory activities, and herbal origin is an important factor to be considered in selection of the plants.
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Hu D, Chen X, Li D, Zhang H, Duan Y, Huang Y. Sustained Release of Co-Amorphous Matrine-Type Alkaloids and Resveratrol with Anti-COVID-19 Potential. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:603. [PMID: 35335977 PMCID: PMC8949968 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrine (MAR), oxymatrine (OMAR), and sophoridine (SPD) are natural alkaloids with varying biological activities; matrine was recently used for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the short half-lives and rapid elimination of these matrine-type alkaloids would lead to low oral bioavailability and serious side effects. Herein, resveratrol (RES) was selected as a co-former to prepare their co-amorphous systems to improve the therapeutic index. The formation of co-amorphous MAR-RES, OMAR-RES, and SPD-RES was established through powder X-ray diffraction and modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and NMR studies revealed the strong molecular interactions between resveratrol and these alkaloids, especially OMAR-RES. Matrine, oxymatrine, and sophoridine in the co-amorphous systems showed sustained release behaviors in the dissolution experiments, due to the recrystallization of resveratrol on the surface of co-amorphous drugs. The three co-amorphous systems exhibited excellent physicochemical stability under high relative humidity conditions. Our study not only showed that minor structural changes of active pharmaceutical ingredients may have distinct molecular interactions with the co-former, but also discovered a new type of sustained release mechanism for co-amorphous drugs. This promising co-amorphous drug approach may present a unique opportunity for repurposing these very promising drugs against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Hu
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (D.H.); (X.C.); (Y.D.)
| | - Xin Chen
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (D.H.); (X.C.); (Y.D.)
| | - Duanxiu Li
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China; (D.L.); (H.Z.)
- Guangdong Institute of Semiconductor Micro-Nano Manufacturing Technology, Foshan 528200, China
| | - Hailu Zhang
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China; (D.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Yanwen Duan
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (D.H.); (X.C.); (Y.D.)
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Natural Product Drug Discovery, Changsha 410011, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Combinatorial Biosynthesis for Drug Discovery, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (D.H.); (X.C.); (Y.D.)
- National Engineering Research Center of Combinatorial Biosynthesis for Drug Discovery, Changsha 410011, China
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Abou Baker DH. An ethnopharmacological review on the therapeutical properties of flavonoids and their mechanisms of actions: A comprehensive review based on up to date knowledge. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:445-469. [PMID: 35340621 PMCID: PMC8943219 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids -a class of low molecular weight secondary metabolites- are ubiquitous and cornucopia throughout the plant kingdom. Structurally, the main structure consists of C6-C3-C6 rings with different substitution patterns so that many sub-classes are obtained, for example: flavonols, flavonolignans, flavonoid glycosides, flavans, anthocyanidins, aurones, anthocyanidins, flavones, neoflavonoids, chalcones, isoflavones, flavones and flavanones. Flavonoids are evaluated to have drug like nature since they possess different therapeutic activities, and can act as cardioprotective, antiviral, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anticancer, and also work against Alzheimer's disease and others. However, information on the relationship between their structure and biological activity is scarce. Therefore, the present review tries to summarize all the therapeutic activities of flavonoids, their mechanisms of action and the structure activity relationship. Latest updated ethnopharmacological review of the therapeutic effects of flavonoids. Flavonoids are attracting attention because of their therapeutic properties. Flavonoids are valuable candidates for drug development against many dangerous diseases. This overview summarizes the most important therapeutic effect and mechanism of action of flavonoids. General knowledge about the structure activity relationship of flavonoids is summarized. Substitution of chemical groups in the structure of flavonoids can significantly change their biological and chemical properties. The chemical properties of the basic flavonoid structure should be considered in a drug-based structural program.
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Niu W, Miao J, Li X, Guo Q, Deng Z, Wu L. Metabolomics combined with systematic pharmacology reveals the therapeutic effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza and Radix Pueraria lobata herb pair on type 2 diabetes rats. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.104950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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10
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Du XY, Li GX, Chen XQ, Li RT, Zhang ZJ. Pterocarpans and 2-arylbenzofurans from Sophora flavescens aiton and their chemotaxonomic significance. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2021.104357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Prajapati R, Seong SH, Paudel P, Park SE, Jung HA, Choi JS. In Vitro and In Silico Characterization of Kurarinone as a Dopamine D 1A Receptor Antagonist and D 2L and D 4 Receptor Agonist. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:33443-33453. [PMID: 34926894 PMCID: PMC8674921 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in the expression and/or activity of brain G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) such as dopamine D1R, D2LR, D3R, and D4R, vasopressin V1AR, and serotonin 5-HT1AR are noted in various neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Since studies have indicated that flavonoids can target brain GPCRs and provide neuroprotection via inhibition of monoamine oxidases (hMAOs), our study explored the functional role of kurarinone, an abundant lavandulated flavonoid in Sophora flavescens, on dopamine receptor subtypes, V1AR, 5-HT1AR, and hMAOs. Radioligand binding assays revealed considerable binding of kurarinone on D1R, D2LR, and D4R. Functional GPCR assays unfolded the compound's antagonist behavior on D1R (IC50 42.1 ± 0.35 μM) and agonist effect on D2LR and D4R (EC50 22.4 ± 3.46 and 71.3 ± 4.94 μM, respectively). Kurarinone was found to inhibit hMAO isoenzymes in a modest and nonspecific manner. Molecular docking displayed low binding energies during the intermolecular interactions of kurarinone with the key residues of the deep orthosteric binding pocket and the extracellular loops of D1R, D2LR, and D4R, validating substantial binding affinities to these prime targets. With appreciable D2LR and D4R agonism and D1R antagonism, kurarinone might be a potential compound that can alleviate clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease and other NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Prajapati
- Department
of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National
University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hui Seong
- Department
of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National
University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Natural
Products Research Division, Honam National
Institute of Biological Resource, Mokpo 58762, Republic
of Korea
| | - Pradeep Paudel
- Department
of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National
University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- National
Center for Natural Products Research, The
University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Se Eun Park
- Department
of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National
University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Biomedical Science, Asan Medical Institute
of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul 05505, Republic
of Korea
| | - Hyun Ah Jung
- Department
of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Jeonbuk
National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sue Choi
- Department
of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National
University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
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Pannu A, Sharma PC, Thakur VK, Goyal RK. Emerging Role of Flavonoids as the Treatment of Depression. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121825. [PMID: 34944471 PMCID: PMC8698856 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is one of the most frequently observed psychological disorders, affecting thoughts, feelings, behavior and a sense of well-being in person. As per the WHO, it is projected to be the primitive cause of various other diseases by 2030. Clinically, depression is treated by various types of synthetic medicines that have several limitations such as side-effects, slow-onset action, poor remission and response rates due to complicated pathophysiology involved with depression. Further, clinically, patients cannot be given the treatment unless it affects adversely the job or family. In addition, synthetic drugs are usually single targeted drugs. Unlike synthetic medicaments, there are many plants that have flavonoids and producing action on multiple molecular targets and exhibit anti-depressant action by affecting multiple neuronal transmissions or pathways such as noradrenergic, serotonergic, GABAnergic and dopaminergic; inhibition of monoamine oxidase and tropomyosin receptor kinase B; simultaneous increase in nerve growth and brain-derived neurotrophic factors. Such herbal drugs with flavonoids are likely to be useful in patients with sub-clinical depression. This review is an attempt to analyze pre-clinical studies, structural activity relationship and characteristics of reported isolated flavonoids, which may be considered for clinical trials for the development of therapeutically useful antidepressant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzoo Pannu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi 110017, India;
| | - Prabodh Chander Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi 110017, India;
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Centre, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun 248007, India
- Correspondence: (V.K.T.); (R.K.G.); Tel.: +91-9825719111 (V.K.T.)
| | - Ramesh K. Goyal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi 110017, India;
- Correspondence: (V.K.T.); (R.K.G.); Tel.: +91-9825719111 (V.K.T.)
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13
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Gulcan HO. Selected natural and synthetic agents effective against Parkinson's disease with diverse mechanisms. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 22:199-208. [PMID: 34844541 DOI: 10.2174/1568026621666211129141316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Similar to other neurodegenerative diseases, Parkinson's disease (PD) has been extensively investigated with respect to its neuropathological background and possible treatment options. Since the symptomatic outcomes are generally related to dopamine deficiency, the current treatment strategies towards PD mainly employ dopaminergic agonists as well as the compounds acting on dopamine metabolism. These drugs do not provide disease modifying properties; therefore alternative drug discovery studies focus on targets involved in the progressive neurodegenerative character of PD. This study has aimed to present the pathophysiology of PD concomitant to the representation of drugs and promising molecules displaying activity against the validated and non-validated targets of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayrettin Ozan Gulcan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, 99520, T.R. North Cyprus, via Mersin 10. Turkey
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14
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Lu K, Feng Z, Yuan X, Yang Y, Jiang J, Zhang X, Zhang P. Five Novel Pterocarpan Derivatives from
Sophora flavescens. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai‐Zhou Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 China
| | - Zi‐Ming Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 China
| | - Xiang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 China
| | - Ya‐Nan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 China
| | - Jian‐Shuang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 China
| | - Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 China
| | - Pei‐Cheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 China
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Li P, Chai WC, Wang ZY, Tang KJ, Chen JY, Venter H, Semple SJ, Xiang L. Bioactivity-guided isolation of compounds from Sophora flavescens with antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter baumannii. Nat Prod Res 2021; 36:4340-4348. [PMID: 34592853 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1983570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bioactivity-guided fraction of an extract of Sophora flavescens to identify antibacterial compounds against Acinetobacter baumannii, led to the isolation of two new compounds, (2″R)-5-methoxy-7-hydroxy-8-lavandulylchromone (13) and (2S,βS)-(-)-sophobiflavonoid CE (19), and 18 known flavonoids, (6aR,11aR)-(-)-maackiain (1), (2S)-(-)-8-prenylnaringenin (2), (2S)-(-)-exiguaflavanone K (3), (2S)-(-)-sophoraflavanone G (4), (2S)-(-)-leachianone A (5), (2S)-(-)-kushenol E (6), (2S)-(-)-leachianone G (7), (±)-kushenol F (8), (2S)-(-)-kurarinone (9), (2S)-(-)-kurarinol (10), (2 R,3R)- (+)-3,7,4'-trihydroxy-5-methoxy-8-prenylflavanone (11), (2S)-(-)-isoxanthohumol (12), (2S)-(-)-2'-methoxykurarinone (14), (2 R,3R)-(+)-kushenol I (15), calycosin (16), kuraridin (17), (2S)-(-)-kushenol A (18), and trifolirhizin (20). Their structures were elucidated based on NMR, MS, and CD spectroscopic analysis. Among them, 1, 2, 5, and 15 exerted modest antibacterial activity against A. baumannii, with MIC95 of 128-256 μg/mL for 2 and 256-512 μg/mL for 1, 5 and 15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wern Chern Chai
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Zhan-Yi Wang
- College of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Kai-Jun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jin-Yao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Henrietta Venter
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Susan J Semple
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Lan Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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16
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Mannan A, Singh TG, Singh V, Garg N, Kaur A, Singh M. Insights into the Mechanism of the Therapeutic Potential of Herbal Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors in Neurological Diseases. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 23:286-310. [PMID: 34238153 DOI: 10.2174/1389450122666210707120256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is an enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of monoamines and other proteins. MAO's hyperactivation results in the massive generation of reactive oxygen species, which leads to a variety of neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, and depression-like disorders. Although synthetic MAO inhibitors are clinically available, they are associated with side effects such as hepatotoxicity, cheese reaction, hypertensive crisis, and so on, necessitating the investigation of alternative MAO inhibitors from a natural source with a safe profile. Herbal medications have a significant impact on the prevention of many diseases; additionally, they have fewer side effects and serve as a precursor for drug development. This review discusses the potential of herbal MAO inhibitors as well as their associated mechanism of action, with an aim to foster future research on herbal MAO inhibitors as potential treatment for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashi Mannan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | | | - Varinder Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Nikhil Garg
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Amarjot Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Manjinder Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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17
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Clitorienolactones and Isoflavonoids of Clitorea ternatea Roots Alleviate Stress-Like Symptoms in a Reserpine-Induced Zebrafish Model. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144137. [PMID: 34299411 PMCID: PMC8304078 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clitorea ternatea has been used in Ayurvedic medicine as a brain stimulant to treat mental illnesses and mental functional disorders. In this study, the metabolite profiles of crude C. ternatea root extract (CTRE), ethyl acetate (EA), and 50% aqueous methanol (50% MeOH) fractions were investigated using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detector–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–DAD–MS/MS), while their effect on the stress-like behavior of zebrafish, pharmacologically induced with reserpine, was investigated. A total of 32 compounds were putatively identified, among which, a series of norneolignans, clitorienolactones, and various flavonoids (flavone, flavonol, isoflavone, and isoflavanone) was found to comprise the major constituents, particularly in the EA and 50% MeOH fractions. The clitorienolactones, presently unique to the species, were present in both the free and glycosylated forms in the roots. Both the EA and 50% MeOH fractions displayed moderate effects on the stress-induced zebrafish model, significantly decreasing freezing duration and elevating the total distance travelled and average velocity, 72 h post-treatment. The results of the present study provide further evidence that the basis for the use of C. ternatea roots in traditional medicine to alleviate brain-related conditions, such as stress and depression, is attributable to the presence of clitorienolactones and the isoflavonoidal constituents.
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18
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Calycosin and 8-O-methylretusin isolated from Maackia amurensis as potent and selective reversible inhibitors of human monoamine oxidase-B. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 151:441-448. [PMID: 32087226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Nineteen compounds were isolated from the stems of Maackia amurensis by activity-guided screening for new human monoamine oxidase-B (hMAO-B) inhibitors. Among the compounds isolated, flavonoids calycosin (5) and 8-O-methylretusin (6) were found to potently and selectively inhibit hMAO-B (IC50 = 0.24 and 0.23 μM, respectively) but not hMAO-A with high selectivity index (SI) values (SI = 293.8 and 81.3, respectively). In addition, 5 and 6 reversibly and competitively inhibited hMAO-B with Ki values of 0.057 and 0.054 μM, respectively. A pterocarpan (-)-medicarpin (18) was also observed to strongly inhibit hMAO-B (IC50 = 0.30 μM). Most of the compounds weakly inhibited AChE, except isolupalbigenin (13) (IC50 = 20.6 μM), which suggested 13 be considered a potential dual function inhibitor of MAO-B and AChE. Molecular docking simulation revealed that the binding affinities of 5 and 6 for hMAO-B (both -9.3 kcal/mol) were higher than those for hMAO-A (-7.4 and -7.2 kcal/mol, respectively). Compound 5 was found to interact by hydrogen bonding with hMAO-B at Cys172 residue (distance: 3.250 Å); no hydrogen bonding was predicted between 5 and hMAO-A. These findings suggest that compounds 5 and 6 be considered novel potent, selective, and reversible hMAO-B inhibitors and candidates for the treatment of neurological disorders.
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19
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Tang SW, Tang WH, Leonard BE. Herbal medicine for psychiatric disorders: Psychopharmacology and neuroscience-based nomenclature. World J Biol Psychiatry 2019. [PMID: 28649903 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2017.1346279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Herbs are frequently and concurrently used with prescribed drugs by patients worldwide. While clinical trials have found some herbs to be as useful as standard psychiatric drugs, most clinicians are unaware of their pharmacological mechanisms.Methods: We searched English language and other language literature with English abstracts listed in PubMed website, supplemented by additional through Google Scholar's free academic paper abstract website for publications on herbs, focussing on their clinical use in mental disorders, their neurobiology and their pharmacology.Results: A major reason for herbs remaining outside of mainstream psychiatry is that the terminology and concepts in herbal medicine are not familiar to psychiatrists in general. Many publications regarding the use of herbal medicine for psychiatric disorders are deficient in details regarding diagnosis, criteria for response and the neurobiology details compared with publications on standard psychotropic drugs. Nomenclature for herbal medicine is usually confusing and is not conducive to an easy understanding of their mode of action in psychiatric disorders.Conclusions: The recent neuroscience-based nomenclature (NbN) for psychotropics methodology would be a logical application to herbal medicine in facilitating a better understanding of the use of herbal medicine in psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu W Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Institute of Brain Medicine, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wayne H Tang
- Institute of Brain Medicine, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Brian E Leonard
- Institute of Brain Medicine, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Department of Pharmacology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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20
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Jiang D, Rasul A, Batool R, Sarfraz I, Hussain G, Mateen Tahir M, Qin T, Selamoglu Z, Ali M, Li J, Li X. Potential Anticancer Properties and Mechanisms of Action of Formononetin. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:5854315. [PMID: 31467899 PMCID: PMC6699357 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5854315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nature, a vast reservoir of pharmacologically active molecules, has been most promising source of drug leads for the cure of various pathological conditions. Formononetin is one of the bioactive isoflavones isolated from different plants mainly from Trifolium pratense, Glycine max, Sophora flavescens, Pycnanthus angolensis, and Astragalus membranaceus. Formononetin has been well-documented for its anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. Recently anticancer activity of formononetin is widely studied. This review aims to highlight the pharmacological potential of formononetin, thus providing an insight of its status in cancer therapeutics. Formononetin fights progression of cancer via inducing apoptosis, arresting cell cycle, and halting metastasis via targeting various pathways which are generally modulated in several cancers. Although reported data acclaims various biological properties of formononetin, further experimentation on mechanism of its action, medicinal chemistry studies, and preclinical investigations are surely needed to figure out full array of its pharmacological and biological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjun Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Azhar Rasul
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), 38000, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Batool
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), 38000, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Sarfraz
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Hussain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mateen Tahir
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), 38000, Pakistan
| | - Tian Qin
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Zeliha Selamoglu
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nigde Ömer Halisdemir University, Nigde, Campus 51240, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Jiang Li
- Dental Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xiaomeng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
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21
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Dhiman P, Malik N, Sobarzo-Sánchez E, Uriarte E, Khatkar A. Quercetin and Related Chromenone Derivatives as Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: Targeting Neurological and Mental Disorders. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030418. [PMID: 30678358 PMCID: PMC6385169 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase inhibitions are considered as important targets for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. This has encouraged many medicinal chemistry research groups for the development of most promising selective monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors. A large number of plant isolates also reported for significant MAO inhibition potential in recent years. Differently substituted flavonoids have been prepared and investigated as MAO-A and MAO-B inhibitors. Flavonoid scaffold showed notable antidepressant and neuroprotective properties as revealed by various and established preclinical trials. The current review made an attempt to summarizing and critically evaluating the new findings on the quercetin and related flavonoid derivatives functions as potent MAO isoform inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Dhiman
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M. D. University, Rohtak 124001, India.
| | - Neelam Malik
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M. D. University, Rohtak 124001, India.
| | - Eduardo Sobarzo-Sánchez
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, 8370178 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Eugenio Uriarte
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, 7500912 Santiago, Chile.
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Anurag Khatkar
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M. D. University, Rohtak 124001, India.
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22
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Hong R, Li X. Discovery of monoamine oxidase inhibitors by medicinal chemistry approaches. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:10-25. [PMID: 30774851 PMCID: PMC6350766 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00446c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and depression, have seriously inconvenienced the lives of patients. Growing evidence indicates that these diseases are closely related to the monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzyme, making it an attractive target for the exploitation of potent MAO inhibitors (MAOIs) with high selectivity and low side effects. Although various MAOIs have been discovered, the discovery of an ideal MAOI is not an easy task. In this review, we discuss the currently available rational design strategies for obtaining ideal MAOIs, including ligand-based and receptor-based design strategies, and these strategies were further illustrated with the aid of specific examples from the recent literature. To better understanding the biological activity of MAO, we also highlight the binding modes of typical inhibitors against MAO. Besides, advanced strategies for finding upcoming potent MAOIs were prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renyuan Hong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education) , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , 250012 , Jinan , Shandong , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: 86 531 88382005
| | - Xun Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education) , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , 250012 , Jinan , Shandong , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: 86 531 88382005
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23
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Khan H, Perviz S, Sureda A, Nabavi SM, Tejada S. Current standing of plant derived flavonoids as an antidepressant. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 119:176-188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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24
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Yang XX, Zhou YZ, Xu F, Yu J, Gegentana, Shang MY, Wang X, Cai SQ. Screening potential mitochondria-targeting compounds from traditional Chinese medicines using a mitochondria-based centrifugal ultrafiltration/liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method. J Pharm Anal 2018; 8:240-249. [PMID: 30140488 PMCID: PMC6104153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria regulate numerous crucial cell processes, including energy production, apoptotic cell death, oxidative stress, calcium homeostasis and lipid metabolism. Here, we applied an efficient mitochondria-based centrifugal ultrafiltration/liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) method, also known as screening method for mitochondria-targeted bioactive constituents (SM-MBC). This method allowed searching natural mitochondria-targeting compounds from traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), including Puerariae Radix (PR) and Chuanxiong Radix (CR). A total of 23 active compounds were successfully discovered from the two TCMs extracts. Among these 23 hit compounds, 17 were identified by LC/MS, 12 of which were novel mitochondria-targeting compounds. Among these, 6 active compounds were analyzed in vitro for pharmacological tests and found able to affect mitochondrial functions. We also investigated the effects of the hit compounds on HepG2 cell proliferation and on loss of cardiomyocyte viability induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. The results obtained are useful for in-depth understanding of mechanisms underlying TCMs therapeutic effects at mitochondria level and for developing novel potential drugs using TCMs as lead compounds. Finally, we showed that SM-MBC was an efficient protocol for the rapid screening of mitochondria-targeting constituents from complex samples such as PR and CR extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Xin Yang
- Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China.,Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China.,College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming 650500, Yunnan Province, PR China
| | - Yu-Zhen Zhou
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Jie Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Kunming 650500, Yunnan Province, PR China
| | - Gegentana
- Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Ming-Ying Shang
- Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Shao-Qing Cai
- Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
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25
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Tripathi AC, Upadhyay S, Paliwal S, Saraf SK. Privileged scaffolds as MAO inhibitors: Retrospect and prospects. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 145:445-497. [PMID: 29335210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to be a comprehensive, authoritative, critical, and readable review of general interest to the medicinal chemistry community because it focuses on the pharmacological, chemical, structural and computational aspects of diverse chemical categories as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Monoamine oxidases (MAOs), namely MAO-A and MAO-B represent an enormously valuable class of neuronal enzymes embodying neurobiological origin and functions, serving as potential therapeutic target in neuronal pharmacotherapy, and hence we have coined the term "Neurozymes" which is being introduced for the first time ever. Nowadays, therapeutic attention on MAOIs engrosses two imperative categories; MAO-A inhibitors, in certain mental disorders such as depression and anxiety, and MAO-B inhibitors, in neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). The use of MAOIs declined due to some potential side effects, food and drug interactions, and introduction of other classes of drugs. However, curiosity in MAOIs is reviving and the recent developments of new generation of highly selective and reversible MAOIs, have renewed the therapeutic prospective of these compounds. The initial section of the review emphasizes on the detailed classification, structural and binding characteristics, therapeutic potential, current status and future challenges of the privileged pharmacophores. However, the chemical prospective of privileged scaffolds such as; aliphatic and aromatic amines, amides, hydrazines, azoles, diazoles, tetrazoles, indoles, azines, diazines, xanthenes, tricyclics, benzopyrones, and more interestingly natural products, along with their conclusive SARs have been discussed in the later segment of review. The last segment of the article encompasses some patents granted in the field of MAOIs, in a simplistic way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash C Tripathi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das Northern India Institute of Technology, Lucknow 226028, UP, India
| | - Savita Upadhyay
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das Northern India Institute of Technology, Lucknow 226028, UP, India
| | - Sarvesh Paliwal
- Pharmacy Department, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Tonk 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shailendra K Saraf
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das Northern India Institute of Technology, Lucknow 226028, UP, India.
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26
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Abstract
A significant number of patients with major depression do not respond optimally to current antidepressant drugs. As depression is likely to be a heterogeneous disorder, it is possible that existing neurotransmitter-based antidepressant drugs do not fully address other pathologies that may exist in certain cases. Biological pathologies related to depression that have been proposed and studied extensively include inflammation and immunology, hypercortisolemia, oxidative stress, and impaired angiogenesis. Such pathologies may induce neurodegeneration, which in turn causes cognitive impairment, a symptom increasingly being recognized in depression. A neurotoxic brain hypothesis unifying all these factors may explain the heterogeneity of depression as well as cognitive decline and antidepressant drug resistance in some patients. Compared with neurotransmitter-based antidepressant drugs, many botanical compounds in traditional medicine used for the treatment of depression and its related symptoms have been discovered to be anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory, anti-infection, antioxidative, and proangiogenic. Some botanical compounds also exert actions on neurotransmission. This multitarget nature of botanical medicine may act through the amelioration of the neurotoxic brain environment in some patients resistant to neurotransmitter-based antidepressant drugs. A multitarget multidimensional approach may be a reasonable solution for patients resistant to neurotransmitter-based antidepressant drugs.
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27
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Lu X, Ma J, Qiu H, Yang L, Cao L, Shen J. Anti-proliferation effects of trifolirhizin on MKN45 cells and possible mechanism. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:2785-2792. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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28
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Lee HW, Ryu HW, Kang MG, Park D, Oh SR, Kim H. Potent selective monoamine oxidase B inhibition by maackiain, a pterocarpan from the roots of Sophora flavescens. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:4714-4719. [PMID: 27575476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) catalyzes the oxidation of monoamines and its two isoforms, MAO-A and MAO-B, break down neurotransmitter amines. Of the compounds isolated from the roots of Sophora flavescens, (-)-maackiain (4), a pterocarpan, was found to potently and selectively inhibit human MAO-B, with an IC50 of 0.68μM, and to have a selectivity index of 126.2 for MAO-B. As compared with other herbal natural products, the IC50 value of 4 for MAO-B is one of the lowest reported to date. Genistein (1) highly, effectively and non-selectively inhibited MAO-A and MAO-B with IC50 values of 3.9μM and 4.1μM, respectively. (-)-4-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-8,9-methylenedioxypterocarpan (2) effectively and non-selectively inhibited MAO-A and MAO-B with IC50 values of 20.3μM and 10.3μM, respectively. In addition, compound 4 reversibly and competitively inhibited MAO-B with a Ki value of 0.054μM. Molecular docking simulation revealed that the binding affinity of 4 for MAO-B (-26.6kcal/mol) was greater than its affinity for MAO-A (-8.3kcal/mol), which was in-line with our inhibitory activity findings. Furthermore, Cys172 of MAO-B was found to be a key residue for hydrogen bonding with compound 4. The findings of this study suggest compound 4 be viewed as a new potent, selective, and reversible MAO-B inhibitor, and that compounds 1 and 2 be considered useful lead compounds for the developments of nonselective and reversible MAO inhibitors for the treatment of disorders like Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer disease, and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Woo Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Won Ryu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Gyun Kang
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeui Park
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea.
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He X, Fang J, Huang L, Wang J, Huang X. Sophora flavescens Ait.: Traditional usage, phytochemistry and pharmacology of an important traditional Chinese medicine. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 172:10-29. [PMID: 26087234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Sophora flavescens (Fabaceae), also known as Kushen (Chinese: ), has been an important species in Chinese medicine since the Qin and Han dynasties. The root of Sophora flavescens has a long history in the traditional medicine of many countries, including China, Japan, Korea, India and some countries in Europe. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), Sophora flavescens has been used extensively, mainly in combination with other medicinal plants in prescriptions to treat fever, dysentery, hematochezia, jaundice, oliguria, vulvar swelling, asthma, eczema, inflammatory disorders, ulcers and diseases associated with skin burns. The aim of this review is to provide updated and comprehensive information regarding the botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, biological activities and toxicology of Sophora flavescens and to discuss possible trends and opportunities for further research on Sophora flavescens. MATERIALS AND METHODS We systematically searched major scientific databases (PubMed, Elsevier, SpringerLink, Google Scholar, Medline Plus, ACS, "Da Yi Yi Xue Sou Suo (http://www.dayi100.com/login.jsp)", China Knowledge Resource Integrated (CNKI) and Web of Science) for information published between 1958 and 2015 on Sophora flavescens. Information was also acquired from local classic herbal literature, conference papers, government reports, and PhD and MSc dissertations. RESULTS The broad spectrum of biological activities associated with Sophora flavescens has been considered a valuable resource in both traditional and modern medicine. Extracts are taken either orally or by injection. More than 200 compounds have been isolated from Sophora flavescens, and the major components have been identified as flavonoids and alkaloids. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that at least 50 pure compounds and crude extracts from Sophora flavescens possess wide-ranging antitumor, antimicrobial, antipyretic, antinociceptive, and anti-inflammatory pharmacological abilities. The anticancer and anti-infection abilities of these components are especially attractive areas for research. CONCLUSIONS Sophora flavescens is a promising traditional medicine, but there is a need for more precise studies to test the safety and clinical value of its main active crude extracts and pure compounds and to clarify their mechanisms of action. Moreover, some existing studies have lacked systematic methods and integration with the existing literature, and some of the experiments were isolated, used small sample sizes and were unreliable. More validated data are therefore required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xirui He
- Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710054, PR China; The College of Life Sciences, Northwestern University, Xi'an 710069, PR China.
| | - Jiacheng Fang
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwestern University, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Linhong Huang
- Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710054, PR China.
| | - Jinhui Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, University Hospital of Gansu Traditional Medicine, Lanzhou 730020, PR China
| | - Xiaoqiang Huang
- Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710054, PR China
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Genotoxicity and subchronic toxicity of Sophorae radix in rats: Hepatotoxic and genotoxic potential. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 71:379-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Xiang Z, Sun H, Cai X, Chen D, Zheng X. The study on the material basis and the mechanism for anti-renal interstitial fibrosis efficacy of rhubarb through integration of metabonomics and network pharmacology. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 11:1067-78. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00573b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cooperative material basis of the multi-component and multi-target mechanism of action of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is difficult to elucidate because of the current lack of appropriate techniques and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou 325035
- China
| | - Hao Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou 325035
- China
| | - Xiaojun Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou 325035
- China
| | - Dahui Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou 325035
- China
| | - Xiaoyong Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou 325035
- China
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Chen P, Zhang X, Huang T, Yu Q, Cheng N. Metabolism of the Hepatotoxic Compound Sophoraflavanone G in Rat Liver Microsomes. J Food Sci 2014; 79:T1462-8. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- School of Pharmacy; Fudan Univ; Shanghai China
| | | | | | - Qianqian Yu
- School of Pharmacy; Fudan Univ; Shanghai China
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Shi SH, Cai YP, Cai XJ, Zheng XY, Cao DS, Ye FQ, Xiang Z. A network pharmacology approach to understanding the mechanisms of action of traditional medicine: Bushenhuoxue formula for treatment of chronic kidney disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89123. [PMID: 24598793 PMCID: PMC3943740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has unique therapeutic effects for complex chronic diseases. However, for the lack of an effective systematic approach, the research progress on the effective substances and pharmacological mechanism of action has been very slow. In this paper, by incorporating network biology, bioinformatics and chemoinformatics methods, an integrated approach was proposed to systematically investigate and explain the pharmacological mechanism of action and effective substances of TCM. This approach includes the following main steps: First, based on the known drug targets, network biology was used to screen out putative drug targets; Second, the molecular docking method was used to calculate whether the molecules from TCM and drug targets related to chronic kidney diseases (CKD) interact or not; Third, according to the result of molecular docking, natural product-target network, main component-target network and compound-target network were constructed; Finally, through analysis of network characteristics and literature mining, potential effective multi-components and their synergistic mechanism were putatively identified and uncovered. Bu-shen-Huo-xue formula (BSHX) which was frequently used for treating CKD, was used as the case to demonstrate reliability of our proposed approach. The results show that BSHX has the therapeutic effect by using multi-channel network regulation, such as regulating the coagulation and fibrinolytic balance, and the expression of inflammatory factors, inhibiting abnormal ECM accumulation. Tanshinone IIA, rhein, curcumin, calycosin and quercetin may be potential effective ingredients of BSHX. This research shows that the integration approach can be an effective means for discovering active substances and revealing their pharmacological mechanisms of TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-hua Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yue-piao Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiao-jun Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiao-yong Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dong-sheng Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fa-qing Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- * E-mail: (FY); (ZX)
| | - Zheng Xiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- * E-mail: (FY); (ZX)
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Yu N, He L, Liu N, Wang Y, Xu H, Liu D. Antimicrobial action of an endophytic fungi from Sophor flavescens and structure identification of its active constituent. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014; 28:327-332. [PMID: 26019517 PMCID: PMC4434118 DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2014.911618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungus BS002 was isolated and characterized from Sophora flavescens by plate method, which has broad antimicrobial activity. Isolation and trace of a new bioactive compound from the fungus' culture extracts with the method of column chromatography and TLC biological autoradiography was conducted. Finally, it was identified as 6,7-(2'E) dibutenyl-5,8-dihydroxy-(Z)-cyclooct-2-ene-1,4-dione by nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The compound presented strong antifungal activities for example: Botryosphaeria berengriana f.sp. piricola, Physalospora piricola, Cladosporium cucumerinum Ell. Arthur., Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum, Fusarium moniliforme. The inhibition to Physalospora piricola was the strongest with an antibacterial diameter of 45 mm. This paper is the first report of the antimicrobial activity of endophytic fungi BS002 that was the secondary metabolites extracted from the seeds of Sophora flavescens. The results provide a broad foreground for biopharmaceuticals and biopesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning,Anshan City, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu He
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning,Anshan City, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Liu
- Shanghai Key Lab of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Horticultural Research Institute,Shanghai City, China People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning,Anshan City, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning,Anshan City, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning,Anshan City, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
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Waye A, Annal M, Tang A, Picard G, Harnois F, Guerrero-Analco JA, Saleem A, Hewitt LM, Milestone CB, MacLatchy DL, Trudeau VL, Arnason JT. Canadian boreal pulp and paper feedstocks contain neuroactive substances that interact in vitro with GABA and dopaminergic systems in the brain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 468-469:315-325. [PMID: 24041600 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Pulp and paper wood feedstocks have been previously implicated as a source of chemicals with the ability to interact with or disrupt key neuroendocrine endpoints important in the control of reproduction. We tested nine Canadian conifers commonly used in pulp and paper production as well as 16 phytochemicals that have been observed in various pulp and paper mill effluent streams for their ability to interact in vitro with the enzymes monoamine oxidase (MAO), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and GABA-transaminase (GABA-T), and bind to the benzodiazepine-binding site of the GABA(A) receptor (GABA(A)-BZD). These neuroendocrine endpoints are also important targets for treatment of neurological disorders such as anxiety, epilepsy, or depression. MAO and GAD were inhibited by various conifer extracts of different polarities, including major feedstocks such as balsam fir, black spruce, and white spruce. MAO was selectively stimulated or inhibited by many of the tested phytochemicals, with inhibition observed by a group of phenylpropenes (e.g. isoeugenol and vanillin). Selective GAD inhibition was also observed, with all of the resin acids tested being inhibitory. GABA(A)-BZD ligand displacement was also observed. We compiled a table identifying which of these phytochemicals have been described in each of the species tested here. Given the diversity of conifer species and plant chemicals with these specific neuroactivities, it is reasonable to propose that MAO and GAD inhibition reported in effluents is phytochemical in origin. We propose disruption of these neuroendocrine endpoints as a possible mechanism of reproductive inhibition, and also identify an avenue for potential research and sourcing of conifer-derived neuroactive natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Waye
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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Carradori S, D'Ascenzio M, Chimenti P, Secci D, Bolasco A. Selective MAO-B inhibitors: a lesson from natural products. Mol Divers 2013; 18:219-43. [PMID: 24218136 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-013-9490-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are mitochondrial bound enzymes, which catalyze the oxidative deamination of monoamine neurotransmitters. Inside the brain, MAOs are present in two isoforms: MAO-A and MAO-B. The activity of MAO-B is generally higher in patients affected by neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Therefore, the search for potent and selective MAO-B inhibitors is still a challenge for medicinal chemists. Nature has always been a source of inspiration for the discovery of new lead compounds. Moreover, natural medicine is a major component in all traditional medicine systems. In this review, we present the latest discoveries in the search for selective MAO-B inhibitors from natural sources. For clarity, compounds have been classified on the basis of structural analogy or source: flavonoids, xanthones, tannins, proanthocyanidins, iridoid glucosides, curcumin, alkaloids, cannabinoids, and natural sources extracts. MAO inhibition values reported in the text are not always consistent due to the high variability of MAO sources (bovine, pig, rat brain or liver, and human) and to the heterogeneity of the experimental protocols used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Carradori
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 , Rome, Italy
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Yu Q, Cheng N, Ni X. Identifying 2 prenylflavanones as potential hepatotoxic compounds in the ethanol extract of Sophora flavescens. J Food Sci 2013; 78:T1830-4. [PMID: 24245902 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Zhixue capsule is a prescription for hemorrhoid commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine. This drug was recalled by the State Food and Drug Administration in 2008 because of severe adverse hepatic reactions. Zhixue capsule is composed of ethanol extracts of Cortex Dictamni (ECD) and Sophora flavescens (ESF). In our preliminary study, we observed the hepatotoxic effects of ESF on rat primary hepatocytes. However, ECD did not exhibit hepatotoxicity at the same concentration range. In this study, ESF was evaluated for its potential hepatotoxic effects on rats. Bioassay-guided isolation was used to identify the material basis for hepatotoxicity. Treatment with 1.25 g/kg and 2.5 g/kg ESF significantly elevated the alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels in the serum. The changes in the levels of transaminases were supported by the remarkable fatty degeneration of liver histopathology. Further investigations using bioassay-guided isolation and analysis indicated that prenylated flavanones accounted for the positive hepatotoxic results. Two isolated compounds were identified, kurarinone and sophoraflavanone G, using nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry techniques. These compounds have potent toxic effects on primary rat hepatocytes (with IC50 values of 29.9 μM and 16.5 μM) and human HL-7702 liver cells (with IC50 values of 48.2 μM and 40.3 μM), respectively. Consequently, the hepatotoxic constituents of S. flavescens were determined to be prenylated flavanones, kurarinone, and sophoraflavanone G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan Univ., Shanghai, China
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Jäger AK, Gauguin B, Andersen J, Adsersen A, Gudiksen L. Screening of plants used in Danish folk medicine to treat depression and anxiety for affinity to the serotonin transporter and inhibition of MAO-A. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 145:822-825. [PMID: 23266274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE A number of plant species are used in Danish folk medicine for treatment of depression and anxiety. MATERIALS AND METHODS Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of 17 plant species were tested for affinity to the serotonin transporter and for inhibition of MAO-A-both targets for antidepressive treatment. RESULTS An ethanolic extract of aerial parts of Borago officinalis had affinity to the serotonin transporter. Ten extracts, from eight plants, had IC(50) values below 25μg/ml extract in the MAO-A assay. The most active extracts in the MAO-A assay were the ethanol extract of seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum (IC(50) 4μg/ml); ethanol extract of leaves of Apium graveolens (IC(50) 5μg/ml) and the water extract of aerial parts of Calluna vulgaris (IC(50) 8μg/ml). CONCLUSIONS Besides Borago officinalis, which toxicity profile excludes it from further development as an herbal drug, none of the plants had potential as serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Several plants had MAO-A inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Jäger
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2 Universitetsparken, 2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark.
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Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity of traditional Chinese herb pairs, Angelica sinensis and Sophora flavescens. Inflammation 2012; 35:913-9. [PMID: 21976127 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-011-9393-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity of Angelica sinensis extract (AE), Sophora flavescens extract (SE), and herb pair A. sinensis and S. flavescens extract (HPE). Endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) was induced in rats by a footpad injection of lipopolysaccharide. The anti-inflammatory potential of AE, SE, and HPE in the regulation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), maleic dialdehyde (MDA), polymorphonuclear cells (PMN), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), adhesion molecule (ICAM-1), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was determined by ELISA and immunohistochemistry. HPE showed strong antibacterial activity at all tested concentrations (1.25, 2.5, and 5 μg/ml) to Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Shigella Castellani and Chalmers. HPE significantly inhibited EIU-induced upregulation of NF-κB activation and the production of IL-1β, TNF-α, iNOS, ICAM-1, and COX-2. Moreover, HPE suppressed MDA and infiltration of PMN. The study supports the hypothesis that the antipimple and anti-eczema activities of Dangguikushen compound recipe are attributed to herb pairs, A. sinensis and S. flavescens, used in combination.
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Bai L, Zhu LY, Yang BS, Shi LJ, Liu Y, Jiang AM, Zhao LL, Song G, Liu TF. Antitumor and immunomodulating activity of a polysaccharide from Sophora flavescens Ait. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 51:705-9. [PMID: 22782069 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The immunostimulatory activity of Sophora flavescens polysaccharide (SFPW1) was evaluated by using in vitro cell models and in vivo animal models. The results demonstrated that SFPW1 could effectively inhibit the tumor growth in H22 tumor-bearing mice and promote the splenocyte proliferation, thus resulting in a prolonged life survival. For assay in vitro, SFPW1 significantly strengthened peritoneal macrophages to devour H22 tumor cells and stimulated macrophages to produce nitric oxide (NO) via up-regulation of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) activity. However, no direct cytotoxicity against H22 tumor cells was observed in vitro. These results suggest that SFPW1 might be a strong natural immunomodulator and the antitumor effect of this polysaccharide is associated with its potent immunostimulating effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Bai
- Gastroenterology Department, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
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Quang TH, Ngan NTT, Minh CV, Kiem PV, Tai BH, Thao NP, Kwon SU, Lee YM, Kang HK, Kim YH. α-Glucosidase Inhibitors from the Roots of Sophora flavescens. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.5.1791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Han CC, Wei H, Guo J. Anti-inflammatory effects of fermented and non-fermented Sophora flavescens: a comparative study. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 11:100. [PMID: 22026927 PMCID: PMC3215180 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-11-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background The roots of Sophora flavescens (Leguminosae) have been used in East Asian countries as an herbal medicine and a food ingredient for thousands of years. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of S. flavescens fermentation on endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) in rats. Methods EIU was induced in rats via a footpad injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Immediately after the LPS inoculation, fermented and non-fermented extracts of S. flavescens (FSE and NFSE, respectively) were administered orally, and the aqueous humor was collected from both eyes 24 hours later. The anti-inflammatory effects of FSE and NFSE were examined in terms of regulation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation and the expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), intercellular cell adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The regulation of maleic dialdehyde (MDA) levels and polymorphonuclear cell (PMN) infiltration by FSE and NFSE were also examined. Results Treatment with FSE significantly inhibited LPS-induced increases in IL-1β and TNF-α production and the expression of iNOS, ICAM-1 and COX-2. Moreover, FSE suppressed LPS-induced NF-κB activation, and reduced both MDA levels and infiltration by PMN. Conclusion These results indicate that solid state fermentation may enhance the anti-inflammatory effects of S. flavescens.
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Abstract
Flavonoids are present in almost all terrestrial plants, where they provide UV-protection and colour. Flavonoids have a fused ring system consisting of an aromatic ring and a benzopyran ring with a phenyl substituent. The flavonoids can be divided into several classes depending on their structure. Flavonoids are present in food and medicinal plants and are thus consumed by humans. They are found in plants as glycosides. Before oral absorption, flavonoids undergo deglycosylation either by lactase phloridzin hydrolase or cytosolic β-glucocidase. The absorbed aglycone is then conjugated by methylation, sulphatation or glucuronidation. Both the aglycones and the conjugates can pass the blood-brain barrier. In the CNS several flavones bind to the benzodiazepine site on the GABAA-receptor resulting in sedation, anxiolytic or anti-convulsive effects. Flavonoids of several classes are inhibitors of monoamine oxidase A or B, thereby working as anti-depressants or to improve the conditions of Parkinson’s patients. Flavanols, flavanones and anthocyanidins have protective effects preventing inflammatory processes leading to nerve injury. Flavonoids seem capable of influencing health and mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Jäger
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2 Universitetsparken, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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8-Prenylkaempferol accelerates osteoblast maturation through bone morphogenetic protein-2/p38 pathway to activate Runx2 transcription. Life Sci 2010; 88:335-42. [PMID: 21163272 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In this study, we investigated the effect of 8-prenylkaempferol (8-PK), a prenyl-flavonoid isolated from Sophora flavescens, on osteoblast differentiation and maturation. MAIN METHODS MC3T3-E1 cells were exposed to 8-PK and the cytotoxicity was assayed. Osteoblast differentiation and maturation were evaluated by analyzing alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and cell mineralization, respectively. RT-PCR and Western blot were executed to determine the effects of 8-PK on osteoblast differentiation-related gene expression and signaling pathway. KEY FINDINGS 8-PK significantly promoted ALP activity, up-regulated mRNA expressions of osteocalcin, osteopontin, and type I collagen, and induced bone nodules formation. Induction of differentiation by 8-PK was associated with increased bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 expression, and sequentially up-regulated the phosphorylations of Smad1/5/8 and p38, and increased the nuclear translocation of runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). Addition of BMP-2 antagonist noggin blocked 8-PK and recombinant mouse BMP-2-induced ALP activity, reconfirming that BMP-2 production is required in 8-PK-mediated osteoblast differentiation. Noggin also abrogated 8-PK evoked phosphorylations of Smad1/5/8 and p38, suggesting that BMP-2 signaling is required for p38 activation in 8-PK-treated cells. Application of p38 inhibitor SB203580 repressed not only 8-PK-mediated activation of ALP, but also the nuclear translocation of Runx2 and bone nodules formation. SIGNIFICANCE The present results suggested that BMP-2/p38/Runx2 pathways were involved in 8-PK-induced differentiation/maturation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts and firstly demonstrated that 8-PK might be a promising agent for inducing osteogenesis.
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Kim HY, Eo EY, Park H, Kim YC, Park S, Shin HJ, Kim K. Medicinal herbal extracts of Sophorae radix, Acanthopanacis cortex, Sanguisorbae radix and Torilis fructus inhibit coronavirus replication in vitro. Antivir Ther 2010; 15:697-709. [PMID: 20710051 DOI: 10.3851/imp1615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cimicifuga rhizome, Meliae cortex, Coptidis rhizome and Phellodendron cortex have been previously shown to exhibit anti-coronavirus activity. Here, an additional 19 traditional medicinal herbal extracts were evaluated for antiviral activities in vitro. METHODS A plaque assay was used to evaluate the effects of 19 extracts, and the concentration of extract required to inhibit 50% of the replication (EC(50)) of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) A59 strain (MHV-A59) was determined. The 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC(50)) of each extract was also determined. Northern and western blot analyses were conducted to evaluate antiviral activity on viral entry, viral RNA and protein expression, and release in MHV-infected DBT cells. RESULTS Sophorae radix, Acanthopanacis cortex and Torilis fructus reduced intracellular viral RNA levels with comparable reductions in viral proteins and MHV-A59 production. The extracts also reduced the replication of the John Howard Mueller strain of MHV, porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus and vesicular stomatitis virus in vitro. Sanguisorbae radix reduced coronavirus production, partly as a result of decreased protein synthesis, but without a significant reduction in intracellular viral RNA levels. The EC(50) values of the four extracts ranged from 0.8 to 3.7 microg/ml, whereas the CC(50) values ranged from 156.5 to 556.8 microg/ml. Acanthopanacis cortex and Torilis fructus might exert their antiviral activities in MHV-A59-infected cells by inducing cyclooxygenase-2 expression via the activation of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) and p38 or ERK alone, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Sophorae radix, Acanthopanacis cortex, Sanguisorbae radix and Torilis fructus might be considered as promising novel anti-coronavirus drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Young Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
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Jung HA, Yoon NY, Kang SS, Kim YS, Choi JS. Inhibitory activities of prenylated flavonoids from Sophora flavescens against aldose reductase and generation of advanced glycation endproducts. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 60:1227-36. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.9.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Important targets for the prevention and treatment of diabetic complications include aldose reductase (AR) inhibitors (ARIs) and inhibitors of advanced glycation endproduct (AGE) formation. Here we evaluate the inhibitory activities of prenylated flavonoids isolated from Sophora flavescens, a traditional herbal medicine, on rat lens AR (RLAR), human recombinant AR (HRAR) and AGE formation. Among the tested compounds, two prenylated chalcones — desmethylanhydroicaritin (1) and 8-lavandulylkaempferol (2) — along with five prenylated flavanones — kurarinol (8), kurarinone (9), (2S)-2′-methoxykurarinone (10), (2S)-3β,7,4′-trihydroxy-5-methoxy-8-(γ,γ-dimethylally)-flavanone (11), and kushenol E (13) were potent inhibitors of RLAR, with IC50 values of 0.95, 3.80, 2.13, 2.99, 3.77, 3.63 and 7.74 μM, respectively, compared with quercetin (IC50 7.73 μM). In the HRAR assay, most of the prenylated flavonoids tested showed marked inhibitory activity compared with quercetin (IC50 2.54 μM). In particular, all tested prenylated flavonols, such as desmethylanhydroicaritin (1, IC50 0.45 μM), 8-lavandulylkaempferol (2, IC50 0.79 μM) and kushenol C (3, IC50 0.85 μM), as well as a prenylated chalcone, kuraridin (5, IC50 0.27 μM), and a prenylated flavanone, (2S)-7,4′-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-8-(γ,γ-dimethylally)-flavanone (12, IC50 0.37 μM), showed significant inhibitory activities compared with the potent AR inhibitor epalrestat (IC50 0.28 μM). Interestingly, prenylated flavonoids 1 (IC50 104.3 μgmL−1), 2 (IC50 132.1 μgmL−1), 3 (IC50 84.6 μgmL−1) and 11 (IC50 261.0 μgmL−1), which harbour a 3-hydroxyl group, also possessed good inhibitory activity toward AGE formation compared with the positive control aminoguanidine (IC50 115.7 μgmL−1). Thus, S. flavescens and its prenylated flavonoids inhibit the processes that underlie diabetic complications and related diseases and may therefore have therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ah Jung
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Busan 608–737, South Korea
| | - Na Young Yoon
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Busan 608–737, South Korea
| | - Sam Sik Kang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151–742, South Korea
| | - Yeong Shik Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151–742, South Korea
| | - Jae Sue Choi
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Busan 608–737, South Korea
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Zhou H, Lutterodt H, Cheng Z, Yu L(L. Anti-Inflammatory and antiproliferative activities of trifolirhizin, a flavonoid from Sophora flavescens roots. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:4580-5. [PMID: 19402641 PMCID: PMC2704566 DOI: 10.1021/jf900340b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Trifolirhizin, a pterocarpan flavonoid, was isolated from the roots of Sophora flavescens, and its chemical structure was confirmed by (1)H and (13)C NMR and MS spectra. Its anti-inflammatory activity was examined in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse J774A.1 macrophages. Trifolirhizin not only dose-dependently inhibited LPS-induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) but also inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). In addition, trifolirhizin showed in vitro inhibitory effects on the growth of human A2780 ovarian and H23 lung cancer cells. These results suggest that trifolirhizin possesses potential anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Herman Lutterodt
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Zhihong Cheng
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Liangli (Lucy) Yu
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
- Contact information of the corresponding author: Liangli (Lucy) Yu, Ph.D., Department of Nutrition & Food Science, University of Maryland, 0112 Skinner Building, College Park, MD 20742, Tel: (301) 405-0761, Fax: (301) 314-3313,
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Rosén J, Gottfries J, Muresan S, Backlund A, Oprea TI. Novel chemical space exploration via natural products. J Med Chem 2009; 52:1953-62. [PMID: 19265440 DOI: 10.1021/jm801514w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural products (NPs) are a rich source of novel compound classes and new drugs. In the present study we have used the chemical space navigation tool ChemGPS-NP to evaluate the chemical space occupancy by NPs and bioactive medicinal chemistry compounds from the database WOMBAT. The two sets differ notably in coverage of chemical space, and tangible leadlike NPs were found to cover regions of chemical space that lack representation in WOMBAT. Property based similarity calculations were performed to identify NP neighbors of approved drugs. Several of the NPs revealed by this method were confirmed to exhibit the same activity as their drug neighbors. The identification of leads from a NP starting point may prove a useful strategy for drug discovery in the search for novel leads with unique properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefin Rosén
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Pharmacognosy, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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