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Wang M, Jin F, Tong X. From bench to bedside: The promising value of exosomes in precision medicine for CNS tumors. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32376. [PMID: 38961907 PMCID: PMC11219334 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are naturally present extracellular vesicles (EVs) released into the surrounding body fluids upon the fusion of polycystic and plasma membranes. They facilitate intercellular communication by transporting DNA, mRNA, microRNA, long non-coding RNA, circular RNA, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. They contribute to the onset and progression of Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors. In addition, they can be used as biomarkers of tumor proliferation, migration, and blood vessel formation, thereby affecting the Tumor Microenvironment (TME). This paper reviews the recent advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of exosomes in various CNS tumors, the promise and challenges of exosomes as natural carriers of CNS tumors, and the therapeutic prospects of exosomes in CNS tumors. Furthermore, we hope this research can contribute to the development of more targeted and effective treatments for central nervous system tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Wang
- Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Feng Jin
- Qingdao Central Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Central Hospital).266042, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoguang Tong
- Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
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2
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Peregrino ES, Castañeda-Casimiro J, Vázquez-Flores L, Estrada-Parra S, Wong-Baeza C, Serafín-López J, Wong-Baeza I. The Role of Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in the Immune Response to Pathogens, and Therapeutic Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6210. [PMID: 38892397 PMCID: PMC11172497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria have several mechanisms to evade the host's immune response and achieve an efficient infection. Bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a relevant cellular communication mechanism, since they can interact with other bacterial cells and with host cells. In this review, we focus on the EVs produced by some World Health Organization (WHO) priority Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria; by spore-producing bacteria; by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (a bacteria with a complex cell wall); and by Treponema pallidum (a bacteria without lipopolysaccharide). We describe the classification and the general properties of bacterial EVs, their role during bacterial infections and their effects on the host immune response. Bacterial EVs contain pathogen-associated molecular patterns that activate innate immune receptors, which leads to cytokine production and inflammation, but they also contain antigens that induce the activation of B and T cell responses. Understanding the many effects of bacterial EVs on the host's immune response can yield new insights on the pathogenesis of clinically important infections, but it can also lead to the development of EV-based diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. In addition, since EVs are efficient activators of both the innate and the adaptive immune responses, they constitute a promising platform for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliud S. Peregrino
- Posgrado en Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (E.S.P.); (J.C.-C.)
| | - Jessica Castañeda-Casimiro
- Posgrado en Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (E.S.P.); (J.C.-C.)
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (S.E.-P.); (J.S.-L.)
| | - Luis Vázquez-Flores
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (L.V.-F.); (C.W.-B.)
| | - Sergio Estrada-Parra
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (S.E.-P.); (J.S.-L.)
| | - Carlos Wong-Baeza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (L.V.-F.); (C.W.-B.)
| | - Jeanet Serafín-López
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (S.E.-P.); (J.S.-L.)
| | - Isabel Wong-Baeza
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (S.E.-P.); (J.S.-L.)
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Ansari MA, Tripathi T, Venkidasamy B, Monziani A, Rajakumar G, Alomary MN, Alyahya SA, Onimus O, D'souza N, Barkat MA, Al-Suhaimi EA, Samynathan R, Thiruvengadam M. Multifunctional Nanocarriers for Alzheimer's Disease: Befriending the Barriers. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:3042-3089. [PMID: 37966683 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03730-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) have been increasing in incidence in recent years and are now widespread worldwide. Neuronal death is defined as the progressive loss of neuronal structure or function which is closely associated with NDDs and represents the intrinsic features of such disorders. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases (AD, PD, and HD, respectively) are considered neurodegenerative diseases that affect a large number of people worldwide. Despite the testing of various drugs, there is currently no available therapy that can remedy or effectively slow the progression of these diseases. Nanomedicine has the potential to revolutionize drug delivery for the management of NDDs. The use of nanoparticles (NPs) has recently been developed to improve drug delivery efficiency and is currently subjected to extensive studies. Nanoengineered particles, known as nanodrugs, can cross the blood-brain barrier while also being less invasive compared to the most treatment strategies in use. Polymeric, magnetic, carbonic, and inorganic NPs are examples of NPs that have been developed to improve drug delivery efficiency. Primary research studies using NPs to cure AD are promising, but thorough research is needed to introduce these approaches to clinical use. In the present review, we discussed the role of metal-based NPs, polymeric nanogels, nanocarrier systems such as liposomes, solid lipid NPs, polymeric NPs, exosomes, quantum dots, dendrimers, polymersomes, carbon nanotubes, and nanofibers and surfactant-based systems for the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, we highlighted nanoformulations such as N-butyl cyanoacrylate, poly(butyl cyanoacrylate), D-penicillamine, citrate-coated peptide, magnetic iron oxide, chitosan (CS), lipoprotein, ceria, silica, metallic nanoparticles, cholinesterase inhibitors, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, metal chelators, anti-amyloid, protein, and peptide-loaded NPs for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Azam Ansari
- Department of Epidemic Disease Research, Institute for Research & Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Takshashila Tripathi
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Baskar Venkidasamy
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Alan Monziani
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Govindasamy Rajakumar
- Department of Orthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohammad N Alomary
- Advanced Diagnostic and Therapeutic Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, 11442, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami A Alyahya
- Wellness and Preventive Medicine Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, 11442, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Oriane Onimus
- Faculty of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Naomi D'souza
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Md Abul Barkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hafr Al-Batin, Hafr Al-Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ebtesam A Al-Suhaimi
- Research Consultation Department, Vice Presidency for Scientific Research and Innovation, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramkumar Samynathan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muthu Thiruvengadam
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Al-Madhagi H. The Landscape of Exosomes Biogenesis to Clinical Applications. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:3657-3675. [PMID: 38681093 PMCID: PMC11048319 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s463296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that originate from various cells and mediate intercellular communication, altering the behavior or fate of recipient cells. They carry diverse macromolecules, such as lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Environmental stressors can change the exosomal contents of many cells, making them useful for diagnosing many chronic disorders, especially neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, cancerous, and diabetic diseases. Moreover, exosomes can be engineered as therapeutic agents to modulate disease processes. State-of-art techniques are employed to separate exosomes including ultracentrifugation, size-exclusion chromatography and immunoaffinity. However, modern technologies such as aqueous two-phase system as well as microfluidics are gaining attention in the recent years. The article highlighted the composition, biogenesis, and implications of exosomes, as well as the standard and novel methods for isolating them and applying them as biomarkers and therapeutic cargo carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Al-Madhagi
- Biochemical Technology Program, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Dhamar University, Dhamar, Yemen
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5
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Müller GA, Müller TD. Transfer of membrane(s) matter(s)-non-genetic inheritance of (metabolic) phenotypes? Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1347397. [PMID: 38516184 PMCID: PMC10955475 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1347397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) are anchored at the outer phospholipid layer of eukaryotic plasma membranes exclusively by a glycolipid. GPI-APs are not only released into extracellular compartments by lipolytic cleavage. In addition, certain GPI-APs with the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor including their fatty acids remaining coupled to the carboxy-terminus of their protein components are also detectable in body fluids, in response to certain stimuli, such as oxidative stress, radicals or high-fat diet. As a consequence, the fatty acid moieties of GPI-APs must be shielded from access of the aqueous environment by incorporation into membranes of extracellular vesicles or into micelle-like complexes together with (lyso)phospholipids and cholesterol. The GPI-APs released from somatic cells and tissues are transferred via those complexes or EVs to somatic as well as pluripotent stem cells with metabolic consequences, such as upregulation of glycogen and lipid synthesis. From these and additional findings, the following hypotheses are developed: i) Transfer of GPI-APs via EVs or micelle-like complexes leads to the induction of new phenotypes in the daughter cells or zygotes, which are presumably not restricted to metabolism. ii) The membrane topographies transferred by the concerted action of GPI-APs and interacting components are replicated by self-organization and self-templation and remain accessible to structural changes by environmental factors. iii) Transfer from mother cells and gametes to their daughter cells and zygotes, respectively, is not restricted to DNA and genes, but also encompasses non-genetic matter, such as GPI-APs and specific membrane constituents. iv) The intergenerational transfer of membrane matter between mammalian organisms is understood as an epigenetic mechanism for phenotypic plasticity, which does not rely on modifications of DNA and histones, but is regarded as molecular mechanism for the inheritance of acquired traits, such as complex metabolic diseases. v) The missing interest in research of non-genetic matter of inheritance, which may be interpreted in the sense of Darwin's "Gemmules" or Galton's "Stirps", should be addressed in future investigations of the philosophy of science and sociology of media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter A. Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Oberschleissheim, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Oberschleissheim, Germany
- Department of Media Studies, Media, Culture and Society, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Timo D. Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Oberschleissheim, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Oberschleissheim, Germany
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6
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Kawano T, Okamura K, Shinchi H, Ueda K, Nomura T, Shiba K. Differentiation of large extracellular vesicles in oral fluid: Combined protocol of small force centrifugation and sedimentation pattern analysis. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 3:e143. [PMID: 38939901 PMCID: PMC11080912 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) in biofluids are highly heterogeneous entities in terms of their origins and physicochemical properties. Considering the application of EVs in diagnostic and therapeutic fields, it is of extreme importance to establish differentiating methods by which focused EV subclasses are operationally defined. Several differentiation protocols have been proposed; however, they have mainly focused on smaller types of EVs, and the heterogeneous nature of large EVs has not yet been fully explored. In this report, to classify large EVs into subgroups based on their physicochemical properties, we have developed a protocol, named EV differentiation by sedimentation patterns (ESP), in which entities in the crude large EV fraction are first moved through a density gradient of iodixanol with small centrifugation forces, and then the migration patterns of molecules through the gradients are analysed using a non-hierarchical data clustering algorithm. Based on this method, proteins in the large EV fractions of oral fluids clustered into three groups: proteins shared with small EV cargos and enriched in immuno-related proteins (Group 1), proteins involved in energy metabolism and protein synthesis (Group 2), and proteins required for vesicle trafficking (Group 3). These observations indicate that the physiochemical properties of EVs, which are defined through low-speed gradient centrifugation, are well associated with their functions within cells. This protocol enables the detailed subclassification of EV populations that are difficult to differentiate using conventional separation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Kawano
- Division of Protein Engineering, Cancer InstituteJapanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchKoto‐kuTokyoJapan
- Department of Oral OncologyOral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental CollegeIchikawaChibaJapan
| | - Kohji Okamura
- Department of Systems BioMedicineNational Center for Child Health and DevelopmentSetagaya‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Hiroki Shinchi
- Cancer Precision Medicine CenterJapanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchKoto‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Koji Ueda
- Cancer Precision Medicine CenterJapanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchKoto‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Takeshi Nomura
- Department of Oral OncologyOral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental CollegeIchikawaChibaJapan
| | - Kiyotaka Shiba
- Division of Protein Engineering, Cancer InstituteJapanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchKoto‐kuTokyoJapan
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Chen Y, Shi Y, Tao Z. Fluorescence Tracking of Small Extracellular Vesicles In Vivo. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2297. [PMID: 37765266 PMCID: PMC10534450 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we employed organic and inorganic dyes that have fluorescence under visible or near-infrared light region to stain human umbilical cord (Huc) mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-, HEK293T cell- and HGC cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), and then tracked their fluorescence signals in human gastric cancer xenografted murine models. Several biological characteristics were examined and compared when different dye-stained sEVs in the same tumor model or the same dye-stained sEVs between different tumor models were applied, including sEVs circulation in the blood, biodistribution of sEVs in major organs, and time-dependent tumor accumulation of sEVs. The results demonstrated that distinct tumor accumulation features were presented by sEVs if labeled by different fluorescent dyes, while sEVs derived from different cell lines showed homologous blood circulation and tumor accumulation. To conclude, although fluorescence imaging remains a reliable way to trace sEVs, single staining of sEVs membrane should be obviated in future work when examining the biological fate of sEVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
| | - Yinghong Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
- Zhenjiang Key Laboratory of High Technology Research on Exosomes Foundation and Transformation Application, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zhimin Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
- Zhenjiang Key Laboratory of High Technology Research on Exosomes Foundation and Transformation Application, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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Jain DP, Dinakar YH, Kumar H, Jain R, Jain V. The multifaceted role of extracellular vesicles in prostate cancer-a review. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2023; 6:481-498. [PMID: 37842237 PMCID: PMC10571058 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2023.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most prominent form of cancer in men and confers the highest mortality after lung cancer. The term "extracellular vesicles" refers to minute endosomal-derived membrane microvesicles and it was demonstrated that extracellular vesicles affect the environment in which tumors originate. Extracellular vesicles' involvement is also established in the development of drug resistance, angiogenesis, stemness, and radioresistance in various cancers including prostate cancer. Extracellular vesicles influence the general environment, processes, and growth of prostate cancer and can be a potential area that offers a significant lead in prostate cancer therapy. In this review, we have elaborated on the multifaceted role of extracellular vesicles in various processes involved in the development of prostate cancer, and their multitude of applications in the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer through the encapsulation of various bioactives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Prakash Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, India
| | - Yirivinti Hayagreeva Dinakar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, India
| | - Hitesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, India
| | - Rupshee Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, India
| | - Vikas Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, India
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Zhang Y, Dou Y, Liu Y, Di M, Bian H, Sun X, Yang Q. Advances in Therapeutic Applications of Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:3285-3307. [PMID: 37346366 PMCID: PMC10281276 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s409588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale bilayer phospholipid membrane vesicles released by cells. Contained large molecules such as nucleic acid, protein, and lipid, EVs are an integral part of cell communication. The contents of EVs vary based on the cell source and play an important role in both pathological and physiological conditions. EVs can be used as drugs or targets in disease treatment, and changes in the contents of EVs can indicate the progression of diseases. In recent years, with the continuous exploration of the structure, characteristics, and functions of EVs, the potential of engineered EVs for drug delivery and therapy being constantly explored. This review provides a brief overview of the structure, characteristics and functions of EVs, summarizes the advanced application of EVs and outlook on the prospect of it. It is our hope that this review will increase understanding of the current development of medical applications of EVs and help us overcome future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical School of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiming Dou
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical School of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical School of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingyuan Di
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical School of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanming Bian
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical School of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xun Sun
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical School of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical School of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
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Müller GA, Müller TD. (Patho)Physiology of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Proteins II: Intercellular Transfer of Matter (Inheritance?) That Matters. Biomolecules 2023; 13:994. [PMID: 37371574 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (APs) are anchored at the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane (PM) bilayer by covalent linkage to a typical glycolipid and expressed in all eukaryotic organisms so far studied. Lipolytic release from PMs into extracellular compartments and intercellular transfer are regarded as the main (patho)physiological roles exerted by GPI-APs. The intercellular transfer of GPI-APs relies on the complete GPI anchor and is mediated by extracellular vesicles such as microvesicles and exosomes and lipid-free homo- or heteromeric aggregates, and lipoprotein-like particles such as prostasomes and surfactant-like particles, or lipid-containing micelle-like complexes. In mammalian organisms, non-vesicular transfer is controlled by the distance between donor and acceptor cells/tissues; intrinsic conditions such as age, metabolic state, and stress; extrinsic factors such as GPI-binding proteins; hormones such as insulin; and drugs such as anti-diabetic sulfonylureas. It proceeds either "directly" upon close neighborhood or contact of donor and acceptor cells or "indirectly" as a consequence of the induced lipolytic release of GPI-APs from PMs. Those displace from the serum GPI-binding proteins GPI-APs, which have retained the complete anchor, and become assembled in aggregates or micelle-like complexes. Importantly, intercellular transfer of GPI-APs has been shown to induce specific phenotypes such as stimulation of lipid and glycogen synthesis, in cultured human adipocytes, blood cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. As a consequence, intercellular transfer of GPI-APs should be regarded as non-genetic inheritance of (acquired) features between somatic cells which is based on the biogenesis and transmission of matter such as GPI-APs and "membrane landscapes", rather than the replication and transmission of information such as DNA. Its operation in mammalian organisms remains to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter A Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) at the Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) at the Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Gorgani S, Hosseini SA, Wang AZ, Baino F, Kargozar S. Effects of Bioactive Glasses (BGs) on Exosome Production and Secretion: A Critical Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16114194. [PMID: 37297327 DOI: 10.3390/ma16114194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing trend toward the application of bioactive glasses in different areas of biomedicine, including tissue engineering and oncology. The reason for this increase is mostly attributed to the inherent properties of BGs, such as excellent biocompatibility, and the ease of tailoring their properties by changing, for example, the chemical composition. Previous experiments have demonstrated that the interactions between BGs and their ionic dissolution products, and mammalian cells, can affect and change cellular behaviors, and thereby govern the performance of living tissues. However, limited research exists on their critical role in the production and secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as exosomes. Exosomes are nanosized membrane vesicles that carry various therapeutic cargoes such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids, and thereby can govern cell-cell communication and subsequent tissue responses. The use of exosomes is currently considered a cell-free approach in tissue engineering strategies, due to their positive roles in accelerating wound healing. On the other hand, exosomes are known as key players in cancer biology (e.g., progression and metastasis), due to their capability to carry bioactive molecules between tumor cells and normal cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that the biological performance of BGs, including their proangiogenic activity, is accomplished with the help of exosomes. Indeed, therapeutic cargos (e.g., proteins) produced in BG-treated cells are transferred by a specific subset of exosomes toward target cells and tissues, and lead to a biological phenomenon. On the other hand, BGs are suitable delivery vehicles that can be utilized for the targeted delivery of exosomes to cells and tissues of interest. Therefore, it seems necessary to have a deeper understanding of the potential effects of BGs in the production of exosomes in cells that are involved in tissue repair and regeneration (mostly mesenchymal stem cells), as well as in those that play roles in cancer progression (e.g., cancer stem cells). This review aims to present an updated report on this critical issue, to provide a roadmap for future research in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gorgani
- Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 917794-8564, Iran
| | - Seyede Atefe Hosseini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 917794-8564, Iran
| | - Andrew Z Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Francesco Baino
- Institute of Materials Physics and Engineering, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Saeid Kargozar
- Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 917794-8564, Iran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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12
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Zhuo Y, Ai K, He K, Wu B, Peng J, Xiang J, Zhang G, Jiao Z, Zhou R, Zhang H. Global Research Trends of Exosomes in the Central Nervous System: A Bibliometric and Visualized Analysis. Neurospine 2023; 20:507-524. [PMID: 37401069 PMCID: PMC10323342 DOI: 10.14245/ns.2244988.494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exosomes in the central nervous system (CNS) have become an attractive area of research with great value. However, few bibliometric analysis has been conducted. The study aimed to visualize the scientific trends and research hotspots of exosomes in the CNS by bibliometric analysis. METHODS All potential articles and reviews on exosomes in the CNS published in English from 2001 to 2021 were extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection. The visualization knowledge maps of critical indicators, including countries/regions, institutions, authors, journals, references, and keywords, were generated by CiteSpace and VOSviewer software. Besides, each domain's quantitative and qualitative analysis was also considered. RESULTS A total of 2,629 papers were included. The number of exosomes-related publications and citations regarding CNS increased yearly. These publications came from 2,813 institutions in 77 countries/regions, led by the United States and China. Harvard University was the most influential institution, while the National Institutes of Health was the most critical funding source. We identified 14,468 authors, among which Kapogiannis D had the most significant number of articles and the highest H-index, while Théry C was the most frequently co-cited. The cluster analysis of keywords generated 13 clusters. In summary, the topic of biogenesis, biomarker, and drug delivery will serve as hotspots in future research. CONCLUSION Exosomes-related CNS research has gained considerable attention in the past 20 years. The sources and biological functions of exosomes and their promising role in diagnosing and treating CNS diseases are considered hotspots in this field. The clinical translation of the results from exosomes-related CNS research will be of great importance in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhuo
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion, Tuina and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- The Second Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Kun Ai
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion, Tuina and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Ke He
- The Second Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Boyu Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Jiaying Peng
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion, Tuina and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Xiang
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion, Tuina and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Guanlin Zhang
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion, Tuina and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Ziyuan Jiao
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion, Tuina and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Ruixuan Zhou
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion, Tuina and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion, Tuina and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- The Second Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
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13
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Müller GA, Müller TD. (Patho)Physiology of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Proteins I: Localization at Plasma Membranes and Extracellular Compartments. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050855. [PMID: 37238725 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (APs) are anchored at the outer leaflet of plasma membranes (PMs) of all eukaryotic organisms studied so far by covalent linkage to a highly conserved glycolipid rather than a transmembrane domain. Since their first description, experimental data have been accumulating for the capability of GPI-APs to be released from PMs into the surrounding milieu. It became evident that this release results in distinct arrangements of GPI-APs which are compatible with the aqueous milieu upon loss of their GPI anchor by (proteolytic or lipolytic) cleavage or in the course of shielding of the full-length GPI anchor by incorporation into extracellular vesicles, lipoprotein-like particles and (lyso)phospholipid- and cholesterol-harboring micelle-like complexes or by association with GPI-binding proteins or/and other full-length GPI-APs. In mammalian organisms, the (patho)physiological roles of the released GPI-APs in the extracellular environment, such as blood and tissue cells, depend on the molecular mechanisms of their release as well as the cell types and tissues involved, and are controlled by their removal from circulation. This is accomplished by endocytic uptake by liver cells and/or degradation by GPI-specific phospholipase D in order to bypass potential unwanted effects of the released GPI-APs or their transfer from the releasing donor to acceptor cells (which will be reviewed in a forthcoming manuscript).
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter A Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Xiong J, Fu F, Yu F, He X. Advances of exosomal miRNAs in the diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer. Discov Oncol 2023; 14:65. [PMID: 37160813 PMCID: PMC10169985 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-023-00674-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a tumor with the highest fatalities among female malignant tumors. This disease has no typical symptoms in its early stage, and most of the patients are in an advanced stage when being treated. The treatment effect is poor and it is easy to develop chemotherapy resistance. Therefore, it is particularly urgent to clarify the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer, explore its early diagnosis of biomarkers, and discover new treatment methods. As a carrier of intercellular information and genetic material transfer, exosomes are widely distributed in body fluids (e.g. blood and urine), which are regarded as latent tumor markers and take effects on tumor occurrence and invasion. Several articles have recently signified that exosomal miRNAs are widely implicated in the formation of the ovarian cancer tumor microenvironment, disease initiation and progression, and the generation of chemotherapy resistance. This article reviews the research on exosomal miRNAs in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xiong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, NanChang, JiangXi, China
| | - Fen Fu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, NanChang, JiangXi, China
| | - Feng Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, NanChang, JiangXi, China
| | - Xiaoju He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, NanChang, JiangXi, China.
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Pan Y, Li Y, Dong W, Jiang B, Yu Y, Chen Y. Role of nano-hydrogels coated exosomes in bone tissue repair. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1167012. [PMID: 37229488 PMCID: PMC10204869 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1167012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
With the development of nanotechnology, nanomaterials are widely applied in different areas. Some nanomaterials are designed to be biocompatible and can be used in the medical field, playing an important role in disease treatment. Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles with a diameter of 30-200 nm. Studies have shown that exosomes have the effect of angiogenesis, tissue (skin, tendon, cartilage, et al.) repair and reconstruction. Nano-hydrogels are hydrogels with a diameter of 200 nm or less and can be used as the carrier to transport the exosomes into the body. Some orthopedic diseases, such as bone defects and bone infections, are difficult to handle. The emergence of nano-hydrogels coated exosomes may provide a new idea to solve these problems, improving the prognosis of patients. This review summarizes the function of nano-hydrogels coated exosomes in bone tissue repair, intending to illustrate the potential use and application of nano-hydrogels coated exosomes in bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Pan
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yige Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjun Dong
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bowei Jiang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhao Yu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunsu Chen
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Butts B, Goeddel LA, Zheng J, Pat B, Powell P, Mobley J, Ahmad S, Steele C, McGiffin D, Davies JE, George JF, Melby SJ, Ferrario CM, Dell’Italia LJ. Impact of early pericardial fluid chymase activation after cardiac surgery. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1132786. [PMID: 37265571 PMCID: PMC10230304 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1132786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chymase is a highly destructive serine protease rapidly neutralized in the circulation by protease inhibitors. Here we test whether pericardial fluid (PCF) chymase activation and other inflammatory biomarkers determine intensive care unit length of stay, and explore mechanisms of chymase delivery by extracellular vesicles to the heart. Methods PCF was collected from adult patients (17 on-pump; 13 off-pump) 4 h after cardiac surgery. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing chymase were injected into Sprague-Dawley rats to test for their ability to deliver chymase to the heart. Results The mean intensive care unit (ICU) stay and mean total length of stay was 2.17 ± 3.8 days and 6.41 ± 1.3 days respectively. Chymase activity and 32 inflammatory markers did not differ in on-pump vs. off-pump cardiac surgery. Society of Thoracic Surgeons Predicted Risk of Morbidity and Mortality Score (STS-PROM), 4-hour post-surgery PCF chymase activity and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 6 (CXCL6) were all independent predictors of ICU and total hospital length of stay by univariate analysis. Mass spectrometry of baseline PCF shows the presence of serine protease inhibitors that neutralize chymase activity. The compartmentalization of chymase within and on the surface of PCF EVs was visualized by immunogold labeling and transmission electron microscopy. A chymase inhibitor prevented EV chymase activity (0.28 fmol/mg/min vs. 14.14 fmol/mg/min). Intravenous injection of PCF EVs obtained 24 h after surgery into Sprague Dawley rats shows diffuse human chymase uptake in the heart with extensive cardiomyocyte damage 4 h after injection. Discussion Early postoperative PCF chymase activation underscores its potential role in cardiac damage soon after on- or off-pump cardiac surgery. In addition, chymase in extracellular vesicles provides a protected delivery mechanism from neutralization by circulating serine protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Butts
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Lee A. Goeddel
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jingyi Zheng
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Science and Mathematics, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Betty Pat
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Pamela Powell
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - James Mobley
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Chad Steele
- School of Medicine—Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - David McGiffin
- Cardiothoracic Surgery and Transplantation, The Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James E. Davies
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - James F. George
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Spencer J. Melby
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
- Saint Louis VA Medical Center, Birmingham VA Health Care System, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Carlos M. Ferrario
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Louis J. Dell’Italia
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Extracellular vesicles: Critical bilateral communicators in periphery-brain crosstalk in central nervous system disorders. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 160:114354. [PMID: 36753954 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence shows that there is a comorbid mechanism between the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral organs. The bilateral transmission of signal molecules in periphery-brain crosstalk plays an important role in the underlying mechanism, which result from complex networks of neurohumoral circuits. Secreted by almost all cells and considered innovative information transport systems, extracellular vesicles (EVs) encapsulate and deliver nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and various other bioactive regulators. Moreover, EVs can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), they are also identified primarily as essential communicators between the periphery and the CNS. In addition to transporting molecules under physiological or pathological conditions, EVs also show novel potential in targeted drug delivery. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms implicated in the transport of EVs in crosstalk between the peripheral and the central immune systems as well as in crosstalk between the peripheral organs and the brain in CNS disorders, especially in neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, and trauma. This work will help in elucidating the contributions of EVs to brain health and disorders, and promote the development of new strategies for minimally invasive treatment.
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Sarasati A, Syahruddin MH, Nuryanti A, Ana ID, Barlian A, Wijaya CH, Ratnadewi D, Wungu TDK, Takemori H. Plant-Derived Exosome-like Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications and Regenerative Therapy. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041053. [PMID: 37189671 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PDENs) comprise various bioactive biomolecules. As an alternative cell-free therapeutic approach, they have the potential to deliver nano-bioactive compounds to the human body, and thus lead to various anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-tumor benefits. Moreover, it is known that Indonesia is one of the herbal centers of the world, with an abundance of unexplored sources of PDENs. This encouraged further research in biomedical science to develop natural richness in plants as a source for human welfare. This study aims to verify the potential of PDENs for biomedical purposes, especially for regenerative therapy applications, by collecting and analyzing data from the latest relevant research and developments.
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Basak M, Chaudhary DK, Takahashi RU, Yamamoto Y, Tiwari S, Tahara H, Mittal A. Immunocyte Derived Exosomes: Insight into the Potential Chemo-immunotherapeutic Nanocarrier Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:20-39. [PMID: 36524837 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
"Cancer" is a dreadful immune-pathological condition that is characterized by anti-inflammatory and tumorigenic responses, elicited by the infiltrating immune cells in the vicinity of an uncontrollably proliferative tumor in the tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME offers a conducive microenvironment that supports cancer cell survival by modulating the host immune defense. Recent advancement in exosomal research has shown exosomes, originating from immune cells as well as the cancer cells, have immense potential for suppressing cancer progression and survival in the TME. Additionally, exosomes, irrespective of their diverse sources, have been reported to be efficient nanocarriers for cancer therapeutics with the ability for targeted delivery due to their biogenic nature, ease of cellular uptake, and scope for functionalization with biomolecules like peptides, aptamers, targeting ligands, etc. Immune cell-derived exosomes per se have been found efficacious against cancer owing to their immune-stimulant properties (in either naive or antigen primed form) even without loading any of cancer therapeutics or targeting ligand conjugation. Nevertheless, exosomes are being primarily explored as nanovesicular carriers for therapeutic molecules with different loading and targeting strategies, and the synergism between immunotherapeutic behavior of exosomes and the anticancer effect of the therapeutic molecules is yet to be explored. Hence, this review focuses specifically on the possible strategies to modulate the immunological nature of the source immune cells to obtain immune stimulant exosomes and bring these into the spotlight as chemo-immunotherapeutic nanovesicles, that can easily target and modulate the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Basak
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Chaudhary
- Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology Division, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226014, India
| | - Ryou-U Takahashi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamamoto
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Swasti Tiwari
- Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology Division, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226014, India
| | - Hidetoshi Tahara
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Anupama Mittal
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
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20
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Applications of exosomes in nanomedicine. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818627-5.00015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
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21
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Nejabati HR, Roshangar L, Nouri M. Follicular fluid extracellular vesicle miRNAs and ovarian aging. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 538:29-35. [PMID: 36368351 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The decrease in the reproductive potential due to aging occurs as a gradual decline in the quantity and quality of the ovarian reserve, a phenomenon associated with risk of miscarriage, pregnancy loss, low ovarian stimulation, and oocyte abnormalities, such as chromosomal aneuploidies. Numerous studies have shown that the fertility potential of older women is decreased by changes to the cellular composition of the follicles. Additionally, a unique method of cellular communication has been identified which involves the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in various body fluids including follicular fluid (FF). The changing composition of EVs especially non-coding RNAs, such as miRNAs has been documented across a broad range of cell types during aging. Accordingly, alterations of miRNA cargo within FF-derived EVs due to increased age may serve as a potential predictor of oocyte quality. In this review we examine the relationship between FF EV miRNAs and ovarian aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Nejabati
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Roshangar
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Uthamacumaran A, Abdouh M, Sengupta K, Gao ZH, Forte S, Tsering T, Burnier JV, Arena G. Machine intelligence-driven classification of cancer patients-derived extracellular vesicles using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy: results from a pilot study. Neural Comput Appl 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00521-022-08113-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Weaver JW, Zhang J, Rojas J, Musich PR, Yao Z, Jiang Y. The application of exosomes in the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1022725. [PMID: 36438660 PMCID: PMC9684310 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1022725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous and invasive breast cancer (BC) subtype that is estrogen receptor-negative, progesterone receptor-negative, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2)-negative. So far, the treatment of TNBC is still ineffective due to the lack of well-defined molecular targets. Exosomes are nanosized extracellular vesicles composed of lipid bilayers. They originate from various types of donor cells and release a complex mixture of contents including diverse nucleic acid types (miRNA, LnRNA, siRNA, and DNA) and proteins; after binding to recipient cells the exosomes release their contents that execute their biological functions. Exosomes have been reported to play an important role in the tumorigenesis of TNBC, including tumor initiation, metastasis, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, immune escape, and drug resistance. On the other hand, exosomes can be valuable biomarkers for diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of TNBC. More interestingly, exosomes can be harnessed as a nanosized drug-delivery system specifically targeting TNBC. In this review, we present the most recent mechanistic findings and clinical applications of exosomes in TNBC therapy, focusing on their use as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, nanoscale drug delivery platforms, and immunotherapeutic agents. In addition, the associated challenges and future directions of using exosomes for TNBC treatment will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Weaver
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, J. H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Juan Rojas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, J. H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Phillip R. Musich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, J. H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Yao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, J. H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
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Wang ZY, Wen ZJ, Xu HM, Zhang Y, Zhang YF. Exosomal noncoding RNAs in central nervous system diseases: biological functions and potential clinical applications. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1004221. [PMID: 36438184 PMCID: PMC9681831 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1004221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) disease is a general term for a series of complex and diverse diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), CNS tumors, stroke, epilepsy, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Interneuron and neuron-glia cells communicate with each other through their homeostatic microenvironment. Exosomes in the microenvironment have crucial impacts on interneuron and neuron-glia cells by transferring their contents, such as proteins, lipids, and ncRNAs, constituting a novel form of cell-to-cell interaction and communication. Exosomal noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), regulate physiological functions and maintain CNS homeostasis. Exosomes are regarded as extracellular messengers that transfer ncRNAs between neurons and body fluids due to their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of exosomal ncRNAs in CNS diseases, including prospective diagnostic biomarkers, pathological regulators, therapeutic strategies and clinical applications. We also provide an all-sided discussion of the comparison with some similar CNS diseases and the main limitations and challenges for exosomal ncRNAs in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Yu Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zeng-Jin Wen
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hai-Ming Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control of Ningxia, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yin-Feng Zhang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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25
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Exosome-Based Theranostics for Liver Diseases. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:7888906. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/7888906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that can be secreted by any type of cell, released into almost all biological fluids, and extracted from anybody fluid such as blood, urine, saliva, and amniotic fluid. The theranostic role of exosome in liver diseases has been widely studied in recent years. In this review, we briefly introduce the biological characteristics of exosomes and then focus on the theranostics of exosomes in liver diseases, specifically gene delivery associated with liver diseases.
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Gao X, Wu H, Li Y, Zhang L, Song M, Fu X, Chen R, Ding S, Zeng J, Li J, Liu P. Dancing in local space: rolling hoop orbital amplification combined with local cascade nanozyme catalytic system to achieve ultra-sensitive detection of exosomal miRNA. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:357. [PMID: 35918755 PMCID: PMC9344616 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01568-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The exosomal miRNA (exo-miRNA) derived from tumor cells contains rich biological information that can effectively aid in the early diagnosis of disease. However, the extremely low abundance imposes stringent requirements for accurate detection techniques. In this study, a novel, protease-free DNA amplification strategy, known as “Rolling Hoop Orbital Amplification” (RHOA), was initially developed based on the design concept of local reaction and inspired by the childhood game of rolling iron ring. Benefiting from the local space constructed by the DNA orbital, the circular DNA enzyme rolls directionally and interacts efficiently with the amplification element, making it nearly 3-fold more productive than conventional free-diffusion amplification. Similarly, the localized cascade nanozyme catalytic system formed by bridging DNA probes also exhibits outperformed than free ones. Therefore, a localized energized high-performance electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor was constructed by bridging cascading nanozymes on the electrode surface through DNA probes generated by RHOA, with an impressive limit of detection (LOD) of 1.5 aM for the detection of exosomal miRNA15a-5p and a stable linearity over a wide concentration range from 10− 2 to 108 fM. Thus, this work is a focused attempt at the localized reaction, which is expected to provide a reliable method for accurately detecting of exo-miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujian Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxuan Song
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuhuai Fu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijia Ding
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Mianyang Central Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, 621000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jia Li
- The Center for Clinical Molecular Medical Detection, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China. .,Bioscience (Tianjin) Diagnostic Technology CO., LTD, Tianjin, 300399, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Liu H, Huang Y, Huang M, Huang Z, Wang Q, Qing L, Li L, Xu S, Jia B. Current Status, Opportunities, and Challenges of Exosomes in Oral Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:2679-2705. [PMID: 35733418 PMCID: PMC9208818 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s365594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world, with more than 300,000 cases diagnosed each year, of which oral squamous cell carcinoma accounts for more than 90%, with a 5-year survival rate of only 40–60%, and poor prognosis. Exploring new strategies for the early diagnosis and treatment of oral cancer is key to improving the survival rate. Exosomes are nanoscale lipid bilayer membrane vesicles that are secreted by almost all cell types. During the development of oral cancer, exosomes can transport their contents (DNA, RNA, proteins, etc) to target cells and promote or inhibit the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of oral cancer cells by influencing the host immune response, drug-resistant metastasis, and tumour angiogenesis. Therefore, exosomes have great potential and advantages as biomarkers for oral cancer diagnosis, and as drug delivery vehicles or targets for oral cancer therapy. In this review, we first describe the biogenesis, biological functions, and isolation methods of exosomes, followed by their relationship with oral cancer. Here, we focused on the potential of exosomes as oral cancer biomarkers, drug carriers, and therapeutic targets. Finally, we provide an insightful discussion of the opportunities and challenges of exosome application in oral cancer diagnosis and treatment, intending to offer new ideas for the clinical management of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Liu
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yisheng Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingshu Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijie Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Qing
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaimei Xu
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Jia
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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28
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Lee SY, Lee JW. 3D Spheroid Cultures of Stem Cells and Exosome Applications for Cartilage Repair. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12070939. [PMID: 35888029 PMCID: PMC9317836 DOI: 10.3390/life12070939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage is a connective tissue that constitutes the structure of the body and consists of chondrocytes that produce considerable collagenous extracellular matrix and plentiful ground substances, such as proteoglycan and elastin fibers. Self-repair is difficult when the cartilage is damaged because of insufficient blood supply, low cellularity, and limited progenitor cell numbers. Therefore, three-dimensional (3D) culture systems, including pellet culture, hanging droplets, liquid overlays, self-injury, and spinner culture, have attracted attention. In particular, 3D spheroid culture strategies can enhance the yield of exosome production of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) when compared to two-dimensional culture, and can improve cellular restorative function by enhancing the paracrine effects of MSCs. Exosomes are membrane-bound extracellular vesicles, which are intercellular communication systems that carry RNAs and proteins. Information transfer affects the phenotype of recipient cells. MSC-derived exosomes can facilitate cartilage repair by promoting chondrogenic differentiation and proliferation. In this article, we reviewed recent major advances in the application of 3D culture techniques, cartilage regeneration with stem cells using 3D spheroid culture system, the effect of exosomes on chondrogenic differentiation, and chondrogenic-specific markers related to stem cell derived exosomes. Furthermore, the utilization of MSC-derived exosomes to enhance chondrogenic differentiation for osteoarthritis is discussed. If more mechanistic studies at the molecular level are conducted, MSC-spheroid-derived exosomes will supply a better therapeutic option to improve osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Yeon Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Gachon University, 155, Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-ku, Incheon 21999, Korea;
| | - Jin Woo Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Gachon University, 155, Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-ku, Incheon 21999, Korea;
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, 155, Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-ku, Incheon 21999, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-32-899-6516; Fax: +82-32-899-6039
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29
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Li Q. Role of exosomes in cellular communication between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment (Review). Oncol Lett 2022; 24:240. [PMID: 35720493 PMCID: PMC9185148 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Li
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
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30
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Loch-Neckel G, Matos AT, Vaz AR, Brites D. Challenges in the Development of Drug Delivery Systems Based on Small Extracellular Vesicles for Therapy of Brain Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:839790. [PMID: 35422699 PMCID: PMC9002061 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.839790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have ∼30–200 nm diameter size and may act as carriers of different cargoes, depending on the cell of origin or on the physiological/pathological condition. As endogenous nanovesicles, sEVs are important in intercellular communication and have many of the desirable features of an ideal drug delivery system. sEVs are naturally biocompatible, with superior targeting capability, safety profile, nanometric size, and can be loaded with both lipophilic and hydrophilic agents. Because of their biochemical and physical properties, sEVs are considered a promising strategy over other delivery vehicles in the central nervous system (CNS) since they freely cross the blood-brain barrier and they can be directed to specific nerve cells, potentiating a more precise targeting of their cargo. In addition, sEVs remain stable in the peripheral circulation, making them attractive nanocarrier systems to promote neuroregeneration. This review focuses on the recent progress in methods for manufacturing, isolating, and engineering sEVs that can be used as a therapeutic strategy to overcome neurodegeneration associated with pathologies of the CNS, with particular emphasis on Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis diseases, as well as on brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gecioni Loch-Neckel
- Neuroinflammation, Signaling and Neuroregeneration Lab, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Teresa Matos
- Neuroinflammation, Signaling and Neuroregeneration Lab, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Vaz
- Neuroinflammation, Signaling and Neuroregeneration Lab, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dora Brites
- Neuroinflammation, Signaling and Neuroregeneration Lab, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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31
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Entezari M, Sadrkhanloo M, Rashidi M, Asnaf SE, Taheriazam A, Hashemi M, Ashrafizadeh M, Zarrabi A, Rabiee N, Hushmandi K, Mirzaei S, Sethi G. Non-coding RNAs and macrophage interaction in tumor progression. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 173:103680. [PMID: 35405273 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The macrophages are abundantly found in TME and their M2 polarization is in favor of tumor malignancy. On the other hand, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) can modulate macrophage polarization in TME to affect cancer progression. The miRNAs can dually induce/suppress M2 polarization of macrophages and by affecting various molecular pathways, they modulate tumor progression and therapy response. The lncRNAs can affect miRNAs via sponging and other molecular pathways to modulate macrophage polarization. A few experiments have also examined role of circRNAs in targeting signaling networks and affecting macrophages. The therapeutic targeting of these ncRNAs can mediate TME remodeling and affect macrophage polarization. Furthermore, exosomal ncRNAs derived from tumor cells or macrophages can modulate polarization and TME remodeling. Suppressing biogenesis and secretion of exosomes can inhibit ncRNA-mediated M2 polarization of macrophages and prevent tumor progression. The ncRNAs, especially exosomal ncRNAs can be considered as non-invasive biomarkers for tumor diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliheh Entezari
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohsen Rashidi
- Department Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; The Health of Plant and Livestock Products Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Sholeh Etehad Asnaf
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afshin Taheriazam
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul 34396, Turkey
| | - Navid Rabiee
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology & Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sepideh Mirzaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Cancer Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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32
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Improper Proteostasis: Can It Serve as Biomarkers for Neurodegenerative Diseases? Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3382-3401. [PMID: 35305242 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02775-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cells synthesize new proteins after multiple molecular decisions. Damage of existing proteins, accumulation of abnormal proteins, and basic requirement of new proteins trigger protein quality control (PQC)-based alternative strategies to cope against proteostasis imbalance. Accumulation of misfolded proteins is linked with various neurodegenerative disorders. However, how deregulated components of this quality control system and their lack of general mechanism-based long-term changes can serve as biomarkers for neurodegeneration remains largely unexplored. Here, our article summarizes the chief findings, which may facilitate the search of novel and relevant proteostasis mechanism-based biomarkers associated with neuronal disorders. Understanding the abnormalities of PQC coupled molecules as possible biomarkers can help to determine neuronal fate and their contribution to the aetiology of several nervous system disorders.
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33
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Abstract
Ageing, death, and potential immortality lie at the heart of biology, but two seemingly incompatible paradigms coexist in different research communities and have done since the nineteenth century. The universal senescence paradigm sees senescence as inevitable in all cells. Damage accumulates. The potential immortality paradigm sees some cells as potentially immortal, especially unicellular organisms, germ cells and cancerous cells. Recent research with animal cells, yeasts and bacteria show that damaged cell constituents do in fact build up, but can be diluted by growth and cell division, especially by asymmetric cell division. By contrast, mammalian embryonic stem cells and many cancerous and 'immortalized' cell lines divide symmetrically, and yet replicate indefinitely. How do they acquire their potential immortality? I suggest they are rejuvenated by excreting damaged cell constituents in extracellular vesicles. If so, our understanding of cellular senescence, rejuvenation and potential immortality could be brought together in a new synthesis, which I call the cellular rejuvenation hypothesis: damaged cell constituents build up in all cells, but cells can be rejuvenated either by growth and cell division or, in 'immortal' cell lines, by excreting damaged cell constituents. In electronic supplementary material, appendix, I outline nine ways in which this hypothesis could be tested.
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Probiotics-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Protect Oxidative Stress against H2O2 Induction in Placental Cells. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8020074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: The microbial phase in the vaginal environment has been found to regulate the physiological activity of host cells. Studies have demonstrated that abnormal microbial growth in the vagina and a significant reduction in the proportion of lactic acid bacteria promote the occurrence of spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB). However, the contributing mechanism remains unknown. (2) Methods: This study uses extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by the probiotic Lactobacillus crispatus, commonly found in the vagina, to explore their potential to attenuate placental cells caused by oxidative stress induction. (3) Results: We found that L. crispatus-derived EVs improved Akt phosphorylation and attenuated both cell senescence and death in placental cells caused by oxidative stress induction. In addition, L. crispatus-derived EVs enhanced the resistance to H2O2 induction mediated by increasing mitochondrial fusion. (4) Conclusion: This is the first study to demonstrate that L. crispatus in the vagina can not only regulate the physiological functions of placental cells through the delivery of L. crispatus-EVs but also reduce cell senescence. As cell senescence is related to the occurrence of sPTB, these results indicate that maintaining the population of L. crispatus in the vaginal environment should be an adjuvant treatment strategy to avoid sPTB.
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35
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Filipović L, Kojadinović M, Popović M. Exosomes and exosome-mimetics as targeted drug carriers: Where we stand and what the future holds? J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.103057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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36
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Bischoff JP, Schulz A, Morrison H. The role of exosomes in inter-cellular and inter-organ communication of the peripheral nervous system. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:655-664. [PMID: 34990014 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes, nano-sized extracellular vesicles, are produced via the endosomal pathway and released in the extracellular space upon fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane. Recent evidence shows that these extracellular vesicles play a key role in cell-to-cell communication. Exosomes transport bioactive proteins, messenger RNA (mRNAs) and microRNA (miRNAs) in an active form to adjacent cells or to distant organs. In this review, we focus on the role of exosomes in peripheral nerve maintenance and repair, as well as peripheral nerve/organ crosstalk, and discuss the potential benefits of exploiting exosomes for treating PNS injuries. In addition, we will highlight the emerging role of exosomes as new important vehicles for physiological systemic crosstalk failures, which could lead to organ dysfunction during neuroinflammation or aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Patricia Bischoff
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Schulz
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Helen Morrison
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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37
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Dubey A, Lobo CL, GS R, Shetty A, Hebbar S, El-Zahaby SA. Exosomes: Emerging implementation of nanotechnology for detecting and managing novel corona virus- SARS-CoV-2. Asian J Pharm Sci 2022; 17:20-34. [PMID: 34630723 PMCID: PMC8487464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The spread of SARS-CoV-2 as an emerging novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) had progressed as a worldwide pandemic since the end of 2019. COVID-19 affects firstly lungs tissues which are known for their very slow regeneration. Afterwards, enormous cytokine stimulation occurs in the infected cells immediately after a lung infection which necessitates good management to save patients. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles of nanometric size released by reticulocytes on maturation and are known to mediate intercellular communications. The exosomal cargo serves as biomarkers in diagnosing various diseases; moreover, exosomes could be employed as nanocarriers in drug delivery systems. Exosomes look promising to combat the current pandemic since they contribute to the immune response against several viral pathogens. Many studies have proved the potential of using exosomes either as viral elements or host systems that acquire immune-stimulatory effects and could be used as a vaccine or drug delivery tool. It is essential to stop viral replication, prevent and reverse the massive storm of cytokine that worsens the infected patients' situations for the management of COVID-19. The main benefits of exosomes could be; no cells will be introduced, no chance of mutation, lack of immunogenicity and the damaged genetic material that could negatively affect the recipient is avoided. Additionally, it was found that exosomes are static with no ability for in vivo reproduction. The current review article discusses the possibilities of using exosomes for detecting novel coronavirus and summarizes state of the art concerning the clinical trials initiated for examining the use of COVID-19 specific T cells derived exosomes and mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes in managing COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh Dubey
- Department of Pharmaceutics, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru 575018, India
| | - Cynthia Lizzie Lobo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru 575018, India
| | - Ravi GS
- Formulation and Development, Viatris R&D Centre, Bengaluru 560105, India
| | - Amitha Shetty
- Department of Pharmaceutics, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru 575018, India
| | - Srinivas Hebbar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru 575018, India
| | - Sally A. El-Zahaby
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria 21311, Egypt
- Corresponding author.
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38
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Howard J, Goh CY, Gorzel KW, Higgins M, McCann A. The potential role of cofilin-1 in promoting triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) metastasis via the extracellular vesicles (EVs). Transl Oncol 2022; 15:101247. [PMID: 34678587 PMCID: PMC8529549 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive cancer, particularly prone to metastasis and is associated with poor survival outcomes. The key to unravelling the aggressiveness of TNBC lies in decoding the mechanism by which it metastasises. Cofilin-1 is a well-studied member of the cofilin family, involved in actin depolymerisation. Studies have described the diverse roles of cofilin-1 including cell motility, apoptosis and lipid metabolism. Levels of cofilin-1 have been shown to be increased in many different types of malignant cells, with increased cofilin-1 protein levels associated with poor prognosis in patients with TNBC. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are microvesicles typically around 100 nm in size, found in all biological fluids examined to date (Lötvall et al., 2014). Proteomic studies on extracellular vesicles (EVs) have shown that cofilin-1 is amongst the most frequently detected. Moreover, decreased levels of cofilin-1 potentially inhibit the release of EVs from cells. Additionally, Cofilin-1 is essential for the maturation of EVs and may also play a key role in the establishment of the pre-metastatic niche, thus promoting tumour cell migration. Further work into the exact mechanism by which cofilin-1 advances TNBC metastasis, may potentially prevent disease progression and improve outcomes for patients with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Howard
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; UCD School of Medicine, College of Health and Agricultural Sciences (CHAS), University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Chia Yin Goh
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; UCD School of Medicine, College of Health and Agricultural Sciences (CHAS), University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Karolina Weiner Gorzel
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; St Vincent's University Hospital (SVUH), Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Michaela Higgins
- St Vincent's University Hospital (SVUH), Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Amanda McCann
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; UCD School of Medicine, College of Health and Agricultural Sciences (CHAS), University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Dubey A, Lobo CL, GS R, Shetty A, Hebbar S, El-Zahaby SA. Exosomes: Emerging implementation of nanotechnology for detecting and managing novel corona virus- SARS-CoV-2. Asian J Pharm Sci 2022. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajps.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Tang W, Xia M, Liao Y, Fang Y, Wen G, Zhong J. Exosomes in triple negative breast cancer: From bench to bedside. Cancer Lett 2021; 527:1-9. [PMID: 34902521 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are lipid bilayer extracellular vesicles with a size of 30-150 nm, which can be released by various types of cells including breast cancer cells. Exosomes are enriched with multiple nucleic acids, lipids, proteins and play critical biological roles by binding to recipient cells and transmitting various biological cargos. Studies have reported that tumor-derived exosomes are involved in cancer initiation and progression, such as promoting cancer invasion and metastasis, accelerating angiogenesis, contributing to epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and enhancing drug resistance in tumors. Recently the dysregulating of exosomes has been found in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), relating to the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of TNBC patients. Considering the poor prognosis and lack of adequate response to conventional therapy of TNBC, the discovery of certain exosomes as a new target for diagnosis and treatment of TNBC may be a good choice that provides new opportunities for the early diagnosis, clinical treatment of TNBC. Here, we first discuss the innovative prognostic and predictive effects of exosomes on TNBC, as well as the practical clinical problems. Secondly, we focus on the new therapeutic areas represented by exosomes, especially the impact of introducing exosomes in TNBC treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Tang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, PR China
| | - Min Xia
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, PR China
| | - Yajie Liao
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, PR China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, PR China
| | - Gebo Wen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, PR China; Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China.
| | - Jing Zhong
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, PR China; Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China.
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Couch Y, Buzàs EI, Vizio DD, Gho YS, Harrison P, Hill AF, Lötvall J, Raposo G, Stahl PD, Théry C, Witwer KW, Carter DRF. A brief history of nearly EV-erything - The rise and rise of extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12144. [PMID: 34919343 PMCID: PMC8681215 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small cargo-bearing vesicles released by cells into the extracellular space. The field of EVs has grown exponentially over the past two decades; this growth follows the realisation that EVs are not simply a waste disposal system as had originally been suggested by some, but also a complex cell-to-cell communication mechanism. Indeed, EVs have been shown to transfer functional cargo between cells and can influence several biological processes. These small biological particles are also deregulated in disease. As we approach the 75th anniversary of the first experiments in which EVs were unknowingly isolated, it seems right to take stock and look back on how the field started, and has since exploded into its current state. Here we review the early experiments, summarise key findings that have propelled the field, describe the growth of an organised EV community, discuss the current state of the field, and identify key challenges that need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Couch
- Acute Stroke Programme, Radcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, HeadingtonOxfordUK
| | - Edit I. Buzàs
- Department of Genetics, Cell‐ and ImmunobiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
- ELKH‐SE Immune‐Proteogenomics Extracellular Vesicle Research GroupBudapestHungary
- HCEMM‐SU Extracellular Vesicles Research GroupBudapestHungary
| | - Dolores Di Vizio
- Department of SurgeryPathology & Laboratory MedicineCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Yong Song Gho
- Department of Life SciencesPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Paul Harrison
- Institute of Inflammation and AgeingCollege of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonBirminghamUK
| | - Andrew F. Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and GeneticsLa Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jan Lötvall
- Krefting Research CentreInstitute of Medicine Sahlgrenska Academy at University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut CurieParis Sciences et Lettres Research UniversityCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR144, Structure and Membrane CompartmentsParisFrance
| | - Philip D. Stahl
- Department of Cell BiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Clotilde Théry
- INSERM U932Institut CurieParis Sciences et Lettres Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - Kenneth W. Witwer
- Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology and Neurology, and The Richman Family Precision Medicine Center of Excellence in Alzheimer’s DiseaseThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - David R. F. Carter
- Department of Biological and Medical SciencesFaculty of Health and Life SciencesOxford Brookes UniversityOxfordUK
- Evox Therapeutics LimitedOxford Science ParkOxfordOX4 4HGUK
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Huang YJ, Cao J, Lee CY, Wu YM. Umbilical cord blood plasma-derived exosomes as a novel therapy to reverse liver fibrosis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:568. [PMID: 34772443 PMCID: PMC8588641 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02641-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cirrhosis is a chronic liver disease whereby scar tissue replaces healthy liver parenchyma, leading to disruption of the liver architecture and hepatic dysfunction. Currently, there is no effective disease-modifying therapy for liver fibrosis. Recently, our group demonstrated that human umbilical cord blood (UCB) plasma possesses therapeutic effects in a rat model of acute liver failure. Methods In the current study, we tested whether exosomes (Exo) existed in UCB plasma and if they produced any antifibrotic benefits in a liver fibrosis model. Results Our results showed that UCB-Exo improved liver function and increased matrix metalloproteinase/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase degradation to reduce the degree of fibrosis. Moreover, UCB-Exo were found to suppress hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activity in vitro. These effects were associated with suppression of transforming growth factor-β/inhibitor of DNA binding 1 signaling. Conclusions These results further support that UCB-Exo have antifibrotic effects in mice with liver fibrosis and activated HSCs and may herald a new cell-free antifibrotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jen Huang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jerry Cao
- Department of Surgery, Wollongong Hospital, Loftus Street, Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
| | - Chih-Yuan Lee
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Ming Wu
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Adriano B, Cotto NM, Chauhan N, Jaggi M, Chauhan SC, Yallapu MM. Milk exosomes: Nature's abundant nanoplatform for theranostic applications. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:2479-2490. [PMID: 33553829 PMCID: PMC7856328 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a unique subpopulation of naturally occurring extracellular vesicles which are smaller intracellular membrane nanoparticle vesicles. Exosomes have proven to be excellent nanocarriers for carrying lipids, proteins, mRNAs, non-coding RNAs, and DNAs, and disseminating long-distance intercellular communications in various biological processes. Among various cell-line or biological fluid derived exosomes, milk exosomes are abundant in nature and exhibit many nanocarrier characteristics favorable for theranostic applications. To be an effective delivery carrier for their clinical translation, exosomes must inbuilt loading, release, targeting, and imaging/tracking characteristics. Considering the unmet gaps of milk exosomes in theranostic technology it is essential to focus the current review on drug delivery and imaging applications. This review delineates the efficiency of exosomes to load therapeutic or imaging agents and their successful delivery approaches. It is emphasized on possible modifications of exosomes towards increasing the stability and delivery of agents. This article also summarizes the specific applications and the process of developing milk exosomes as a future pharmaceutical drug delivery vehicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benilde Adriano
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
| | - Nycol M. Cotto
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
| | - Neeraj Chauhan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
| | - Meena Jaggi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
| | - Subhash C. Chauhan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
| | - Murali M. Yallapu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
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McKay TB, Yeung V, Hutcheon AEK, Guo X, Zieske JD, Ciolino JB. Extracellular Vesicles in the Cornea: Insights from Other Tissues. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2021; 2021:9983900. [PMID: 34336556 PMCID: PMC8324376 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9983900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are phospholipid bilayer-bound particles secreted by cells that have been found to be important in mediating cell-cell communication, signal transduction, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Their role in both physiological and pathological processes has been established in different tissues throughout the human body. The human cornea functions as a transparent and refractive barrier that protects the intraocular elements from the external environment. Injury, infection, or disease may cause the loss of corneal clarity by altering extracellular matrix organization within the stroma that may lead to detrimental effects on visual acuity. Over the years, numerous studies have identified many of the growth factors (e.g., transforming growth factor-β1, thrombospondin-1, and platelet-derived growth factor) important in corneal wound healing and scarring. However, the functional role of bound factors encapsulated in EVs in the context of corneal biology is less defined. In this review, we describe the discovery and characterization of EVs in the cornea. We focus on EV-matrix interactions, potential functions during corneal wound healing, and the bioactivity of mesenchymal stem cell-derived EVs. We also discuss the development of EVs as stable, drug-loaded therapeutics for ocular applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina B. McKay
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Vincent Yeung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Audrey E. K. Hutcheon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - James D. Zieske
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Joseph B. Ciolino
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Fasoulakis Z, Theodora M, Tsirkas I, Tsirka T, Kalagasidou S, Inagamova L, Papamanolis V, Blontzos N, Kontomanolis EN. The Role of microRNAs Identified in the Amniotic Fluid. Microrna 2021; 9:8-16. [PMID: 30887932 DOI: 10.2174/2211536608666190318105140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM The study aimed to provide an overall view of current data considering the presence of microRNAs in amniotic fluid. METHODS The available literature in MEDLINE, regarding the role of the amniotic fluid in pregnancy and fetal development, was searched for related articles including terms such as "microRNA", "Amniotic fluid", "Adverse outcome" and others. RESULTS The amniotic fluid has an undoubtedly significant part in fetal nutrition, with a protecting and thermoregulatory role alongside. MicroRNAs have proven to be highly expressed during pregnancy in many body liquids including amniotic fluid and are transferred between cells loaded in exosomes, while they are also implicated in many processes during fetal development and could be potential biomarkers for early prediction of adverse outcomes. CONCLUSION Current knowledge reveals that amniotic fluid microRNAs participate in many developmental and physiological processes of pregnancy including proliferation of fibroblasts, fetal development, angiogenesis, cardioprotection, activation of signaling pathways, differentiation and cell motility, while the expression profile of specific microRNAs has a potential prognostic role in the prediction of Down syndrome, congenital hydronephrosis and kidney fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacharias Fasoulakis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, Thrace, Greece
| | - Marianna Theodora
- 1st Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Tsirkas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, Thrace, Greece
| | - Theodora Tsirka
- Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Thrace, Greece
| | - Sofia Kalagasidou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bodosakio General Hospital of Ptolemaida, Ptolemaida, Greece
| | - Lola Inagamova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, Thrace, Greece
| | - Valentinos Papamanolis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Hospital of Korinthos, Korinthos, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Blontzos
- 1st Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Javadi M, Rad JS, Farashah MSG, Roshangar L. An Insight on the Role of Altered Function and Expression of Exosomes and MicroRNAs in Female Reproductive Diseases. Reprod Sci 2021; 29:1395-1407. [PMID: 33825167 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00556-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are small bilayer-lipid membrane vesicles secreted by living cells that are able to transfer regulatory molecules and genetic information from one cell to another. These vesicles are enriched with several nucleic acids including mRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), other non-coding RNAs, as well as proteins and lipids. Alterations in the exosomal content and functions are observed in numerous reproductive diseases in both animals and human cases. MicroRNAs, a class of small endogenous RNA molecules, can negatively regulate gene expression at the post-transcription level. Aberrant microRNA expression has been reported in multiple human reproductive diseases such as polycystic ovary syndrome, preeclampsia, uterine leiomyomata, ovarian cancer, endometriosis, and Asherman's syndrome. This study focuses to review recent research on alterations of microRNA expression and the role of exosomes in female reproductive diseases. It has been demonstrated that exosomes may be a potential therapeutic approach in various female reproductive diseases. In addition, changes in expression of microRNAs act as molecular biomarkers for diagnosis of several reproductive diseases in women, and regulation of their expression can potentially reduce infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Javadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Soleimani Rad
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Gholami Farashah
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Roshangar
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Yan H, Li Y, Cheng S, Zeng Y. Advances in Analytical Technologies for Extracellular Vesicles. Anal Chem 2021; 93:4739-4774. [PMID: 33635060 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- He Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Yutao Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Shibo Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Yong Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States.,University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
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Law ZJ, Khoo XH, Lim PT, Goh BH, Ming LC, Lee WL, Goh HP. Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Chemoresistance in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:629888. [PMID: 33768115 PMCID: PMC7985159 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.629888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) remains a cancer with poor prognosis and high recurrence rate. Even with multimodal treatment options available for OSCC, tumor drug resistance is still a persistent problem, leading to increased tumor invasiveness among OSCC patients. An emerging trend of thought proposes that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a role in facilitating tumor progression and chemoresistance via signaling between tumor cells. In particular, exosomes and microvesicles are heavily implicated in this process by various studies. Where primary studies into a particular EV-mediated chemoresistance mechanism in OSCC are limited, similar studies on other cancer cell types will be used in the discussion below to provide ideas for a new line of investigation into OSCC chemoresistance. By understanding how EVs are or may be involved in OSCC chemoresistance, novel targeted therapies such as EV inhibition may be an effective alternative to current treatment options in the near future. In this review, the current understandings on OSCC drug mechanisms under the novel context of exosomes and microvesicles were reviewed, including shuttling of miRNA content, drug efflux, alteration of vesicular pH, anti-apoptotic signaling, modulation of DNA damage repair, immunomodulation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and maintenance of tumor by cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu-Jun Law
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Xin Hui Khoo
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Pei Tee Lim
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Bey Hing Goh
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory (BMEX) Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- PAP Rashidah Sa’adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Wai-Leng Lee
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hui Poh Goh
- PAP Rashidah Sa’adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
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Liang Y, Duan L, Lu J, Xia J. Engineering exosomes for targeted drug delivery. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:3183-3195. [PMID: 33537081 PMCID: PMC7847680 DOI: 10.7150/thno.52570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 632] [Impact Index Per Article: 210.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are cell-derived nanovesicles that are involved in the intercellular transportation of materials. Therapeutics, such as small molecules or nucleic acid drugs, can be incorporated into exosomes and then delivered to specific types of cells or tissues to realize targeted drug delivery. Targeted delivery increases the local concentration of therapeutics and minimizes side effects. Here, we present a detailed review of exosomes engineering through genetic and chemical methods for targeted drug delivery. Although still in its infancy, exosome-mediated drug delivery boasts low toxicity, low immunogenicity, and high engineerability, and holds promise for cell-free therapies for a wide range of diseases.
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50
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Araldi RP, D’Amelio F, Vigerelli H, de Melo TC, Kerkis I. Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes as Therapeutic Approach for Neurodegenerative Disorders: From Biology to Biotechnology. Cells 2020; 9:E2663. [PMID: 33322404 PMCID: PMC7763259 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aging population has contributed to the rapid rise in the global incidence of neurodegenerative diseases. Despite the medical advances, there are no effective treatments for these disorders. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new treatments for these diseases. In this sense, cell therapy has been recognized as the best candidate for treating incurable diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders. However, the therapeutic use of these cells can be limited by several factors. Thus, there has been a rediscovery that extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, can be alternatively explored in the treatment of these diseases, overcoming the limits of cell-based therapy. In this sense, this review aims to revisit all areas from biology, including biogenesis and the content of exosomes, to biotechnology, proposing the minimal information required to isolate, characterize, and study the content of these vesicles for scientific and/or clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Pinheiro Araldi
- Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, 1500, Vital Brasil St., Sao Paulo SP 05503-900, Brazil; (R.P.A.); (F.D.); (H.V.); (T.C.d.M.)
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Pauloa (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo SP 04021-001, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo SP 04021-001, Brazil
| | - Fernanda D’Amelio
- Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, 1500, Vital Brasil St., Sao Paulo SP 05503-900, Brazil; (R.P.A.); (F.D.); (H.V.); (T.C.d.M.)
| | - Hugo Vigerelli
- Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, 1500, Vital Brasil St., Sao Paulo SP 05503-900, Brazil; (R.P.A.); (F.D.); (H.V.); (T.C.d.M.)
| | - Thatiana Correa de Melo
- Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, 1500, Vital Brasil St., Sao Paulo SP 05503-900, Brazil; (R.P.A.); (F.D.); (H.V.); (T.C.d.M.)
| | - Irina Kerkis
- Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, 1500, Vital Brasil St., Sao Paulo SP 05503-900, Brazil; (R.P.A.); (F.D.); (H.V.); (T.C.d.M.)
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo SP 04021-001, Brazil
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