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Kunzelmann K, Ousingsawat J, Kraus A, Park JH, Marquardt T, Schreiber R, Buchholz B. Pathogenic Relationships in Cystic Fibrosis and Renal Diseases: CFTR, SLC26A9 and Anoctamins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13278. [PMID: 37686084 PMCID: PMC10487509 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cl--transporting proteins CFTR, SLC26A9, and anoctamin (ANO1; ANO6) appear to have more in common than initially suspected, as they all participate in the pathogenic process and clinical outcomes of airway and renal diseases. In the present review, we will therefore concentrate on recent findings concerning electrolyte transport in the airways and kidneys, and the role of CFTR, SLC26A9, and the anoctamins ANO1 and ANO6. Special emphasis will be placed on cystic fibrosis and asthma, as well as renal alkalosis and polycystic kidney disease. In essence, we will summarize recent evidence indicating that CFTR is the only relevant secretory Cl- channel in airways under basal (nonstimulated) conditions and after stimulation by secretagogues. Information is provided on the expressions of ANO1 and ANO6, which are important for the correct expression and function of CFTR. In addition, there is evidence that the Cl- transporter SLC26A9 expressed in the airways may have a reabsorptive rather than a Cl--secretory function. In the renal collecting ducts, bicarbonate secretion occurs through a synergistic action of CFTR and the Cl-/HCO3- transporter SLC26A4 (pendrin), which is probably supported by ANO1. Finally, in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), the secretory function of CFTR in renal cyst formation may have been overestimated, whereas ANO1 and ANO6 have now been shown to be crucial in ADPKD and therefore represent new pharmacological targets for the treatment of polycystic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Kunzelmann
- Physiological Institute, University of Regensburg, University Street 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (J.O.); (R.S.)
| | - Jiraporn Ousingsawat
- Physiological Institute, University of Regensburg, University Street 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (J.O.); (R.S.)
| | - Andre Kraus
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.K.); (B.B.)
| | - Julien H. Park
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.H.P.); (T.M.)
| | - Thorsten Marquardt
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.H.P.); (T.M.)
| | - Rainer Schreiber
- Physiological Institute, University of Regensburg, University Street 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (J.O.); (R.S.)
| | - Björn Buchholz
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.K.); (B.B.)
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2
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Zhou S, Lenk LJ, Gao Y, Wang Y, Zhao X, Pan M, Huang S, Sun K, Kalds P, Luo Q, Lillico S, Sonstegard T, Scholl UI, Ma B, Petersen B, Chen Y, Wang X. Generation of sheep with defined FecB B and TBXT mutations and porcine blastocysts with KCNJ5 G151R/+ mutation using prime editing. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:313. [PMID: 37308830 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09409-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rewriting the genomes of living organisms has been a long-standing aim in the biological sciences. The revelation of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology has revolutionized the entire biological field. Since its emergence, this technology has been widely applied to induce gene knockouts, insertions, deletions, and base substitutions. However, the classical version of this system was imperfect for inducing or correcting desired mutations. A subsequent development generated more advanced classes, including cytosine and adenine base editors, which can be used to achieve single nucleotide substitutions. Nevertheless, these advanced systems still suffer from several limitations, such as the inability to edit loci without a suitable PAM sequence and to induce base transversions. On the other hand, the recently emerged prime editors (PEs) can achieve all possible single nucleotide substitutions as well as targeted insertions and deletions, which show promising potential to alter and correct the genomes of various organisms. Of note, the application of PE to edit livestock genomes has not been reported yet. RESULTS In this study, using PE, we successfully generated sheep with two agriculturally significant mutations, including the fecundity-related FecBB p.Q249R and the tail length-related TBXT p.G112W. Additionally, we applied PE to generate porcine blastocysts with a biomedically relevant point mutation (KCNJ5 p.G151R) as a porcine model of human primary aldosteronism. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the potential of the PE system to edit the genomes of large animals for the induction of economically desired mutations and for modeling human diseases. Although prime-edited sheep and porcine blastocysts could be generated, the editing frequencies are still unsatisfactory, highlighting the need for optimizations in the PE system for efficient generation of large animals with customized traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Laura Johanna Lenk
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Yawei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xiaoe Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Menghao Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Shuhong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Kexin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Peter Kalds
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Arish University, El-Arish, 45511, Egypt
| | - Qi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Simon Lillico
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | | | - Ute I Scholl
- Center of Functional Genomics, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Baohua Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Bjoern Petersen
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535, Neustadt, Germany.
| | - Yulin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
- International Joint Agriculture Research Center for Animal Bio-Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
- International Joint Agriculture Research Center for Animal Bio-Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, 712100, China.
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3
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Rodriguez-Piñeiro AM, Jaudas F, Klymiuk N, Bähr A, Hansson GC, Ermund A. Proteome of airway surface liquid and mucus in newborn wildtype and cystic fibrosis piglets. Respir Res 2023; 24:83. [PMID: 36927357 PMCID: PMC10022022 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02381-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The respiratory tract is protected from inhaled particles and microbes by mucociliary clearance, mediated by the mucus and the cilia creating a flow to move the mucus cephalad. Submucosal glands secrete linear MUC5B mucin polymers and because they pass through the gland duct before reaching the airway surface, bundled strands of 1000-5000 parallel molecules exit the glands. In contrast, the surface goblet cells secrete both MUC5AC and MUC5B. METHODS We used mass-spectrometry based proteomic analysis of unstimulated and carbachol stimulated newborn wild-type (WT) and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) null (CF) piglet airways to study proteins in the airway surface liquid and mucus, to investigate if levels of MUC5AC and MUC5B were affected by carbachol stimulation and whether the proteins clustered according to function. RESULTS Proteins in the first four extracted fractions clustered together and the fifth fraction contained the mucus cluster, mucins and other proteins known to associate with mucins, whereas the traditional airway surface liquid proteins clustered to fraction 1-4 and were absent from the mucus fraction. Carbachol stimulation resulted in increased MUC5AC and MUC5B. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate a distinct separation between proteins in the washable surface liquid and the mucus fraction. In fractions 1-4 from newborn CF piglets an additional cluster containing acute phase proteins was observed, suggesting an early inflammatory response in CF piglets. Alternatively, increased levels of these proteins could indicate altered lung development in the CF piglets. This observation suggests that CF airway disease is present at birth and thus, treatment should commence directly after diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Rodriguez-Piñeiro
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Florian Jaudas
- Center for Innovative Animal Models, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolai Klymiuk
- Center for Innovative Animal Models, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Bähr
- Center for Innovative Animal Models, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Gunnar C Hansson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Ermund
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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4
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Heise RL. Computational, Ex Vivo, and Tissue Engineering Techniques for Modeling Large Airways. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1413:107-120. [PMID: 37195528 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26625-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The large airways are a critical component of the respiratory tree serving both an immunoprotective role and a physiological role for ventilation. The physiological role of the large airways is to move a large amount of air to and from the gas exchange surfaces of the alveoli. This air becomes divided along the respiratory tree as it moves from the large airways to smaller airways, bronchioles, and alveoli. The large airways are incredibly important from an immunoprotective role as the large airways are an early line of defense against inhaled particles, bacteria, and viruses. The key immunoprotective feature of the large airways is mucus production and mucociliary clearance mechanism. Each of these key features of the lung is important from both a basic physiology perspective and an engineering perspective for regenerative medicine. In this chapter, we will cover the large airways from an engineering perspective to highlight existing models of the large airways as well as future directions for modeling and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Heise
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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5
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Schaaf CR, Gonzalez LM. Use of Translational, Genetically Modified Porcine Models to Ultimately Improve Intestinal Disease Treatment. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:878952. [PMID: 35669174 PMCID: PMC9164269 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.878952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
For both human and veterinary patients, non-infectious intestinal disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. To improve treatment of intestinal disease, large animal models are increasingly recognized as critical tools to translate the basic science discoveries made in rodent models into clinical application. Large animal intestinal models, particularly porcine, more closely resemble human anatomy, physiology, and disease pathogenesis; these features make them critical to the pre-clinical study of intestinal disease treatments. Previously, large animal model use has been somewhat precluded by the lack of genetically altered large animals to mechanistically investigate non-infectious intestinal diseases such as colorectal cancer, cystic fibrosis, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, recent advances and increased availability of gene editing technologies has led to both novel use of large animal models in clinically relevant intestinal disease research and improved testing of potential therapeutics for these diseases.
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6
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Ousingsawat J, Centeio R, Schreiber R, Kunzelmann K. Expression of SLC26A9 in Airways and Its Potential Role in Asthma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23062998. [PMID: 35328418 PMCID: PMC8950296 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
SLC26A9 is an epithelial anion transporter with a poorly defined function in airways. It is assumed to contribute to airway chloride secretion and airway surface hydration. However, immunohistochemistry showing precise localization of SLC26A9 in airways is missing. Some studies report localization near tight junctions, which is difficult to reconcile with a chloride secretory function of SLC26A9. We therefore performed immunocytochemistry of SLC26A9 in sections of human and porcine lungs. Obvious apical localization of SLC26A9 was detected in human and porcine superficial airway epithelia, whereas submucosal glands did not express SLC26A9. The anion transporter was located exclusively in ciliated epithelial cells. Highly differentiated BCi-NS1 human airway epithelial cells grown on permeable supports also expressed SLC26A9 in the apical membrane of ciliated epithelial cells. BCi-NS1 cells expressed the major Cl− transporting proteins CFTR, TMEM16A and SLC26A9 in about equal proportions and produced short-circuit currents activated by increases in intracellular cAMP or Ca2+. Both CFTR and SLC26A9 contribute to basal chloride currents in non-stimulated BCi-NS1 airway epithelia, with CFTR being the dominating Cl− conductance. In wtCFTR-expressing CFBE human airway epithelial cells, SLC26A9 was partially located in the plasma membrane, whereas CFBE cells expressing F508del-CFTR showed exclusive cytosolic localization of SLC26A9. Membrane localization of SLC26A9 and basal chloride currents were augmented by interleukin 13 in wild-type CFTR-expressing cells, but not in cells expressing the most common disease-causing mutant F508del-CFTR. The data suggest an upregulation of SLC26A9-dependent chloride secretion in asthma, but not in the presence of F508del-CFTR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Karl Kunzelmann
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)941-943-4302; Fax: +49-(0)941-943-4315
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7
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Grotz S, Schäfer J, Wunderlich KA, Ellederova Z, Auch H, Bähr A, Runa-Vochozkova P, Fadl J, Arnold V, Ardan T, Veith M, Santamaria G, Dhom G, Hitzl W, Kessler B, Eckardt C, Klein J, Brymova A, Linnert J, Kurome M, Zakharchenko V, Fischer A, Blutke A, Döring A, Suchankova S, Popelar J, Rodríguez-Bocanegra E, Dlugaiczyk J, Straka H, May-Simera H, Wang W, Laugwitz KL, Vandenberghe LH, Wolf E, Nagel-Wolfrum K, Peters T, Motlik J, Fischer MD, Wolfrum U, Klymiuk N. Early disruption of photoreceptor cell architecture and loss of vision in a humanized pig model of usher syndromes. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e14817. [PMID: 35254721 PMCID: PMC8988205 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Usher syndrome (USH) is the most common form of monogenic deaf-blindness. Loss of vision is untreatable and there are no suitable animal models for testing therapeutic strategies of the ocular constituent of USH, so far. By introducing a human mutation into the harmonin-encoding USH1C gene in pigs, we generated the first translational animal model for USH type 1 with characteristic hearing defect, vestibular dysfunction, and visual impairment. Changes in photoreceptor architecture, quantitative motion analysis, and electroretinography were characteristics of the reduced retinal virtue in USH1C pigs. Fibroblasts from USH1C pigs or USH1C patients showed significantly elongated primary cilia, confirming USH as a true and general ciliopathy. Primary cells also proved their capacity for assessing the therapeutic potential of CRISPR/Cas-mediated gene repair or gene therapy in vitro. AAV-based delivery of harmonin into the eye of USH1C pigs indicated therapeutic efficacy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Grotz
- Chair of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Innovative Medical Models, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jessica Schäfer
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU), Mainz, Germany
| | - Kirsten A Wunderlich
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU), Mainz, Germany
| | - Zdenka Ellederova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Science, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Hannah Auch
- Chair of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Innovative Medical Models, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Bähr
- Center for Innovative Medical Models, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Large Animal Models in Cardiovascular Research, Internal Medical Department I, TU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Runa-Vochozkova
- Large Animal Models in Cardiovascular Research, Internal Medical Department I, TU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Janet Fadl
- Chair of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU), Mainz, Germany
| | - Vanessa Arnold
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU), Mainz, Germany
| | - Taras Ardan
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Science, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Veith
- Ophthalmology Clinic, University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Gianluca Santamaria
- Large Animal Models in Cardiovascular Research, Internal Medical Department I, TU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Dhom
- Chair of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Innovative Medical Models, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hitzl
- Biostatistics and Data Science, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Kessler
- Chair of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Innovative Medical Models, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Eckardt
- Center for Innovative Medical Models, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Large Animal Models in Cardiovascular Research, Internal Medical Department I, TU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Joshua Klein
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU), Mainz, Germany
| | - Anna Brymova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Science, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Joshua Linnert
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU), Mainz, Germany
| | - Mayuko Kurome
- Chair of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Innovative Medical Models, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Valeri Zakharchenko
- Chair of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Innovative Medical Models, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Fischer
- Veterinary Faculty, Small Animal Clinics, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Blutke
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anna Döring
- Veterinary Faculty, Small Animal Clinics, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stepanka Suchankova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Popelar
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eduardo Rodríguez-Bocanegra
- Centre for Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia Dlugaiczyk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans Straka
- Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Planegg, Germany
| | - Helen May-Simera
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Cilia Biology, JGU Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Mass Eye and Ear and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karl-Ludwig Laugwitz
- Large Animal Models in Cardiovascular Research, Internal Medical Department I, TU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Luk H Vandenberghe
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Mass Eye and Ear and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Chair of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Innovative Medical Models, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kerstin Nagel-Wolfrum
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU), Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU), Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Peters
- Centre for Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Motlik
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Science, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - M Dominik Fischer
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, NDCN, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Uwe Wolfrum
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU), Mainz, Germany
| | - Nikolai Klymiuk
- Center for Innovative Medical Models, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Large Animal Models in Cardiovascular Research, Internal Medical Department I, TU Munich, Munich, Germany
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8
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Ermund A, Meiss LN, Dolan B, Jaudas F, Ewaldsson L, Bähr A, Klymiuk N, Hansson GC. Mucus threads from surface goblet cells clear particles from the airways. Respir Res 2021; 22:303. [PMID: 34823518 PMCID: PMC8620232 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-021-01898-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The mucociliary clearance system driven by beating cilia protects the airways from inhaled microbes and particles. Large particles are cleared by mucus bundles made in submucosal glands by parallel linear polymers of the MUC5B mucins. However, the structural organization and function of the mucus generated in surface goblet cells are poorly understood. Methods The origin and characteristics of different mucus structures were studied on live tissue explants from newborn wild-type (WT), cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) deficient (CF) piglets and weaned pig airways using video microscopy, Airyscan imaging and electron microscopy. Bronchoscopy was performed in juvenile pigs in vivo. Results We have identified a distinct mucus formation secreted from the surface goblet cells with a diameter less than two micrometer. This type of mucus was named mucus threads. With time mucus threads gathered into larger mucus assemblies, efficiently collecting particles. The previously observed Alcian blue stained mucus bundles were around 10 times thicker than the threads. Together the mucus bundles, mucus assemblies and mucus threads cleared the pig trachea from particles. Conclusions These results demonstrate that normal airway mucus is more complex and has a more variable structural organization and function than was previously understood. These observations emphasize the importance of studying young objects to understand the function of a non-compromised lung. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12931-021-01898-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ermund
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 440, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Lauren N Meiss
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 440, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Brendan Dolan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 440, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Florian Jaudas
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lars Ewaldsson
- Experimental Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrea Bähr
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolai Klymiuk
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gunnar C Hansson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 440, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
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9
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Lunney JK, Van Goor A, Walker KE, Hailstock T, Franklin J, Dai C. Importance of the pig as a human biomedical model. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabd5758. [PMID: 34818055 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abd5758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan K Lunney
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, BARC, NEA, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Angelica Van Goor
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, BARC, NEA, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Kristen E Walker
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, BARC, NEA, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Taylor Hailstock
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, BARC, NEA, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Jasmine Franklin
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, BARC, NEA, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Chaohui Dai
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, BARC, NEA, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
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10
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Use of Agriculturally Important Animals as Models in Biomedical Research. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1354:315-333. [PMID: 34807449 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85686-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Livestock have contributed significantly to advances in biomedicine and offer unique advantages over rodent models. The human is the ideal biomedical model; however, ethical reasons limit the testing of hypotheses and treatments in humans. Rodent models are frequently used as alternatives to humans due to size, low cost, and ease of genetic manipulation, and have contributed tremendously to our understanding of human health and disease. However, the use of rodents in translational research pose challenges for researchers due to physiological differences to humans. The use of livestock species as biomedical models can address these challenges as livestock have several similarities to human anatomy, physiology, genetics, and metabolism and their larger size permits collection of more frequent and often larger samples. Additionally, recent advances in genetics in livestock species allow for studies in genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, which have the added benefit of applications to both humans in biomedical research and livestock in improving production. In this review, we provide an overview of scientific findings using livestock and benefits of each model to the livestock industry and to biomedical research.
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11
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Fleurot I, López-Gálvez R, Barbry P, Guillon A, Si-Tahar M, Bähr A, Klymiuk N, Sirard JC, Caballero I. TLR5 signalling is hyper-responsive in porcine cystic fibrosis airways epithelium. J Cyst Fibros 2021; 21:e117-e121. [PMID: 34420900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Excessive lung inflammation and airway epithelium damage are hallmarks of cystic fibrosis (CF) disease. It is unclear whether lung inflammation is related to an intrinsic defect in the immune response or to chronic infection. We aimed to determine whether TLR5-mediated response is defective in the CF airway epithelium. We used a newborn CF pig model to study intrinsic alterations in CF airway epithelium innate immune response. Airway epithelial cells (AECs) were stimulated with flagellin or lipopolysaccharide to determine responses specific for TLR5 and TLR4, respectively. We observed a significant increase in cytokine secretion when CF AECs were stimulated with flagellin compared to wild type (WT) AECs. These results were recapitulated when AECs were treated with an inhibitor of CFTR channel activity. We show that TLR5-signalling is altered in CF lung epithelium at birth. Modulation of TLR5 signalling could contribute to better control the excessive inflammatory response observed in CF lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Fleurot
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR-1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique (ISP), Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Raquel López-Gálvez
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR-1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique (ISP), Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Pascal Barbry
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, F06560 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Antoine Guillon
- Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France; INSERM U1100, Centre d'étude des pathologies respiratoires (CEPR), 37000 Tours, France
| | - Mustapha Si-Tahar
- Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France; INSERM U1100, Centre d'étude des pathologies respiratoires (CEPR), 37000 Tours, France
| | - Andrea Bähr
- CIMM-Gene Center and Center for Innovative Medical Models, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolai Klymiuk
- CIMM-Gene Center and Center for Innovative Medical Models, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Jean-Claude Sirard
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ignacio Caballero
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR-1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique (ISP), Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
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12
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Giorgetti M, Klymiuk N, Bähr A, Hemmerling M, Jinton L, Tarran R, Malmgren A, Åstrand A, Hansson GC, Ermund A. New generation ENaC inhibitors detach cystic fibrosis airway mucus bundles via sodium/hydrogen exchanger inhibition. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 904:174123. [PMID: 33974881 PMCID: PMC8477379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a recessive inherited disease caused by mutations affecting anion transport by the epithelial ion channel cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). The disease is characterized by mucus accumulation in the airways and intestine, but the major cause of mortality in CF is airway mucus accumulation, leading to bacterial colonization, inflammation and respiratory failure. Several drug targets are under evaluation to alleviate airway mucus obstruction in CF and one of these targets is the epithelial sodium channel ENaC. To explore effects of ENaC inhibitors on mucus properties, we used two model systems to investigate mucus characteristics, mucus attachment in mouse ileum and mucus bundle transport in piglet airways. We quantified mucus attachment in explants from CFTR null (CF) mice and tracheobronchial explants from newborn CFTR null (CF) piglets to evaluate effects of ENaC or sodium/hydrogen exchanger (NHE) inhibitors on mucus attachment. ENaC inhibitors detached mucus in the CF mouse ileum, although the ileum lacks ENaC expression. This effect was mimicked by two NHE inhibitors. Airway mucus bundles were immobile in untreated newborn CF piglets but were detached by the therapeutic drug candidate AZD5634 (patent WO, 2015140527). These results suggest that the ENaC inhibitor AZD5634 causes detachment of CF mucus in the ileum and airway via NHE inhibition and that drug design should focus on NHE instead of ENaC inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Giorgetti
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Nikolai Klymiuk
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany.
| | - Andrea Bähr
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany.
| | - Martin Hemmerling
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity (RIA), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Lisa Jinton
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity (RIA), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Robert Tarran
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States.
| | - Anna Malmgren
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity (RIA), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Annika Åstrand
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity (RIA), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Gunnar C Hansson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Anna Ermund
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
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13
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López-Gálvez R, Fleurot I, Chamero P, Trapp S, Olivier M, Chevaleyre C, Barc C, Riou M, Rossignol C, Guillon A, Si-Tahar M, May T, Barbry P, Bähr A, Klymiuk N, Sirard JC, Caballero I. Airway Administration of Flagellin Regulates the Inflammatory Response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 65:378-389. [PMID: 34102087 PMCID: PMC8525202 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0125oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive lung inflammation and airway epithelial damage are hallmarks of human inflammatory lung diseases, such as cystic fibrosis (CF). Enhancement of innate immunity provides protection against pathogens while reducing lung-damaging inflammation. However, the mechanisms underlying innate immunity–mediated protection in the lung remain mysterious, in part because of the lack of appropriate animal models for these human diseases. TLR5 (Toll-like receptor 5) stimulation by its specific ligand, the bacterial protein flagellin, has been proposed to enhance protection against several respiratory infectious diseases, although other cellular events, such as calcium signaling, may also control the intensity of the innate immune response. Here, we investigated the molecular events prompted by stimulation with flagellin and its role in regulating innate immunity in the lung of the pig, which is anatomically and genetically more similar to humans than rodent models. We found that flagellin treatment modulated NF-κB signaling and intracellular calcium homeostasis in airway epithelial cells. Flagellin pretreatment reduced the NF-κB nuclear translocation and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines to a second flagellin stimulus as well as to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Moreover, in vivo administration of flagellin decreased the severity of P. aeruginosa–induced pneumonia. Then we confirmed these beneficial effects of flagellin in a pathological model of CF by using ex vivo precision-cut lung slices from a CF pigz model. These results provide evidence that flagellin treatment contributes to a better regulation of the inflammatory response in inflammatory lung diseases such as CF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pablo Chamero
- INRAE, 27057, Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements UMR 0085 INRAE/CNRS/IFCE/Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Sascha Trapp
- INRAE, 27057, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France
| | - Michel Olivier
- INRAE, 27057, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Céline Barc
- INRAE, UE-1277 Plateforme d'infectiologie expérimentale (PFIE), Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, Nouzilly, France
| | - Mickael Riou
- INRAE, 27057, UE-1277 Plateforme d'infectiologie expérimentale (PFIE), Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Antoine Guillon
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR 1100, Tours, France.,CHRU de Tours, service de médecine intensive - réanimation, Tours, France
| | - Mustapha Si-Tahar
- INSERM U1100 - Faculty of Medicine, Study Center for Respiratory Pathologies, Tours, France
| | | | - Pascal Barbry
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Sophia Antipolis, France.,CNRS, 27051, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | | | - Nikolai Klymiuk
- LMU, 9183, CIMM-Gene Center and Center for Innovative Medical Models, Munchen, Germany
| | - Jean-Claude Sirard
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 165209, Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR9017 , Lille, France
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14
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Veltman M, De Sanctis JB, Stolarczyk M, Klymiuk N, Bähr A, Brouwer RW, Oole E, Shah J, Ozdian T, Liao J, Martini C, Radzioch D, Hanrahan JW, Scholte BJ. CFTR Correctors and Antioxidants Partially Normalize Lipid Imbalance but not Abnormal Basal Inflammatory Cytokine Profile in CF Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Front Physiol 2021; 12:619442. [PMID: 33613309 PMCID: PMC7891400 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.619442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A deficiency in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) function in CF leads to chronic lung disease. CF is associated with abnormalities in fatty acids, ceramides, and cholesterol, their relationship with CF lung pathology is not completely understood. Therefore, we examined the impact of CFTR deficiency on lipid metabolism and pro-inflammatory signaling in airway epithelium using mass spectrometric, protein array. We observed a striking imbalance in fatty acid and ceramide metabolism, associated with chronic oxidative stress under basal conditions in CF mouse lung and well-differentiated bronchial epithelial cell cultures of CFTR knock out pig and CF patients. Cell-autonomous features of all three CF models included high ratios of ω-6- to ω-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids and of long- to very long-chain ceramide species (LCC/VLCC), reduced levels of total ceramides and ceramide precursors. In addition to the retinoic acid analog fenretinide, the anti-oxidants glutathione (GSH) and deferoxamine partially corrected the lipid profile indicating that oxidative stress may promote the lipid abnormalities. CFTR-targeted modulators reduced the lipid imbalance and oxidative stress, confirming the CFTR dependence of lipid ratios. However, despite functional correction of CF cells up to 60% of non-CF in Ussing chamber experiments, a 72-h triple compound treatment (elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor surrogate) did not completely normalize lipid imbalance or oxidative stress. Protein array analysis revealed differential expression and shedding of cytokines and growth factors from CF epithelial cells compared to non-CF cells, consistent with sterile inflammation and tissue remodeling under basal conditions, including enhanced secretion of the neutrophil activator CXCL5, and the T-cell activator CCL17. However, treatment with antioxidants or CFTR modulators that mimic the approved combination therapies, ivacaftor/lumacaftor and ivacaftor/tezacaftor/elexacaftor, did not effectively suppress the inflammatory phenotype. We propose that CFTR deficiency causes oxidative stress in CF airway epithelium, affecting multiple bioactive lipid metabolic pathways, which likely play a role in CF lung disease progression. A combination of anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and CFTR targeted therapeutics may be required for full correction of the CF phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Veltman
- Cell Biology Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Pediatric Pulmonology, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Juan B De Sanctis
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Marta Stolarczyk
- Cell Biology Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nikolai Klymiuk
- Large Animal Models for Cardiovascular Research, TU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Innovative Medical Models, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Bähr
- Large Animal Models for Cardiovascular Research, TU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Innovative Medical Models, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rutger W Brouwer
- Cell Biology Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Center for Biomics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Edwin Oole
- Cell Biology Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Center for Biomics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Juhi Shah
- Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tomas Ozdian
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Jie Liao
- Department of Physiology, CF Translational Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Carolina Martini
- Department of Physiology, CF Translational Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Danuta Radzioch
- Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - John W Hanrahan
- Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Physiology, CF Translational Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bob J Scholte
- Cell Biology Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Pediatric Pulmonology, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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15
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McCarron A, Parsons D, Donnelley M. Animal and Cell Culture Models for Cystic Fibrosis: Which Model Is Right for Your Application? THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 191:228-242. [PMID: 33232694 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 30 years, a range of cystic fibrosis (CF) animal models have been generated for research purposes. Different species, including mice, rats, ferrets, rabbits, pigs, sheep, zebrafish, and fruit flies, have all been used to model CF disease. While access to such a variety of animal models is a luxury for any research field, it also complicates the decision-making process when it comes to selecting the right model for an investigation. The purpose of this review is to provide a guide for selecting the most appropriate CF animal model for any given application. In this review, the characteristics and phenotypes of each animal model are described, along with a discussion of the key considerations that must be taken into account when choosing a suitable animal model. Available in vitro systems of CF are also described and can offer a useful alternative to using animal models. Finally, the future of CF animal model generation and its use in research are speculated upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra McCarron
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - David Parsons
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Martin Donnelley
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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16
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Transport properties in CFTR-/- knockout piglets suggest normal airway surface liquid pH and enhanced amiloride-sensitive Na + absorption. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:1507-1519. [PMID: 32712714 PMCID: PMC7476968 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02440-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous analysis of CFTR-knockout (CFTR-/-) in piglets has provided important insights into the pathology of cystic fibrosis. However, controversies exist as to the true contribution of CFTR to the pH balance in airways and intestine. We therefore compared ion transport properties in newborn wild-type (CFTR+/+) and CFTR-knockout (CFTR-/- piglets). Tracheas of CFTR-/- piglets demonstrated typical cartilage malformations and muscle cell bundles. CFTR-/- airway epithelial cells showed enhanced lipid peroxidation, suggesting inflammation early in life. CFTR was mainly expressed in airway submucosal glands and was absent in lungs of CFTR-/- piglets, while expression of TMEM16A was uncompromised. mRNA levels for TMEM16A, TMEM16F, and αβγENaC were unchanged in CFTR-/- airways, while mRNA for SLC26A9 appeared reduced. CFTR was undetectable in epithelial cells of CFTR-/- airways and intestine. Small intestinal epithelium of CFTR-/- piglets showed mucus accumulation. Secretion of both electrolytes and mucus was activated by stimulation with prostaglandin E2 and ATP in the intestine of CFTR+/+, but not of CFTR-/- animals. pH was measured inside small bronchi using a pH microelectrode and revealed no difference between CFTR+/+ and CFTR-/- piglets. Intracellular pH in porcine airway epithelial cells revealed only a small contribution of CFTR to bicarbonate secretion, which was absent in cells from CFTR-/- piglets. In contrast to earlier reports, our data suggest a minor impact of CFTR on ASL pH. In contrast, enhanced amiloride-sensitive Na+ absorption may contribute to lung pathology in CFTR-/- piglets, along with a compromised CFTR- and TMEM16A-dependent Cl- transport.
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17
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Hryhorowicz M, Lipiński D, Hryhorowicz S, Nowak-Terpiłowska A, Ryczek N, Zeyland J. Application of Genetically Engineered Pigs in Biomedical Research. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11060670. [PMID: 32575461 PMCID: PMC7349405 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Progress in genetic engineering over the past few decades has made it possible to develop methods that have led to the production of transgenic animals. The development of transgenesis has created new directions in research and possibilities for its practical application. Generating transgenic animal species is not only aimed towards accelerating traditional breeding programs and improving animal health and the quality of animal products for consumption but can also be used in biomedicine. Animal studies are conducted to develop models used in gene function and regulation research and the genetic determinants of certain human diseases. Another direction of research, described in this review, focuses on the use of transgenic animals as a source of high-quality biopharmaceuticals, such as recombinant proteins. The further aspect discussed is the use of genetically modified animals as a source of cells, tissues, and organs for transplantation into human recipients, i.e., xenotransplantation. Numerous studies have shown that the pig (Sus scrofa domestica) is the most suitable species both as a research model for human diseases and as an optimal organ donor for xenotransplantation. Short pregnancy, short generation interval, and high litter size make the production of transgenic pigs less time-consuming in comparison with other livestock species This review describes genetically modified pigs used for biomedical research and the future challenges and perspectives for the use of the swine animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Hryhorowicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland; (D.L.); (A.N.-T.); (N.R.); (J.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Daniel Lipiński
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland; (D.L.); (A.N.-T.); (N.R.); (J.Z.)
| | - Szymon Hryhorowicz
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32, 60-479 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Nowak-Terpiłowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland; (D.L.); (A.N.-T.); (N.R.); (J.Z.)
| | - Natalia Ryczek
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland; (D.L.); (A.N.-T.); (N.R.); (J.Z.)
| | - Joanna Zeyland
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland; (D.L.); (A.N.-T.); (N.R.); (J.Z.)
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18
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Bréa D, Soler L, Fleurot I, Melo S, Chevaleyre C, Berri M, Labas V, Teixeira-Gomes AP, Pujo J, Cenac N, Bähr A, Klymiuk N, Guillon A, Si-Tahar M, Caballero I. Intrinsic alterations in peripheral neutrophils from cystic fibrosis newborn piglets. J Cyst Fibros 2020; 19:830-836. [PMID: 32165155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2020.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hallmark of the cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease is a neutrophil dominated lung environment that is associated to chronic lung tissue destruction and ultimately the patient's death. It is unclear whether the exacerbated neutrophil response is primary related to a defective CFTR or rather secondary to chronic bacterial colonization and inflammation. Here, we hypothesized that CF peripheral blood neutrophils present intrinsic alteration at birth before the start of an inflammatory process. METHODS Peripheral blood neutrophils were isolated from newborn CFTR+/+ and CFTR-/- piglets. Neutrophils immunophenotype was evaluated by flow cytometry. Lipidomic and proteomic profile were characterized by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), intact cell matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (ICM-MS) followed by top-down high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), respectively. The ability of CF neutrophils to kill pseudomonas aeruginosa was also evaluated. RESULTS Polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolites analysis did not show any difference between CFTR+/+ and CFTR-/- neutrophils. On the other hand, a predictive mathematical model based on the ICM-MS proteomic profile was able to discriminate between both genotypes. Top-down proteomic analysis identified 19 m/z differentially abundant masses that corresponded mainly to proteins related to the antimicrobial response and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, no alteration in the ability of CFTR-/- neutrophils to kill pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro was observed. CONCLUSIONS ICM-MS demonstrated that CFTR-/- neutrophils present intrinsic alterations already at birth, before the presence of any infection or inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Déborah Bréa
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR 1100, Tours cedex, France; Université de Tours, Faculté de Médecine de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Laura Soler
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Fleurot
- ISP, INRA, Université de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Sandrine Melo
- ISP, INRA, Université de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Mustapha Berri
- ISP, INRA, Université de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Valérie Labas
- INRA UMR85-CNRS UMR7247 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France; INRA, Plate-forme de Chirurgie et d'Imagerie pour la Recherche et l'Enseignement (CIRE), Pôle d'Analyse et d'Imagerie des Biomolécules (PAIB), Nouzilly, France
| | - Ana-Paula Teixeira-Gomes
- ISP, INRA, Université de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380, Nouzilly, France; INRA, Plate-forme de Chirurgie et d'Imagerie pour la Recherche et l'Enseignement (CIRE), Pôle d'Analyse et d'Imagerie des Biomolécules (PAIB), Nouzilly, France
| | - Julien Pujo
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Cenac
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Andrea Bähr
- Gene Center and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolai Klymiuk
- Gene Center and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Antoine Guillon
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR 1100, Tours cedex, France; Université de Tours, Faculté de Médecine de Tours, Tours, France; CHRU Tours, service de médecine intensive réanimation, Tours, France
| | - Mustapha Si-Tahar
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR 1100, Tours cedex, France; Université de Tours, Faculté de Médecine de Tours, Tours, France
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19
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Suva LJ, Westhusin ME, Long CR, Gaddy D. Engineering bone phenotypes in domestic animals: Unique resources for enhancing musculoskeletal research. Bone 2020; 130:115119. [PMID: 31712131 PMCID: PMC8805042 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Larry J Suva
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College Station, TX, 77843, United States.
| | - Mark E Westhusin
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
| | - Charles R Long
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
| | - Dana Gaddy
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Novel 3D organoid culture techniques have enabled long-term expansion of pancreatic tissue. This review comprehensively summarizes and evaluates the applications of primary tissue-derived pancreatic organoids in regenerative studies, disease modelling, and personalized medicine. RECENT FINDINGS Organoids derived from human fetal and adult pancreatic tissue have been used to study pancreas development and repair. Generated adult human pancreatic organoids harbor the capacity for clonal expansion and endocrine cell formation. In addition, organoids have been generated from human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in order to study tumor behavior and assess drug responses. Pancreatic organoids constitute an important translational bridge between in vitro and in vivo models, enhancing our understanding of pancreatic cell biology. Current applications for pancreatic organoid technology include studies on tissue regeneration, disease modelling, and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeetindra R. A. Balak
- 0000000089452978grid.10419.3dDepartment of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Juri Juksar
- 0000 0000 9471 3191grid.419927.0Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Françoise Carlotti
- 0000000089452978grid.10419.3dDepartment of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Lo Nigro
- 0000 0000 9471 3191grid.419927.0Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eelco J. P. de Koning
- 0000000089452978grid.10419.3dDepartment of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
- 0000 0000 9471 3191grid.419927.0Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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21
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Braux J, Jourdain ML, Guillaume C, Untereiner V, Piot O, Baehr A, Klymiuk N, Winter N, Berri M, Buzoni-Gatel D, Caballero I, Guillon A, Si-Tahar M, Jacquot J, Velard F. CFTR-deficient pigs display alterations of bone microarchitecture and composition at birth. J Cyst Fibros 2019; 19:466-475. [PMID: 31787573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2019.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lack of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) function causes cystic fibrosis (CF), predisposing to severe lung disease, reduced growth and osteopenia. Both reduced bone content and strength are increasingly recognized in infants with CF before the onset of significant lung disease, suggesting a developmental origin and a possible role in bone disease pathogenesis. The role of CFTR in bone metabolism is unclear and studies on humans are not feasible. Deletion of CFTR in pigs (CFTR -/- pigs) displays at birth severe malformations similar to humans in the intestine, respiratory tract, pancreas, liver, and male reproductive tract. METHODS We compared bone parameters of CFTR -/- male and female pigs with those of their wild-type (WT) littermates at birth. Morphological and microstructural properties of femoral cortical and trabecular bone were evaluated using micro-computed tomography (μCT), and their chemical compositions were examined using Raman microspectroscopy. RESULTS The integrity of the CFTR -/- bone was altered due to changes in its microstructure and chemical composition in both sexes. Low cortical thickness and high cortical porosity were found in CFTR -/- pigs compared to sex-matched WT littermates. Moreover, an increased chemical composition heterogeneity associated with higher carbonate/phosphate ratio and higher mineral crystallinity was found in CFTR -/- trabecular bone, but not in CFTR -/- cortical bone. CONCLUSIONS The loss of CFTR directly alters the bone composition and metabolism of newborn pigs. Based on these findings, we speculate that bone defects in patients with CF could be a primary, rather than a secondary consequence of inflammation and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Braux
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, BIOS EA 4691, Biomatériaux et Inflammation en site osseux, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), 1, Avenue du Maréchal Juin, 51097 Reims, France
| | - Marie-Laure Jourdain
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, BIOS EA 4691, Biomatériaux et Inflammation en site osseux, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), 1, Avenue du Maréchal Juin, 51097 Reims, France
| | - Christine Guillaume
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, BIOS EA 4691, Biomatériaux et Inflammation en site osseux, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), 1, Avenue du Maréchal Juin, 51097 Reims, France
| | - Valérie Untereiner
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne (URCA), PICT Platform, Reims, 1, Avenue du Maréchal Juin, 51097 Reims, France
| | - Olivier Piot
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BioSpecT (Translational BioSpectroscopy) EA 7506, 1, Avenue du Maréchal Juin, 51097 Reims, France
| | - Andrea Baehr
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Hackerstrasse 27, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Nikolai Klymiuk
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Hackerstrasse 27, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Nathalie Winter
- INRA, UMR1282 ISP, Centre de recherches INRA Val de Loire, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Mustapha Berri
- INRA, UMR1282 ISP, Centre de recherches INRA Val de Loire, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Ignaccio Caballero
- INRA, UMR1282 ISP, Centre de recherches INRA Val de Loire, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Antoine Guillon
- Inserm, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR1100/EA6305, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37032, Tours, France
| | - Mustapha Si-Tahar
- Inserm, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR1100/EA6305, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37032, Tours, France
| | - Jacky Jacquot
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, BIOS EA 4691, Biomatériaux et Inflammation en site osseux, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), 1, Avenue du Maréchal Juin, 51097 Reims, France.
| | - Frédéric Velard
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, BIOS EA 4691, Biomatériaux et Inflammation en site osseux, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), 1, Avenue du Maréchal Juin, 51097 Reims, France.
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22
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Lindsay CD, Timperley CM. TRPA1 and issues relating to animal model selection for extrapolating toxicity data to humans. Hum Exp Toxicol 2019; 39:14-36. [PMID: 31578097 DOI: 10.1177/0960327119877460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) ion channel is a sensor for irritant chemicals, has ancient lineage, and is distributed across animal species including humans, where it features in many organs. Its activation by a diverse panel of electrophilic molecules (TRPA1 agonists) through electrostatic binding and/or covalent attachment to the protein causes the sensation of pain. This article reviews the species differences between TRPA1 channels and their responses, to assess the suitability of different animals to model the effects of TRPA1-activating electrophiles in humans, referring to common TRPA1 activators (exogenous and endogenous) and possible mechanisms of action relating to their toxicology. It concludes that close matching of in vitro and in vivo models will help optimise the identification of relevant biochemical and physiological responses to benchmark the efficacy of potential therapeutic drugs, including TRPA1 antagonists, to counter the toxic effects of those electrophiles capable of harming humans. The analysis of the species issue provided should aid the development of medical treatments to counter poisoning by such chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Lindsay
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological (CBR) Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Salisbury, UK
| | - C M Timperley
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological (CBR) Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Salisbury, UK
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23
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Kunzelmann K, Ousingsawat J, Cabrita I, Doušová T, Bähr A, Janda M, Schreiber R, Benedetto R. TMEM16A in Cystic Fibrosis: Activating or Inhibiting? Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:3. [PMID: 30761000 PMCID: PMC6362895 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory airway disease cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterized by airway obstruction due to mucus hypersecretion, airway plugging, and bronchoconstriction. The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride channel is dysfunctional in CF, leading to defects in epithelial transport. Although CF pathogenesis is still disputed, activation of alternative Cl- channels is assumed to improve lung function in CF. Two suitable non-CFTR Cl- channels are present in the airway epithelium, the Ca2+ activated channel TMEM16A and SLC26A9. Activation of these channels is thought to be feasible to improve hydration of the airway mucus and to increase mucociliary clearance. Interestingly, both channels are upregulated during inflammatory lung disease. They are assumed to support fluid secretion, necessary to hydrate excess mucus and to maintain mucus clearance. During inflammation, however, TMEM16A is upregulated particularly in mucus producing cells, with only little expression in ciliated cells. Recently it was shown that knockout of TMEM16A in ciliated cells strongly compromises Cl- conductance and attenuated mucus secretion, but does not lead to a CF-like lung disease and airway plugging. Along this line, activation of TMEM16A by denufosol, a stable purinergic ligand, failed to demonstrate any benefit to CF patients in earlier studies. It rather induced adverse effects such as cough. A number of studies suggest that TMEM16A is essential for mucus secretion and possibly also for mucus production. Evidence is now provided for a crucial role of TMEM16A in fusion of mucus-filled granules with the apical plasma membrane and cellular exocytosis. This is probably due to local Ca2+ signals facilitated by TMEM16A. Taken together, TMEM16A supports fluid secretion by ciliated airway epithelial cells, but also maintains excessive mucus secretion during inflammatory airway disease. Because TMEM16A also supports airway smooth muscle contraction, inhibition rather than activation of TMEM16A might be the appropriate treatment for CF lung disease, asthma and COPD. As a number of FDA-approved and well-tolerated drugs have been shown to inhibit TMEM16A, evaluation in clinical trials appears timely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Kunzelmann
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Inês Cabrita
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tereza Doušová
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Andrea Bähr
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Innere Medizin I, Klinikum Rechts der Isar der TU München, München, Germany
| | - Melanie Janda
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Rainer Schreiber
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Roberta Benedetto
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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24
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Vochozkova P, Simmet K, Jemiller EM, Wünsch A, Klymiuk N. Gene Editing in Primary Cells of Cattle and Pig. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1961:271-289. [PMID: 30912052 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9170-9_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gene Editing by CRISPR/Cas has revolutionized many aspects of biotechnology within a short period of time. This is also true for the genetic manipulation of livestock species, but their specific challenges such as the lack of stem cells, the limited proliferative capacity of primary cells, and the genetic diversity of the pig and cattle populations need consideration when CRISPR/Cas is applied. Here we present guidelines for CRISPRing primary cells in pig and cattle, with a specific focus on testing gRNA in vitro, on generating single cell clones, and on identifying modifications in single cell clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Vochozkova
- Institute for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kilian Simmet
- Institute for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Jemiller
- Institute for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Annegret Wünsch
- Institute for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolai Klymiuk
- Institute for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
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25
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An L, Yang L, Huang Y, Cheng Y, Du F. Generating Goat Mammary Gland Bioreactors for Producing Recombinant Proteins by Gene Targeting. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1874:391-401. [PMID: 30353527 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8831-0_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous genes can be site-specifically integrated into the genomic DNA of animals by homologous recombination, generating transgenic animals. These animals have a clear hereditary background, although position effects of the exogenous genes and potential functional disruption of host genes can be caused by the genetic inserts. Therefore, the generation of mammary gland bioreactors via gene-targeting methods is a great asset for producing recombinant proteins in milk. Here, we describe a method of generating gene-targeted goats with the human alpha-lactalbumin gene (hα-LA) integrated into the beta-lactoglobulin gene (BLG) locus. The milk from these goats will be less allergenic and will be enriched with components of human milk protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyou An
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lan Yang
- Lannuo Biotechnologies Wuxi Inc., Wuxi, China
| | - Yuejin Huang
- Shanghai Jenomed Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fuliang Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China. .,Renova Life, Inc., College Park, MD, USA.
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26
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Castellani S, Di Gioia S, di Toma L, Conese M. Human Cellular Models for the Investigation of Lung Inflammation and Mucus Production in Cystic Fibrosis. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2018; 2018:3839803. [PMID: 30581723 PMCID: PMC6276497 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3839803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, mucus plugging, airway remodeling, and respiratory infections are the hallmarks of the cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease. The airway epithelium is central in the innate immune responses to pathogens colonizing the airways, since it is involved in mucociliary clearance, senses the presence of pathogens, elicits an inflammatory response, orchestrates adaptive immunity, and activates mesenchymal cells. In this review, we focus on cellular models of the human CF airway epithelium that have been used for studying mucus production, inflammatory response, and airway remodeling, with particular reference to two- and three-dimensional cultures that better recapitulate the native airway epithelium. Cocultures of airway epithelial cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and fibroblasts are instrumental in disease modeling, drug discovery, and identification of novel therapeutic targets. Nevertheless, they have to be implemented in the CF field yet. Finally, novel systems hijacking on tissue engineering, including three-dimensional cocultures, decellularized lungs, microfluidic devices, and lung organoids formed in bioreactors, will lead the generation of relevant human preclinical respiratory models a step forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Castellani
- Laboratory of Regenerative and Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Sante Di Gioia
- Laboratory of Regenerative and Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Lorena di Toma
- Laboratory of Regenerative and Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Massimo Conese
- Laboratory of Regenerative and Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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27
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Cooney AL, McCray PB, Sinn PL. Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy: Looking Back, Looking Forward. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9110538. [PMID: 30405068 PMCID: PMC6266271 DOI: 10.3390/genes9110538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene that encodes a cAMP-regulated anion channel. Although CF is a multi-organ system disease, most people with CF die of progressive lung disease that begins early in childhood and is characterized by chronic bacterial infection and inflammation. Nearly 90% of people with CF have at least one copy of the ΔF508 mutation, but there are hundreds of CFTR mutations that result in a range of disease severities. A CFTR gene replacement approach would be efficacious regardless of the disease-causing mutation. After the discovery of the CFTR gene in 1989, the in vitro proof-of-concept for gene therapy for CF was quickly established in 1990. In 1993, the first of many gene therapy clinical trials attempted to rescue the CF defect in airway epithelia. Despite the initial enthusiasm, there is still no FDA-approved gene therapy for CF. Here we discuss the history of CF gene therapy, from the discovery of the CFTR gene to current state-of-the-art gene delivery vector designs. While implementation of CF gene therapy has proven more challenging than initially envisioned; thanks to continued innovation, it may yet become a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Cooney
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Paul B McCray
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Patrick L Sinn
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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28
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Abstract
Respiratory tissues are bombarded by billions of particles daily. If allowed to accumulate, these particles can cause injury, inflammation, or infection, and thus may significantly disrupt airflow and gas exchange. Mucociliary defense, a primary mechanism for protecting host tissues, operates through the coordinated functions of mucus and cilia that trap and eliminate inhaled materials. Mucociliary function is also required for the elimination of endogenous cells and debris. Although defense is necessarily robust, it is also tightly regulated to minimize physiologic disruption of the host. Indeed, mucociliary dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of many lung diseases-including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary fibrosis, and cystic fibrosis-in which airflow limitation, inflammation, persistent tissue injury, and structural remodeling occur. Here, we highlight recent advances in cilia and mucin biology, the importance of well-controlled mucociliary interactions, and the need to better understand how these regulate innate barrier and immune defense.
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29
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Ermund A, Meiss LN, Dolan B, Bähr A, Klymiuk N, Hansson GC. The mucus bundles responsible for airway cleaning are retained in cystic fibrosis and by cholinergic stimulation. Eur Respir J 2018; 52:13993003.00457-2018. [PMID: 29853489 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00457-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The beneficial effect of anticholinergic therapy for chronic lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is well documented, although cholinergic stimulation paradoxically inhibits liquid absorption, increases ciliary beat frequency and increases airway surface liquid transport.Using pig tracheobronchial explants, we quantified basal mucus transport before as well as after incubation with the clinically used antimuscarinic compound ipratropium bromide (Atrovent) and stimulation with acetylcholine.As expected, surface liquid transport was increased by acetylcholine and carbachol. In contrast, the mucus bundles secreted from the submucosal glands normally transported on the cilia were stopped from moving by acetylcholine, an effect inhibited by ipratropium bromide. Interestingly, in pigs lacking a functional cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) channel, the mucus bundles were almost immobile. As in wild-type pigs, CF surface liquid transport increased after carbachol stimulation. The stagnant CF mucus bundles were trapped on the tracheal surface attached to the surface goblet cells. Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria were moved by the mucus bundles in wild-type but not CF pigs.Acetylcholine thus uncouples airway surface liquid transport from transport of the surface mucus bundles as the bundles are dynamically inhibited by acetylcholine and the CFTR channel, explaining initiation of CF and COPD, and opening novel therapeutic windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ermund
- Dept of Medical Biochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lauren N Meiss
- Dept of Medical Biochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Brendan Dolan
- Dept of Medical Biochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrea Bähr
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolai Klymiuk
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gunnar C Hansson
- Dept of Medical Biochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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30
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Fiorotto R, Amenduni M, Mariotti V, Cadamuro M, Fabris L, Spirli C, Strazzabosco M. Animal models for cystic fibrosis liver disease (CFLD). Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:965-969. [PMID: 30071276 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Liver disease is a severe complication in patients with Cystic Fibrosis (CF), a genetic disease caused by mutations in the gene encoding for cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) channel. The sequence of events leading to CFLD is still unclear and has limited the development of more specific treatments other than the bile acid UDCA. However, in the last twenty years, several gaps have been filled, which have mainly been possible due to the availability of different animal models that mimic CF. CF mice, although they lack a spontaneous liver manifestation, have been essential to better understand the multiple functions of CFTR expression on the apical membrane of cholangiocytes, from chloride channel to regulator of epithelial innate immunity. Additionally, we have learned that the gut microbiota might be a pathogenetic factor for the development of liver disease. The recent creation of novel CF animal models (i.e. pig and ferret) that better reproduce the human disease, will allow for comparative studies with species that spontaneously develop the liver disease and will hopefully lead to novel therapeutic treatments. In this review, we have compared and summarized the main features of the current available CF animal models and their applicability for the study of the liver phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Fiorotto
- Digestive Disease Section, Yale Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mariangela Amenduni
- Digestive Disease Section, Yale Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Valeria Mariotti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova School of Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cadamuro
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova School of Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Fabris
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova School of Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Spirli
- Digestive Disease Section, Yale Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Digestive Disease Section, Yale Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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31
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McCarron A, Donnelley M, Parsons D. Airway disease phenotypes in animal models of cystic fibrosis. Respir Res 2018; 19:54. [PMID: 29609604 PMCID: PMC5879563 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0750-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease is characterised by chronic infection, inflammation, airway remodelling, and mucus obstruction. A lack of pulmonary manifestations in CF mouse models has hindered investigations of airway disease pathogenesis, as well as the development and testing of potential therapeutics. However, recently generated CF animal models including rat, ferret and pig models demonstrate a range of well characterised lung disease phenotypes with varying degrees of severity. This review discusses the airway phenotypes of currently available CF animal models and presents potential applications of each model in airway-related CF research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra McCarron
- Adelaide Medical School, Discipline of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia. .,Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia. .,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Martin Donnelley
- Adelaide Medical School, Discipline of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - David Parsons
- Adelaide Medical School, Discipline of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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32
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Perleberg C, Kind A, Schnieke A. Genetically engineered pigs as models for human disease. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:11/1/dmm030783. [PMID: 29419487 PMCID: PMC5818075 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.030783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically modified animals are vital for gaining a proper understanding of disease mechanisms. Mice have long been the mainstay of basic research into a wide variety of diseases but are not always the most suitable means of translating basic knowledge into clinical application. The shortcomings of rodent preclinical studies are widely recognised, and regulatory agencies around the world now require preclinical trial data from nonrodent species. Pigs are well suited to biomedical research, sharing many similarities with humans, including body size, anatomical features, physiology and pathophysiology, and they already play an important role in translational studies. This role is set to increase as advanced genetic techniques simplify the generation of pigs with precisely tailored modifications designed to replicate lesions responsible for human disease. This article provides an overview of the most promising and clinically relevant genetically modified porcine models of human disease for translational biomedical research, including cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease, cystic fibrosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. We briefly summarise the technologies involved and consider the future impact of recent technical advances. Summary: An overview of porcine models of human disease, including cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease, cystic fibrosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. We summarise the technologies involved and potential future impact of recent technical advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Perleberg
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Alexander Kind
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Angelika Schnieke
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Carlon MS, Vidović D, Birket S. Roadmap for an early gene therapy for cystic fibrosis airway disease. Prenat Diagn 2017; 37:1181-1190. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.5164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne S. Carlon
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences; KU Leuven Flanders Belgium
| | - Dragana Vidović
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences; KU Leuven Flanders Belgium
- Current affiliation: Cellular Protein Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Utrecht University; The Netherlands
| | - Susan Birket
- Department of Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
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Beshr G, Sikandar A, Jemiller EM, Klymiuk N, Hauck D, Wagner S, Wolf E, Koehnke J, Titz A. Photorhabdus luminescens lectin A (PllA): A new probe for detecting α-galactoside-terminating glycoconjugates. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:19935-19951. [PMID: 28972138 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.812792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectins play important roles in infections by pathogenic bacteria, for example, in host colonization, persistence, and biofilm formation. The Gram-negative entomopathogenic bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens symbiotically lives in insect-infecting Heterorhabditis nematodes and kills the insect host upon invasion by the nematode. The P. luminescens genome harbors the gene plu2096, coding for a novel lectin that we named PllA. We analyzed the binding properties of purified PllA with a glycan array and a binding assay in solution. Both assays revealed a strict specificity of PllA for α-galactoside-terminating glycoconjugates. The crystal structures of apo PllA and complexes with three different ligands revealed the molecular basis for the strict specificity of this lectin. Furthermore, we found that a 90° twist in subunit orientation leads to a peculiar quaternary structure compared with that of its ortholog LecA from Pseudomonas aeruginosa We also investigated the utility of PllA as a probe for detecting α-galactosides. The α-Gal epitope is present on wild-type pig cells and is the main reason for hyperacute organ rejection in pig to primate xenotransplantation. We noted that PllA specifically recognizes this epitope on the glycan array and demonstrated that PllA can be used as a fluorescent probe to detect this epitope on primary porcine cells in vitro In summary, our biochemical and structural analyses of the P. luminescens lectin PllA have disclosed the structural basis for PllA's high specificity for α-galactoside-containing ligands, and we show that PllA can be used to visualize the α-Gal epitope on porcine tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghamdan Beshr
- From the Divisions of Chemical Biology of Carbohydrates and.,the Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Standort Hannover-Braunschweig.,the Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, and
| | - Asfandyar Sikandar
- the Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, and.,Structural Biology of Biosynthetic Enzymes, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), D-66123 Saarbrücken
| | - Eva-Maria Jemiller
- the Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolai Klymiuk
- the Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Hauck
- From the Divisions of Chemical Biology of Carbohydrates and.,the Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Standort Hannover-Braunschweig
| | - Stefanie Wagner
- From the Divisions of Chemical Biology of Carbohydrates and.,the Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Standort Hannover-Braunschweig
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- the Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jesko Koehnke
- the Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, and .,Structural Biology of Biosynthetic Enzymes, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), D-66123 Saarbrücken
| | - Alexander Titz
- From the Divisions of Chemical Biology of Carbohydrates and .,the Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Standort Hannover-Braunschweig.,the Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, and
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Animal and model systems for studying cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2017; 17:S28-S34. [PMID: 28939349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The cystic fibrosis (CF) field is the beneficiary of five species of animal models that lack functional cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) channel. These models are rapidly informing mechanisms of disease pathogenesis and CFTR function regardless of how faithfully a given organ reproduces the human CF phenotype. New approaches of genetic engineering with RNA-guided nucleases are rapidly expanding both the potential types of models available and the approaches to correct the CFTR defect. The application of new CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing techniques are similarly increasing capabilities for in vitro modeling of CFTR functions in cell lines and primary cells using air-liquid interface cultures and organoids. Gene editing of CFTR mutations in somatic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells is also transforming gene therapy approaches for CF. This short review evaluates several areas that are key to building animal and cell systems capable of modeling CF disease and testing potential treatments.
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Hohwieler M, Perkhofer L, Liebau S, Seufferlein T, Müller M, Illing A, Kleger A. Stem cell-derived organoids to model gastrointestinal facets of cystic fibrosis. United European Gastroenterol J 2017; 5:609-624. [PMID: 28815024 PMCID: PMC5548342 DOI: 10.1177/2050640616670565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is one of the most frequently occurring inherited human diseases caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) which lead to ample defects in anion transport and epithelial fluid secretion. Existing models lack both access to early stages of CF development and a coeval focus on the gastrointestinal CF phenotypes, which become increasingly important due increased life span of the affected individuals. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of gastrointestinal facets of CF and the opportunity to model these in various systems in an attempt to understand and treat CF. A particular focus is given on forward-leading organoid cultures, which may circumvent current limitations of existing models and thereby provide a platform for drug testing and understanding of disease pathophysiology in gastrointestinal organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Hohwieler
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Medical Centre Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lukas Perkhofer
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Medical Centre Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Liebau
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Oesterbergstr. 3, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Seufferlein
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Medical Centre Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Medical Centre Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anett Illing
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Medical Centre Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander Kleger
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Medical Centre Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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37
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Bicarbonate in cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2017; 16:653-662. [PMID: 28732801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic fibrosis (CF, mucoviscidosis) is caused by mutations in the gene encoding CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), which is a chloride and bicarbonate channel necessary for fluid secretion and extracellular alkalization. For a long time, research concentrated on abnormal Cl- and Na+ transport, but neglected bicarbonate as a crucial factor in CF. METHODS The present short review reports early findings as well as recent insights into the role of CFTR for bicarbonate transport and its defects in CF. RESULTS The available data indicate impaired bicarbonate transport not only in pancreas, intestine, airways, and reproductive organs, but also in salivary glands, sweat duct and renal tubular epithelial cells. Defective bicarbonate transport is closely related to the impaired mucus properties and mucus blocking in secretory organs of CF patients, causing the life threatening lung disease. CONCLUSIONS Apart from the devastating lung disease, abrogated bicarbonate transport also leads to many other organ dysfunctions, which are outlined in the present review.
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Polejaeva IA, Rutigliano HM, Wells KD. Livestock in biomedical research: history, current status and future prospective. Reprod Fertil Dev 2017; 28:112-24. [PMID: 27062879 DOI: 10.1071/rd15343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock models have contributed significantly to biomedical and surgical advances. Their contribution is particularly prominent in the areas of physiology and assisted reproductive technologies, including understanding developmental processes and disorders, from ancient to modern times. Over the past 25 years, biomedical research that traditionally embraced a diverse species approach shifted to a small number of model species (e.g. mice and rats). The initial reasons for focusing the main efforts on the mouse were the availability of murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and genome sequence data. This powerful combination allowed for precise manipulation of the mouse genome (knockouts, knockins, transcriptional switches etc.) leading to ground-breaking discoveries on gene functions and regulation, and their role in health and disease. Despite the enormous contribution to biomedical research, mouse models have some major limitations. Their substantial differences compared with humans in body and organ size, lifespan and inbreeding result in pronounced metabolic, physiological and behavioural differences. Comparative studies of strategically chosen domestic species can complement mouse research and yield more rigorous findings. Because genome sequence and gene manipulation tools are now available for farm animals (cattle, pigs, sheep and goats), a larger number of livestock genetically engineered (GE) models will be accessible for biomedical research. This paper discusses the use of cattle, goats, sheep and pigs in biomedical research, provides an overview of transgenic technology in farm animals and highlights some of the beneficial characteristics of large animal models of human disease compared with the mouse. In addition, status and origin of current regulation of GE biomedical models is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Polejaeva
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Heloisa M Rutigliano
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Kevin D Wells
- Division of Animal Sciences, Animal Sciences Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Kurome M, Leuchs S, Kessler B, Kemter E, Jemiller EM, Foerster B, Klymiuk N, Zakhartchenko V, Wolf E. Direct introduction of gene constructs into the pronucleus-like structure of cloned embryos: a new strategy for the generation of genetically modified pigs. Transgenic Res 2016; 26:309-318. [PMID: 27943082 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-016-0004-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to a rising demand of porcine models with complex genetic modifications for biomedical research, the approaches for their generation need to be adapted. In this study we describe the direct introduction of a gene construct into the pronucleus (PN)-like structure of cloned embryos as a novel strategy for the generation of genetically modified pigs, termed "nuclear injection". To evaluate the reliability of this new strategy, the developmental ability of embryos in vitro and in vivo as well as the integration and expression efficiency of a transgene carrying green fluorescence protein (GFP) were examined. Eighty percent of the cloned pig embryos (633/787) exhibited a PN-like structure, which met the prerequisite to technically perform the new method. GFP fluorescence was observed in about half of the total blastocysts (21/40, 52.5%), which was comparable to classical zygote PN injection (28/41, 68.3%). In total, 478 cloned embryos injected with the GFP construct were transferred into 4 recipients and from one recipient 4 fetuses (day 68) were collected. In one of the fetuses which showed normal development, the integration of the transgene was confirmed by PCR in different tissues and organs from all three primary germ layers and placenta. The integration pattern of the transgene was mosaic (48 out of 84 single-cell colonies established from a kidney were positive for GFP DNA by PCR). Direct GFP fluorescence was observed macro- and microscopically in the fetus. Our novel strategy could be useful particularly for the generation of pigs with complex genetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Kurome
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Hackerstr. 27, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany.
| | - Simon Leuchs
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Hackerstr. 27, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Barbara Kessler
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Hackerstr. 27, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kemter
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Hackerstr. 27, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Jemiller
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Hackerstr. 27, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Beatrix Foerster
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Hackerstr. 27, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Nikolai Klymiuk
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Hackerstr. 27, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Valeri Zakhartchenko
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Hackerstr. 27, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Hackerstr. 27, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
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40
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Carlon MS, Engels AC, Bosch B, Joyeux L, Mori da Cunha MGMC, Vidović D, Debyser Z, De Boeck K, Neyrinck A, Deprest JA. A novel translational model for fetoscopic intratracheal delivery of nanoparticles in piglets. Prenat Diagn 2016; 36:926-934. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.4915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne S. Carlon
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Alexander C. Engels
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Organ System Cluster; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Clinical Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division Woman and Child; University Hospitals Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Barbara Bosch
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Organ System Cluster; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology; University Hospitals Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Luc Joyeux
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Organ System Cluster; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | | | - Dragana Vidović
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Zeger Debyser
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Kris De Boeck
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology; University Hospitals Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Arne Neyrinck
- Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Algology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Jan A. Deprest
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Organ System Cluster; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Clinical Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division Woman and Child; University Hospitals Leuven; Leuven Belgium
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41
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Yao J, Huang J, Zhao J. Genome editing revolutionize the creation of genetically modified pigs for modeling human diseases. Hum Genet 2016; 135:1093-105. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-016-1710-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Vidović D, Carlon MS, da Cunha MF, Dekkers JF, Hollenhorst MI, Bijvelds MJC, Ramalho AS, Van den Haute C, Ferrante M, Baekelandt V, Janssens HM, De Boeck K, Sermet-Gaudelus I, de Jonge HR, Gijsbers R, Beekman JM, Edelman A, Debyser Z. rAAV-CFTRΔR Rescues the Cystic Fibrosis Phenotype in Human Intestinal Organoids and Cystic Fibrosis Mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 193:288-98. [PMID: 26509335 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201505-0914oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Gene therapy holds promise for a curative mutation-independent treatment applicable to all patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). The various viral vector-based clinical trials conducted in the past have demonstrated safety and tolerance of different vectors, but none have led to a clear and persistent clinical benefit. Recent clinical breakthroughs in recombinant adeno-associated viral vector (rAAV)-based gene therapy encouraged us to reexplore an rAAV approach for CF. OBJECTIVES We evaluated the preclinical potential of rAAV gene therapy for CF to restore chloride and fluid secretion in two complementary models: intestinal organoids derived from subjects with CF and a CF mouse model, an important milestone toward the development of a clinical rAAV candidate for CF gene therapy. METHODS We engineered an rAAV vector containing a truncated CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTRΔR) combined with a short promoter (CMV173) to ensure optimal gene expression. A rescue in chloride and fluid secretion after rAAV-CFTRΔR treatment was assessed by forskolin-induced swelling in CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)-deficient organoids and by nasal potential differences in ΔF508 mice. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS rAAV-CFTRΔR transduction of human CFTR-deficient organoids resulted in forskolin-induced swelling, indicating a restoration of CFTR function. Nasal potential differences demonstrated a clear response to low chloride and forskolin perfusion in most rAAV-CFTRΔR-treated CF mice. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides robust evidence that rAAV-mediated gene transfer of a truncated CFTR functionally rescues the CF phenotype across the nasal mucosa of CF mice and in patient-derived organoids. These results underscore the clinical potential of rAAV-CFTRΔR in offering a cure for all patients with CF in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mélanie F da Cunha
- 2 INSERM U1151, University Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris, France
| | - Johanna F Dekkers
- 3 Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, and.,4 Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Monika I Hollenhorst
- 2 INSERM U1151, University Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris, France
| | - Marcel J C Bijvelds
- 5 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marc Ferrante
- 9 Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | | | - Hettie M Janssens
- 10 Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Erasmus University Medical Centre/Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | | | - Isabelle Sermet-Gaudelus
- 2 INSERM U1151, University Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris, France
| | - Hugo R de Jonge
- 5 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rik Gijsbers
- 1 Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy.,8 Leuven Viral Vector Core, and
| | - Jeffrey M Beekman
- 3 Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, and.,4 Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Aleksander Edelman
- 2 INSERM U1151, University Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris, France
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Meyerholz DK. Lessons learned from the cystic fibrosis pig. Theriogenology 2016; 86:427-32. [PMID: 27142487 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Deficient function in the anion channel cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator is the fundamental cause for CF. This is a monogenic condition that causes lesions in several organs including the respiratory tract, pancreas, liver, intestines, and reproductive tract. Lung disease is most notable, given it is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in people with CF. Shortly after the identification of CF transmembrane conductance regulator, CF mouse models were developed that did not show spontaneous lung disease as seen in humans, and this spurred development of additional CF animal models. Pig models were considered a leading choice for several reasons including their similarity to humans in respiratory anatomy, physiology, and in size for translational imaging. The first CF pig models were reported in 2008 and have been extremely valuable to help clarify persistent questions in the field and advance understanding of disease pathogenesis. Because CF pigs are susceptible to lung disease like humans, they have direct utility in translational research. In addition, CF pig models are useful to compare and contrast with current CF mouse models, human clinical studies, and even newer CF animal models being characterized. This "triangulation" strategy could help identify genetic differences that underlie phenotypic variations, so as to focus and accelerate translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
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44
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Kleme ML, Sané AT, Garofalo C, Levy E. Targeted CFTR gene disruption with zinc-finger nucleases in human intestinal epithelial cells induces oxidative stress and inflammation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 74:84-94. [PMID: 26923293 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a multisystemic pathology caused by mutations of the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. OBJECTIVES As the intestine harbors the greatest number of CFTR transcripts after birth and since CFTR plays a role in glutathione transport, we hypothesized that CFTR deletion might produce oxidative stress (OxS) and inflammation in CF intestinal epithelial cell. METHODS CFTR gene was abrogated in Caco-2/15 enterocytes through the zinc-finger nuclease system. Their oxidative and inflammatory characteristics were appreciated under basal conditions and after the treatment with the pro-oxidant iron-ascorbate (Fe/Asc) complex and pro-inflammatory lipopolysaccharide (LPS). RESULTS Intestinal epithelial cells with CFTR knockout spontaneously exhibited an increased lipid peroxidation level, reflected by malondialdehyde overproduction and reduced antioxidant defense characterized by low enzymatic activities of glutathione peroxidase and catalase. CFTR silencing also resulted in elevated protein expression of pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis Factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB. Moreover, exaggerated OxS and inflammation processes occurred in CFTR(-/-) cells in response to the addition of Fe/Asc and LPS, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Intestinal Caco-2/15 cells with CFTR deletion, display innate oxidative and inflammatory features while being more sensitive to pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory stimuli. These two pathophysiological processes could be implicated in CF-related intestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Kleme
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C4, Canada; Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Alain Théophile Sané
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C4, Canada
| | - Carole Garofalo
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C4, Canada
| | - Emile Levy
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C4, Canada; Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.
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45
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Albl B, Haesner S, Braun-Reichhart C, Streckel E, Renner S, Seeliger F, Wolf E, Wanke R, Blutke A. Tissue Sampling Guides for Porcine Biomedical Models. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 44:414-20. [PMID: 26883152 DOI: 10.1177/0192623316631023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This article provides guidelines for organ and tissue sampling adapted to porcine animal models in translational medical research. Detailed protocols for the determination of sampling locations and numbers as well as recommendations on the orientation, size, and trimming direction of samples from ∼50 different porcine organs and tissues are provided in the Supplementary Material. The proposed sampling protocols include the generation of samples suitable for subsequent qualitative and quantitative analyses, including cryohistology, paraffin, and plastic histology; immunohistochemistry;in situhybridization; electron microscopy; and quantitative stereology as well as molecular analyses of DNA, RNA, proteins, metabolites, and electrolytes. With regard to the planned extent of sampling efforts, time, and personnel expenses, and dependent upon the scheduled analyses, different protocols are provided. These protocols are adjusted for (I) routine screenings, as used in general toxicity studies or in analyses of gene expression patterns or histopathological organ alterations, (II) advanced analyses of single organs/tissues, and (III) large-scale sampling procedures to be applied in biobank projects. Providing a robust reference for studies of porcine models, the described protocols will ensure the efficiency of sampling, the systematic recovery of high-quality samples representing the entire organ or tissue as well as the intra-/interstudy comparability and reproducibility of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Albl
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany Minitüb GmbH, Tiefenbach, Germany
| | - Serena Haesner
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Braun-Reichhart
- Gene Center and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Streckel
- Gene Center and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Renner
- Gene Center and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Eckhard Wolf
- Gene Center and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Wanke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Blutke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Genetically engineered livestock for biomedical models. Transgenic Res 2016; 25:345-59. [PMID: 26820410 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-016-9928-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To commemorate Transgenic Animal Research Conference X, this review summarizes the recent progress in developing genetically engineered livestock species as biomedical models. The first of these conferences was held in 1997, which turned out to be a watershed year for the field, with two significant events occurring. One was the publication of the first transgenic livestock animal disease model, a pig with retinitis pigmentosa. Before that, the use of livestock species in biomedical research had been limited to wild-type animals or disease models that had been induced or were naturally occurring. The second event was the report of Dolly, a cloned sheep produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Cloning subsequently became an essential part of the process for most of the models developed in the last 18 years and is stilled used prominently today. This review is intended to highlight the biomedical modeling achievements that followed those key events, many of which were first reported at one of the previous nine Transgenic Animal Research Conferences. Also discussed are the practical challenges of utilizing livestock disease models now that the technical hurdles of model development have been largely overcome.
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Schook LB, Collares TV, Darfour-Oduro KA, De AK, Rund LA, Schachtschneider KM, Seixas FK. Unraveling the swine genome: implications for human health. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2016; 3:219-44. [PMID: 25689318 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-022114-110815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The pig was first used in biomedical research in ancient Greece and over the past few decades has quickly grown into an important biomedical research tool. Pigs have genetic and physiological traits similar to humans, which make them one of the most useful and versatile animal models. Owing to these similarities, data generated from porcine models are more likely to lead to viable human treatments than those from murine work. In addition, the similarity in size and physiology to humans allows pigs to be used for many experimental approaches not feasible in mice. Research areas that employ pigs range from neonatal development to translational models for cancer therapy. Increasing numbers of porcine models are being developed since the release of the swine genome sequence, and the development of additional porcine genomic and epigenetic resources will further their use in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence B Schook
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801; , , , ,
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Computed Tomography (CT) Scanning Facilitates Early Identification of Neonatal Cystic Fibrosis Piglets. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143459. [PMID: 26600426 PMCID: PMC4658176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is the most prevalent autosomal recessive disease in the Caucasian population. A cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator knockout (CFTR-/-) pig that displays most of the features of the human CF disease has been recently developed. However, CFTR-/- pigs presents a 100% prevalence of meconium ileus that leads to death in the first hours after birth, requiring a rapid diagnosis and surgical intervention to relieve intestinal obstruction. Identification of CFTR-/- piglets is usually performed by PCR genotyping, a procedure that lasts between 4 to 6 h. Here, we aimed to develop a procedure for rapid identification of CFTR-/- piglets that will allow placing them under intensive care soon after birth and immediately proceeding with the surgical correction. Methods and Principal Findings Male and female CFTR+/- pigs were crossed and the progeny was examined by computed tomography (CT) scan to detect the presence of meconium ileus and facilitate a rapid post-natal surgical intervention. Genotype was confirmed by PCR. CT scan presented a 94.4% sensitivity to diagnose CFTR-/- piglets. Diagnosis by CT scan reduced the birth-to-surgery time from a minimum of 10 h down to a minimum of 2.5 h and increased the survival of CFTR-/- piglets to a maximum of 13 days post-surgery as opposed to just 66 h after later surgery. Conclusion CT scan imaging of meconium ileus is an accurate method for rapid identification of CFTR-/- piglets. Early CT detection of meconium ileus may help to extend the lifespan of CFTR-/- piglets and, thus, improve experimental research on CF, still an incurable disease.
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Klymiuk N, Seeliger F, Bohlooly-Y M, Blutke A, Rudmann DG, Wolf E. Tailored Pig Models for Preclinical Efficacy and Safety Testing of Targeted Therapies. Toxicol Pathol 2015; 44:346-57. [PMID: 26511847 DOI: 10.1177/0192623315609688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite enormous advances in translational biomedical research, there remains a growing demand for improved animal models of human disease. This is particularly true for diseases where rodent models do not reflect the human disease phenotype. Compared to rodents, pig anatomy and physiology are more similar to humans in cardiovascular, immune, respiratory, skeletal muscle, and metabolic systems. Importantly, efficient and precise techniques for genetic engineering of pigs are now available, facilitating the creation of tailored large animal models that mimic human disease mechanisms at the molecular level. In this article, the benefits of genetically engineered pigs for basic and translational research are exemplified by a novel pig model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy and by porcine models of cystic fibrosis. Particular emphasis is given to potential advantages of using these models for efficacy and safety testing of targeted therapies, such as exon skipping and gene editing, for example, using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated system. In general, genetically tailored pig models have the potential to bridge the gap between proof-of-concept studies in rodents and clinical trials in patients, thus supporting translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Klymiuk
- Gene Center and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Seeliger
- Pathology Science, DSM, Transgenic, AstraZeneca RD, Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | - Andreas Blutke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel G Rudmann
- Pathology Science, DSM, Transgenic, AstraZeneca RD, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Gene Center and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Plog S, Klymiuk N, Binder S, Van Hook MJ, Thoreson WB, Gruber AD, Mundhenk L. Naturally Occurring Deletion Mutants of the Pig-Specific, Intestinal Crypt Epithelial Cell Protein CLCA4b without Apparent Phenotype. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140050. [PMID: 26474299 PMCID: PMC4608703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human CLCA4 (chloride channel regulator, calcium-activated) modulates the intestinal phenotype of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients via an as yet unknown pathway. With the generation of new porcine CF models, species-specific differences between human modifiers of CF and their porcine orthologs are considered critical for the translation of experimental data. Specifically, the porcine ortholog to the human CF modulator gene CLCA4 has recently been shown to be duplicated into two separate genes, CLCA4a and CLCA4b. Here, we characterize the duplication product, CLCA4b, in terms of its genomic structure, tissue and cellular expression patterns as well as its in vitro electrophysiological properties. The CLCA4b gene is a pig-specific duplication product of the CLCA4 ancestor and its protein is exclusively expressed in small and large intestinal crypt epithelial cells, a niche specifically occupied by no other porcine CLCA family member. Surprisingly, a unique deleterious mutation of the CLCA4b gene is spread among modern and ancient breeds in the pig population, but this mutation did not result in an apparent phenotype in homozygously affected animals. Electrophysiologically, neither the products of the wild type nor of the mutated CLCA4b genes were able to evoke a calcium-activated anion conductance, a consensus feature of other CLCA proteins. The apparently pig-specific duplication of the CLCA4 gene with unique expression of the CLCA4b protein variant in intestinal crypt epithelial cells where the porcine CFTR is also present raises the question of whether it may modulate the porcine CF phenotype. Moreover, the naturally occurring null variant of CLCA4b will be valuable for the understanding of CLCA protein function and their relevance in modulating the CF phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Plog
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikolai Klymiuk
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Stefanie Binder
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthew J. Van Hook
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Wallace B. Thoreson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Achim D. Gruber
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Mundhenk
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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