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Zhang ZY, Yang ZH, Wang S, Feng SL, Wang XL, Mao JY. Regulation of optimized new Shengmai powder on cardiomyocyte apoptosis and ferroptosis in ischemic heart failure rats: The mediating role of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B/tumor protein 53 signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 330:118264. [PMID: 38692417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Optimized New Shengmai Powder (ONSMP) is a sophisticated traditional Chinese medicinal formula renowned for bolstering vital energy, optimizing blood circulation, and mitigating fluid retention. After years of clinical application, ONSMP has shown a significant impact in improving myocardial injury and cardiac function and has a positive effect on treating heart failure. However, many unknowns exist about the molecular biological mechanisms of how ONSMP exerts its therapeutic effects, which require further research and exploration. AIM OF THE STUDY Exploring the potential molecular biological mechanisms by which ONSMP ameliorates cardiomyocyte apoptosis and ferroptosis in ischemic heart failure (IHF). MATERIALS AND METHODS First, we constructed a rat model of IHF by inducing acute myocardial infarction through surgery and using echocardiography, organ coefficients, markers of heart failure, antioxidant markers, and histopathological examination to assess the effects of ONSMP on cardiomyocyte apoptosis and ferroptosis in IHF rats. Next, we used bioinformatics analysis techniques to analyze the active components, signaling pathways, and core targets of ONSMP and calculated the interactions between core targets and corresponding elements. Finally, we detected the positive expression of apoptosis and ferroptosis markers and core indicators of signaling pathways by immunohistochemistry; detected the mean fluorescence intensity of core indicators of signaling pathways by immunofluorescence; detected the protein expression of signaling pathways and downstream effector molecules by western blotting; and detected the mRNA levels of p53 and downstream effector molecules by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS ONSMP can activate the Ser83 site of ASK by promoting the phosphorylation of the PI3K/AKT axis, thereby inhibiting the MKK3/6-p38 axis and the MKK4/7-JNK axis signaling to reduce p53 expression, and can also directly target and inhibit the activity of p53, ultimately inhibiting p53-mediated mRNA and protein increases in PUMA, SAT1, PIG3, and TFR1, as well as mRNA and protein decreases in SLC7A11, thereby inhibiting cardiomyocyte apoptosis and ferroptosis, effectively improving cardiac function and ventricular remodeling in IHF rat models. CONCLUSION ONSMP can inhibit cardiomyocyte apoptosis and ferroptosis through the PI3K/AKT/p53 signaling pathway, delaying the development of IHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Yu Zhang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381, PR China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China
| | - Zhi-Hua Yang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381, PR China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China.
| | - Shuai Wang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381, PR China.
| | - Shao-Ling Feng
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381, PR China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China.
| | - Xian-Liang Wang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381, PR China.
| | - Jing-Yuan Mao
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381, PR China.
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Jiang Z, Ye S, Wu Y, Zhou C, Cao F, Tan N. Cyclopeptide RA-V from Rubia yunnanensis restores activity of Adagrasib against colorectal cancer by reducing the expression of Nrf2. Pharmacol Res 2024; 206:107252. [PMID: 38945380 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Adagrasib (MRTX849), an approved and promising KRAS G12C inhibitor, has shown the promising results for treating patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) or colorectal cancer (CRC) harboring KRAS-activating mutations. However, emergence of the acquired resistance limits its long-term efficacy and clinical application. Further understanding of the mechanism of the acquired resistance is crucial for developing more new effective therapeutic strategies. Herein, we firstly found a new connection between the acquired resistance to MRTX849 and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). The expression levels of Nrf2 and GLS1 proteins were substantially elevated in different CRC cell lines with the acquired resistance to MRTX849 in comparison with their corresponding parental cell lines. Next, we discovered that RA-V, one of natural cyclopeptides isolated from the roots of Rubia yunnanensis, could restore the response of resistant CRC cells to MRTX849. The results of molecular mechanisms showed that RA-V suppressed Nrf2 protein through the ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent degradation, leading to the induction of oxidative and ER stress, and DNA damage in CRC cell lines. Consequently, RA-V reverses the resistance to MRTX849 by inhibiting the Nrf2/GLS1 axis, which shows the potential for further developing into one of novel adjuvant therapies of MRTX849.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuangzhuang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Shuqing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yingwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Chen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Feng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Ninghua Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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Qi K, Li J, Hu Y, Qiao Y, Mu Y. Research progress in mechanism of anticancer action of shikonin targeting reactive oxygen species. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1416781. [PMID: 39076592 PMCID: PMC11284502 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1416781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Excessive buildup of highly reactive molecules can occur due to the generation and dysregulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their associated signaling pathways. ROS have a dual function in cancer development, either leading to DNA mutations that promote the growth and dissemination of cancer cells, or triggering the death of cancer cells. Cancer cells strategically balance their fate by modulating ROS levels, activating pro-cancer signaling pathways, and suppressing antioxidant defenses. Consequently, targeting ROS has emerged as a promising strategy in cancer therapy. Shikonin and its derivatives, along with related drug carriers, can impact several signaling pathways by targeting components involved with oxidative stress to induce processes such as apoptosis, necroptosis, cell cycle arrest, autophagy, as well as modulation of ferroptosis. Moreover, they can increase the responsiveness of drug-resistant cells to chemotherapy drugs, based on the specific characteristics of ROS, as well as the kind and stage of cancer. This research explores the pro-cancer and anti-cancer impacts of ROS, summarize the mechanisms and research achievements of shikonin-targeted ROS in anti-cancer effects and provide suggestions for designing further anti-tumor experiments and undertaking further experimental and practical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Qi
- Department of Diagnostic Clinical Laboratory Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- Department of Clinical Test Center, Medical Laboratory, Peking University Cancer Hospital (Inner Mongolia Campus), Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Diagnostic Clinical Laboratory Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yiyun Qiao
- Department of Clinical Test Center, Peking University Cancer Hospital (Inner Mongolia Campus), Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yongping Mu
- Department of Clinical Test Center, Peking University Cancer Hospital (Inner Mongolia Campus), Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
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Yu Y, Wu T, Zhang X, Li P, Ye L, Kuang J, Tao L, Ni L, Zhao Q, Zhang J, Pan H, Xie C, Zheng C, Li S, Cui R. Regorafenib activates oxidative stress by inhibiting SELENOS and potentiates oxaliplatin-induced cell death in colon cancer cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 957:175986. [PMID: 37598924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer, and is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. At the time of diagnosis, about 20% of patients with CRC present metastatic disease. Regorafenib, an oral multi-kinase inhibitor, has been demonstrated the efficacy and tolerability in patients with metastatic CRC. Oxaliplatin is a frontline treatment regimen for CRC, and combination treatments with oxaliplatin and other chemotherapeutic agents exert superior therapeutic effects. However, side effects and drug resistance limited their further clinical application. Here, we found that combined treatment with regorafenib and oxaliplatin synergistically enhanced anti-tumor activities in CRC by activating reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, C-Jun-amino-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 signaling pathways. Regorafenib promoted ROS production by suppressing the expression of selenoprotein S (SELENOS). Knocking down SELENOS sensitized ROS-mediated anti-tumor effects of regorafenib in CRC cells. Furthermore, mouse xenograft models demonstrated that synergistic anti-tumor effects of combined treatment with regorafenib and oxaliplatin. This study provided solid experimental evidences for the combined treatment with regorafenib and oxaliplatin in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yu
- Cancer and Anticancer Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China; Department of Radiotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Cancer and Anticancer Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China; Department of Radiotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Cancer and Anticancer Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Lihua Ye
- Cancer and Anticancer Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Jiayang Kuang
- Cancer and Anticancer Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Lu Tao
- Cancer and Anticancer Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Lianli Ni
- Cancer and Anticancer Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Cancer and Anticancer Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Cancer and Anticancer Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Huanle Pan
- Department of Radiotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China; Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Science and Translational Research of Radiation Oncology, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Congying Xie
- Department of Radiotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China; Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Science and Translational Research of Radiation Oncology, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Chenguo Zheng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China.
| | - Shaotang Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China.
| | - Ri Cui
- Cancer and Anticancer Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China; Department of Radiotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China.
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Alam M, Hasan GM, Eldin SM, Adnan M, Riaz MB, Islam A, Khan I, Hassan MI. Investigating regulated signaling pathways in therapeutic targeting of non-small cell lung carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114452. [PMID: 36878052 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is the most common malignancy worldwide. The signaling cascades are stimulated via genetic modifications in upstream signaling molecules, which affect apoptotic, proliferative, and differentiation pathways. Dysregulation of these signaling cascades causes cancer-initiating cell proliferation, cancer development, and drug resistance. Numerous efforts in the treatment of NSCLC have been undertaken in the past few decades, enhancing our understanding of the mechanisms of cancer development and moving forward to develop effective therapeutic approaches. Modifications of transcription factors and connected pathways are utilized to develop new treatment options for NSCLC. Developing designed inhibitors targeting specific cellular signaling pathways in tumor progression has been recommended for the therapeutic management of NSCLC. This comprehensive review provided deeper mechanistic insights into the molecular mechanism of action of various signaling molecules and their targeting in the clinical management of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzar Alam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Gulam Mustafa Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sayed M Eldin
- Center of Research, Faculty of Engineering, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Mohd Adnan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Bilal Riaz
- Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdnask, Poland; Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Ilyas Khan
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.
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Wang Y, Tan Z, Zhang Z, Zhu P, Tam SW, Zhang Z, Jiang X, Lin K, Tian L, Huang Z, Zhang S, Peng YK, Yung KKL. Facet-Dependent Activity of CeO 2 Nanozymes Regulate the Fate of Human Neural Progenitor Cell via Redox Homeostasis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:35423-35433. [PMID: 35905295 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) therapy, a promising therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases, has a huge challenge to ensure high survival rate and neuronal differentiation rate. Cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles exhibit multienzyme mimetic activities and have shown the capability of regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is a pivotal mediator for intracellular redox homeostasis in NPCs, regulating biological processes including differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. In the present study, the role of facet-dependent CeO2-mediated redox homeostasis in regulating self-renewal and differentiation of NPCs is reported for the first time. The cube-, rod-, and octahedron-shaped CeO2 nanozymes with different facets are prepared. Among the mentioned nanozymes, the cube enclosed by the (100) facet exhibits the highest CAT-like activity, causing it to provide superior protection to NPCs from oxidative stress induced by H2O2; meanwhile, the octahedron enclosed by the (111) facet with the lowest CAT-like activity induces the most ROS production in ReNcell CX cells, which promotes neuronal differentiation by activated AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathways. A further mechanistic study indicated that the electron density of the surface Ce atoms changed continuously with different crystal facets, which led to their different CAT-like activity and modulation of redox homeostasis in NPCs. Altogether, the different surface chemistry and atomic architecture of active sites on CeO2 exert modulation of redox homeostasis and the fate of NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), HKSAR 999077, China
- Golden Meditech Center for NeuroRegeneration Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, HKSAR 999077, China
| | - Zicong Tan
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, HKSAR 999077, China
| | - Zhu Zhang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), HKSAR 999077, China
- Golden Meditech Center for NeuroRegeneration Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, HKSAR 999077, China
| | - Peili Zhu
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), HKSAR 999077, China
- Golden Meditech Center for NeuroRegeneration Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, HKSAR 999077, China
| | - Sze Wah Tam
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), HKSAR 999077, China
- Golden Meditech Center for NeuroRegeneration Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, HKSAR 999077, China
| | - Zhang Zhang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), HKSAR 999077, China
- Golden Meditech Center for NeuroRegeneration Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, HKSAR 999077, China
| | - Xiaoli Jiang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), HKSAR 999077, China
- Golden Meditech Center for NeuroRegeneration Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, HKSAR 999077, China
| | - Kaili Lin
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Linyuan Tian
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, HKSAR 999077, China
| | - Zhifeng Huang
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, HKSAR 999077, China
| | - Shiqing Zhang
- Golden Meditech Center for NeuroRegeneration Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, HKSAR 999077, China
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yung-Kang Peng
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, HKSAR 999077, China
| | - Ken Kin Lam Yung
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), HKSAR 999077, China
- Golden Meditech Center for NeuroRegeneration Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, HKSAR 999077, China
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Zhong GC, Zhao ZB, Cheng Y, Wang YB, Qiu C, Mao LH, Hu JJ, Cai D, Liu Y, Gong JP, Li SW. Epigenetic silencing of GCH1promotes hepatocellular carcinoma growth by activating superoxide anion-mediated ASK1/p38 signaling via inhibiting tetrahydrobiopterin de novo biosynthesis. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 168:81-94. [PMID: 33781891 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, its role in HCC remains to be elucidated. Herein, we identified GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1), the first rate-limiting enzyme in tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) de novo biosynthesis, as a novel metabolic regulator of HCC. GCH1 was frequently down-regulated in HCC tissues and cell lines by promoter methylation. Low GCH1 expression was associated with larger tumor size, increased tumor number, and worse prognosis in two independent cohorts of HCC patients. Functionally, GCH1 silencing promoted HCC growth in vitro and in vivo, while GCH1 overexpression exerted an opposite effect. The metabolite BH4 inhibited HCC growth in vitro and in vivo. GCH1 silencing exerted its growth-promoting effect through directly inhibiting BH4 de novo biosynthesis. Mechanistically, GCH1 silencing activated ASK1/p38 signaling; pharmacological or genetic inhibition of ASK1 or p38 abolished GCH1 silencing-induced growth-promoting effect. Further mechanistic studies found that GCH1 silencing-induced BH4 reduction resulted in an increase of intracellular superoxide anion levels in a dose-dependent manner, which mediated the activation of ASK1/p38 signaling. Collectively, our study reveals that epigenetic silencing of GCH1 promotes HCC growth by activating superoxide anion-mediated ASK1/p38 signaling via inhibiting BH4 de novo biosynthesis, suggesting that targeting GCH1/BH4 pathway may be a promising therapeutic strategy to combat HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Chao Zhong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi-Bo Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yao Cheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yun-Bing Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chan Qiu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin-Hong Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie-Jun Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dong Cai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian-Ping Gong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Sheng-Wei Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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ROS mediated apoptotic pathways in primary effusion lymphoma: Comment on induction of apoptosis by Shikonin through ROS-mediated intrinsic and extrinsic pathways in primary effusion lymphoma. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101061. [PMID: 33857745 PMCID: PMC8050935 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Alam MM, Kariya R, Boonnate P, Kawaguchi A, Okada S. Induction of apoptosis by Shikonin through ROS-mediated intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways in primary effusion lymphoma. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101006. [PMID: 33401054 PMCID: PMC7785961 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.101006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Shikonin (SHK) induced apoptosis in Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). SHK treatment rabidly generated ROS and activated JNK and p38. SHK inhibited ascites formation in xenograft mice.
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is an incurable non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and novel biology-based treatments are urgently needed in clinical settings. Shikonin (SHK), a napthoquinone derivative, has been used for the treatment of solid tumors. Here, we report that SHK is an effective agent for the treatment of PEL. Treatment with SHK results in significant reduction of proliferation in PEL cells and their rapid apoptosis in vitro. SHK-induced apoptosis of PEL cells is accompanied by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), an activation of c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, as well as caspase-3, -8, and -9. Scavenging of ROS in the presence of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) almost blocks the loss of mitochondrial membrane Δψm, activation of JNK, cleavage of caspase-3, -9, and an induction of apoptosis in SHK treated PEL cells. SP600125, a specific inhibitor of JNK, also rescues a proportion of cells from the apoptotic effect of SHK. In addition, inhibition of caspase activation in the presence of pan-caspase inhibitor, Q-VD-OPh, blocks the SHK-inducing apoptosis, but doesn't completely inhibit SHK-mediated JNK activation. Therefore, ROS is an upstream trigger of SHK-induced caspase dependent apoptosis of PEL cells through disruption of mitochondrial membrane Δψm in an intrinsic pathway and an activation of JNK in an extrinsic pathway. In a PEL xenografted mouse model, SHK treatment suppresses PEL-mediated ascites formation without showing any significant adverse toxicity. These results suggested that SHK could be a potent anti-tumor agent for the treatment of PEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Masud Alam
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1, Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Ryusho Kariya
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1, Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Piyanard Boonnate
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1, Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Azusa Kawaguchi
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1, Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Seiji Okada
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1, Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.
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Isobutyrylshikonin has a potentially stronger cytotoxic effect in oral cancer cells than its analogue shikonin in vitro. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 116:104774. [PMID: 32470830 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to identify the anticancer effects and the mechanisms of action of shikonin and its analogue isobutyrylshikonin in oral squamous carcinoma cells. DESIGNS The cytotoxic effects of isobutyrylshikonin and shikonin in Ca9-22 and SCC-25 cells were analyzed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry analysis of Annexin V/Propidium Iodide (PI) staining, western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Treatment with both isobutyrylshikonin and shikonin induced dose- and time-dependent apoptotic cell death in Ca9-22 cells, although the IC50 of isobutyrylshikonin was less than that of shikonin. The induction of apoptosis by both isobutyrylshikonin and shikonin was accompanied by activation of caspase-8, -9, -3, and PARP, loss of mitochondrial trans-membrane potential, and release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria. ROS mediated the apoptosis induced by isobutyrylshikonin and shikonin, indicating that ROS may play a critical role in the distinctive cytotoxic effects of isobutyrylshikonin and shikonin in Ca9-22. Isobutyrylshikonin showed a similar cytotoxic effect in SCC-25 cells at concentrations showing the effects in Ca9 cells, but not in human normal keratinocyte cells. Although there is no biological difference between isobutyrylshikonin and shikonin, isobutyrylshikonin exerts the same cytotoxic effect at a concentration 6 times lower than shikonin. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggest that isobutyrylshikonin may be a more potent chemotherapeutic agent against oral cancer cells than shikonin. In addition, our data exhibit that both isobutyrylshikonin and shikonin induce caspase-dependent apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway through accumulation of ROS in oral squamous carcinoma cells.
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11
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Miao J, Xu M, Kuang Y, Pan S, Hou J, Cao P, Duan X, Chang Y, Hasem H, Zhou N, Tan K, Fan Y. Deferasirox protects against hydrogen peroxide-induced cell apoptosis by inhibiting ubiquitination and degradation of p21 WAF1/CIP1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 524:736-743. [PMID: 32035614 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.01.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Deferasirox (DFX) is an iron chelator approved for the treatment of iron overload diseases. However, the role of DFX in oxidative stress-induced cell apoptosis and the exact molecular mechanisms underlying these processes remain poorly understood and require further investigation. In this study, we found that DFX rendered resistant to H2O2-induced apoptosis in HEK293T cells, reduced the intracellular levels of the labile iron pool (LIP) and oxidative stress induced by H2O2. Furthermore, DFX inhibited the ubiquitination and degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1 (p21) via modulation of the interaction of p21 with SCF-Skp2. DFX also showed the inhibition effect on the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), pro-caspase-3 and related mitochondrial apoptosis pathway induced by H2O2. These results provide novel insights into the molecular mechanism underpinning iron-mediated oxidative stress and apoptosis, and they may represent a promising target for therapeutic interventions in related pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Miao
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, PR China
| | - Mutao Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, PR China
| | - Yuhuan Kuang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, PR China
| | - Shuhong Pan
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, PR China
| | - Jianyuan Hou
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, PR China
| | - Pengxiu Cao
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, PR China
| | - Xianglin Duan
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, PR China
| | - Yanzhong Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, PR China
| | - Habelhah Hasem
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, United States
| | - Nan Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, PR China; Department of Gynecolog, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai, 054031, PR China
| | - Ke Tan
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, PR China.
| | - Yumei Fan
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, PR China; Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, United States.
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12
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Chang CY, Li JR, Wu CC, Wang JD, Liao SL, Chen WY, Wang WY, Chen CJ. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Contributes to Indomethacin-Induced Glioma Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020557. [PMID: 31952288 PMCID: PMC7013513 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The dormancy of cellular apoptotic machinery has been highlighted as a crucial factor in therapeutic resistance, recurrence, and poor prognosis in patients with malignancy, such as malignant glioma. Increasing evidence indicates that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) confer chemopreventive effects, and indomethacin has been shown to have a novel chemotherapeutic application targeting glioma cells. To extend these findings, herein, we studied the underlying mechanisms of apoptosis activation caused by indomethacin in human H4 and U87 glioma cells. We found that the glioma cell-killing effects of indomethacin involved both death receptor- and mitochondria-mediated apoptotic cascades. Indomethacin-induced glioma cell apoptosis was accompanied by a series of biochemical changes, including reactive oxygen species generation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1 (Ask1) activation, p38 hyperphosphorylation, protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activation, Akt dephosphorylation, Mcl-1 and FLICE-inhibiting protein (FLIP) downregulation, Bax mitochondrial distribution, and caspases 3/caspase 8/caspase 9 activation. Data on pharmacological inhibition related to oxidative stress, ER stress, free Ca2+, and p38 revealed that the axis of oxidative stress/ER stress/Ask1/p38/PP2A/Akt comprised an apoptotic cascade leading to Mcl-1/FLIP downregulation and glioma apoptosis. Since indomethacin is an emerging choice in chemotherapy and its antineoplastic effects have been demonstrated in glioma tumor-bearing models, the findings further strengthen the argument for turning on the aforementioned axis in order to activate the apoptotic machinery of glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yi Chang
- Department of Surgery, Feng Yuan Hospital, Taichung City 420, Taiwan;
| | - Jian-Ri Li
- Division of Urology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Cheng Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan;
- Department of Financial Engineering, Providence University, Taichung City 433, Taiwan
- Department of Data Science and Big Data Analytics, Providence University, Taichung City 433, Taiwan
| | - Jiaan-Der Wang
- Children’s Medical Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan;
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Enterprise Information, Tunghai University, Taichung City 407, Taiwan
| | - Su-Lan Liao
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Ying Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Yi Wang
- Department of Nursing, HungKuang University, Taichung City 433, Taiwan;
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung City 404, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-23592525 (ext. 4022)
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13
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Zhu Y, Zhong Y, Long X, Zhu Z, Zhou Y, Ye H, Zeng X, Zheng X. Deoxyshikonin isolated from Arnebia euchroma inhibits colorectal cancer by down-regulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2019; 57:412-423. [PMID: 31230505 PMCID: PMC6600065 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2019.1626447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Context: Shikonins, a series of natural occurring naphthoquinones extracted from Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Jonst. (Boraginaceae), have antitumor activities and low toxicity. Objective: To illuminate potential activity and mechanism of shikonins against colorectal cancer (CRC). Materials and methods: Five shikonins were isolated from A. euchroma, and elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis. Anti-proliferative activities of shikonins (0-100 μg/mL) on human colorectal cells were evaluated by MTT and CCK-8 for 24 or 48 h. Cell apoptosis and cycle distribution were examined by FCM analysis. The expression of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway mRNAs and proteins was analysed by RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Cell viability, cell apoptosis, cell cycle and protein expression were measured, when co-treated with PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitors. The in vivo activity of deoxyshikonin was evaluated using xenograft tumour model. Results: Deoxyshikonin and another four shikonins were isolated and identified. Deoxyshikonin exhibited anti-proliferative activity with IC50 of 10.97 μM against HT29 cells. Moreover, the percentage of early apoptotic cells and G0/G1 cells increased from 1 to 29% and 44 to 67% with 0-50 μg/mL deoxyshikonin, respectively. Deoxyshikonin also down-regulated the expression of PI3K, p-PI3K, Akt, p-Akt308 and mTOR proteins in HT29 and DLD-1 cells. Moreover, LY294002, NVP-BEZ235 and MK-2206 can make deoxyshikonin more cell proliferation inhibited, cell cycle arrested at G0/G1 and apoptosis promoted. In vivo study, the weight of tumour tissues at deoxyshikonin groups was significantly reduced compared with the control group, and PI3K, p-PI3K, Akt, p-Akt308 and mTOR expression was decreased. Discussion and conclusions: We can conclude that deoxyshikonin isolated from Arnebia euchroma inhibited CRC through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yu Zhong
- Analysis Center of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xun Long
- The Third People’s Hospital of Bijie, Bijie, China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- Sino-American Cancer Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Hua Ye
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiaobin Zeng
- Center Lab of Longhua Branch, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, 2nd Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Infectious disease, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, 2nd Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
- Xiaobin Zeng Center Lab of Longhua Branch, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, 2nd Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province518120, China
| | - Xuebao Zheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- CONTACT Xuebao Zheng Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province524023, China
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14
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Liu Y, Kang X, Niu G, He S, Zhang T, Bai Y, Li Y, Hao H, Chen C, Shou Z, Li B. Shikonin induces apoptosis and prosurvival autophagy in human melanoma A375 cells via ROS-mediated ER stress and p38 pathways. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:626-635. [PMID: 30873870 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1575229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Shikonin, a botanical drug extracted from Lithospermum erythrorhizon, exhibits anti-cancer effects in various cancer cell lines. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects have not been completely elucidated yet. Here, we showed that Shikonin induces apoptosis and autophagy in A375 cells and inhibits their proliferation. Shikonin caused G2/M phase arrest through upregulation of p21 and downregulation of cyclin B1. Shikonin significantly triggered ER stress-mediated apoptosis by upregulating the expression of p-eIF2α, CHOP, and cleaved caspase-3. It also induced protective autophagy by activating the p38 pathway, followed by an increase in the levels of p-p38, LC3B-II, and Beclin 1. Upon suppression of autophagy by 3-methyladenine, Shikonin-induced apoptosis was enhanced in A375 cells. Moreover, after pretreatment with N-acetyl-cysteine, Shikonin increased the production of reactive oxygen species that are involved in regulating ER stress-mediated apoptosis and p38-activated autophagy, as evidenced by the reversion of cell viability and apoptosis and a decrease in p-eIF2α, CHOP, p-p38, LC3B-II, and Beclin 1 levels. Thus, we demonstrated that Shikonin induced apoptosis and autophagy in A375 cells via the activation of ROS-mediated ER stress and p38 pathways, indicating that Shikonin can serve as a potential agent for human melanoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkang Liu
- a Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China , Northwest University , Xi'an , China.,b School of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China.,c National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University , Xi'an , China
| | - Xing Kang
- a Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China , Northwest University , Xi'an , China.,b School of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China.,c National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University , Xi'an , China
| | - Geng Niu
- a Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China , Northwest University , Xi'an , China.,b School of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China.,c National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University , Xi'an , China
| | - Senlin He
- a Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China , Northwest University , Xi'an , China.,b School of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China.,c National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University , Xi'an , China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- a Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China , Northwest University , Xi'an , China.,b School of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China.,c National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University , Xi'an , China
| | - Yuwei Bai
- a Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China , Northwest University , Xi'an , China.,b School of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China.,c National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University , Xi'an , China
| | - Yi Li
- d School of Computer Science , Xi'an Polytechnic University , Xi'an , China
| | - Houyan Hao
- a Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China , Northwest University , Xi'an , China
| | - Chao Chen
- b School of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China.,c National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University , Xi'an , China
| | - Zhexing Shou
- e Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine , Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Bin Li
- a Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China , Northwest University , Xi'an , China.,b School of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China.,c National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University , Xi'an , China
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15
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Guo C, He J, Song X, Tan L, Wang M, Jiang P, Li Y, Cao Z, Peng C. Pharmacological properties and derivatives of shikonin-A review in recent years. Pharmacol Res 2019; 149:104463. [PMID: 31553936 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Shikonin is the major bioactive component extracted from the roots of Lithospermum erythrorhizon which is also known as "Zicao" in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Recent studies have shown that shikonin demonstrates various bioactivities related to the treatment of cancer, inflammation, and wound healing. This review aimed to provide an updated summary of recent studies on shikonin. Firstly, many studies have demonstrated that shikonin exerts strong anticancer effects on various types of cancer by inhibiting cell proliferation and migration, inducing apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis. Shikonin also triggers Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation, suppressing exosome release, and activate anti-tumor immunity in multiple molecular mechanisms. Examples of these effects include modulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPKs signaling; inhibiting the activation of TrxR1, PKM2, RIP1/3, Src, and FAK; and regulating the expression of ERP57, MMPs, ATF2, C-MYC, miR-128, and GRP78 (Bip). Next, the anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties of shikonin were also reviewed. Furthermore, several studies focusing on shikonin derivatives were reviewed, and these showed that, with modification to the naphthazarin ring or side chain, some shikonin derivatives display stronger anticancer activity and lower toxicity than shikonin itself. Our findings suggest that shikonin and its derivatives could serve as potential novel drug for the treatment of cancer and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjie Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China; School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Junlin He
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaominting Song
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Miao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Peidu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuzhi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhixing Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.
| | - Cheng Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China; School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
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16
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Zhang T, Zheng P, Shen X, Shao R, Wang B, Shen H, Zhang J, Xia Y, Zou P. Curcuminoid WZ26, a TrxR1 inhibitor, effectively inhibits colon cancer cell growth and enhances cisplatin-induced cell death through the induction of ROS. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 141:93-102. [PMID: 31176737 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Colon cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. Chemotherapy has improved survival in patients with colon cancer, but has a narrow therapeutic window due to its toxicity. Therefore, novel therapies for colon cancer are urgently needed. We previously developed a curcumin analog WZ26 as an anti-cancer agent in pre-clinical evaluation. In the present study, we further explored the mechanism and target of WZ26 in colon cancer cells. Our results show that WZ26 targets thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) and increases cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, which results in the activation of JNK signaling pathway in human colon cancer cells. Furthermore, we found that WZ26 significantly enhances cisplatin-induced cell growth inhibition in colon cancer cells. WZ26 combined with cisplatin markedly increases the accumulation of ROS, and thereby induces DNA damage and activation of JNK signaling pathway. Pretreatment with antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) significantly abrogates the combined treatment-induced ROS generation, DNA damage and cell death. In addition, the activation of JNK signaling pathway prompted by WZ26 and cisplatin was also reversed by NAC pretreatment. In vivo, WZ26 combined with cisplatin significantly inhibits tumor growth in a colon cancer xenograft model. Remarkably, WZ26 attenuates the body weight loss evoked by cisplatin treatment. This study discloses a previously unrecognized mechanism underlying the biological activity of WZ26, and reveals that WZ26 and cisplatin combinational treatment might potentially become a more effective regimen in colon cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Peisen Zheng
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Xin Shen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Rongrong Shao
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Huanpei Shen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yiqun Xia
- Department of Digestive Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
| | - Peng Zou
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
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17
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Wang JR, Shen GN, Luo YH, Piao XJ, Zhang Y, Wang H, Li JQ, Xu WT, Zhang Y, Wang SN, Zhang T, Xue H, Cao LK, Jin CH. 2-(4-methoxyphenylthio)-5,8-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone induces apoptosis via ROS-mediated MAPK and STAT3 signaling pathway in human gastric cancer cells. J Chemother 2019; 31:214-226. [PMID: 31074342 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2019.1610832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The 1,4-naphthoquinones and their derivatives have garnered great interest due to their antitumor pharmacological properties in various cancers; however, their clinical application is limited by side effects. In this study, to reduce side effects and improve therapeutic efficacy, a novel 1,4-naphthoquinone derivative-2-(4-methoxyphenylthio)-5,8-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (MPTDMNQ) was synthesized. We investigated the effects and underlying mechanisms of MPTDMNQ on cell viability, apoptosis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in human gastric cancer cells. Our results showed that MPTDMNQ decreased cell viability in nine human gastric cancer cell lines. MPTDMNQ significantly induced apoptosis accompanied by the accumulation of ROS in GC cells. However, pre-treatment with the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) attenuated the MPTDMNQ-induced apoptosis. Moreover, MPTDMNQ decreased the phosphorylation levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3); and increased the phosphorylation levels of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 kinase. However, phosphorylation was inhibited by NAC and a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor. These findings showed that MPTDMNQ induced AGS cell apoptosis via ROS-mediated MAPK and STAT3 signaling pathways. Thus, MPTDMNQ may be a promising candidate for treating gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ru Wang
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing , China
| | - Gui-Nan Shen
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing , China
| | - Ying-Hua Luo
- b College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing , China
| | - Xian-Ji Piao
- c Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics , The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Daqing , China
| | - Yi Zhang
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing , China
| | - Hao Wang
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing , China
| | - Jin-Qian Li
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing , China
| | - Wan-Ting Xu
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing , China
| | - Yu Zhang
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing , China
| | - Shi-Nong Wang
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing , China
| | - Tong Zhang
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing , China
| | - Hui Xue
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing , China
| | - Long-Kui Cao
- d College of Food Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing , China
| | - Cheng-Hao Jin
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing , China.,d College of Food Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing , China
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18
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Chirumbolo S, Bjørklund G, Lysiuk R, Vella A, Lenchyk L, Upyr T. Targeting Cancer with Phytochemicals via Their Fine Tuning of the Cell Survival Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113568. [PMID: 30424557 PMCID: PMC6274856 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of phytochemicals as potential prodrugs or therapeutic substances against tumors has come in the spotlight in the very recent years, thanks to the huge mass of encouraging and promising results of the in vitro activity of many phenolic compounds from plant raw extracts against many cancer cell lines. Little but important evidence can be retrieved from the clinical and nutritional scientific literature, where flavonoids are investigated as major pro-apoptotic and anti-metastatic compounds. However, the actual role of these compounds in cancer is still far to be fully elucidated. Many of these phytochemicals act in a pleiotropic and poorly specific manner, but, more importantly, they are able to tune the reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling to activate a survival or a pro-autophagic and pro-apoptosis mechanism, depending on the oxidative stress-responsive endowment of the targeted cell. This review will try to focus on this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
- Scientific Secretary-Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), 8610 Mo i Rana, Norway.
| | - Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), 8610 Mo i Rana, Norway.
| | - Roman Lysiuk
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, DanyloHalytskyLviv National Medical University, 79007 Lviv, Ukraine.
| | - Antonio Vella
- AOUI Verona, University Hospital, Section of Immunology, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Larysa Lenchyk
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, National University of Pharmacy, 61168 Kharkiv, Ukraine.
| | - Taras Upyr
- Department of Pharmacognosy, National University of Pharmacy, 61168 Kharkiv, Ukraine.
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19
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Shikonin potentiates the effect of arsenic trioxide against human hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 2018; 7:70504-70515. [PMID: 27655700 PMCID: PMC5342569 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly lethal malignancy mostly because of metastasis, recurrence and acquired resistance to conventional chemotherapy. Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is successfully used to treat hematological malignancies, and has been proven to trigger apoptosis in HCC cells. However, the phase II trial evaluating the efficacy and toxicity of ATO in patients with HCC showed that single-agent ATO is poorly active against HCC. Therefore, it is of great importance to develop effective chemosensitization agents to ATO. The aim of the present study was to determine whether shikonin (SHI), a natural product from the root of lithospermum erythrorhizon, could synergistically enhance the anti-HCC efficacy of ATO both in vitro and in vivo. We found that the combination of SHI and ATO exhibited synergistic anticancer efficacy and achieved greater selectivity between cancer cells and normal cells. By inducing intracellular oxidative stress, SHI potentiated ATO-induced DNA damage, followed by increased activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress. In addition, inhibition of ROS reversed the apoptosis induced by SHI and ATO, and recovered the activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress, which revealed the vital role of ROS in the synergism. Moreover, HepG2 xenograft tumor growth in nude mice was more effectively inhibited by combined treatment with SHI and ATO. These data suggest that the combination of SHI with ATO presents a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of HCC.
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20
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Spyrelli ED, Kyriazou AV, Virgiliou C, Nakas A, Deda O, Papageorgiou VP, Assimopoulou AN, Gika HG. Metabolic profiling study of shikonin's cytotoxic activity in the Huh7 human hepatoma cell line. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2018; 13:841-851. [PMID: 28265634 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00830e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Shikonin and its enantiomer alkannin, which are natural products, have been extensively studied in vitro and in vivo for, among others, their antitumor activity. The investigation of the molecular pathways involved in their action is of interest, since they are not yet clearly defined. Metabolic profiling in cells can provide a picture of a cell's phenotype upon intervention, assisting in the elucidation of the mechanism of action. In this study, the cytotoxic effect of shikonin on a human hepatocarcinoma cell line was studied. Huh7 cells were treated with shikonin at 5 μM, and it was found that shikonin markedly inhibited cell growth. Metabolic profiling indicated alterations in the metabolic content of the cells and the culture media upon treatment, detecting the metabolic response of the cells. This study demonstrates the potential of metabolomics to improve knowledge on the mechanisms involved in shikonin's antitumor action.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Spyrelli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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21
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Lin SY, Hsieh SY, Fan YT, Wei WC, Hsiao PW, Tsai DH, Wu TS, Yang NS. Necroptosis promotes autophagy-dependent upregulation of DAMP and results in immunosurveillance. Autophagy 2017; 14:778-795. [PMID: 29171784 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1386359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed necrosis, necroptosis, is considered to be a highly immunogenic activity, often mediated via the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Interestingly, enhanced macroautophagic/autophagic activity is often found to be accompanied by necroptosis. However, the possible role of autophagy in the immunogenicity of necroptotic death remains largely obscure. In this study, we investigated the possible mechanistic correlation between phytochemical shikonin-induced autophagy and the shikonin-induced necroptosis for tumor immunogenicity. We show that shikonin can instigate RIPK1 (receptor [TNFRSF]-interacting serine-threonine kinase 1)- and RIPK3 (receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 3)-dependent necroptosis that is accompanied by enhanced autophagy. Shikonin-induced autophagy can directly contribute to DAMP upregulation. Counterintuitively, among the released and ectoDAMPs, only the latter were shown to be able to activate the cocultured dendritic cells (DCs). Interruption of autophagic flux via chloroquine further upregulated ectoDAMP activity and resultant DC activation. For potential clinical application, DC vaccine preparations treated with tumor cells that were already pretreated with chloroquine and shikonin further enhanced the antimetastatic activity of 4T1 tumors and reduced the effective dosage of doxorubicin. The enhanced immunogenicity and vaccine efficacy obtained via shikonin and chloroquine cotreatment of tumor cells may thus constitute a compelling strategy for developing cancer vaccines via the use of a combinational drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yen Lin
- a Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center , Academia Sinica , ROC , Taiwan.,b Graduate Institute of Life Science , National Defense Medical Center , Taipei ROC , Taiwan
| | - Sung-Yuan Hsieh
- c Bioresource Collection and Research Center , Food Industry and Research and Development Institute , Hsinchu , ROC, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Fan
- a Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center , Academia Sinica , ROC , Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chi Wei
- a Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center , Academia Sinica , ROC , Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Hsiao
- a Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center , Academia Sinica , ROC , Taiwan.,b Graduate Institute of Life Science , National Defense Medical Center , Taipei ROC , Taiwan
| | - Dai-Hua Tsai
- d Institute for Pharmaceutics , Development Center for Biotechnology , New Taipei City , ROC , Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Shoon Wu
- e Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica , ROC , Taiwan
| | - Ning-Sun Yang
- a Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center , Academia Sinica , ROC , Taiwan.,b Graduate Institute of Life Science , National Defense Medical Center , Taipei ROC , Taiwan
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22
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Guo J, Cheng J, North BJ, Wei W. Functional analyses of major cancer-related signaling pathways in Alzheimer's disease etiology. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:341-358. [PMID: 28694093 PMCID: PMC5675793 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an aging-related neurodegenerative disease and accounts for majority of human dementia. The hyper-phosphorylated tau-mediated intracellular neurofibrillary tangle and amyloid β-mediated extracellular senile plaque are characterized as major pathological lesions of AD. Different from the dysregulated growth control and ample genetic mutations associated with human cancers, AD displays damage and death of brain neurons in the absence of genomic alterations. Although various biological processes predominately governing tumorigenesis such as inflammation, metabolic alteration, oxidative stress and insulin resistance have been associated with AD genesis, the mechanistic connection of these biological processes and signaling pathways including mTOR, MAPK, SIRT, HIF, and the FOXO pathway controlling aging and the pathological lesions of AD are not well recapitulated. Hence, we performed a thorough review by summarizing the physiological roles of these key cancer-related signaling pathways in AD pathogenesis, comprising of the crosstalk of these pathways with neurofibrillary tangle and senile plaque formation to impact AD phenotypes. Importantly, the pharmaceutical investigations of anti-aging and AD relevant medications have also been highlighted. In summary, in this review, we discuss the potential role that cancer-related signaling pathways may play in governing the pathogenesis of AD, as well as their potential as future targeted strategies to delay or prevent aging-related diseases and combating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Guo
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ji Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Brian J North
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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23
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Mikuła-Pietrasik J, Uruski P, Pakuła M, Maksin K, Szubert S, Woźniak A, Naumowicz E, Szpurek D, Tykarski A, Książek K. Oxidative stress contributes to hepatocyte growth factor-dependent pro-senescence activity of ovarian cancer cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 110:270-279. [PMID: 28652056 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The cancer-promoting activity of senescent peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) has already been well evidenced both in vitro and in vivo. Here we sought to determine if ovarian cancer cells may activate senescence in HPMCs. The study showed that conditioned medium (CM) from ovarian cancer cells (OVCAR-3, SKOV-3, A2780) inhibited growth and promoted the development of senescence phenotype (increased SA-β-Gal, γ-H2A.X, 53BP1, and decreased Cx43) in HPMCs. An analysis of tumors isolated from the peritoneum of patients with ovarian cancer revealed an abundance of senescent HPMCs in proximity to cancerous tissue. The presence of senescent HPMCs was incidental when fragments of peritoneum free from cancer were evaluated. An analysis of the cells' secretome followed by intervention studies with exogenous proteins and neutralizing antibodies revealed hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) as the mediator of the pro-senescence impact of the cancer cells. The activity of cancerous CM and HGF was associated with an induction of mitochondrial oxidative stress. Signaling pathways involved in the senescence of HPMCs elicited by the cancer-derived CM and HGF included p38 MAPK, AKT and NF-κB. HPMCs that senesced prematurely in response to the cancer-derived CM promoted adhesion of ovarian cancer cells, however this effect was effectively prevented by the cell protection against oxidative stress. Collectively, our findings indicate that ovarian cancer cells can elicit HGF-dependent senescence in HPMCs, which may contribute to the formation of a metastatic niche for these cells within the peritoneal cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Mikuła-Pietrasik
- Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2 Str., 61-848 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Paweł Uruski
- Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2 Str., 61-848 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Martyna Pakuła
- Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2 Str., 61-848 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Konstantin Maksin
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49 Str., 60-355 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Sebastian Szubert
- Division of Gynecological Surgery, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Polna 33 Str, 60-535 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Aldona Woźniak
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49 Str., 60-355 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Eryk Naumowicz
- General Surgery Ward, Medical Centre HCP, 28 Czerwca 1956 r. 223/229 Str., 61-485 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Szpurek
- Division of Gynecological Surgery, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Polna 33 Str, 60-535 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Tykarski
- Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2 Str., 61-848 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Książek
- Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2 Str., 61-848 Poznań, Poland.
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24
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Isorhynchophylline Attenuates MPP +-Induced Apoptosis Through Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress- and Mitochondria-Dependent Pathways in PC12 Cells: Involvement of Antioxidant Activity. Neuromolecular Med 2017; 19:480-492. [PMID: 28822073 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-017-8462-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and mitochondrial dysfunctions are thought to be involved in the dopaminergic neuronal death in Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we found that isorhynchophylline (IRN) significantly attenuated 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-induced apoptotic cell death and oxidative stress in PC12 cells. IRN markedly reduced MPP+-induced-ERS responses, indicative of inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) phosphorylation and caspase-12 activation. Furthermore, IRN inhibits MPP+-triggered apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1)/c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) signaling-mediated mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathway. IRN-mediated attenuation of endoplasmic reticulum modulator caspase-12 activation was abolished by diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) or IRE-1α shRNA, but not by SP600125 or pifithrin-α in MPP+-treated PC12 cells. Inhibitions of MPP+-induced both cytochrome c release and caspase-9 activation by IRN were blocked by pre-treatment with DPI or pifithrin-α, but not by IRE-1α shRNA. IRN blocks the generation of reactive oxygen species upstream of both ASK1/JNK pathway and IRE1/caspase-12 pathway. Altogether, our in vitro findings suggest that IRN possesses potent neuroprotective activity and may be a potential candidate for the treatment of PD.
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25
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Manuel-Manresa P, Korrodi-Gregório L, Hernando E, Villanueva A, Martínez-García D, Rodilla AM, Ramos R, Fardilha M, Moya J, Quesada R, Soto-Cerrato V, Pérez-Tomás R. Novel Indole-based Tambjamine-Analogues Induce Apoptotic Lung Cancer Cell Death through p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:1224-1235. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Vieira Torquato HF, Ribeiro-Filho AC, Buri MV, Araújo Júnior RT, Pimenta R, de Oliveira JSR, Filho VC, Macho A, Paredes-Gamero EJ, de Oliveira Martins DT. Canthin-6-one induces cell death, cell cycle arrest and differentiation in human myeloid leukemia cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:958-967. [PMID: 28161479 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canthin-6-one is a natural product isolated from various plant genera and from fungi with potential antitumor activity. In the present study, we evaluate the antitumor effects of canthin-6-one in human myeloid leukemia lineages. METHODS Kasumi-1 lineage was used as a model for acute myeloid leukemia. Cells were treated with canthin-6-one and cell death, cell cycle and differentiation were evaluated in both total cells (Lin+) and leukemia stem cell population (CD34+CD38-Lin-/low). RESULTS Among the human lineages tested, Kasumi-1 was the most sensitive to canthin-6-one. Canthin-6-one induced cell death with apoptotic (caspase activation, decrease of mitochondrial potential) and necrotic (lysosomal permeabilization, double labeling of annexin V/propidium iodide) characteristics. Moreover, canthin-6-one induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 (7μM) and G2 (45μM) evidenced by DNA content, BrdU incorporation and cyclin B1/histone 3 quantification. Canthin-6-one also promoted differentiation of Kasumi-1, evidenced by an increase in the expression of myeloid markers (CD11b and CD15) and the transcription factor PU.1. Furthermore, a reduction of the leukemic stem cell population and clonogenic capability of stem cells were observed. CONCLUSIONS These results show that canthin-6-one can affect Kasumi-1 cells by promoting cell death, cell cycle arrest and cell differentiation depending on concentration used. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Canthin-6-one presents an interesting cytotoxic activity against leukemic cells and represents a promising scaffold for the development of molecules for anti-leukemic applications, especially by its anti-leukemic stem cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heron F Vieira Torquato
- Department of Basic Sciences in Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, no. 2367, Boa Esperança, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso 78060-900, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Av. Pedro de Toledo, no. 669, São Paulo, São Paulo 04039-401, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Ribeiro-Filho
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Bioquı́mica, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, Av. Dr. Cândido Xavier de Almeida Souza, 200, Mogi das Cruzes, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcus V Buri
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Av. Pedro de Toledo, no. 669, São Paulo, São Paulo 04039-401, Brazil
| | - Roberto T Araújo Júnior
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Av. Pedro de Toledo, no. 669, São Paulo, São Paulo 04039-401, Brazil
| | - Renata Pimenta
- Department of Medicine (Hematology), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Av. Diogo de Faria, 824, São Paulo, São Paulo 04037-002, Brazil
| | - José Salvador R de Oliveira
- Department of Medicine (Hematology), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Av. Diogo de Faria, 824, São Paulo, São Paulo 04037-002, Brazil
| | - Valdir C Filho
- Chemical-Pharmaceutical Research Center, University of Vale of Itajaí (UNIVALI), Rua Uruguai, no. 458, Centro, Itajaí, Santa Catarina 88302-202, Brazil
| | - Antonio Macho
- Department of Basic Sciences in Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, no. 2367, Boa Esperança, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Edgar J Paredes-Gamero
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Av. Pedro de Toledo, no. 669, São Paulo, São Paulo 04039-401, Brazil; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Bioquı́mica, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, Av. Dr. Cândido Xavier de Almeida Souza, 200, Mogi das Cruzes, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Domingos T de Oliveira Martins
- Department of Basic Sciences in Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, no. 2367, Boa Esperança, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso 78060-900, Brazil.
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27
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Huang G, Meng QQ, Zhou W, Zhang QJ, Dong JY, Li SS. Design and synthesis of biotinylated dimethylation of alkannin oxime derivatives. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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28
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Lv X, Song DM, Niu YH, Wang BS. Inhibition of heme oxygenase-1 enhances the chemosensitivity of laryngeal squamous cell cancer Hep-2 cells to cisplatin. Apoptosis 2016; 21:489-501. [PMID: 26801320 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1216-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
It has been previously reported that cisplatin is a well-known anticancer drug being used against a wide range of malignancies including head and neck, ovarian and non-small cell lung carcinoma, and demonstrated its anticancer activity by reacting with DNA or changing cell structure, immune response, reactive oxygen species level (ROS). In this research we proved that cisplatin induced cell injuries and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression in laryngeal squamous cell cancer Hep-2 cells through ROS generation. The induction of HO-1 clearly protected Hep-2 cells from cisplatin-induced cell death and ROS reaction, and the inhibitor of HO-1 enhanced the cell death and ROS generation induced by cisplatin. Furthermore, the HO-1 expression induced by cisplatin was strongly inhibited by the knockdown of nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor-2 (Nrf-2), and the oxidative damages induced by cisplatin were significantly enhanced. Therefore, it may be concluded that the inhibition of HO-1 or the knockdown of Nrf-2 significantly enhanced cisplatin's anticancer effects on Hep-2 cells. In clinic, with the overexpression of HO-1 in laryngeal squamous cancer tissues, the combination of cisplatin with the inhibitor of HO-1 or Nrf-2 siRNA may act as a new method to the treatment of laryngeal squamous cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lv
- Department of Otolaryngology and Allergy, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050031, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dong-mei Song
- Department of Otolaryngology and Allergy, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050031, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-hao Niu
- Department of Otolaryngology and Allergy, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050031, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-shan Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology and Allergy, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050031, Hebei, People's Republic of China. .,Hebei Medical University, No. 361, Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
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29
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Zhao Q, Assimopoulou AN, Klauck SM, Damianakos H, Chinou I, Kretschmer N, Rios JL, Papageorgiou VP, Bauer R, Efferth T. Inhibition of c-MYC with involvement of ERK/JNK/MAPK and AKT pathways as a novel mechanism for shikonin and its derivatives in killing leukemia cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:38934-51. [PMID: 26472107 PMCID: PMC4770748 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukemia remains life-threatening despite remarkable advances in chemotherapy. The poor prognosis and drug resistance are challenging treatment. Novel drugs are urgently needed. Shikonin, a natural naphthoquinone, has been previously shown by us to be particularly effective towards various leukemia cell lines compared to solid tumors. However, the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. Here, we investigated shikonin and 14 derivatives on U937 leukemia cells. Four derivatives (isobutyrylshikonin, 2-methylbutyrylshikonin, isovalerylshikonin and β,β-dimethylacrylshikonin) were more active than shikonin. AnnexinV-PI analysis revealed that shikonins induced apoptosis. Cell cycle G1/S check point regulation and the transcription factor c-MYC, which plays a vital role in cell cycle regulation and proliferation, were identified as the most commonly down-regulated mechanisms upon treatment with shikonins in mRNA microarray hybridizations. Western blotting and DNA-binding assays confirmed the inhibition of c-MYC expression and transcriptional activity by shikonins. Reduction of c-MYC expression was closely associated with deregulated ERK, JNK MAPK and AKT activity, indicating their involvement in shikonin-triggered c-MYC inactivation. Molecular docking studies revealed that shikonin and its derivatives bind to the same DNA-binding domain of c-MYC as the known c-MYC inhibitors 10058-F4 and 10074-G5. This finding indicates that shikonins bind to c-MYC. The effect of shikonin on U937 cells was confirmed in other leukemia cell lines (Jurkat, Molt4, CCRF-CEM, and multidrug-resistant CEM/ADR5000), where shikonin also inhibited c-MYC expression and influenced phosphorylation of AKT, ERK1/2, and SAPK/JNK. In summary, inhibition of c-MYC and related pathways represents a novel mechanism of shikonin and its derivatives to explain their anti-leukemic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreana N Assimopoulou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sabine M Klauck
- Working Group Cancer Genome Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Ioanna Chinou
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nadine Kretschmer
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - José-Luis Rios
- Department de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Rudolf Bauer
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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Rodney GG, Pal R, Abo-Zahrah R. Redox regulation of autophagy in skeletal muscle. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 98:103-112. [PMID: 27184957 PMCID: PMC4975974 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular degradative pathway that involves the delivery of cytoplasmic components, including proteins and organelles, to the lysosome for degradation. Autophagy is implicated in the maintenance of skeletal muscle; increased autophagy leads to muscle atrophy while decreased autophagy leads to degeneration and weakness. A growing body of work suggests that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important cellular signal transducers controlling autophagy. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases and mitochondria are major sources of ROS generation in skeletal muscle that are likely regulating autophagy through different signaling cascades based on localization of the ROS signals. This review aims to provide insight into the redox control of autophagy in skeletal muscle. Understanding the mechanisms by which ROS regulate autophagy will provide novel therapeutic targets for skeletal muscle diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- George G Rodney
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Rituraj Pal
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Reem Abo-Zahrah
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Jeung YJ, Kim HG, Ahn J, Lee HJ, Lee SB, Won M, Jung CR, Im JY, Kim BK, Park SK, Son MJ, Chung KS. Shikonin induces apoptosis of lung cancer cells via activation of FOXO3a/EGR1/SIRT1 signaling antagonized by p300. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:2584-2593. [PMID: 27452907 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Shikonin derivatives exert powerful cytotoxic effects including induction of apoptosis. Here, we demonstrate the cytotoxic efficacy of shikonin in vivo in xenograft models, which did not affect body weight as well as its reduction of cell viability in vitro using several non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. We found that inhibition of AKT by shikonin activated the forkhead box (FOX)O3a/early growth response protein (EGR)1 signaling cascade and enhanced the expression of the target gene Bim, leading to apoptosis in lung cancer cells. Overexpression of wild-type or a constitutively active mutant of FOXO3a enhanced shikonin-induced Bim expression. The NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase sirtuin (SIRT)1 amplified the pro-apoptotic effect by deacetylating FOXO3a, which induced EGR1 binding to the Bim promoter and activated Bim expression. Meanwhile, PI3K/AKT activity was enhanced, whereas that of FOXO3a was reduced and p300 was upregulated by treatment with a sublethal dose of shikonin. FOXO3a acetylation was enhanced by p300 overexpression, while shikonin-induced Bim expression was suppressed by p300 overexpression, which promoted cell survival. FOXO3a acetylation was increased by p300 overexpression and treatment with SIRT1 inhibitor, improving cell survival. In addition, shikonin-induced FOXO3a nuclear localization was blocked by AKT activation and SIRT1 inhibition, which blocked Bim expression and conferred resistance to the cytotoxic effects of shikonin. The EGR1 increase induced by shikonin was restored by pretreatment with SIRT1 inhibitor. These results suggest that shikonin induces apoptosis in some lung cancer cells via activation of FOXO3a/EGR1/SIRT1 signaling, and that AKT and p300 negatively regulate this process via Bim upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ji Jeung
- Biomedical Translational Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University Medical School, Daejeon 301-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Gyeul Kim
- Biomedical Translational Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Ahn
- Biomedical Translational Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Joon Lee
- Biomedical Translational Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae-Bhom Lee
- Biomedical Translational Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Misun Won
- Biomedical Translational Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Cho-Rock Jung
- Biomedical Translational Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Young Im
- Biomedical Translational Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Kyung Kim
- Biomedical Translational Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Kiel Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University Medical School, Daejeon 301-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Jin Son
- Stem Cell Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 305-806, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung-Sook Chung
- Biomedical Translational Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 305-806, Republic of Korea.
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Wu YM, Chen ZJ, Jiang GM, Zhang KS, Liu Q, Liang SW, Zhou Y, Huang HB, Du J, Wang HS. Inverse agonist of estrogen-related receptor α suppresses the growth of triple negative breast cancer cells through ROS generation and interaction with multiple cell signaling pathways. Oncotarget 2016; 7:12568-81. [PMID: 26871469 PMCID: PMC4914305 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent clinical need for targeted therapy approaches for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients. Increasing evidences suggested that the expression of estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα) was correlate with unfavorable clinical outcomes of breast cancer patients. We here show that inhibition of ERRα by its inverse agonist XCT-790 can suppress the proliferation, decrease G2/M phases, and induce mitochondrial-related apoptosis of TNBC cells. XCT-790 elevates the proteins related to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress such as ATF4/6, XBT-1 and CHOP. It also increases the expression of growth inhibition related proteins such as p53 and p21. Further, XCT-790 can increase the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in TNBC cells mainly through inhibition of SOD1/2. While ROS scavenger NAC abolishes XCT-790 induced ER-stress and growth arrest. XCT-790 treatment can rapidly activate the signal molecules including ERK1/2, p38-MAPK, JNK, Akt, p65, and IκBα, while NAC attenuates effects of XCT-790 induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38-MAPK and Akt. Further, the inhibitors of ERK1/2, JNK, Akt, and NF-κB attenuate XCT-790 induced ROS generation. These data suggest that AKT/ROS and ERK/ROS positive feedback loops, NF-κB/ROS, and ROS/p38-MAPK, are activated in XCT-790 treated TNBC cells. In vivo experiments show that XCT-790 significantly suppresses the growth of MDA-MB-231 xenograft tumors, which is associated with up regulation of p53, p21, ER-stress related proteins while down regulation of bcl-2. The present discovery makes XCT-790 a promising candidate drug and lays the foundation for future development of ERRα-based therapies for TNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Min Wu
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhuo-Jia Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Guan-Min Jiang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Kun-Shui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shu-Wei Liang
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hong-Bin Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jun Du
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hong-Sheng Wang
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Jing H, Sun W, Fan J, Zhang Y, Yang J, Jia J, Li J, Guo J, Luo S, Zheng Y. Shikonin induces apoptosis of HaCaT cells via the mitochondrial, Erk and Akt pathways. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:3009-16. [PMID: 26935874 PMCID: PMC4805065 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Shikonin, which is a major ingredient of the traditional Chinese herb Lithospermum erythrorhizon, possesses various biological functions, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activities. The present study aimed to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of shikonin on HaCaT cell apoptosis. Treatment with shikonin significantly inhibited the viability of HaCaT cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and promoted cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase and apoptosis. In addition, shikonin treatment reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential and induced reactive oxygen species generation. The results of a western blot analysis demonstrated that shikonin significantly activated caspase 3 expression, downregulated B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) expression, and upregulated Bcl-2-associated X protein and Bcl-2 homologous antagonist killer expression in a dose-dependent manner in HaCaT cells. Furthermore, shikonin decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) and Akt phosphorylation. These results indicated that shikonin may exert its anti-proliferative effects by inducing apoptosis via activation of the mitochondrial signaling pathway and inactivation of the Akt and Erk pathways in HaCaT cells. Therefore, the present study suggested that shikonin may have potential as a component of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Jing
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Wenyan Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jinghua Fan
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Yang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Jinjing Jia
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Jichang Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Jiaqi Guo
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Suju Luo
- Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
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Collins JA, Wood ST, Nelson KJ, Rowe MA, Carlson CS, Chubinskaya S, Poole LB, Furdui CM, Loeser RF. Oxidative Stress Promotes Peroxiredoxin Hyperoxidation and Attenuates Pro-survival Signaling in Aging Chondrocytes. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:6641-54. [PMID: 26797130 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.693523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress-mediated post-translational modifications of redox-sensitive proteins are postulated as a key mechanism underlying age-related cellular dysfunction and disease progression. Peroxiredoxins (PRX) are critical intracellular antioxidants that also regulate redox signaling events. Age-related osteoarthritis is a common form of arthritis that has been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of aging and oxidative stress on chondrocyte intracellular signaling, with a specific focus on oxidation of cytosolic PRX2 and mitochondrial PRX3. Menadione was used as a model to induce cellular oxidative stress. Compared with chondrocytes isolated from young adult humans, chondrocytes from older adults exhibited higher levels of PRX1-3 hyperoxidation basally and under conditions of oxidative stress. Peroxiredoxin hyperoxidation was associated with inhibition of pro-survival Akt signaling and stimulation of pro-death p38 signaling. These changes were prevented in cultured human chondrocytes by adenoviral expression of catalase targeted to the mitochondria (MCAT) and in cartilage explants from MCAT transgenic mice. Peroxiredoxin hyperoxidation was observedin situin human cartilage sections from older adults and in osteoarthritic cartilage. MCAT transgenic mice exhibited less age-related osteoarthritis. These findings demonstrate that age-related oxidative stress can disrupt normal physiological signaling and contribute to osteoarthritis and suggest peroxiredoxin hyperoxidation as a potential mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Collins
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology and the Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Scott T Wood
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology and the Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | | | - Meredith A Rowe
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology and the Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - Cathy S Carlson
- the Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, and
| | - Susan Chubinskaya
- the Department of Pediatrics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | | | - Cristina M Furdui
- Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - Richard F Loeser
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology and the Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599,
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Gupta P, Jagavelu K, Mishra DP. Inhibition of NADPH Oxidase-4 Potentiates 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose-Induced Suppression of Glycolysis, Migration, and Invasion in Glioblastoma Cells: Role of the Akt/HIF1α/HK-2 Signaling Axis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:665-81. [PMID: 25891245 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.5973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS 2-Deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG), a synthetic glycolytic inhibitor, is currently under clinical evaluation as a promising anticancer agent. However, 2-DG treatment in cancer cells activates prosurvival Akt signaling that might limit its clinical efficacy. The NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox-4)/reactive oxygen species/Akt signaling is known to regulate survival, proliferation, infiltration, and invasion in glioblastomas (GBMs). The enhanced motility, invasiveness, and therapy resistance in GBMs are attributed to metabolic adaptation through increased aerobic glycolysis. Therefore, we hypothesized that inhibition of the Nox-4 might enhance 2-DG-induced suppression of glycolysis, migration, and invasion in GBM cells. RESULTS We identified the natural naphthoquinone compound shikonin as a potent inhibitor of the Nox-4/Akt signaling pathway. The combined treatment of shikonin+2-DG suppressed the glycolytic phenotype, migration, and invasion through modulation of the Akt/HIF1α/hexokinase-2 signaling axis in GBM cells. The combination also exhibited enhanced antiproliferative and antiangiogenic effects in vivo. INNOVATION Our data for the first time demonstrate that inhibition of the Nox-4-associated prosurvival signaling pathway by shikonin enhances the antiproliferative and antiangiogenic potential of 2-DG in GBM cells. CONCLUSION In summary, the combined inhibition of Nox-4 and glycolysis may have therapeutic implications for the management of GBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Gupta
- 1 Endocrinology Division, Cell Death Research Laboratory, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow, India
| | - Kumaravelu Jagavelu
- 2 Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow, India
| | - Durga Prasad Mishra
- 1 Endocrinology Division, Cell Death Research Laboratory, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow, India
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36
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Zhang L, Wu J, Ling MT, Zhao L, Zhao KN. The role of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway in human cancers induced by infection with human papillomaviruses. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:87. [PMID: 26022660 PMCID: PMC4498560 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0361-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) leads to the development of a wide-range of cancers, accounting for 5% of all human cancers. A prominent example is cervical cancer, one of the leading causes of cancer death in women worldwide. It has been well established that tumor development and progression induced by HPV infection is driven by the sustained expression of two oncogenes E6 and E7. The expression of E6 and E7 not only inhibits the tumor suppressors p53 and Rb, but also alters additional signalling pathways that may be equally important for transformation. Among these pathways, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling cascade plays a very important role in HPV-induced carcinogenesis by acting through multiple cellular and molecular events. In this review, we summarize the frequent amplification of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signals in HPV-induced cancers and discuss how HPV oncogenes E6/E7/E5 activate the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway to modulate tumor initiation and progression and affect patient outcome. Improvement of our understanding of the mechanism by which the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway contributes to the immortalization and carcinogenesis of HPV-transduced cells will assist in devising novel strategies for preventing and treating HPV-induced cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035 , Zhejiang, PR China.
| | - Jianhong Wu
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, 4102, QLD, Australia.
- Current address: Department of Gastric Cancer and Soft Tissue Sarcomas Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, PR China.
| | - Ming Tat Ling
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, 4102, QLD, Australia.
| | - Liang Zhao
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia.
| | - Kong-Nan Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035 , Zhejiang, PR China.
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research-Venomics Research, The University of Queensland School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, 4102, QLD, Australia.
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Gara RK, Srivastava VK, Duggal S, Bagga JK, Bhatt M, Sanyal S, Mishra DP. Shikonin selectively induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells through the endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. J Biomed Sci 2015; 22:26. [PMID: 25879420 PMCID: PMC4389804 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-015-0127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the recent progress in screening and therapy, a majority of prostate cancer cases eventually attain hormone refractory and chemo-resistant attributes. Conventional chemotherapeutic strategies are effective at very high doses for only palliative management of these prostate cancers. Therefore chemo-sensitization of prostate cancer cells could be a promising strategy for increasing efficacy of the conventional chemotherapeutic agents in prostate cancer patients. Recent studies have indicated that the chemo-preventive natural agents restore the pro-apoptotic protein expression and induce endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) leading to the inhibition of cellular proliferation and activation of the mitochondrial apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Therefore reprogramming ER stress-mitochondrial dependent apoptosis could be a potential approach for management of hormone refractory chemoresistant prostate cancers. We aimed to study the effects of the natural naphthoquinone Shikonin in human prostate cancer cells. Results The results indicated that Shikonin induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cells through the dual induction of the endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Shikonin induced ROS generation and activated ER stress and calpain activity. Moreover, addition of antioxidants attenuated these effects. Shikonin also induced the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway mediated through the enhanced expression of the pro-apoptotic Bax and inhibition of Bcl-2, disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) followed by the activation of caspase-9, caspase-3, and PARP cleavage. Conclusion The results suggest that shikonin could be useful in the therapeutic management of hormone refractory prostate cancers due to its modulation of the pro-apoptotic ER stress and mitochondrial apoptotic pathways. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12929-015-0127-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Kumar Gara
- Cell Death Research Laboratory, Endocrinology Division CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India. .,Center for Cancer Research, UTHSC, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | | | - Shivali Duggal
- Department of Radiotherapy, King George Medical University, Lucknow, 226003, India.
| | - Jaspreet Kaur Bagga
- Cell Death Research Laboratory, Endocrinology Division CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India.
| | - Mlb Bhatt
- Department of Radiotherapy, King George Medical University, Lucknow, 226003, India.
| | - Sabyasachi Sanyal
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India.
| | - Durga Prasad Mishra
- Cell Death Research Laboratory, Endocrinology Division CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India.
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Zhang X, Hu W, Wu F, Yuan X, Hu J. Shikonin inhibits TNF-α-induced growth and invasion of rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 93:615-24. [PMID: 26042337 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Shikonin is a naphthoquinone compound extracted from the Chinese herb purple gromwell. Shikonin has broad antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activities. The tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced proliferation and invasion of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is an important factor that contributes to atherosclerosis. The effects of shikonin on the proliferation and apoptosis of VSMCs have been reported; however, the function of shikonin on TNF-α-mediated growth and invasion of VSMCs during atherosclerosis remains unclear. In this study, we used Western blot, flow cytometry, real-time quantitative PCR, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to investigate the effect of shikonin on the TNF-α-induced growth and invasion of VSMCs and to determine the underlying mechanism. Our results showed that shikonin inhibits the TNF-α-mediated growth and invasion. Further study revealed that shikonin regulates the activation of nuclear factor kappa B and phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase signaling pathways; modulates the expression of cyclin D1, cyclin E, B-cell lymphoma 2, and Bax; activates caspase-3 and caspase-9; induces cell cycle arrest; and promotes the apoptosis of VSMCs. Together, our results indicate that shikonin may become a promising agent for the treatment of atherosclerosis and they also establish foundation for the development of anti-atherosclerosis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Zhang
- a Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyu Hu
- a Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Wu
- b Department of Cardiology, The First People's Hospital of Shenyang City, Shenyang 110041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Yuan
- b Department of Cardiology, The First People's Hospital of Shenyang City, Shenyang 110041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Hu
- a Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
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Mei L, Chen Y, Wang Z, Wang J, Wan J, Yu C, Liu X, Li W. Synergistic anti-tumour effects of tetrandrine and chloroquine combination therapy in human cancer: a potential antagonistic role for p21. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:2232-45. [PMID: 25521075 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Tetrandrine, a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from the Chinese medicinal herb Stephaniae tetrandrae, has a long history in Chinese clinical applications to treat diverse diseases. Tetrandrine induced apoptosis or, at low concentrations, autophagy of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Here we have tested the effects of inhibitors of autophagy such as chloroquine, on the response to low concentrations of tetrandrine in cancer cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cultures of several cancer cell lines, including Huh7, U251, HCT116 and A549 cells, were exposed to tetrandrine, chloroquine or a combination of these compounds. Cell viability and content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured and synergy assessed by calculation of the combination index. Western blot and RT-PCR assays were also used along with fluorescence microscopy and histochemical techniques. KEY RESULTS Combinations of tetrandrine and chloroquine were more cytotoxic than the same concentrations used separately and these effects showed synergy. Such effects involved increased ROS generation and were dependent on caspase-3 but independent of Akt activity. Blockade of tetrandrine-induced autophagy with 3-methyladenine or bafilomycin-A1 induced apoptosis in cancer cells. Lack of p21 protein (p21(-/-) HCT116 cells) increased sensitivity to the apoptotic effects of the combination of tetrandrine and chloroquine. In a tumour xenograft model in mice, combined treatment with tetrandrine and chloroquine induced ROS accumulation and cell apoptosis, and decreased tumour growth. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The combinations of tetrandrine and chloroquine exhibited synergistic anti-tumour activity, in vitro and in vivo. Our results suggest a novel therapeutic strategy for tumour treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liufeng Mei
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Meng G, Liu J, Lin S, Guo Z, Xu L. Microcystin-LR-caused ROS generation involved in p38 activation and tau hyperphosphorylation in neuroendocrine (PC12) cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:366-374. [PMID: 24142891 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a potent specific hepatotoxin produced by cyanobacteria, has recently been reported to show neurotoxicity. Our previous study demonstrated that MC-LR caused the reorganization of cytoskeleton architectures and hyperphosphorylation of the cytoskeletal-associated proteins tau and HSP27 in neuroendocrine PC12 cell line by direct PP2A inhibition and indirect p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation. It has been shown that oxidative stress is extensively associated with MC-LR toxicity, mainly resulting from an excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the mechanisms by which ROS mediates the cytotoxic action of MC-LR are unclear. In the present study, we investigated whether ROS might play a critical role in MC-LR-induced hyperphosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein tau and the activation of the MAPKs in PC12 cell line. The results showed that MC-LR had time- and concentration-dependent effects on ROS generation, p38-MAPK activation and tau phosphorylation. The time-course studies indicated similar biphasic changes in ROS generation and tau hyperphosphorylation, which started to increase within 1 h and reached the maximum level at 3 h followed by a decrease after prolonged treatment. Furthermore, pretreatment with the antioxidants, N-acetylcysteine and vitamin C, significantly decreased MC-LR-induced ROS generation and effectively attenuated p38-MAPK activation as well as tau hyperphosphorylation. Taken together, these findings suggest that ROS generation triggered by MC-LR is a key intracellular event that contributes to an induction of p38-MAPK activation and tau phosphorylation, and that blockade of this ROS-mediated redox-sensitive signal cascades may attenuate the toxic effects of MC-LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanmin Meng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, 234 Gucui Road, Hangzhou, 310012, China; Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866th Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Shikonin inhibits oxidized LDL-induced monocyte adhesion by suppressing NFκB activation via up-regulation of PI3K/Akt/Nrf2-dependent antioxidation in EA.hy926 endothelial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 93:352-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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42
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Baloch SK, Ma L, Wang XL, Shi J, Zhu Y, Wu FY, Pang YJ, Lu GH, Qi JL, Wang XM, Gu HW, Yang YH. Design, synthesis and mechanism of novel shikonin derivatives as potent anticancer agents. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra01872b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel shikonin derivatives were synthesised and probed as anticancer agents. Compound 40 showed the best anticancer activity with an IC50 of 1.26 μM, could induce apoptosis and cause cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase via the P21 p-CDC2 (Tyr15) pathway independent of P53.
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Wada N, Kawano Y, Fujiwara S, Kikukawa Y, Okuno Y, Tasaki M, Ueda M, Ando Y, Yoshinaga K, Ri M, Iida S, Nakashima T, Shiotsu Y, Mitsuya H, Hata H. Shikonin, dually functions as a proteasome inhibitor and a necroptosis inducer in multiple myeloma cells. Int J Oncol 2014; 46:963-72. [PMID: 25530098 PMCID: PMC4324584 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Shikonin (SHK), a natural small agent (MW 288.3), reportedly induces cell death in various tumor cells. We have found that SHK also exerts potent cytocidal effects on human multiple myeloma (MM) cells, but its anticancer mechanism in MM cells remains to be elucidated. SHK at 2.5–5 μM induced apoptosis in seven MM cell lines, including the bortezomib-resistant cell line KMS11/BTZ. The IC50 value of SHK against KMS11/BTZ was comparable to that of a parental cell line KMS11 (1.1 and 1.56 μM, respectively). SHK induces accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and activates XBP-1 in MM cells, suggesting that SHK functions as a proteasome inhibitor, eventually inducing ER stress-associated apoptosis. SHK increases levels of HSP70/72, which protects cells from apoptosis, and exerts greater cytocidal effects in combination with the HSP70/72 inhibitor VER-155008. At higher concentrations (10–20 μM), SHK induced cell death, which was completely inhibited by a necroptosis inhibitor, necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), while the cytocidal activity was unaffected by Z-VAD-FMK, strongly suggesting that cell death is induced by SHK at high concentrations through necroptosis. The present data show for the first time that SHK induces cell death in MM cells. SHK efficiently induces apoptosis and combination of heat shock protein inhibitor with low dose SHK enhances apoptosis, while high dose SHK induces necroptosis in MM cells. These findings together support the use of SHK as a potential therapeutic agent for MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Wada
- Department of Hematology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yawara Kawano
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shiho Fujiwara
- Department of Hematology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Yutaka Okuno
- Department of Hematology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Tasaki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Ueda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yukio Ando
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazuya Yoshinaga
- Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masaki Ri
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Iida
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Yukimasa Shiotsu
- Translational Oncology, Kyowa Hakko Kirin California Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Department of Hematology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hata
- Department of Hematology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
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MicroRNA-302 induces proliferation and inhibits oxidant-induced cell death in human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1385. [PMID: 25144720 PMCID: PMC4454318 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a heterogeneous population of cells that proliferate in vitro as plastic-adherent cells, have a fibroblast-like morphology, form colonies in vitro and can differentiate into bone, cartilage and fat cells. The abundance, ease and repeatable access to subcutaneous adipose tissue and the simple isolation procedures provide clear advantages for the use of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hASDCs) in clinical applications. We screened microRNAs (miRNAs) that affected the proliferation and survival of hADSCs. Transfection of miR-302d mimic increased cell proliferation and protected cells from oxidant-induced cell death in hADSCs, which was supported by flow-cytometric analysis. miR-302d did not affect the expression of Bcl-2 family members or anti-oxidant molecules. The Nrf2-Keap1 system, which is one of the major mechanisms for the cellular defense against oxidative stress, was not altered by transfection of miR-302d mimic. To identify the target of the miR-302d actions on proliferation and survival of hADSCs, a microarray analysis was performed using miR-302d-overexpressing hADSCs. Real-time PCR analysis showed that transfection of miR-302d mimic inhibited the CDKN1A and CCL5 expression. Downregulation of CDKN1A with a specific siRNA mimicked the effect of miR-302d on hADSCs proliferation, but did not affect miR-302d-induced cell survival. Downregulation of CCL5 protected oxidant-induced cell death as miR-302d, inhibited oxidant-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and the addition of recombinant CCL5 inhibited the protective action of miR-302d on oxidant-induced cell death. This study indicates that miR-302 controls proliferation and cell survival of hADSCs through different targets and that this miRNA can be used to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of hADSCs transplantation in vivo.
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45
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Gong K, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Shu HB, Li W. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase, receptor interacting protein, and reactive oxygen species regulate shikonin-induced autophagy in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 738:142-52. [PMID: 24886888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Shikonin, a naphthoquinone derived from the Chinese medicinal plant Lithospermum erythrorhizon, shows potential to be a cancer chemotherapeutic agent. Our previous data demonstrate that high doses (about 6 μM) of shikonin induce apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Here, we discovered that a low dose of shikonin (2.5 μM) and a short treatment time (12h) induced autophagy, as evidenced by the upregulation of microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3)-II, the formation of acidic autophagic vacuoles (AVOs), and the punctate fluorescence pattern of GFP-LC3 protein. Next, we investigated the mechanism and found reactive oxygen species accumulation after shikonin treatment. The reactive oxygen species scavengers NAC and Tiron completely blocked autophagy. We further found activation of ERK by generation of reactive oxygen species and inhibition of RIP pathway, which are at least partially connected to shikonin-induced autophagy. Moreover, experiments in vivo revealed similar results: shikonin caused the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and phospho-ERK and thus induced autophagy in a tumor xenograft model. These findings suggest that shikonin is an inducer of autophagy and may be a promising clinical antitumor drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Gong
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhenxing Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yicheng Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hong-Bing Shu
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wenhua Li
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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46
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de Renty C, DePamphilis ML, Ullah Z. Cytoplasmic localization of p21 protects trophoblast giant cells from DNA damage induced apoptosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97434. [PMID: 24848107 PMCID: PMC4029599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Proliferating trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) can differentiate into nonproliferating but viable trophoblast giant cells (TGCs) that are resistant to DNA damage induced apoptosis. Differentiation is associated with selective up-regulation of the Cip/Kip cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p57 and p21; expression of p27 remains constant. Previous studies showed that p57 localizes to the nucleus in TGCs where it is essential for endoreplication. Here we show that p27 also remains localized to the nucleus during TSC differentiation where it complements the role of p57. Unexpectedly, p21 localized to the cytoplasm where it was maintained throughout both the G- and S-phases of endocycles, and where it prevented DNA damage induced apoptosis. This unusual status for a Cip/Kip protein was dependent on site-specific phosphorylation of p21 by the Akt1 kinase that is also up-regulated in TGCs. Although cytoplasmic p21 is widespread among cancer cells, among normal cells it has been observed only in monocytes. The fact that it also occurs in TGCs reveals that p57 and p21 serve nonredundant functions, and suggests that the role of p21 in suppressing apoptosis is restricted to terminally differentiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle de Renty
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Melvin L. DePamphilis
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zakir Ullah
- Department of Biology, School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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47
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In vitro induction of erythrocyte phosphatidylserine translocation by the natural naphthoquinone shikonin. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:1559-74. [PMID: 24828755 PMCID: PMC4052252 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6051559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Shikonin, the most important component of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, has previously been shown to exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, antiviral, antimicrobial and anticancer effects. The anticancer effect has been attributed to the stimulation of suicidal cell death or apoptosis. Similar to the apoptosis of nucleated cells, erythrocytes may experience eryptosis, the suicidal erythrocyte death characterized by cell shrinkage and by phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface. Triggers of eryptosis include the increase of cytosolic Ca2+-activity ([Ca2+]i) and ceramide formation. The present study explored whether Shikonin stimulates eryptosis. To this end, Fluo 3 fluorescence was measured to quantify [Ca2+]i, forward scatter to estimate cell volume, annexin V binding to identify phosphatidylserine-exposing erythrocytes, hemoglobin release to determine hemolysis and antibodies to quantify ceramide abundance. As a result, a 48 h exposure of human erythrocytes to Shikonin (1 µM) significantly increased [Ca2+]i, increased ceramide abundance, decreased forward scatter and increased annexin V binding. The effect of Shikonin (1 µM) on annexin V binding was significantly blunted, but not abolished by the removal of extracellular Ca2+. In conclusion, Shikonin stimulates suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis, an effect at least partially due to the stimulation of Ca2+ entry and ceramide formation.
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48
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Duan D, Zhang B, Yao J, Liu Y, Fang J. Shikonin targets cytosolic thioredoxin reductase to induce ROS-mediated apoptosis in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 70:182-93. [PMID: 24583460 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Shikonin, a major active component of the Chinese herbal plant Lithospermum erythrorhizon, has been applied for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine. Although shikonin demonstrates potent anticancer efficacy in numerous types of human cancer cells, the cellular targets of shikonin have not been fully defined. We report here that shikonin may interact with the cytosolic thioredoxin reductase (TrxR1), an important selenocysteine (Sec)-containing antioxidant enzyme with a C-terminal -Gly-Cys-Sec-Gly active site, to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated apoptosis in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. Shikonin primarily targets the Sec residue in TrxR1 to inhibit its physiological function, but further shifts the enzyme to an NADPH oxidase to generate superoxide anions, which leads to accumulation of ROS and collapse of the intracellular redox balance. Importantly, overexpression of functional TrxR1 attenuates the cytotoxicity of shikonin, whereas knockdown of TrxR1 sensitizes cells to shikonin treatment. Targeting TrxR1 with shikonin thus discloses a previously unrecognized mechanism underlying the biological activity of shikonin and provides an in-depth insight into the action of shikonin in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongzhu Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Baoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Juan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Yaping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
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Moon J, Koh SS, Malilas W, Cho IR, Kaewpiboon C, Kaowinn S, Lee K, Jhun BH, Choi YW, Chung YH. Acetylshikonin induces apoptosis of hepatitis B virus X protein-expressing human hepatocellular carcinoma cells via endoplasmic reticulum stress. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 735:132-40. [PMID: 24769509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Since it has been known that shikonin derived from a medicinal plant possesses anti-cancer activity, we wonder whether acetylshikonin (ASK), a derivate of shikonin, can be used to treat hepatocellular carcinoma cells expressing hepatitis B virus X protein (HBX), an oncoprotein from hepatitis B virus. When ASK was added to Hep3B cells stably expressing HBX, it induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. ASK induced upregulation and export of Nur77 to the cytoplasm and activation of JNK. Likewise, suppression of Nur77 and JNK inactivation protected the cells from ASK-induced apoptosis, indicating that Nur77 upregulation and JNK activation were required for ASK-mediated apoptosis. Furthermore, ASK increased the expression of Bip and ubiquitination levels of cellular proteins, features of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, via the production of reactive oxygen species in a dose-dependent manner. Suppression of reactive oxygen species with N-acetylcysteine reduced levels of Bip protein and ubiquitination levels of cellular proteins during ASK treatment, leading to protection of cells from apoptosis. Cycloheximide treatment reduced ASK-induced ER stress, suggesting that protein synthesis is involved in ASK-induced ER stress. Moreover, we showed using salubrinal, an ER stress inhibitor that reactive oxygen species production, JNK activation, and Nur77 upregulation and its translocation to cytoplasm are necessary for ER-induced stress. Interestingly, we found that JNK inactivation suppresses ASK-induced ER stress, whereas Nur77 siRNA treatment does not, indicating that JNK is required for ASK-induced ER stress. Accordingly, we report that ASK induces ER stress, which is prerequisite for apoptosis of HBX-expressing hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Moon
- BK21+, Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Seok Koh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 604-020, Republic of Korea
| | - Waraporn Malilas
- BK21+, Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Rae Cho
- BK21+, Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Chutima Kaewpiboon
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sirichat Kaowinn
- BK21+, Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Keesook Lee
- Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hak Jhun
- Department of Applied Nanoscience, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Whan Choi
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience, Pusan National University, Miryang 627-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hwa Chung
- BK21+, Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea.
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Li T, Zhang Q, Zhang J, Yang G, Shao Z, Luo J, Fan M, Ni C, Wu Z, Hu X. Fenofibrate induces apoptosis of triple-negative breast cancer cells via activation of NF-κB pathway. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:96. [PMID: 24529079 PMCID: PMC4015735 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are a lot of unmet needs in patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) agonist, has been used for decades to treat hypertriglyceridaemia and mixed dyslipidaemia. Recent studies show that it might have anti-tumor effects, however, the mechanism remains unclear. Here, we assessed the ability of fenofibrate to induce apoptosis of TNBC in vitro and in vivo and explored involved mechanisms. Methods MTT method was used to evaluate the anti-proliferation effect of fenofibrate, and invert microscope to observe the apoptotic morphological changes. The percentage of apoptotic cells and distribution ratios of cell cycle were determined by flow cytometric analysis. The related protein levels were measured by Western blot method. The changes of genes and pathways were detected by gene expression profiling. The tumor growth in vivo was assessed by MDA-MB-231 xenograft mouse model. Terminal deoxytransferase-catalyzed DNA nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay was employed to estimate the percentage of apoptotic cells in vivo. In order to evaluate the safety of fenofibrate, blood sampled from rat eyes was detected. Results We found that fenofibrate had anti-proliferation effects on breast cancer cell lines, of which the first five most sensitive ones were all TNBC cell lines. Its induction of apoptosis was independent on PPAR-α status with the highest apoptosis percentage of 41.8 ± 8.8%, and it occurred in a time- and dose-dependent manner accompanied by up-regulation of Bad, down-regulation of Bcl-xl, Survivin and activation of caspase-3. Interestingly, activation of NF-κB pathway played an important role in the induction of apoptosis by fenofibtate and the effect could be almost totally blocked by a NF-κB specific inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC). In addition, fenofibrate led to cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase accompanied by down-regulation of Cyclin D1, Cdk4 and up-regulation of p21, p27/Kip1. In vivo, fenofibrate slowed down tumor growth and induced apoptosis with a good safety profile in the MDA-MB-231 xengograft mouse model. Conclusions It is concluded that fenofibrate induces apoptosis of TNBC via activation of NF-κB pathway in a PPAR-α independent way, and may serve as a novel therapeutic drug for TNBC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xichun Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 200032 Shanghai, China.
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