1
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Mahr AR, Bennett-Boehm MMC, Rothemejer FH, Weber IS, Regan AK, Franzen JQ, Bisson CR, Truong AN, Olesen R, Schleimann MH, Rauter CM, Smith AL, El-Gamal D, Søgaard OS, Tolstrup M, Denton PW. TLR9 agonism differentially impacts human NK cell-mediated direct killing and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14595. [PMID: 38918496 PMCID: PMC11199698 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
There are two known mechanisms by which natural killer (NK) cells recognize and kill diseased targets: (i) direct killing and (ii) antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). We investigated an indirect NK cell activation strategy for the enhancement of human NK cell killing function. We did this by leveraging the fact that toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonism within pools of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) results in a robust interferon signaling cascade that leads to NK cell activation. After TLR9 agonist stimulation, NK cells were enriched and incorporated into assays to assess their ability to kill tumor cell line targets. Notably, differential impacts of TLR9 agonism were observed-direct killing was enhanced while ADCC was not increased. To ensure that the observed differential effects were not attributable to differences between human donors, we recapitulated the observation using our Natural Killer-Simultaneous ADCC and Direct Killing Assay (NK-SADKA) that controls for human-to-human differences. Next, we observed a treatment-induced decrease in NK cell surface CD16-known to be shed by NK cells post-activation. Given the essential role of CD16 in ADCC, such shedding could account for the observed differential impact of TLR9 agonism on NK cell-mediated killing capacity.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/drug effects
- Toll-Like Receptor 9/agonists
- Toll-Like Receptor 9/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Mahr
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Maia M C Bennett-Boehm
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Interdisciplinary Informatics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Frederik H Rothemejer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Isabelle S Weber
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Alexander K Regan
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Josh Q Franzen
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Cami R Bisson
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Angela N Truong
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Rikke Olesen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Claudia M Rauter
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Audrey L Smith
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Dalia El-Gamal
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ole S Søgaard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin Tolstrup
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Paul W Denton
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA.
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2
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Sferruzza G, Consoli S, Dono F, Evangelista G, Giugno A, Pronello E, Rollo E, Romozzi M, Rossi L, Pensato U. A systematic review of immunotherapy in high-grade glioma: learning from the past to shape future perspectives. Neurol Sci 2024; 45:2561-2578. [PMID: 38308708 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-024-07350-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
High-grade gliomas (HGGs) constitute the most common malignant primary brain tumor with a poor prognosis despite the standard multimodal therapy. In recent years, immunotherapy has changed the prognosis of many cancers, increasing the hope for HGG therapy. We conducted a comprehensive search on PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science databases to include relevant studies. This study was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Fifty-two papers were finally included (44 phase II and eight phase III clinical trials) and further divided into four different subgroups: 14 peptide vaccine trials, 15 dendritic cell vaccination (DCV) trials, six immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) trials, and 17 miscellaneous group trials that included both "active" and "passive" immunotherapies. In the last decade, immunotherapy created great hope to increase the survival of patients affected by HGGs; however, it has yielded mostly dismal results in the setting of phase III clinical trials. An in-depth analysis of these clinical results provides clues about common patterns that have led to failures at the clinical level and helps shape the perspective for the next generation of immunotherapies in neuro-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Sferruzza
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.
| | - Stefano Consoli
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Center of Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Fedele Dono
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Center of Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giacomo Evangelista
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Center of Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessia Giugno
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Neurology, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Edoardo Pronello
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Eleonora Rollo
- Department of Neurosciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Romozzi
- Department of Neurosciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Rossi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital, ASUGI, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Umberto Pensato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20072, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089, Milan, Italy
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3
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Miles MA, Luong R, To EE, Erlich JR, Liong S, Liong F, Logan JM, O’Leary J, Brooks DA, Selemidis S. TLR9 Monotherapy in Immune-Competent Mice Suppresses Orthotopic Prostate Tumor Development. Cells 2024; 13:97. [PMID: 38201300 PMCID: PMC10778079 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is ranked second in the world for cancer-related deaths in men, highlighting the lack of effective therapies for advanced-stage disease. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and immunity have a direct role in prostate cancer pathogenesis, but TLR9 has been reported to contribute to both the progression and inhibition of prostate tumorigenesis. To further understand this apparent disparity, we have investigated the effect of TLR9 stimulation on prostate cancer progression in an immune-competent, syngeneic orthotopic mouse model of prostate cancer. Here, we utilized the class B synthetic agonist CPG-1668 to provoke a TLR9-mediated systemic immune response and demonstrate a significant impairment of prostate tumorigenesis. Untreated tumors contained a high abundance of immune-cell infiltrates. However, pharmacological activation of TLR9 resulted in smaller tumors containing significantly fewer M1 macrophages and T cells. TLR9 stimulation of tumor cells in vitro had no effect on cell viability or its downstream transcriptional targets, whereas stimulation in macrophages suppressed cancer cell growth via type I IFN. This suggests that the antitumorigenic effects of CPG-1668 were predominantly mediated by an antitumor immune response. This study demonstrated that systemic TLR9 stimulation negatively regulates prostate cancer tumorigenesis and highlights TLR9 agonists as a useful therapeutic for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Miles
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Raymond Luong
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Eunice E. To
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Jonathan R. Erlich
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Stella Liong
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Felicia Liong
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Jessica M. Logan
- Cancer Research Institute, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - John O’Leary
- Discipline of Histopathology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, D8 Dublin, Ireland
- Sir Patrick Dun’s Laboratory, Central Pathology Laboratory, St James’s Hospital, D8 Dublin, Ireland
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Coombe Women and Infants’ University Hospital, D8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Doug A. Brooks
- Cancer Research Institute, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- Discipline of Histopathology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, D8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stavros Selemidis
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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4
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Zhang J, Wang S, Huang H, Chen H, Chen J, Zhang H. Cationic Starch Nanoparticles for Enhancing CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide-Mediated Antitumor Immunity. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:5898-5904. [PMID: 37957110 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
CpG ODNs demonstrate a significant promise for immunotherapy. However, their application is limited owing to quick DNase digestion and inadequate cellular internalization. Transportation of CpG ODNs into immune cells is crucial. Although viral vectors exhibit high transfection efficiency, safety risks, high cost, and low carrying capacity remain big obstacles. Herein, a novel CpG ODNs vector was fabricated by using starch. Starch was ultrasonicated and simply aminated (NH2-St) through grafting with diethylenetriamine, which was spherical with a diameter of 50 nm. NH2-St possessed good biocompatibility. Cationic NH2-St encapsulated CpG ODNs well and possessed a high loading capacity of 317 μg/mg. NH2-St protected CpG ODNs from nuclease digestion and significantly enhanced their cellular uptake. NH2-St/CpG induced the potent secretion of antitumor cytokines from macrophages and effectively suppressed the growth of tumor cells. This work highlights the promise of starch for CpG ODNs delivery, which brings new hope for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Honghui Huang
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hongqian Chen
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jinghua Chen
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Huijie Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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5
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Cheng T, Yan T, Wu J, Wang Q, Zhang H. Yeast β-D-glucan functionalized graphene oxide for macrophage-targeted delivery of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and synergistically enhanced antitumor immunity. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 234:123432. [PMID: 36716835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Immunostimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) show strong potential in cancer immunotherapy. However, therapeutic efficacy of CpG ODNs is hindered due to rapid nuclease degradation and insufficient cellular uptake. Transfecting CpG ODNs into antigen presenting cells (APCs) is vital to enhance their therapeutic efficacy while reduce the potential side effects. Herein, a multifunctional CpG ODNs vector was fabricated through functionalization of graphene oxide (GO) with yeast β-D-glucan, and its potential in cancer immunotherapy was further investigated. GO-β-D-glucan protected CpG ODNs from nuclease digestion. β-D-glucan endowed the delivery system with targeting ability for macrophage due to its recognition with dectin-1. Thus, GO-β-D-glucan enhanced the delivery of CpG ODNs into RAW264.7 cells due to dectin-1-mediated endocytosis. More importantly, β-D-glucan functioned synergistically with CpG ODNs in inducing antitumor immunity. GO-β-D-glucan/CpG ODNs inhibited the tumor cells growth more effectively. This work provides a macrophage-targeted CpG ODNs delivery system for cancer immunotherapy. Graphic abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Cheng
- Department of Oncology, Wuxi No.2 People's Hospital, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Ting Yan
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jinwei Wu
- Department of Oncology, Wuxi No.2 People's Hospital, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Oncology, Wuxi No.2 People's Hospital, Wuxi 214000, China.
| | - Huijie Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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6
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Sperring CP, Argenziano MG, Savage WM, Teasley DE, Upadhyayula PS, Winans NJ, Canoll P, Bruce JN. Convection-enhanced delivery of immunomodulatory therapy for high-grade glioma. Neurooncol Adv 2023; 5:vdad044. [PMID: 37215957 PMCID: PMC10195574 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdad044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis for glioblastoma has remained poor despite multimodal standard of care treatment, including temozolomide, radiation, and surgical resection. Further, the addition of immunotherapies, while promising in a number of other solid tumors, has overwhelmingly failed in the treatment of gliomas, in part due to the immunosuppressive microenvironment and poor drug penetrance to the brain. Local delivery of immunomodulatory therapies circumvents some of these challenges and has led to long-term remission in select patients. Many of these approaches utilize convection-enhanced delivery (CED) for immunological drug delivery, allowing high doses to be delivered directly to the brain parenchyma, avoiding systemic toxicity. Here, we review the literature encompassing immunotherapies delivered via CED-from preclinical model systems to clinical trials-and explore how their unique combination elicits an antitumor response by the immune system, decreases toxicity, and improves survival among select high-grade glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin P Sperring
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/NY-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael G Argenziano
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/NY-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - William M Savage
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/NY-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Damian E Teasley
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/NY-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Pavan S Upadhyayula
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/NY-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nathan J Winans
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/NY-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Peter Canoll
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/NY-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Bruce
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/NY-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
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7
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Advances in local therapy for glioblastoma - taking the fight to the tumour. Nat Rev Neurol 2022; 18:221-236. [PMID: 35277681 PMCID: PMC10359969 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-022-00621-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in neurosurgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, glioblastoma remains one of the most treatment-resistant CNS malignancies, and the tumour inevitably recurs. The majority of recurrences appear in or near the resection cavity, usually within the area that received the highest dose of radiation. Many new therapies focus on combatting these local recurrences by implementing treatments directly in or near the tumour bed. In this Review, we discuss the latest developments in local therapy for glioblastoma, focusing on recent preclinical and clinical trials. The approaches that we discuss include novel intraoperative techniques, various treatments of the surgical cavity, stereotactic injections directly into the tumour, and new developments in convection-enhanced delivery and intra-arterial treatments.
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8
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Imran KM, Nagai-Singer MA, Brock RM, Alinezhadbalalami N, Davalos RV, Allen IC. Exploration of Novel Pathways Underlying Irreversible Electroporation Induced Anti-Tumor Immunity in Pancreatic Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:853779. [PMID: 35372046 PMCID: PMC8972192 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.853779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancements in medical sciences and technologies have significantly improved the survival of many cancers; however, pancreatic cancer remains a deadly diagnosis. This malignancy is often diagnosed late in the disease when metastases have already occurred. Additionally, the location of the pancreas near vital organs limits surgical candidacy, the tumor's immunosuppressive environment limits immunotherapy success, and it is highly resistant to radiation and chemotherapy. Hence, clinicians and patients alike need a treatment paradigm that reduces primary tumor burden, activates systemic anti-tumor immunity, and reverses the local immunosuppressive microenvironment to eventually clear distant metastases. Irreversible electroporation (IRE), a novel non-thermal tumor ablation technique, applies high-voltage ultra-short pulses to permeabilize targeted cell membranes and induce cell death. Progression with IRE technology and an array of research studies have shown that beyond tumor debulking, IRE can induce anti-tumor immune responses possibly through tumor neo-antigen release. However, the success of IRE treatment (i.e. full ablation and tumor recurrence) is variable. We believe that IRE treatment induces IFNγ expression, which then modulates immune checkpoint molecules and thus leads to tumor recurrence. This indicates a co-therapeutic use of IRE and immune checkpoint inhibitors as a promising treatment for pancreatic cancer patients. Here, we review the well-defined and speculated pathways involved in the immunostimulatory effects of IRE treatment for pancreatic cancer, as well as the regulatory pathways that may negate these anti-tumor responses. By defining these underlying mechanisms, future studies may identify improvements to systemic immune system engagement following local tumor ablation with IRE and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khan Mohammad Imran
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Margaret A. Nagai-Singer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Rebecca M. Brock
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Nastaran Alinezhadbalalami
- Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Rafael V. Davalos
- Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Irving Coy Allen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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9
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Zhang Z, Kuo JCT, Yao S, Zhang C, Khan H, Lee RJ. CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides for Anticancer Monotherapy from Preclinical Stages to Clinical Trials. Pharmaceutics 2021; 14:pharmaceutics14010073. [PMID: 35056969 PMCID: PMC8780291 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs), the artificial versions of unmethylated CpG motifs that were originally discovered in bacterial DNA, are demonstrated not only as potent immunoadjuvants but also as anticancer agents by triggering toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) activation in immune cells. TLR9 activation triggered by CpG ODN has been shown to activate plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), enhancing T cell-mediated antitumor immunity. However, the extent of antitumor immunity carried by TLR agonists has not been optimized individually or in combinations with cancer vaccines, resulting in a decreased preference for TLR agonists as adjuvants in clinical trials. Although various combination therapies involving CpG ODNs have been applied in clinical trials, none of the CpG ODN-based drugs have been approved by the FDA, owing to the short half-life of CpG ODNs in serum that leads to low activation of natural killer cells (NK cells) and CTLs, along with increases of pro-inflammatory cytokine productions. This review summarized the current innovation on CpG ODNs that are under clinical investigation and explored the future direction for CpG ODN-based nanomedicine as an anticancer monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongkun Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (Z.Z.); (J.C.-T.K.); (C.Z.); (H.K.)
| | - Jimmy Chun-Tien Kuo
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (Z.Z.); (J.C.-T.K.); (C.Z.); (H.K.)
| | - Siyu Yao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, 110 Parker Food Science and Technology Building, 2015 Fyffe Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Chi Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (Z.Z.); (J.C.-T.K.); (C.Z.); (H.K.)
| | - Hira Khan
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (Z.Z.); (J.C.-T.K.); (C.Z.); (H.K.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Havelian, Abbottabad 22500, Pakistan
| | - Robert J. Lee
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (Z.Z.); (J.C.-T.K.); (C.Z.); (H.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-614-292-4172
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10
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Stachyra K, Dudzisz-Śledź M, Bylina E, Szumera-Ciećkiewicz A, Spałek MJ, Bartnik E, Rutkowski P, Czarnecka AM. Merkel Cell Carcinoma from Molecular Pathology to Novel Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6305. [PMID: 34208339 PMCID: PMC8231245 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an uncommon and highly aggressive skin cancer. It develops mostly within chronically sun-exposed areas of the skin. MCPyV is detected in 60-80% of MCC cases as integrated within the genome and is considered a major risk factor for MCC. Viral negative MCCs have a high mutation burden with a UV damage signature. Aberrations occur in RB1, TP53, and NOTCH genes as well as in the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway. MCC is highly immunogenic, but MCC cells are known to evade the host's immune response. Despite the characteristic immunohistological profile of MCC, the diagnosis is challenging, and it should be confirmed by an experienced pathologist. Sentinel lymph node biopsy is considered the most reliable staging tool to identify subclinical nodal disease. Subclinical node metastases are present in about 30-50% of patients with primary MCC. The basis of MCC treatment is surgical excision. MCC is highly radiosensitive. It becomes chemoresistant within a few months. MCC is prone to recurrence. The outcomes in patients with metastatic disease are poor, with a historical 5-year survival of 13.5%. The median progression-free survival is 3-5 months, and the median overall survival is ten months. Currently, immunotherapy has become a standard of care first-line therapy for advanced MCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Stachyra
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (K.S.); (M.D.-Ś.); (E.B.); (M.J.S.); (P.R.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Dudzisz-Śledź
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (K.S.); (M.D.-Ś.); (E.B.); (M.J.S.); (P.R.)
| | - Elżbieta Bylina
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (K.S.); (M.D.-Ś.); (E.B.); (M.J.S.); (P.R.)
- Department of Clinical Trials, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Szumera-Ciećkiewicz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Diagnostic Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz J. Spałek
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (K.S.); (M.D.-Ś.); (E.B.); (M.J.S.); (P.R.)
| | - Ewa Bartnik
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Piotr Rutkowski
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (K.S.); (M.D.-Ś.); (E.B.); (M.J.S.); (P.R.)
| | - Anna M. Czarnecka
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (K.S.); (M.D.-Ś.); (E.B.); (M.J.S.); (P.R.)
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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11
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Abstract
CpG Oligonucleotides (ODN) are immunomodulatory synthetic oligonucleotides specifically designed to stimulate Toll-like receptor 9. TLR9 is expressed on human plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B cells and triggers an innate immune response characterized by the production of Th1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines. This chapter reviews recent progress in understanding the mechanism of action of CpG ODN and provides an overview of human clinical trial results using CpG ODN to improve vaccines for the prevention/treatment of cancer, allergy, and infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dennis M Klinman
- National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA.
- Leitman Klinman Consulting, Potomac, MD, USA.
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12
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Liu J, Li HJ, Luo YL, Chen YF, Fan YN, Du JZ, Wang J. Programmable Delivery of Immune Adjuvant to Tumor-Infiltrating Dendritic Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:4882-4889. [PMID: 32551705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells (TIDCs) are mostly immature and immunosuppressive, usually mediating immune inhibition. The utilization of cytosine-guanine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) to stimulate the activation of TIDCs has been demonstrated to be effective for improving antitumor immunity. However, a series of biological barriers has limited the efficacy of previous nanocarriers for delivering CpG to TIDCs. Herein, we developed a dual-sensitive dendrimer cluster-based nanoadjuvant for delivering CpG ODNs into TIDCs. We show that the tumor acidity triggers the rapid release of CpG conjugated polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers from the nanoadjuvant, thus facilitating its perfusion deep into tumors and phagocytosis by TIDCs. Thereafter, the reductive condition of the endolysosomes led to the subsequent release of CpG, which promotes the DCs activation and enhances antitumor immunotherapies. Programmable delivery of immune adjuvant efficiently overcomes the barriers for targeted delivery to TIDCs and provides a promising strategy for improving cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Jun Li
- Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Li Luo
- Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Fang Chen
- Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Nan Fan
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Zhi Du
- Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, and Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, P. R. China
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13
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McBride MA, Owen AM, Stothers CL, Hernandez A, Luan L, Burelbach KR, Patil TK, Bohannon JK, Sherwood ER, Patil NK. The Metabolic Basis of Immune Dysfunction Following Sepsis and Trauma. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1043. [PMID: 32547553 PMCID: PMC7273750 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Critically ill, severely injured and high-risk surgical patients are vulnerable to secondary infections during hospitalization and after hospital discharge. Studies show that the mitochondrial function and oxidative metabolism of monocytes and macrophages are impaired during sepsis. Alternatively, treatment with microbe-derived ligands, such as monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA), peptidoglycan, or β-glucan, that interact with toll-like receptors and other pattern recognition receptors on leukocytes induces a state of innate immune memory that confers broad-spectrum resistance to infection with common hospital-acquired pathogens. Priming of macrophages with MPLA, CPG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN), or β-glucan induces a macrophage metabolic phenotype characterized by mitochondrial biogenesis and increased oxidative metabolism in parallel with increased glycolysis, cell size and granularity, augmented phagocytosis, heightened respiratory burst functions, and more effective killing of microbes. The mitochondrion is a bioenergetic organelle that not only contributes to energy supply, biosynthesis, and cellular redox functions but serves as a platform for regulating innate immunological functions such as production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and regulatory intermediates. This review will define current knowledge of leukocyte metabolic dysfunction during and after sepsis and trauma. We will further discuss therapeutic strategies that target leukocyte mitochondrial function and might have value in preventing or reversing sepsis- and trauma-induced immune dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A. McBride
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Allison M. Owen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Cody L. Stothers
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Antonio Hernandez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Liming Luan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Katherine R. Burelbach
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Tazeen K. Patil
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Julia K. Bohannon
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Edward R. Sherwood
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Naeem K. Patil
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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14
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Corrao G, Marvaso G, Ferrara R, Lo Russo G, Gugliandolo SG, Piperno G, Spaggiari L, De Marinis F, Orecchia R, Garassino MC, Jereczek-Fossa BA. Stereotatic radiotherapy in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: Combining immunotherapy and radiotherapy with a focus on liver metastases. Lung Cancer 2020; 142:70-79. [PMID: 32120227 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2020.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Presence of liver metastases correlates with worse survival and response to any treatments. This may be due to the microenvironment of liver which leads tumor to escape from Immune System. Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy may help to sensitize Immune System and to improve the immunotherapy effect. Interest is being directed toward combining Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors with radiotherapy to improve response to immunotherapy. However, the mechanisms by which radiation induces anti-tumor T-cells remain unclear. Preclinical studies founded radiotherapy enhances antitumor immune responses, increasing tumor antigen release, and inducing T-cell infiltration. Radiotherapy is under investigation for its ability to enhance responses to immunotherapy. Nevertheless, how to optimally deliver combination therapy regarding dose-fractionation and timing of radiotherapy is unknown. The aim of this review is to explore the role of Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer, focusing on patients with liver metastases, and the possible immunological implications combining immunotherapy and radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Corrao
- Division of Radiation Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Marvaso
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122, Milan, Italy.
| | - Roberto Ferrara
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lo Russo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Giovanni Gugliandolo
- Division of Radiation Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaia Piperno
- Division of Radiation Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Spaggiari
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122, Milan, Italy; Department of Thoracic Surgery, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo De Marinis
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Orecchia
- Scientific Direction, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Chiara Garassino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Alicja Jereczek-Fossa
- Division of Radiation Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122, Milan, Italy
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15
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Deveci Ozkan A, Kaleli S, Onen HI, Sarihan M, Guney Eskiler G, Kalayci Yigin A, Akdogan M. Anti-inflammatory effects of nobiletin on TLR4/TRIF/IRF3 and TLR9/IRF7 signaling pathways in prostate cancer cells. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2020; 42:93-100. [PMID: 32048561 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2020.1725040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are often expressed in natural immune cells as well as in tumor cells. TLR4 exhibits both tumor promoting and tumor-suppressing roles and higher TLR9 expression is an important marker of poor prognosis in prostate cancer (PCa). Nobiletin (NOB) is an O-methylated flavonoid and NOB has been proven to have anti-cancer effect in PCa cells. However, there is no study in the literature investigating the potential anti-inflammatory effects of NOB on the TLR signaling pathways in cancer. Therefore, we aimed to explore the potential anti-inflammatory effects of NOB on the TLR4/TRIF/IRF3 and TLR9/IRF7 signaling pathways in different types of PCa cell lines, for the first time.Material and methods: In the current study, the cytotoxic effect of NOB PC-3 (hormone-independent and metastatic) and LNCaP cells (hormone-dependent) was evaluated by WST-1 assay. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of NOB on TLR4/TRIF/IRF3 and TLR9/IRF7signaling pathway were determined by RT-PCR, western blotting and ELISA analysis.Results: NOB demonstrated an inhibitory effect on PCa cell growth and LNCaP cells were more sensitive to NOB than PC-3 cells due to androjen receptor status. Furthermore, NOB alone could suppress TLR4/TRIF/IRF3 and TLR9/IRF7 signaling pathways through the downregulation of their associated pathways (mRNA and related protein levels) and the release of IFN-α and IFN-β compared to LPS or CpG-ODN stimulated PCa cells.Conclusions: NOB potentially inhibited TLR4 and TL9-dependent signaling pathway in PCa cells. However, the efficacy of NOB was different in PCa cells due to the hormone status and aggressive features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuman Deveci Ozkan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Kaleli
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Hacer Ilke Onen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Sarihan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Gamze Guney Eskiler
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Aysel Kalayci Yigin
- Department of Medical Genetic, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, İstanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Akdogan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
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16
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Sultan AR, Hoppenbrouwers T, Lemmens-den Toom NA, Snijders SV, van Neck JW, Verbon A, de Maat MPM, van Wamel WJB. During the Early Stages of Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Formation, Induced Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Are Degraded by Autologous Thermonuclease. Infect Immun 2019; 87:e00605-19. [PMID: 31527127 PMCID: PMC6867843 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00605-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus extracellular DNA (eDNA) plays a crucial role in the structural stability of biofilms during bacterial colonization; on the contrary, host immune responses can be induced by bacterial eDNA. Previously, we observed production of S. aureus thermonuclease during the early stages of biofilm formation in a mammalian cell culture medium. Using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based assay, we detected thermonuclease activity of S. aureus biofilms grown in Iscove's modified Dulbecco's medium (IMDM) earlier than that of widely studied biofilms grown in tryptic soy broth (TSB). The thermonuclease found was Nuc1, confirmed by mass spectrometry and competitive Luminex assay. These results indicate that biofilm development in IMDM may not rely on eDNA for structural stability. A bacterial viability assay in combination with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) staining confirmed the accumulation of dead cells and eDNA in biofilms grown in TSB. However, in biofilms grown in IMDM, minimal amounts of eDNA were found; instead, polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) was detected. To investigate if this early production of thermonuclease plays a role in immune modulation by biofilm, we studied the effect of thermonuclease on human neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation using a nuc knockout and complemented strain. We confirmed that thermonuclease produced by early-stage biofilms grown in IMDM degraded biofilm-induced NETs. Additionally, neither the presence of biofilms nor thermonuclease stimulated an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by neutrophils. Our findings indicated that S. aureus, during the early stages of biofilm formation, actively evades the host immune responses by producing thermonuclease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi R Sultan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Tamara Hoppenbrouwers
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Susan V Snijders
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W van Neck
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies Verbon
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Willem J B van Wamel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Guo Y, Ran Y, Wang Z, Cheng J, Cao Y, Yang C, Liu F, Ran H. Magnetic-responsive and targeted cancer nanotheranostics by PA/MR bimodal imaging-guided photothermally triggered immunotherapy. Biomaterials 2019; 219:119370. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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18
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Combining Monophosphoryl Lipid A (MPL), CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN), and QS-21 Adjuvants Induces Strong and Persistent Functional Antibodies and T Cell Responses against Cell-Traversal Protein for Ookinetes and Sporozoites (CelTOS) of Plasmodium falciparum in BALB/c Mice. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00911-18. [PMID: 30936155 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00911-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum cell-traversal protein for ookinetes and sporozoites (PfCelTOS) is an advanced vaccine candidate that has a crucial role in the traversal of the malaria parasite in both mosquito and mammalian hosts. As recombinant purified proteins are normally poor immunogens, they require to be admixed with an adjuvant(s); therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the capacity of different vaccine adjuvants, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), CpG, and Quillaja saponaria Molina fraction 21 (QS-21), alone or in combination (MCQ [MPL/CpG/QS-21]), to enhance the immunogenicity of Escherichia coli-expressed PfCelTOS in BALB/c mice. This goal was achieved by the assessment of anti-PfCelTOS IgG antibodies (level, titer, IgG isotype profile, avidity, and persistence) and extracellular Th1 cytokines using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on postimmunized BALB/c mouse sera and PfCelTOS-stimulated splenocytes, respectively. Also, an assessment of the transmission-reducing activity (TRA) of anti-PfCelTOS obtained from different vaccine groups was carried out in female Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes by using a standard membrane feeding assay (SMFA). In comparison to PfCelTOS alone, administration of PfCelTOS with three distinct potent Th1 adjuvants in vaccine mouse groups showed enhancement and improvement of PfCelTOS immunogenicity that generated more bias toward a Th1 response with significantly enhanced titers and avidity of the anti-PfCelTOS responses that could impair ookinete development in A. stephensi However, immunization of mice with PfCelTOS with MCQ mixture adjuvants resulted in the highest levels of induction of antibody titers, avidity, and inhibitory antibodies in oocyst development (88%/26.7% reductions in intensity/prevalence) in A. stephensi It could be suggested that adjuvant combinations with different mechanisms stimulate better functional antibody responses than adjuvants individually against challenging diseases such as malaria.
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19
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Mukherjee S, Huda S, Sinha Babu SP. Toll-like receptor polymorphism in host immune response to infectious diseases: A review. Scand J Immunol 2019; 90:e12771. [PMID: 31054156 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immunopolymorphism is considered as an important aspect behind the resistance or susceptibility of the host to an infectious disease. Over the years, researchers have explored many genetic factors for their role in immune surveillance against infectious diseases. Polymorphic characters in the gene encoding Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play profound roles in inducing differential immune responses by the host against parasitic infections. Protein(s) encoded by TLR gene(s) are immensely important due to their ability of recognizing different types of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). This study reviews the polymorphic residues present in the nucleotide or in the amino acid sequence of TLRs and their influence on alteration of inflammatory signalling pathways promoting either susceptibility or resistance to major infectious diseases, including tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, malaria and filariasis. Population-based studies exploring TLR polymorphisms in humans are primarily emphasized to discuss the association of the polymorphic residues with the occurrence and epidemiology of the mentioned infectious diseases. Principal polymorphic residues in TLRs influencing immunity to infection are mostly single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). I602S (TLR1), R677W (TLR2), P554S (TLR3), D299G (TLR4), F616L (TLR5), S249P (TLR6), Q11L (TLR7), M1V (TLR8), G1174A (TLR9) and G1031T (TLR10) are presented as the major influential SNPs in shaping immunity to pathogenic infections. The contribution of these SNPs in the structure-function relationship of TLRs is yet not clear. Therefore, molecular studies on such polymorphisms can improve our understanding on the genetic basis of the immune response and pave the way for therapeutic intervention in a more feasible way.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sahel Huda
- Department of Zoology (Centre for Advanced Studies), Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, India
| | - Santi P Sinha Babu
- Department of Zoology (Centre for Advanced Studies), Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, India
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20
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Pirahmadi S, Zakeri S, A Mehrizi A, D Djadid N, Raz AA, J Sani J, Abbasi R, Ghorbanzadeh Z. Cell-traversal protein for ookinetes and sporozoites (CelTOS) formulated with potent TLR adjuvants induces high-affinity antibodies that inhibit Plasmodium falciparum infection in Anopheles stephensi. Malar J 2019; 18:146. [PMID: 31014347 PMCID: PMC6480871 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2773-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium falciparum parasite is the most deadly species of human malaria, and the development of an effective vaccine that prevents P. falciparum infection and transmission is a key target for malarial elimination and eradication programmes. P. falciparum cell-traversal protein for ookinetes and sporozoites (PfCelTOS) is an advanced vaccine candidate. A comparative study was performed to characterize the immune responses in BALB/c mouse immunized with Escherichia coli-expressed recombinant PfCelTOS (rPfCelTOS) in toll-like receptor (TLR)-based adjuvants, CpG and Poly I:C alone or in combination (CpG + Poly I:C), followed by the assessment of transmission-reducing activity (TRA) of anti-rPfCelTOS antibodies obtained from different vaccine groups in Anopheles stephensi. Methods The aim of the current work was achieved by head-to-head comparison of the vaccine groups using conventional and avidity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence test (IFAT), and standard membrane feeding assay (SMFA). Results Comparing to rPfCelTOS alone, administration of rPfCelTOS with two distinct TLR-based adjuvants in vaccine mouse groups showed a significant increase in responses (antibody level, IgG subclass analysis, avidity, and Th1 cytokines) and was able to induce reasonable transmission-reducing activity. Also, comparable functional activity of anti-rPfCelTOS antibodies was found in group that received antigen in either CpG or Poly I:C (69.9%/20% and 73.5%/24.4%, respectively, reductions in intensity/prevalence). However, the vaccine group receiving rPfCelTOS in combination with CpG + Poly I:C showed a significant induction in antibody titers and inhibitory antibodies in oocysts development (78.3%/19.6% reductions in intensity/prevalence) in An. stephensi. Conclusions A key finding in this investigation is that rPfCelTOS administered alone in BALB/c mouse is poorly immunogenic, with relatively low IgG level, avidity, inhibitory antibodies, and mixed Th1/Th2 responses. However, immunological characteristic (IgG level, cytophilic IgG2a and IgG2b, avidity, and Th1 cytokines) and TRA of anti-rPfCelTOS significantly enhanced in the presence of co-administration of TLR-based adjuvants, confirming that targeting TLRs would be an effective means for the enhancement of inducing TRA against rPfCelTOS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-019-2773-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakineh Pirahmadi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Zakeri
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Akram A Mehrizi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid D Djadid
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas-Ali Raz
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar J Sani
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ronak Abbasi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Ghorbanzadeh
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Yilmaz MT, Elmali A, Yazici G. Abscopal Effect, From Myth to Reality: From Radiation Oncologists' Perspective. Cureus 2019; 11:e3860. [PMID: 30899611 PMCID: PMC6414182 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.3860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The abscopal effect is mediated by a systemic anti-tumor immune response and reflects the regression of non-irradiated metastatic lesions at a distance from the primary site of irradiation. This review will focus on understanding the biological rationale behind the abscopal effect of radiotherapy (RT), which has a recently renewed interest as a result of the successes achieved with immunotherapy and RT in combination. Both RT and immunotherapy are standard components of modern treatment regimens. Combination of these two modalities results in an increased response in the irradiated lesions themselves and the metastatic regions distant from the site of irradiation. We will summarize the abscopal effect of radiotherapy, in particular, the synergistic effect of RT and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aysenur Elmali
- Radiation Oncology, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, TUR
| | - Gozde Yazici
- Radiation Oncology, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, TUR
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22
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Zhang H, Cheng T, Lai L, Deng S, Yu R, Qiu L, Zhou J, Lu G, Zhi C, Chen J. BN nanospheres functionalized with mesoporous silica for enhancing CpG oligodeoxynucleotide-mediated cancer immunotherapy. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:14516-14524. [PMID: 30024003 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr03820a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) possess strong immunostimulatory activity, which hold great promise in cancer immunotherapy. However, their therapeutic efficacy is largely limited due to nuclease degradation and poor cellular internalization. Efficiently delivering CpG ODNs into target cells is crucial to improve their therapeutic efficacy. Boron nitride nanospheres (BNNS) possess advantage as carriers for CpG ODNs. However, their poor aqueous dispersity and low CpG ODN loading capacity became a big obstacle for further applications. Herein, we develop amino group grafted, mesoporous silica (MS)-functionalized BNNS as novel nanovectors for CpG ODN delivery. Modification of BNNS with MS significantly improved the dispersity of BNNS and CpG ODN loading. BNNS@MS-NH2 exhibited no cytotoxicity and enhanced the delivery of CpG ODNs into macrophages. BNNS@MS-NH2/CpG ODN complexes triggered enhanced immunostimulation and induced higher amounts of cytokines. Most importantly, BNNS@MS-NH2/CpG ODN complexes induced bifurcated cytokines, which simultaneously simulated the secretion of IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-α. In contrast, CpG ODN and BNNS/CpG ODN complexes could not. The result of the Transwell plate assay suggested that BNNS@MS-NH2/CpG ODN complexes were more effective in inhibiting cancer cell growth. Taken together, our findings provide a promising strategy for enhancing CpG ODN-mediated cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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23
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Nazeri S, Zakeri S, Mehrizi AA, Djadid ND, Snounou G, Andolina C, Nosten F. Vaccine adjuvants CpG (oligodeoxynucleotides ODNs), MPL (3-O-deacylated monophosphoryl lipid A) and naloxone-enhanced Th1 immune response to the Plasmodium vivax recombinant thrombospondin-related adhesive protein (TRAP) in mice. Med Microbiol Immunol 2018; 207:271-286. [PMID: 29948091 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-018-0545-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite considerable efforts toward vaccine development over decades, there is no available effective vaccine against Plasmodium vivax. Thrombospondin-related adhesive protein of P. vivax (PvTRAP) is essential for sporozoite motility and invasions into mosquito's salivary gland and vertebrate's hepatocyte; hence, it is a promising target for pre-erythrocytic vaccine. In the current investigation, the role of antibodies and cellular immune responses induced by purified recombinant PvTRAP (rPvTRAP) delivered in three adjuvants, naloxone (NLX), CpG oligodeoxynucleotides ODN1826 (CpG-ODN), and 3-O-deacylated monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), alone and in combination was evaluated in immunized C57BL/6 mice. The highest level and the avidity of anti-PvTRAP IgG (mean OD490nm 2.55), IgG2b (mean OD490nm 1.68), and IgG2c (mean OD490nm 1.466) were identified in the group received rPvTRA/NLX-MPL-CpG. This group also presented the highest IgG2c/IgG1 (2.58) and IgG2b/IgG1 (2.95) ratio when compared to all other groups, and among the adjuvant groups, the lowest IgG2c/IgG1 (1.86) and IgG2b/IgG1 (2.25) ratio was observed in mice receiving rPvTRAP/NLX. Mice receiving rPvTRAP/adjuvants induced significantly the higher levels of interferon gamma (IFN-γ), low level of detectable IL-10, and no detectable IL-4 production. The present result revealed that PvTRAP is immunogenic and its administration with CPG, MPL, and NLX in C57BL/6 mice induced Th1 immune response. Besides, the rPvTRAP delivery in the mixed formulation of those adjuvants had more potential to increase the level, avidity, and persistence of anti-TRAP antibodies. However, it warrants further assessment to test the blocking activity of the produced antibodies in immunized mice with different adjuvant formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Nazeri
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, Tehran, P.O. Box 1316943551, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Zakeri
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, Tehran, P.O. Box 1316943551, Iran.
| | - Akram A Mehrizi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, Tehran, P.O. Box 1316943551, Iran
| | - Navid D Djadid
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, Tehran, P.O. Box 1316943551, Iran
| | - Georges Snounou
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale), Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (Cimi-Paris), UMR 1135, ERL CNRS 8255 (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), 91 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Chiara Andolina
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - François Nosten
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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24
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Abdul-Cader MS, Amarasinghe A, Palomino-Tapia V, Ahmed-Hassan H, Bakhtawar K, Nagy E, Sharif S, Gomis S, Abdul-Careem MF. In ovo CpG DNA delivery increases innate and adaptive immune cells in respiratory, gastrointestinal and immune systems post-hatch correlating with lower infectious laryngotracheitis virus infection. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29513732 PMCID: PMC5841808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosine-guanosine deoxynucleotides (CpG) DNA can be delivered in ovo at embryo day (ED)18 for the stimulation of toll-like receptor (TLR)21 signaling pathway that ultimately protects chickens against a number of bacterial and viral infections. There is a dearth of information understanding the mechanisms of protection induced by in ovo delivered CpG DNA. The objective of this study was to determine the immune cell changes post-hatch following in ovo delivery of the TLR21 ligand, CpG DNA. In order to quantify changes of percentage of KUL01+, IgM+ B, cluster of differentiation (CD)4+ and CD8α+ cells, trachea, lung, duodenum, large intestine, spleen and bursa of Fabricius were collected on day 1 post-hatch. We found increased recruitments of KUL01+ cells, in organs of these body systems post-hatch following in ovo delivery of CpG DNA. Although IgM+ B cells, CD4+ and CD8α+ cells were increased in lungs and immune system organs, these cells were not quantifiable from the trachea, duodenum and large intestine immediately following the hatch. Furthermore, when CpG DNA is delivered in ovo and subsequently infected with infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) post-hatch on day 1, CpG DNA reduces morbidity and mortality resulting from ILTV infection. This study provides insights into the mechanisms of host responses elicited following in ovo delivery of CpG DNA in avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Sarjoon Abdul-Cader
- Health Research Innovation Center, Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aruna Amarasinghe
- Health Research Innovation Center, Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Victor Palomino-Tapia
- Health Research Innovation Center, Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hanaa Ahmed-Hassan
- Health Research Innovation Center, Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Zoonoses Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Khawaja Bakhtawar
- Health Research Innovation Center, Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eva Nagy
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susantha Gomis
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
- Health Research Innovation Center, Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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25
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Lobos-González L, Silva V, Araya M, Restovic F, Echenique J, Oliveira-Cruz L, Fitzpatrick C, Briones M, Villegas J, Villota C, Vidaurre S, Borgna V, Socias M, Valenzuela S, Lopez C, Socias T, Varas M, Díaz J, Burzio LO, Burzio VA. Targeting antisense mitochondrial ncRNAs inhibits murine melanoma tumor growth and metastasis through reduction in survival and invasion factors. Oncotarget 2018; 7:58331-58350. [PMID: 27507060 PMCID: PMC5295434 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We reported that knockdown of the antisense noncoding mitochondrial RNAs (ASncmtRNAs) induces apoptotic death of several human tumor cell lines, but not normal cells, suggesting this approach for selective therapy against different types of cancer. In order to translate these results to a preclinical scenario, we characterized the murine noncoding mitochondrial RNAs (ncmtRNAs) and performed in vivo knockdown in syngeneic murine melanoma models. Mouse ncmtRNAs display structures similar to the human counterparts, including long double-stranded regions arising from the presence of inverted repeats. Knockdown of ASncmtRNAs with specific antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) reduces murine melanoma B16F10 cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in vitro through downregulation of pro-survival and metastasis markers, particularly survivin. For in vivo studies, subcutaneous B16F10 melanoma tumors in C57BL/6 mice were treated systemically with specific and control antisense oligonucleotides (ASO). For metastasis studies, tumors were resected, followed by systemic administration of ASOs and the presence of metastatic nodules in lungs and liver was assessed. Treatment with specific ASO inhibited tumor growth and metastasis after primary tumor resection. In a metastasis-only assay, mice inoculated intravenously with cells and treated with the same ASO displayed reduced number and size of melanoma nodules in the lungs, compared to controls. Our results suggest that ASncmtRNAs could be potent targets for melanoma therapy. To our knowledge, the ASncmtRNAs are the first potential non-nuclear targets for melanoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Lobos-González
- Andes Biotechnologies SpA, Santiago, Chile.,Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica Silva
- Andes Biotechnologies SpA, Santiago, Chile.,Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mariela Araya
- Andes Biotechnologies SpA, Santiago, Chile.,Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Franko Restovic
- Andes Biotechnologies SpA, Santiago, Chile.,Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile.,Present address: Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera Echenique
- Andes Biotechnologies SpA, Santiago, Chile.,Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luciana Oliveira-Cruz
- Andes Biotechnologies SpA, Santiago, Chile.,Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christopher Fitzpatrick
- Andes Biotechnologies SpA, Santiago, Chile.,Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, República, Santiago, Chile
| | - Macarena Briones
- Andes Biotechnologies SpA, Santiago, Chile.,Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime Villegas
- Andes Biotechnologies SpA, Santiago, Chile.,Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, República, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Villota
- Andes Biotechnologies SpA, Santiago, Chile.,Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, República, Santiago, Chile
| | - Soledad Vidaurre
- Andes Biotechnologies SpA, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Salud, Deporte y Recreación, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Vincenzo Borgna
- Andes Biotechnologies SpA, Santiago, Chile.,Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile.,Servicio de Urología, Hospital Barros-Lucco-Trudeau, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Constanza Lopez
- Andes Biotechnologies SpA, Santiago, Chile.,Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Teresa Socias
- Andes Biotechnologies SpA, Santiago, Chile.,Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Jorge Díaz
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis O Burzio
- Andes Biotechnologies SpA, Santiago, Chile.,Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, República, Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica A Burzio
- Andes Biotechnologies SpA, Santiago, Chile.,Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, República, Santiago, Chile
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26
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Cadena A, Cushman TR, Anderson C, Barsoumian HB, Welsh JW, Cortez MA. Radiation and Anti-Cancer Vaccines: A Winning Combination. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6010009. [PMID: 29385680 PMCID: PMC5874650 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging combination of radiation therapy with vaccines is a promising new treatment plan in the fight against cancer. While many cancer vaccines such as MUC1, p53 CpG oligodeoxynucleotide, and SOX2 may be great candidates for antitumor vaccination, there still remain many investigations to be done into possible vaccine combinations. One fruitful partnership that has emerged are anti-tumor vaccines in combination with radiation. Radiation therapy was previously thought to be only a tool for directly or indirectly damaging DNA and therefore causing cancer cell death. Now, with much preclinical and clinical data, radiation has taken on the role of an in situ vaccine. With both cancer vaccines and radiation at our disposal, more and more studies are looking to combining vaccine types such as toll-like receptors, viral components, dendritic-cell-based, and subunit vaccines with radiation. While the outcomes of these combinatory efforts are promising, there is still much work to be covered. This review sheds light on the current state of affairs in cancer vaccines and how radiation will bring its story into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Cadena
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Taylor R Cushman
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Clark Anderson
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79415, USA.
| | - Hampartsoum B Barsoumian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - James W Welsh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Maria Angelica Cortez
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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27
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Radiation-enhanced delivery of systemically administered amphiphilic-CpG oligodeoxynucleotide. J Control Release 2017; 266:248-255. [PMID: 28987882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Along with vaccines and checkpoint blockade, immune adjuvants may have an important role in tumor immunotherapy. Oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated cytidyl guanosyl dinucleotide motifs (CpG ODN) are TLR9 ligands with attractive immunostimulatory properties, but intratumoral administration has been required to induce an effective anti-tumor immune response. Following on recent studies with radiation-targeted delivery of nanoparticles, we examined enhanced tumor-specific delivery of amphiphile-CpG, an albumin-binding analog of CpG ODN, following systemic administration 3days after tumor irradiation. The combination of radiation and CpG displayed superior tumor control over either treatment alone. Intravital imaging of fluorescently labeled amphiphilic-CpG revealed increased accumulation in irradiated tumors along with decreased off-target accumulation in visceral organs. Within 48h after amphiphile-CpG administration, immune activation could be detected by increased Granzyme B and Interferon gamma activity in the tumor as well as in circulating monocytes and activated CD8+ T cells. Using radiotherapy to enhance the targeting of CpG to tumors may help advance this once promising therapy to clinical relevance.
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28
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Wang Z, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Dong K, Liu C, Ran X, Pu F, Ju E, Ren J, Qu X. A bifunctional nanomodulator for boosting CpG-mediated cancer immunotherapy. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:14236-14247. [PMID: 28914317 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr04396a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) oligonucleotides (ODNs) possess high immunostimulatory activity and represent attractive tools for cancer treatment. However, their success in eliminating large solid tumors was hampered by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Herein, we report that the design of a novel MnO2-CpG-silver nanoclusters (AgNCs)-doxorubicin (DOX) conjugate for enhanced cancer immunotherapy, in which MnO2 nanosheets function as unique supports to integrate the chemotherapy drug DOX and the immunotherapeutic agent CpG-AgNCs. Importantly, DOX could be conjugated with MnO2 nanosheets through π-π interactions to serve as a bifunctional modulator of the tumor microenvironment to activate a tumor-specific immune response by inducing immunogenic cell death, and reverse the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment via abrogating the immune-suppressive activity of regulatory T cells, both of which would greatly improve the immune response of CpG-AgNCs. In this way, the T-cell immune responses of CpG-AgNCs which are linked to MnO2 nanosheets were significantly enhanced and could exhibit remarkable antitumor activity against large solid tumors. Our study may guide the rational design of immunotherapeutic boosters for improving cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resources Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China.
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29
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Delannois F, Planty C, Giordano G, Destexhe E, Stanislaus D, Da Silva FT, Stegmann JU, Thacker K, Reynaud L, Garçon N, Segal L. Signal management in pharmacovigilance and human risk assessment of CpG 7909, integrating embryo-fetal and post-natal developmental toxicity studies in rats and rabbits. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 75:110-120. [PMID: 28951173 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The potential reproductive and developmental toxicity of the synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) CpG 7909, a component of GSK's AS15 immunostimulant, was examined in rat and rabbit studies following intermittent intramuscular injections. Previous studies using subcutaneous and intraperitoneal injections in mice, rats and rabbits revealed that CpG ODNs induced developmental effects. To analyze the safety signal, GSK conducted additional animal studies using the intended clinical route of administration. CpG 7909 injections were administered intramuscularly to rats or rabbits 28 and 14days before pairing, on 4 or 5 occasions during gestation, and on lactation day 7. The No Observed Adverse Effect Level for female fertility, embryo-fetal and pre- and post-natal development was 4.2mg/kg in both species, approximately 500-fold higher than the anticipated human dose. In conclusion, the anticipated risk to humans is considered low for sporadic intramuscular exposure to CpG 7909.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camille Planty
- (at the time of study) GSK Vaccines, Rue de l'Institut 89, 1330, Rixensart, Belgium.
| | - Giulia Giordano
- GSK Vaccines, Rue de l'Institut 89, 1330, Rixensart, Belgium
| | - Eric Destexhe
- GSK Vaccines, Rue de l'Institut 89, 1330, Rixensart, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Karen Thacker
- Envigo CRS Limited Formerly Huntingdon Life Sciences, Eye, Suffolk, UK
| | - Lucie Reynaud
- WIL Research Europe-Lyon Laboratories, 69210, Saint-Germain-Nuelles, France
| | - Nathalie Garçon
- (at the time of study) GSK Vaccines, Rue de l'Institut 89, 1330, Rixensart, Belgium
| | - Lawrence Segal
- (at the time of study) GSK Vaccines, Parc de la Noire Epine, Rue Fleming 20, 1300, Wavre, Belgium
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30
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da Fonseca ACC, Amaral R, Garcia C, Geraldo LH, Matias D, Lima FRS. Microglia in Cancer: For Good or for Bad? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 949:245-261. [PMID: 27714693 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-40764-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a malignant tumor of astrocytic origin that is highly invasive, proliferative and angiogenic. Despite current advances in multimodal therapies, such as surgery, radio- and chemotherapy, the outcome for patients with glioblastoma is nearly always fatal. The glioblastoma microenvironment has a tremendous influence over the tumor growth and spread. Microglia and macrophages are abundant cells in the tumor mass. Increasing evidence indicates that glioblastoma recruits these cell populations and signals in a way that microglia and macrophages are subverted to promote tumor progression. In this chapter, we discuss some aspects of the interaction between microglia and glioblastoma, consequences of this interaction for tumor progression and the possibility of microglial cells being used as therapeutic vectors, which opens up new alternatives for the development of GBM therapies targeting microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Carolina Carvalho da Fonseca
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-590, Brazil
| | - Rackele Amaral
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-590, Brazil
| | - Celina Garcia
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-590, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Geraldo
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-590, Brazil
| | - Diana Matias
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-590, Brazil
| | - Flavia Regina Souza Lima
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-590, Brazil.
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31
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Abdul-Cader MS, Ahmed-Hassan H, Amarasinghe A, Nagy E, Sharif S, Abdul-Careem MF. Toll-like receptor (TLR)21 signalling-mediated antiviral response against avian influenza virus infection correlates with macrophage recruitment and nitric oxide production. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1209-1223. [PMID: 28613150 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytosine-guanosinedeoxynucleotide (CpG) DNA can be used for the stimulation of the toll-like receptor (TLR)21 signalling pathway in avian species which ultimately leads to up-regulation of gene transcription for pro-inflammatory molecules including nitric oxide and recruitment of innate immune cells. The objective of this study was to determine the antiviral effect of NO, produced in response to in ovo delivery of CpG DNA, against avian influenza virus (AIV) infection. We found that when CpG DNA is delivered at embryo day (ED)18 in ovo and subsequently challenged with H4N6 AIV at ED19 pre-hatch and day 1 post-hatching, CpG DNA reduces H4N6 AIV replication associated with enhanced NO production and macrophage recruitment in lungs. In vitro, we showed that NO originating from macrophages is capable of eliciting an antiviral response against H4N6 AIV infection. This study provides insights into the mechanisms of CpG DNA-mediated antiviral response, particularly against AIV infection in avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Sarjoon Abdul-Cader
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Centre 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada, AB T2N 4N1
| | - Hanaa Ahmed-Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Centre 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada, AB T2N 4N1
| | - Aruna Amarasinghe
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Centre 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada, AB T2N 4N1
| | - Eva Nagy
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, ON N1G 2W1
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, ON N1G 2W1
| | - Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Centre 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada, AB T2N 4N1
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32
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Ursu R, Carpentier A, Metellus P, Lubrano V, Laigle-Donadey F, Capelle L, Guyotat J, Langlois O, Bauchet L, Desseaux K, Tibi A, Chinot O, Lambert J, Carpentier AF. Intracerebral injection of CpG oligonucleotide for patients with de novo glioblastoma-A phase II multicentric, randomised study. Eur J Cancer 2017; 73:30-37. [PMID: 28142059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunostimulating oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated cytosine-guanosine motifs (CpG-ODN) have shown a promising efficacy in several cancer models when injected locally. A previous phase II study of CpG-ODN in patients with recurrent glioblastoma (GBM) has suggested some activity and has shown a limited toxicity. This multicentre single-blinded randomised phase II trial was designed to study the efficacy of a local treatment by CpG-ODN in patients with de novo glioblastomas. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with a newly diagnosed glioblastoma underwent large surgical resection and CpG-ODN was randomly administrated locally around the surgical cavity. The patients were then treated according to standard of care (SOC) with radiotherapy and temozolomide. The primary objective was 2-year survival. Secondary outcomes were progression free survival (PFS), and tolerance. RESULTS Eighty-one (81) patients were randomly assigned to receive CpG-ODN plus SOC (39 patients) or SOC (42 patients). The 2-year overall survival was 31% (19%; 49%) in the CpG-ODN arm and 26% (16%; 44%) in the SOC arm. The median PFS was 9 months in the CpG-ODN arm and 8.5 months in the SOC arm. The incidence of adverse events was similar in both arms; although fever and post-operative haematoma were more frequent in the CpG-ODN arm. CONCLUSIONS Local immunotherapy with CpG-ODN injected into the surgical cavity after tumour removal and followed by SOC, although well tolerated, does not improve survival of patients with newly diagnosed GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Ursu
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Avicenne, Service de Neurologie, Bobigny, France.
| | - Alexandre Carpentier
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitie Salpetriere Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Paris, France
| | | | - Vincent Lubrano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Toulouse, France
| | - Florence Laigle-Donadey
- Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Department of Neurology Mazarin, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Capelle
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitie Salpetriere Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Guyotat
- Neurosurgical Department D, Neurological Hospital, Lyon, France
| | | | - Luc Bauchet
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Annick Tibi
- Agence Générale des Equipements et Produits de Santé (AGEPS), Paris, France
| | - Olivier Chinot
- Aix-Marseille Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neuro-Oncology, CHU Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Jérôme Lambert
- Department of Biostatistics, Hospital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Antoine F Carpentier
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Avicenne, Service de Neurologie, Bobigny, France; Université Paris 13, UFR de Santé, Médecine et Biologie Humaine, Bobigny, France
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Preclinical Rationale and Clinical Considerations for Radiotherapy Plus Immunotherapy: Going Beyond Local Control. Cancer J 2017; 22:130-7. [PMID: 27111909 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of radiation for cancer therapy has expanded and sparked interest in possible synergistic effects by combining it with current immunotherapies. In this review, we present a case of a patient who responded to programmed cell death 1 (PD1) blockade and radiation therapy and discuss possible mechanisms. We provide background on the blockade of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and PD1 checkpoints and highlight future immune-based therapies that may synergize with radiation, including cytosine-phosphate-guanine vaccines, OX40 agonists, CD40 agonists, regulatory T-cell depletion, and metabolic "rewiring" of cancer cells. Clinical considerations are noted for combining radiation with immunotherapies to extend the benefit of immunotherapy to more patients. New trials are needed to appropriately investigate the best sequencing and radiation dose to prime an immune response and to identify predictive biomarkers of such responses.
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Abstract
Non-methylated CpG-motifs in bacterial or viral DNA are recognized by TLR9 as foreign. The activation of TLR9 by microbial DNA or synthetic oligonucleotides based on these motifs leads to the induction of innate immune responses. We have compared the subcellular localization of fluorescent versions of TLR9 and TLR4 and found that TLR9 is expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum while TLR4 is expressed on the plasma membrane. Fluorescently tagged bacterial DNA or CpG-DNA was observed to traffic to a tubular lysosomal compartment in human pDCs. In stimulated cells, TLR9 translocated to CpG-DNA or microbial DNA containing structures in the endosome, where TLR9 binds to DNA and initiates signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eicke Latz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA,
| | - Alberto Visintin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Terje Espevik
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Douglas T. Golenbock
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Stress impairs the efficacy of immune stimulation by CpG-C: Potential neuroendocrine mediating mechanisms and significance to tumor metastasis and the perioperative period. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 56:209-220. [PMID: 26944000 PMCID: PMC4917466 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that immune stimulation can be compromised if animals are simultaneously subjected to stressful conditions. To test the generalizability of these findings, and to elucidate neuroendocrine mediating mechanisms, we herein employed CpG-C, a novel TLR-9 immune-stimulating agent. Animals were subjected to ongoing stress (20-h of wet cage exposure) during CpG-C treatment, and antagonists to glucocorticoids, β-adrenoceptor, COX2, or opioids were employed (RU486, nadolol, etodolac, naltrexone). In F344 rats, marginating-pulmonary NK cell numbers and cytotoxicity were studied, and the NK-sensitive MADB106 experimental metastasis model was used. In Balb/C mice, experimental hepatic metastases of the CT-26 colon tumor were studied; and in C57BL/6J mice, survival rates following excision of B16 melanoma was assessed - both mouse tumor models involved surgical stress. The findings indicated that simultaneous blockade of glucocorticoid and β-adrenergic receptors improved CpG-C efficacy against MADB106 metastasis. In mice bearing B16 melanoma, long-term survival rate was improved by CpG-C only when employed simultaneously with blockers of glucocorticoids, catecholamines, and prostaglandins. Prolonged stress impaired CpG-C efficacy in potentiating NK activity, and in resisting MADB106 metastasis in both sexes, as also supported by in vitro studies. This latter effect was not blocked by any of the antagonists or by adrenalectomy. In the CT26 model, prolonged stress only partially reduced the efficacy of CpG-C. Overall, our findings indicate that ongoing behavioral stress and surgery can jeopardize immune-stimulatory interventions and abolish their beneficial metastasis-reducing impacts. These findings have implications for the clinical setting, which often involve psychological and physiological stress responses during immune-stimulation.
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36
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Elefanti L, Sacco G, Stagni C, Rastrelli M, Menin C, Russo I, Alaibac M. TLR7 Gln11Leu single nucleotide polymorphism and susceptibility to cutaneous melanoma. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:275-280. [PMID: 27347137 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is a life-threatening skin cancer. Its incidence is rapidly increasing, and early diagnosis is the main factor able to improve its poor prognosis. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins that recognize pathogen- and damage-associated molecular patterns, against which TLRs activate the innate immune response and initiate the adaptive immune response. Genetic variations of these receptors may alter the immune system, and are involved in evolution and susceptibility to various diseases, including cancer. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the presence of TLR7 glutamine (Gln) 11 leucine (Leu) polymorphism confers an increased susceptibility to cutaneous melanoma. For that purpose, a case-control study was performed with 182 melanoma cases and 89 controls. To highlight the possible association between the aforementioned polymorphism and the susceptibility to melanoma, 93 cases of single melanoma and 89 cases of multiple primary melanoma (MPM) were compared in the present study. Since the TLR7 gene is localized on the chromosome X, the allelic frequency of the Gln11Leu polymorphism was analyzed separately in males and females. The distribution of allele frequencies between melanoma cases and controls (P=0.245) and between single melanoma and MPM cases (P=0.482) was not significant. Therefore, the present results do not suggest an association between TLR7 Gln11Leu polymorphism and susceptibility to cutaneous melanoma. Further studies are required to analyze the influence of other TLR polymorphisms on the susceptibility to malignant melanoma and the involvement of innate immunity in this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Elefanti
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology, Scientific Institute for Hospitalization, Treatment and Research, Padua I-35128, Italy
| | - Giorgia Sacco
- Department of Medicine, Dermatology Unit, University of Padua, Padua I-35121, Italy
| | - Camilla Stagni
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Oncology and Immunology Unit, University of Padua, Padua I-35100, Italy
| | - Marco Rastrelli
- Melanoma and Soft Tissue Sarcoma Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology, Scientific Institute for Hospitalization, Treatment and Research, Padua I-35128, Italy
| | - Chiara Menin
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology, Scientific Institute for Hospitalization, Treatment and Research, Padua I-35128, Italy
| | - Irene Russo
- Department of Medicine, Dermatology Unit, University of Padua, Padua I-35121, Italy
| | - Mauro Alaibac
- Department of Medicine, Dermatology Unit, University of Padua, Padua I-35121, Italy
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Huang Z, Gan J, Long Z, Guo G, Shi X, Wang C, Zang Y, Ding Z, Chen J, Zhang J, Dong L. Targeted delivery of let-7b to reprogramme tumor-associated macrophages and tumor infiltrating dendritic cells for tumor rejection. Biomaterials 2016; 90:72-84. [PMID: 26994345 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Both tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) and tumor infiltrating dendritic cells (TIDCs) are important components in the tumor microenvironment that mediate tumor immunosuppression and promote cancer progression. Targeting these cells and altering their phenotypes may become a new strategy to recover their anti-tumor activities and thereby restore the local immune surveillance against tumor. In this study, we constructed a nucleic acid delivery system for the delivery of let-7b, a synthetic microRNA mimic. Our carrier has an affinity for the mannose receptors on TAMs/TIDCs and is responsive to the low-pH tumor microenvironment. The delivery of let-7b could reactivate TAMs/TIDCs by acting as a TLR-7 agonist and suppressing IL-10 production in vitro. In a breast cancer mouse model, let-7b delivered by this system efficiently reprogrammed the functions of TAMs/TIDCs, reversed the suppressive tumor microenvironment, and inhibited tumor growth. Taken together, this strategy, designed based upon TAMs/TIDCs-targeting delivery and the dual biological functions of let-7b (TLR-7 ligand and IL-10 inhibitor), may provide a new approach for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Jingjing Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Ziyan Long
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Guangxing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xiafei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Chunming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Yuhui Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zhi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Jiangning Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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Talmadge JE. Natural product derived immune-regulatory agents. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 37:5-15. [PMID: 26968760 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We can now declare that the clinical goal of immune intervention as a therapeutic strategy for neoplastic, infectious, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, has been achieved and in many instances obtained regulatory approval. Although, interest in and optimism for this approach has fluctuated, in the last 20years, immunotherapy has progressed from trials with crude microbial mixtures and extracts to the sophisticated use of pure cultured bacterial, synthetized active moieties identified from crude extracts, analogues therefrom and agonists and antagonists identified during screening resulting in reproducible pharmacologically active compounds with multiple mechanisms of action. Our current understanding of the mechanism of action for immunoregulatory agents contributes to the future discovery of improved strategies to use these and future immunotherapies. In this review we have identified and discussed, those drugs that have been approved and or are in clinical development as immunoregulatory agents, emphasizing those derived from or associated with natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Talmadge
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986495 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6495, United States
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Russo I, Cona C, Saponeri A, Bassetto F, Baldo V, Alaibac M. Association between Toll-like receptor 7 Gln11Leu single-nucleotide polymorphism and basal cell carcinoma. Biomed Rep 2016; 4:459-462. [PMID: 27073632 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) are the most common form of human skin cancer. The majority of NMSC are basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with a BCC:SCC incidence ratio of 4:1 in immunocompetent patients. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns and damage-associated molecular patterns, against which they activate the innate immune response and initiate the adaptive immune response. Genetic variations of these receptors can alter the immune system and are involved in evolution and susceptibility of various diseases, including cancer. Imiquimod, an agonist of TLR7, is applied topically in the treatment of premalignant and malignant skin disorders, in particular BCC. The high efficacy of this TLR7 agonist toward BCC supports a possible role of this receptor in the induction of BCC and, consequently, polymorphisms of this receptor could be responsible for a greater or lesser susceptibility to BCC. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the presence of the functional TLR7 rs179008/Gln11Leu promoter polymorphism conferred an increased susceptibility to BCC. A case-control study with 177 BCC cases and 158 controls was performed to highlight the possible association between this polymorphism and the susceptibility to BCC. As the TLR7 gene is localized on chromosome X, the allelic frequency of this polymorphism was analyzed separately in males and females. The analysis of the distribution of frequencies of wild-type TLR7 and variant TLR7 carrying the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs179008 in patients with BCC and healthy subjects did not reveal any statistically significant difference between cases and controls. This study does not suggest the involvement of the SNP rs179008 of TLR7 in the susceptibility to BCC, but cannot exclude a role for TLR7 in BCC carcinogenesis considering the high efficacy of the TLR7 agonist, imiquimod, in the treatment of this neoplastic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Russo
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, I-35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Camilla Cona
- Plastic Surgery Unit, University of Padova, I-35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Saponeri
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, I-35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Franco Bassetto
- Plastic Surgery Unit, University of Padova, I-35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Baldo
- Public Health Unit, University of Padova, I-35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Mauro Alaibac
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, I-35121 Padova, Italy
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Shahar E, Gorodetsky R, Aizenshtein E, Lalush L, Pitcovski J. Modulating the innate immune activity in murine tumor microenvironment by a combination of inducer molecules attached to microparticles. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:1137-49. [PMID: 26031575 PMCID: PMC11028936 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1719-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Targeted cancer immunotherapy is challenging due to the cellular diversity and imposed immune tolerance in the tumor microenvironment (TME). A promising route to overcome those drawbacks may be by activating innate immune cells (IIC) in the TME, toward tumor destruction. Studies have shown the ability to "re-educate" pro-tumor-activated IIC toward antitumor responses. The current research aims to stimulate such activation using a combination of innate activators loaded onto microparticles (MP). Four inducers of Toll-like receptors 4 and 7, complement C5a receptor (C5aR) and gamma Fc receptor and their combinations were loaded on MP, and their influence on immune cell activation evaluated. MP stimulation of immune cell activation was tested in vitro and in vivo using a subcutaneous B16-F10 melanoma model induced in C57BL6 mice. Exposure to the TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS) bound to MP-induced acute inflammatory cytokine and chemokine activity in vitro and in vivo, with the elevation of CD45(+) leukocytes in particular GR-1(+) neutrophils and F4/80 macrophages in the TME. Nevertheless, LPS alone on MP was insufficient to significantly delay tumor progression. LPS combined with the C5aR ligand C5a-pep on the same MP resulted in a similar inflammation activation pattern. However, interleukin-10 levels were lower, and tumor growth was significantly delayed. Mixtures of these two ligands on separate MP did not yield the same cytokine activation pattern, demonstrating the importance of the cells' dual activation. The results suggest that combining inducers of distinct innate immune activation pathways holds promise for successful redirection of TME-residing IIC toward anti-tumoral activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehud Shahar
- MIGAL – Galilee Research Institute, P.O. Box 831, 11016 Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Lab of Biotechnology and Radiobiology, Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah – Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Raphael Gorodetsky
- Lab of Biotechnology and Radiobiology, Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah – Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Elina Aizenshtein
- MIGAL – Galilee Research Institute, P.O. Box 831, 11016 Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Lior Lalush
- MIGAL – Galilee Research Institute, P.O. Box 831, 11016 Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Tel Hai Academic College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Jacob Pitcovski
- MIGAL – Galilee Research Institute, P.O. Box 831, 11016 Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Tel Hai Academic College, Upper Galilee, Israel
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Wang Y, Miao L, Satterlee A, Huang L. Delivery of oligonucleotides with lipid nanoparticles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 87:68-80. [PMID: 25733311 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Since their inception in the 1980s, oligonucleotide-based (ON-based) therapeutics have been recognized as powerful tools that can treat a broad spectrum of diseases. The discoveries of novel regulatory methods of gene expression with diverse mechanisms of action are still driving the development of novel ON-based therapeutics. Difficulties in the delivery of this class of therapeutics hinder their in vivo applications, which forces drug delivery systems to be a prerequisite for clinical translation. This review discusses the strategy of using lipid nanoparticles as carriers to deliver therapeutic ONs to target cells in vitro and in vivo. A discourse on how chemical and physical properties of the lipid materials could be utilized during formulation and the resulting effects on delivery efficiency constitutes the major part of this review.
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Wang YZ, Lv H, Hao YL, Zhang HQ, Li L, Cai GM, Hu M, Jia CX, Feng XG, Kong QX. Suppressive oligodeoxynucleotides induced tolerogenic plasmacytoid dendritic cells and ameliorated the experimental autoimmune neuritis. Immunol Lett 2015; 166:13-8. [PMID: 25952624 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9, recognizing different ligands, confers distinct features of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Our previous study demonstrated a role for TLR9 in the mechanism of experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN). In this study, we explored whether suppressive oligodeoxynucleotides (sODN) could induce tolerogenic pDCs via TLR9 and thus promote the recovery of EAN. Effects of different TLR9 ligands, CpG ODN and sODN on P0 180-199 peptide-stimulated pDCs were measured by detecting the expression of co-stimulatory molecules, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), secretion of Th1- and Th2-type cytokines and the TLR9 signaling pathway. CpG ODN- or sODN-treated pDCs were intravenously injected into the EAN mice and their effects were compared. Our data showed that P0180-199 peptides significantly promoted mRNA expression of co-stimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80 and CD86) in pDCs and induced secretion of Th1-type cytokines. Treatment of CpG ODN aggravated the effects of P0 180-199 peptides on pDCs; however, sODN had the opposite effects and significantly upregulated the IDO expression in pDCs. Further analysis showed that MYD88 is necessary for sODN to modulate the TLR9/NF-κB signaling in pDCs. Finally, the sODN-treated pDCs significantly promoted recovery of the EAN mice. Taken together, sODN could induce tolerogenic pDCs and thus ameliorate the EAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College, Jining, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China; Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College, Jining, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Lv
- Graduate School of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Lei Hao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College, Jining, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Qing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College, Jining, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College, Jining, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Gao-Mei Cai
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College, Jining, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Hu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College, Jining, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Xiang Jia
- Department of Surgical Operating Room, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College, Jining, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun-Gang Feng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College, Jining, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qing-Xia Kong
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College, Jining, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.
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Schmidt M, Hagner N, Marco A, König-Merediz SA, Schroff M, Wittig B. Design and Structural Requirements of the Potent and Safe TLR-9 Agonistic Immunomodulator MGN1703. Nucleic Acid Ther 2015; 25:130-40. [PMID: 25826686 PMCID: PMC4440985 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2015.0533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN), containing nonmethylated cytosine–guanine motifs (CpG ODN), are recognized by the innate immune system as “danger signals.” CpG ODN are efficacious immunomodulators but require phosphorothioate (PT) or other backbone modifications for metabolic stability, which cause toxicities in mice and primates. We therefore designed a covalently closed DNA molecule (dSLIM®) where two single-stranded loops containing CG motifs are connected through a double-stranded stem in the absence of any nonnatural DNA component. The most promising immunomodulator, MGN1703, comprises two loops of 30 nucleotides containing three CG motifs each, and a connecting stem stem of 28 base pairs. MGN1703 stimulates cytokine secretion [interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-γ, interleukin (IL)-12, IL-6, and IL-2] and activates immune cells by increased expression of CD80, CD40, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR and ICAM-1. Efficacy of immunomodulation strictly depends on the descriptive dumbbell shape and size of the molecule. Variations in stem length and loop size lead to reduced potency of the respective members of the dSLIM® class. In a representative mouse model, toxicities from injections of high amounts of a CpG ODN-PT and of MGN1703 were evaluated. The CpG ODN-PT group showed severe organ damage, whereas no such or other pathologies were found in the MGN1703 group. Oncological clinical trials of MGN1703 already confirmed our design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole Hagner
- 2Foundation Institute Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Freie Universitaet, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alberto Marco
- 3Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Burghardt Wittig
- 2Foundation Institute Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Freie Universitaet, Berlin, Germany
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Kim DH, Moon C, Oh SS, Park S, Jeong JW, Kim S, Lee HG, Kwon HJ, Kim KD. Liposome-encapsulated CpG enhances antitumor activity accompanying the changing of lymphocyte populations in tumor via intratumoral administration. Nucleic Acid Ther 2015; 25:95-102. [PMID: 25692533 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2014.0509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs (CpG-ODN) are potent immune stimulators, the use of natural CpG-ODN--phosphodiester-backbone CpG--has been limited due to its instability by nuclease in vivo. The aim of this study is to investigate the anticancer efficiency of CpG-ODN capsulated using liposome, which enhances the stability of CpG-ODN. We formulated lipoplex, encapsulated natural CpG-ODN from Mycobacterium bovis with liposome, and tested its immune stimulatory activity in vitro and in vivo. The lipoplex induced a systemic innate immune response in vivo and stimulated dendritic cells, but not macrophages, to stimulate proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 in vitro. As expected, the lipoplex effectively mediated the prolonged cancer-therapeutic activity against B16 melanoma, which was dependent on natural killer and CD8(+) T cells. The therapeutic activity was observed after only intratumoral administration of lipoplex among several treatment routes. Intratumoral treatment of lipoplex significantly increased the populations of natural killer and CD8(+) T cells and reduced regulatory CD4(+) T cell recruitment, which was correlated with expression profiles of chemokines (CCL1, CCL3, CXCL1, CXCL10, and CCL22). The antitumor therapeutic effect of lipoplex was dependent on the altered lymphocyte population that might be developed by the profile of intratumoral chemokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyeok Kim
- 1 Division of Applied Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University , Jinju, Republic of Korea
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Olbert PJ, Kesch C, Henrici M, Subtil FS, Honacker A, Hegele A, Hofmann R, Hänze J. TLR4- and TLR9-dependent effects on cytokines, cell viability, and invasion in human bladder cancer cells. Urol Oncol 2014; 33:110.e19-27. [PMID: 25499923 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adjuvant immunotherapy of bladder cancer by instillation of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is highly recommended within certain groups of non-muscle-invasive stages but only partially effective. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) TLR4 and TLR9 likely mediate BCG effects by triggering innate systemic immune cell responses. In addition, TLR4 and TLR9 expressed in bladder cancer cells may contribute to the outcome of BCG treatment. Here, we studied the expression and function of TLR4 and TLR9 in human bladder cancer cell lines. METHODS TLR4 and TLR9 messenger RNA and protein levels were determined by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Selected cell lines were analyzed with respect to cytokine induction, proliferation, and cell invasion after addition of BCG, TLR4-specific agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or TLR9 agonist (CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide [ODN]). RESULTS TLR4 and TLR9 were expressed quite heterogeneously in human bladder cancer cells. BCG caused induction of interleukin (IL)-6 or IL-8 in BFTC905 and T24 cells as representatives for TLR4-/TLR9-expressing cells. The study aimed to dissect TLR4- and TLR9-mediated effects. For functional analysis of TLR4 with LPS, we selected T24 and BFTC905 cells with high and undetectable TLR4 levels, respectively. For TLR9 analysis with CpG-ODN, we selected UMUC3 and RT112 cells with high and low TLR9 levels, respectively. Addition of LPS caused significant induction of TNFα and IL-6 messenger RNA in T24 cells but not in BFTC905 cells. Addition of CpG-ODN induced interferon ß (INFß), IL-8, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and the angiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor-A and placental growth factor in UMUC3 cells; whereas in RT112 cells, induction of IL-8 and TNFα was noticed. Interestingly, addition of CpG-ODN significantly reduced cell viability and increased cell invasion in UMUC3 and RT112 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that bladder cancer cell lines express functional TLR4 and TLR9 with possible effects on cancer progression and outcome of BCG-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Olbert
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Hessen, Germany
| | - Claudia Kesch
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Hessen, Germany
| | - Marcus Henrici
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Hessen, Germany
| | - Florentine S Subtil
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Hessen, Germany
| | - Astrid Honacker
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Hessen, Germany
| | - Axel Hegele
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Hessen, Germany
| | - Rainer Hofmann
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Hessen, Germany
| | - Jörg Hänze
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Hessen, Germany.
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Banday AH, Jeelani S, Hruby VJ. Cancer vaccine adjuvants--recent clinical progress and future perspectives. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2014; 37:1-11. [PMID: 25318595 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2014.971963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent breakthroughs in the prognosis, prevention and treatment, cancer still remains the leading cause of death and affects millions of people worldwide. With the US FDA approval of various preventive cancer vaccines such as Gardasil (Merck), Cervarix (Glaxosmithkline) and the therapeutic vaccine Sipulencel-T (Provenge), cancer vaccine development is gaining huge ground. Approval of these vaccines has encouraged the concept of cancer treatment through cellular immunotherapy. The FDA approval of the above vaccines has provided support for renewed interest and attention which the development of new therapeutic cancer vaccines deserves. However, most of the new generation vaccines including that for cancer are poorly immunogenic sub-unit vaccines and thus essentially need adjuvants in their formulations to compensate for the immune suppression. Adjuvants are the essential components of a potent vaccine which increases the efficacy by enhancing the antigen-specific immune response. However, the design of a successful adjuvant is not easy because of the complexity and the difficulty in designing adjuvants that are safe, potent and economically viable. The present communication takes a short review of the advancements in adjuvant technology, current clinical scenario of new adjuvants and application of their molecularly defined formulations to new generation cancer vaccines which are currently under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid H Banday
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ , USA
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Scheiermann J, Klinman DM. Clinical evaluation of CpG oligonucleotides as adjuvants for vaccines targeting infectious diseases and cancer. Vaccine 2014; 32:6377-89. [PMID: 24975812 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic oligonucleotides (ODN) that express unmethylated "CpG motifs" trigger cells that express Toll-like receptor 9. In humans this includes plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B cells. CpG ODN induce an innate immune response characterized by the production of Th1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Their utility as vaccine adjuvants was evaluated in a number of clinical trials. Results indicate that CpG ODN improve antigen presentation and the generation of vaccine-specific cellular and humoral responses. This work provides an up-to-date overview of the utility of CpG ODN as adjuvants for vaccines targeting infectious agents and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Scheiermann
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick MD 21702, United States
| | - Dennis M Klinman
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick MD 21702, United States.
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Zhao BG, Vasilakos JP, Tross D, Smirnov D, Klinman DM. Combination therapy targeting toll like receptors 7, 8 and 9 eliminates large established tumors. J Immunother Cancer 2014; 2:12. [PMID: 24982761 PMCID: PMC4075973 DOI: 10.1186/2051-1426-2-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The TLR7/8 agonist 3M-052 and the TLR9 agonist CpG ODN both trigger innate immune responses that support the induction of tumor-specific immunity. Previous studies showed that these agonists used individually could improve the survival of mice challenged with small tumors but were of limited therapeutic benefit against large/advanced tumors. Methods Normal mice were challenged with syngeneic tumors. Once these tumors reached clinically detectable size (500–800 mm3) they were treated by intra-tumoral injection with 3M-052 and/or CpG ODN. Anti-tumor immunity and tumor growth were evaluated. Results The co-delivery of agonists targeting TLRs 7, 8 and 9 increased the number and tumoricidal activity of tumor infiltrating CTL and NK cells while reducing the frequency of immunosuppressive MDSC. The combination of 3M-052 plus CpG ODN (but not each agent alone) eradicated large primary tumors and established long-term protective immunity. Conclusion The combination of agonists targeting TLRs 7/8 and 9 represents a significant improvement in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- By Gan Zhao
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Debra Tross
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick MD 21702, USA
| | - Dmitri Smirnov
- 3M Drug Delivery Systems Division, St. Paul MN 55144, USA
| | - Dennis M Klinman
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick MD 21702, USA
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Burns EM, Yusuf N. Toll-like receptors and skin cancer. Front Immunol 2014; 5:135. [PMID: 24744758 PMCID: PMC3978350 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Burns
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA
| | - Nabiha Yusuf
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA
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Hussein WM, Liu TY, Skwarczynski M, Toth I. Toll-like receptor agonists: a patent review (2011 - 2013). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2014; 24:453-70. [PMID: 24456079 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.880691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a crucial part of the innate immunity and present the first line of defense against pathogens. In humans, there are ten TLRs, with TLR3, 7, 8 and 9 located in intracellular vesicles and the remaining expressed on the cell surface. These transmembrane protein receptors recognize a wide range of pathogen components. A large number of TLR agonists, either derived from pathogen components or modified synthetic molecules, were developed and investigated for their ability to stimulate an immune response. AREAS COVERED This review includes an updated summary (2011 - 2013) of TLR agonists that have been published in patent applications and/or progressed to clinical studies, with an emphasis on their chemical structure, immune response, prophylactic and therapeutic outcomes. EXPERT OPINION A number of factors have contributed to the design and development of TLR agonists such as solving the crystal structures of TLR bound to their ligands, improvements in our understanding of the signaling pathway activated after TLR stimulation and the identification of the native ligands of all human TLRs. Some of the TLR agonists have been approved for human use by the FDA while others have reached clinical studies in Phases I, II and III. Generally, immunotherapy based on TLR agonists is very promising for the prevention and/or treatment of several disorders including cancer, allergy and microbial infections. However, many TLR agonists were withdrawn from further studies as they either lacked efficacy or caused serious side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed M Hussein
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , St. Lucia, Brisbane, Qld 4072 , Australia
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