1
|
Pickford J, Iosif CI, Bashir ZI, Apps R. Inhibiting cholinergic signalling in the cerebellar interpositus nucleus impairs motor behaviour. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:2208-2224. [PMID: 37455360 PMCID: PMC7616440 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The role of neuromodulators in the cerebellum is not well understood. In particular, the behavioural significance of the cholinergic system in the cerebellum is unknown. To investigate the importance of cerebellar cholinergic signalling in behaviour, we infused acetylcholine receptor antagonists, scopolamine and mecamylamine, bilaterally into the rat cerebellum (centred on interpositus nucleus) and observed the motor effects through a battery of behavioural tests. These tests included unrewarded behaviour during open field exploration and a horizontal ladder walking task and reward-based beam walking and pellet reaching tasks. Infusion of a mix of the antagonists did not impair motor learning in the horizontal ladder walking or the reaching task but reduced spontaneous movement during open field exploration, impaired coordination during beam walking and ladder walking, led to fewer reaches in the pellet reaching task, slowed goal-directed reaching behaviour and reduced reward pellet consumption in a free access to food task. Infusion of the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine on its own resulted in deficits in motor performance and a reduction in the number of reward pellets consumed in the free access to food task. By contrast, infusion of the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine on its own had no significant effect on any task, except beam walking traversal time, which was reduced. Together, these data suggest that acetylcholine in the cerebellar interpositus nucleus is important for the execution and coordination of voluntary movements mainly via muscarinic receptor signalling, especially in relation to reward-related behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Pickford
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Cristiana I Iosif
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Zafar I Bashir
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Richard Apps
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Park KM, Kim KT, Lee DA, Cho YW. Redefining the role of the cerebellum in restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2023; 112:256-261. [PMID: 37925852 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2023.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate alterations in cerebellar volume and the intrinsic cerebellar network in patients with restless legs syndrome (RLS). METHODS We recruited 69 patients with RLS and 50 healthy controls who underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including three-dimensional T1-weighted imaging. The total cerebellar volume and cerebellar volume subdivisions were analyzed through automatic cerebellum anatomical parcellation using U-Net with locally constrained optimization program. The intrinsic cerebellar network was calculated through brain analysis using a graph theory program based on the cerebellar volume subdivisions. The cerebellar volumes and intrinsic cerebellar networks were compared between patients with RLS and healthy controls. RESULTS The cerebellar volume and subdivisions in patients with RLS did not show significant differences compared to those in healthy controls. However, significant alterations were observed in the intrinsic cerebellar network of patients with RLS. Increased mean clustering coefficient (0.185 vs. 0.114; p = 0.047) and small-worldness index (0.927 vs. 0.800; p = 0.047) were observed in patients with RLS. Additionally, total cerebellar volume was negatively correlated with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (r = -0.398; p = 0.020) and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI; r = -0.396; p = 0.011). Negative correlations were additionally observed between the right X lobule volume and the International Restless Legs Syndrome Severity Scale (r = -0.425; p = 0.008) and between the vermis VIII volume and ISI score (r = -0.399; p = 0.011). CONCLUSION We demonstrated alterations in the intrinsic cerebellar network in patients with RLS compared with healthy controls, showing increased connectivity with increased segregation in patients with RLS. This suggests a potential role of the cerebellum in RLS pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Min Park
- Department of Neurology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
| | - Keun Tae Kim
- Department of Neurology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Dong Ah Lee
- Department of Neurology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
| | - Yong Won Cho
- Department of Neurology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang JY, Weng WC, Wang TQ, Liu Y, Qiu DL, Wu MC, Chu CP. Noradrenaline depresses facial stimulation-evoked cerebellar MLI-PC synaptic transmission via α2-AR/PKA signaling cascade in vivo in mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15908. [PMID: 37741947 PMCID: PMC10517918 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42975-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The noradrenergic fibers of the locus coeruleus, together with mossy fibers and climbing fibers, comprise the three types of cerebellar afferents that modulate the cerebellar neuronal circuit. We previously demonstrated that noradrenaline (NA) modulated synaptic transmission in the mouse cerebellar cortex via adrenergic receptors (ARs). In the present study, we investigated the effect of NA on facial stimulation-evoked cerebellar molecular layer interneuron (MLI)-Purkinje cell (PC) synaptic transmission in urethane-anesthetized mice using an in vivo cell-attached recording technique and a pharmacological method. MLI-PC synaptic transmission was induced by air-puff stimulation (duration: 60 ms) of the ipsilateral whisker pad, which exhibited positive components (P1 and P2) accompanied by a pause in simple spike activity. Cerebellar molecular layer application of NA (15 µM) decreased the amplitude and area under the curve of P1, and the pause in simple spike activity, but increased the P2/P1 ratio. The NA-induced decrease in P1 amplitude was concentration-dependent, and the half-inhibitory concentration was 10.94 µM. The NA-induced depression of facial stimulation-evoked MLI-PC GABAergic synaptic transmission was completely abolished by blockade of α-ARs or α2-ARs, but not by antagonism of α1-ARs or β-ARs. Bath application of an α2-AR agonist inhibited MLI-PC synaptic transmission and attenuated the effect of NA on the synaptic response. NA-induced depression of MLI-PC synaptic transmission was completely blocked by a mixture of α2A- and 2B-AR antagonists, and was abolished by inhibition of protein kinase A. In addition, electrical stimulation of the molecular layer evoked MLI-PC GABAergic synaptic transmission in the presence of an AMPA receptor antagonist, which was inhibited by NA through α2-ARs. Our results indicate that NA inhibits MLI-PC GABAergic synaptic transmission by reducing GABA release via an α2-AR/PKA signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ya Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, Jilin, China
| | - Wen-Cai Weng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
- Department Radiology, Dalian Xinhua Hospital, Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Ting-Qi Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, Jilin, China
| | - De-Lai Qiu
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, Jilin, China
| | - Mao-Cheng Wu
- Department of Osteology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, China.
| | - Chun-Ping Chu
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, Jilin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shine JM. Neuromodulatory control of complex adaptive dynamics in the brain. Interface Focus 2023; 13:20220079. [PMID: 37065268 PMCID: PMC10102735 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2022.0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
How is the massive dimensionality and complexity of the microscopic constituents of the nervous system brought under sufficiently tight control so as to coordinate adaptive behaviour? A powerful means for striking this balance is to poise neurons close to the critical point of a phase transition, at which a small change in neuronal excitability can manifest a nonlinear augmentation in neuronal activity. How the brain could mediate this critical transition is a key open question in neuroscience. Here, I propose that the different arms of the ascending arousal system provide the brain with a diverse set of heterogeneous control parameters that can be used to modulate the excitability and receptivity of target neurons-in other words, to act as control parameters for mediating critical neuronal order. Through a series of worked examples, I demonstrate how the neuromodulatory arousal system can interact with the inherent topological complexity of neuronal subsystems in the brain to mediate complex adaptive behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M. Shine
- Brain and Mind Center, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Noseda R. Cerebro-Cerebellar Networks in Migraine Symptoms and Headache. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2022; 3:940923. [PMID: 35910262 PMCID: PMC9326053 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.940923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is associated with the biology of migraine in a variety of ways. Clinically, symptoms such as fatigue, motor weakness, vertigo, dizziness, difficulty concentrating and finding words, nausea, and visual disturbances are common in different types of migraine. The neural basis of these symptoms is complex, not completely known, and likely involve activation of both specific and shared circuits throughout the brain. Posterior circulation stroke, or neurosurgical removal of posterior fossa tumors, as well as anatomical tract tracing in animals, provided the first insights to theorize about cerebellar functions. Nowadays, with the addition of functional imaging, much progress has been done on cerebellar structure and function in health and disease, and, as a consequence, the theories refined. Accordingly, the cerebellum may be useful but not necessary for the execution of motor, sensory or cognitive tasks, but, rather, would participate as an efficiency facilitator of neurologic functions by improving speed and skill in performance of tasks produced by the cerebral area to which it is reciprocally connected. At the subcortical level, critical regions in these processes are the basal ganglia and thalamic nuclei. Altogether, a modulatory role of the cerebellum over multiple brain regions appears compelling, mainly by considering the complexity of its reciprocal connections to common neural networks involved in motor, vestibular, cognitive, affective, sensory, and autonomic processing—all functions affected at different phases and degrees across the migraine spectrum. Despite the many associations between cerebellum and migraine, it is not known whether this structure contributes to migraine initiation, symptoms generation or headache. Specific cerebellar dysfunction via genetically driven excitatory/inhibitory imbalances, oligemia and/or increased risk to white matter lesions has been proposed as a critical contributor to migraine pathogenesis. Therefore, given that neural projections and functions of many brainstem, midbrain and forebrain areas are shared between the cerebellum and migraine trigeminovascular pathways, this review will provide a synopsis on cerebellar structure and function, its role in trigeminal pain, and an updated overview of relevant clinical and preclinical literature on the potential role of cerebellar networks in migraine pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Noseda
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Rodrigo Noseda
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cutando L, Puighermanal E, Castell L, Tarot P, Belle M, Bertaso F, Arango-Lievano M, Ango F, Rubinstein M, Quintana A, Chédotal A, Mameli M, Valjent E. Cerebellar dopamine D2 receptors regulate social behaviors. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:900-911. [PMID: 35710984 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01092-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum, a primary brain structure involved in the control of sensorimotor tasks, also contributes to higher cognitive functions including reward, emotion and social interaction. Although the regulation of these behaviors has been largely ascribed to the monoaminergic system in limbic regions, the contribution of cerebellar dopamine signaling in the modulation of these functions remains largely unknown. By combining cell-type-specific transcriptomics, histological analyses, three-dimensional imaging and patch-clamp recordings, we demonstrate that cerebellar dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs) in mice are preferentially expressed in Purkinje cells (PCs) and regulate synaptic efficacy onto PCs. Moreover, we found that changes in D2R levels in PCs of male mice during adulthood alter sociability and preference for social novelty without affecting motor functions. Altogether, these findings demonstrate novel roles for D2R in PC function and causally link cerebellar D2R levels of expression to social behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cutando
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France. .,Institut de Neurociències and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Emma Puighermanal
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Laia Castell
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France
| | - Pauline Tarot
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France
| | - Morgane Belle
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Fabrice Ango
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France.,INM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France
| | - Marcelo Rubinstein
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, CONICET; FCEN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Albert Quintana
- Institut de Neurociències and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Alain Chédotal
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Manuel Mameli
- Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Inserm UMR-S 1270, Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Canton-Josh JE, Qin J, Salvo J, Kozorovitskiy Y. Dopaminergic regulation of vestibulo-cerebellar circuits through unipolar brush cells. eLife 2022; 11:e76912. [PMID: 35476632 PMCID: PMC9106328 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While multiple monoamines modulate cerebellar output, the mechanistic details of dopaminergic signaling in the cerebellum remain poorly understood. We show that dopamine type 1 receptors (Drd1) are expressed in unipolar brush cells (UBCs) of the mouse cerebellar vermis. Drd1 activation increases UBC firing rate and post-synaptic NMDAR -mediated currents. Using anatomical tracing and in situ hybridization, we test three hypotheses about the source of cerebellar dopamine. We exclude midbrain dopaminergic nuclei and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive Purkinje (Pkj) cells as potential sources, supporting the possibility of dopaminergic co-release from locus coeruleus (LC) axons. Using an optical dopamine sensor GRABDA2h, electrical stimulation, and optogenetic activation of LC fibers in the acute slice, we find evidence for monoamine release onto Drd1-expressing UBCs. Altogether, we propose that the LC regulates cerebellar cortex activity by co-releasing dopamine onto UBCs to modulate their response to cerebellar inputs. Pkj cells directly inhibit these Drd1-positive UBCs, forming a dopamine-sensitive recurrent vestibulo-cerebellar circuit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Qin
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Joseph Salvo
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hui J, Lei Q, Ji Z, Zi D. Betahistine alleviates benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) through inducing production of multiple CTRP family members and activating the ERK1/2-AKT/PPARy pathway. Biol Res 2022; 55:16. [PMID: 35379352 PMCID: PMC8981858 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-022-00385-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Betahistine is a clinical medication for the treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). Otolin, a secreted glycoprotein with a C-terminal globular domain homologous to the immune complement C1q, has been identified as a biomarker for BPPV. However, the role of complement C1q/TNF-related proteins (CTRPs) with a C-terminal globular domain in BPPV is unclear, so we explored the change of CTRPs in betahistine treated BPPV. METHODS We treated BPPV patients with Betahistine (12 mg/time, 3 times/day) for 4 weeks and observed the clinical efficacy and the expression of CTRP family members in BPPV patients. Then, we constructed a vertigo mice model of vestibular dysfunction with gentamicin (150 mg/Kg) and a BPPV model of Slc26a4loop/loop mutant mice. Adenoviral vectors for CTRP expression vector and small interfering RNA were injected via the intratympanic injection into mice and detected the expression of CTRP family members, phosphorylation levels of ERK and AKT and the expression of PPARγ. In addition, we treated mice of vestibular dysfunction with Betahistine (10 mg/Kg) and/or ERK inhibitor of SCH772984 (12 mg/Kg) and/or and PPARγ antagonist GW9662 (1 mg/Kg) for 15 days, and evaluated the accuracy of air righting reflex, the time of contact righting reflex and the scores of head tilt and swimming behavior. RESULTS After treatment with Betahistine, the residual dizziness duration and the score of the evaluation were reduced, and the expression of CTRP1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 were significantly increased in BPPV patients. We also found that Betahistine improved the accuracy of air righting reflex, reduced the time of contact righting reflex and the scores of head tilt and swimming behavior in gentamicin-treated mice and Slc26a4loop/loop mutant mice. The expression levels of CTRP1, 3, 6, 9 and 12, phosphorylation levels of ERK and AKT, and PPARγ expression were significantly increased, and the scores of head tilt and swimming behavior were decreased in vestibular dysfunction mice with overexpression of CTRPs. Silencing CTRPs has the opposite effect. SCH772984 reversed the effect of Betahistine in mice with vestibular dysfunction. CONCLUSION Betahistine alleviates BPPV through inducing production of multiple CTRP family members and activating the ERK1/2-AKT/PPARy pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hui
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical College, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Qi Lei
- Shaanxi Normal University Hospital, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Zhi Ji
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical College, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Dingjing Zi
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, No. 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an , 710038, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ding Y, Ou Y, Yan H, Fu X, Yan M, Li H, Liu F, Guo W. Disrupted Cerebellar-Default Mode Network Functional Connectivity in Major Depressive Disorder With Gastrointestinal Symptoms. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:833592. [PMID: 35308120 PMCID: PMC8927069 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.833592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are one of the common somatic symptoms presented in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Higher frequency of GI symptoms and higher GI symptom burden were linked to greater depression severity and increased risk of suicide ideation. However, few studies have explored the underlying mechanisms of GI symptoms in MDD. Based on previous studies, the cerebellar-DMN circuits may play a potentially critical role in GI symptoms comorbid with depression. Fifty-two first-episode drug-naive patients with MDD (35 with GI symptoms and 17 without GI symptoms) and 28 matched healthy controls were recruited in the current study and underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scan. Cerebellar seed-based functional connectivity maps were established. Relative to depressed patients without GI symptoms, significantly increased cerebellar-anterior default mode network (DMN) connectivities were found in those with GI symptoms. Both increased and decreased functional connectivities were found between cerebellum and posterior DMN in patients with GI symptoms compared with those without GI symptoms and healthy controls. Moreover, the right Crus I - right superior temporal gyrus connectivity value was related to severity of GI symptoms and depression in all patients with MDD. The support vector machine analysis demonstrated a satisfactory classification accuracy (89%) of the disrupted cerebellar-DMN connectivities for correctly identifying MDD patients with GI symptoms. These results revealed the possible neural mechanisms for the involvement of cerebellar-DMN circuits in GI symptoms co-occurred with MDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yudan Ding
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yangpan Ou
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haohao Yan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoya Fu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Meiqi Yan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huabing Li
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Children’s Psychological Development and Brain Cognitive Science, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenbin Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Psychiatry, The Third People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
- *Correspondence: Wenbin Guo,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lin J, Kang X, Xiong Y, Zhang D, Zong R, Yu X, Pan L, Lou X. Convergent structural network and gene signatures for MRgFUS thalamotomy in patients with Parkinson's disease. Neuroimage 2021; 243:118550. [PMID: 34481084 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
MRgFUS has just been made available for the 1.7 million Parkinson's disease patients in China. Despite its non-invasive and rapid therapeutic advantages for involuntary tremor, some concerns have emerged about outcomes variability, non-specificity, and side-effects, as little is known about its impact on the long-term plasticity of brain structure. We sought to dissect the characteristics of long-term changes in brain structure caused by MRgFUS lesion and explored potential biological mechanisms. One-year multimodal imaging follow-ups were conducted for nine tremor-dominant Parkinson's disease patients undergoing unilateral MRgFUS thalamotomy. A structural connectivity map was generated for each patient to analyze dynamic changes in brain structure. The human brain transcriptome was extracted and spatially registered for connectivity vulnerability. Genetic functional enrichment analysis was performed and further clarified using in vivo emission computed tomography data. MRgFUS not only abolished tremors but also significantly disrupted the brain network topology. Network-based statistics identified a U-shape MRgFUS-sensitive subnetwork reflective of hand tremor recovery and surgical process, accompanied by relevant cerebral blood flow and gray matter alteration. Using human brain gene expression data, we observed that dopaminergic signatures were responsible for the preferential vulnerability associated with these architectural alterations. Additional PET/SPECT data not only validated these gene signatures, but also suggested that structural alteration was significantly correlated with D1 and D2 receptors, DAT, and F-DOPA measures. There was a long-term dynamic loop between structural alteration and dopaminergic signature for MRgFUS thalamotomy, which may be closely related to the long-term improvements in clinical tremor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaji Lin
- Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Xiaopeng Kang
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100876, China; Brainnetome Center & National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqin Xiong
- Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Dekang Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Rui Zong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xinguang Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Longsheng Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Xin Lou
- Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lippiello P, Hoxha E, Tempia F, Miniaci MC. GIRK1-Mediated Inwardly Rectifying Potassium Current Is a Candidate Mechanism Behind Purkinje Cell Excitability, Plasticity, and Neuromodulation. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 19:751-761. [PMID: 32617840 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-020-01158-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels contribute to the resting membrane potential of many neurons and play an important role in controlling neuronal excitability. Although previous studies have revealed a high expression of GIRK subunits in the cerebellum, their functional role has never been clearly described. Using patch-clamp recordings in mice cerebellar slices, we examined the properties of the GIRK currents in Purkinje cells (PCs) and investigated the effects of a selective agonist of GIRK1-containing channels, ML297 (ML), on PC firing and synaptic plasticity. We demonstrated that GIRK channel activation decreases the PC excitability by inhibiting both sodium and calcium spikes and, in addition, modulates the complex spike response evoked by climbing fiber stimulation. Our results indicate that GIRK channels have also a marked effect on synaptic plasticity of the parallel fiber-PC synapse, as the application of ML297 increased the expression of LTP while preventing LTD. We, therefore, propose that the recruitment of GIRK channels represents a crucial mechanism by which neuromodulators can control synaptic strength and membrane conductance for proper refinement of the neural network involved in memory storage and higher cognitive functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pellegrino Lippiello
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Eriola Hoxha
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Turin, Italy
| | - Filippo Tempia
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy. .,Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Turin, Italy. .,National Institute of Neuroscience (INN), Turin, Italy.
| | - Maria Concetta Miniaci
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ashida R, Nazar N, Edwards R, Teo M. Cerebellar Mutism Syndrome: An Overview of the Pathophysiology in Relation to the Cerebrocerebellar Anatomy, Risk Factors, Potential Treatments, and Outcomes. World Neurosurg 2021; 153:63-74. [PMID: 34157457 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar mutism syndrome (CMS) is one the most disabling postoperative neurological complications after posterior fossa surgery in children. CMS is characterized by a transient mutism with a typical onset demonstrated within 2 days postoperatively accompanied by associated ataxia, hypotonia, and irritability. Several hypotheses for the anatomical basis of pathophysiology and risk factors have been suggested. However, a definitive theory and treatment protocols have not yet been determined. Animal histological and electrophysiological studies and more recent human imaging studies have demonstrated the existence of a compartmentalized representation of cerebellar function, the understanding of which might provide more information on the pathophysiology. Damage to the dentatothalamocortical pathway and cerebrocerebellar diaschisis have been described as the anatomical substrate to the CMS. The risk factors, which include tumor type, brainstem invasion, tumor localization, tumor size, and vermal splitting technique, have not yet been clearly elucidated. The efficacy of potential pharmacological and speech therapies has been studied in small trials. Long-term motor speech deficits and associated cognitive and behavioral disturbances have now been found to be common among CMS survivors, affecting their development and requiring rehabilitation, leading to significant financial effects on the healthcare system and distress to the family. The aim of the present review was to outline the cerebellar anatomy and function and its connections in relationship to the pathophysiology and to refine the risk factors and treatment strategies for CMS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Ashida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bristol Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Naadir Nazar
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Edwards
- Department of Paediatric Neurosurgery, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Mario Teo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bristol Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Akama H, Yuan Y, Awazu S. Task-induced brain functional connectivity as a representation of schema for mediating unsupervised and supervised learning dynamics in language acquisition. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e02157. [PMID: 33951344 PMCID: PMC8213930 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Based on the schema theory advanced by Rumelhart and Norman, we shed light on the individual variability in brain dynamics induced by hybridization of learning methodologies, particularly alternating unsupervised learning and supervised learning in language acquisition. The concept of "schema" implies a latent knowledge structure that a learner holds and updates as intrinsic to his or her cognitive space for guiding the processing of newly arriving information. METHODS We replicated the cognitive experiment of Onnis and Thiessen on implicit statistical learning ability in language acquisition but included additional factors of prosodic variables and explicit supervised learning. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed to identify the functional network connections for schema updating by alternately using unsupervised and supervised artificial grammar learning tasks to segment potential words. RESULTS Regardless of the quality of task performance, the default mode network represented the first stage of spontaneous unsupervised learning, and the wrap-up accomplishment for successful subjects of the whole hybrid learning in concurrence with the task-related auditory language networks. Furthermore, subjects who could easily "tune" the schema for recording a high task precision rate resorted even at an early stage to a self-supervised learning, or "superlearning," as a set of different learning mechanisms that act in synergy to trigger widespread neuro-transformation with a focus on the cerebellum. CONCLUSIONS Investigation of the brain dynamics revealed by functional connectivity imaging analysis was able to differentiate the synchronized neural responses with respect to learning methods and the order effect that affects hybrid learning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Akama
- Institute of Liberal Arts/Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yixin Yuan
- Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Division of Autism & Related Disabilities, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shunji Awazu
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Jissen Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Calcium Channel-Dependent Induction of Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity at Excitatory Golgi Cell Synapses of Cerebellum. J Neurosci 2021; 41:3307-3319. [PMID: 33500277 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3013-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Golgi cells, together with granule cells and mossy fibers, form a neuronal microcircuit regulating information transfer at the cerebellum input stage. Despite theoretical predictions, little was known about long-term synaptic plasticity at Golgi cell synapses. Here, we have used whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and calcium imaging to investigate long-term synaptic plasticity at excitatory synapses impinging on Golgi cells. In acute mouse cerebellar slices, mossy fiber theta-burst stimulation (TBS) could induce either long-term potentiation (LTP) or long-term depression (LTD) at mossy fiber-Golgi cell and granule cell-Golgi cell synapses. This synaptic plasticity showed a peculiar voltage dependence, with LTD or LTP being favored when TBS induction occurred at depolarized or hyperpolarized potentials, respectively. LTP required, in addition to NMDA channels, activation of T-type Ca2+ channels, while LTD required uniquely activation of L-type Ca2+ channels. Notably, the voltage dependence of plasticity at the mossy fiber-Golgi cell synapses was inverted with respect to pure NMDA receptor-dependent plasticity at the neighboring mossy fiber-granule cell synapse, implying that the mossy fiber presynaptic terminal can activate different induction mechanisms depending on the target cell. In aggregate, this result shows that Golgi cells show cell-specific forms of long-term plasticity at their excitatory synapses, that could play a crucial role in sculpting the response patterns of the cerebellar granular layer.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This article shows for the first time a novel form of Ca2+ channel-dependent synaptic plasticity at the excitatory synapses impinging on cerebellar Golgi cells. This plasticity is bidirectional and inverted with respect to NMDA receptor-dependent paradigms, with long-term depression (LTD) and long-term potentiation (LTP) being favored at depolarized and hyperpolarized potentials, respectively. Furthermore, LTP and LTD induction requires differential involvement of T-type and L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels rather than the NMDA receptors alone. These results, along with recent computational predictions, support the idea that Golgi cell plasticity could play a crucial role in controlling information flow through the granular layer along with cerebellar learning and memory.
Collapse
|
15
|
Ferrazzoli D, Ortelli P, Volpe D, Cucca A, Versace V, Nardone R, Saltuari L, Sebastianelli L. The Ties That Bind: Aberrant Plasticity and Networks Dysfunction in Movement Disorders-Implications for Rehabilitation. Brain Connect 2021; 11:278-296. [PMID: 33403893 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2020.0971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Movement disorders encompass various conditions affecting the nervous system. The pathological processes underlying movement disorders lead to aberrant synaptic plastic changes, which in turn alter the functioning of large-scale brain networks. Therefore, clinical phenomenology does not only entail motor symptoms but also cognitive and motivational disturbances. The result is the disruption of motor learning and motor behavior. Due to this complexity, the responsiveness to standard therapies could be disappointing. Specific forms of rehabilitation entailing goal-based practice, aerobic training, and the use of noninvasive brain stimulation techniques could "restore" neuroplasticity at motor-cognitive circuitries, leading to clinical gains. This is probably associated with modulations occurring at both molecular (synaptic) and circuitry levels (networks). Several gaps remain in our understanding of the relationships among plasticity and neural networks and how neurorehabilitation could promote clinical gains is still unclear. Purposes: In this review, we outline first the networks involved in motor learning and behavior and analyze which mechanisms link the pathological synaptic plastic changes with these networks' disruption in movement disorders. Therefore, we provide theoretical and practical bases to be applied for treatment in rehabilitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrazzoli
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno (SABES-ASDAA), Vipiteno-Sterzing, Italy
| | - Paola Ortelli
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno (SABES-ASDAA), Vipiteno-Sterzing, Italy
| | - Daniele Volpe
- Fresco Parkinson Center, Villa Margherita, S. Stefano Riabilitazione, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Alberto Cucca
- Fresco Parkinson Center, Villa Margherita, S. Stefano Riabilitazione, Vicenza, Italy.,Department of Neurology, The Marlene & Paolo Fresco Institute for Parkinson's & Movement Disorders, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Viviana Versace
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno (SABES-ASDAA), Vipiteno-Sterzing, Italy
| | - Raffaele Nardone
- Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital (SABES-ASDAA), Merano-Meran, Italy.,Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Leopold Saltuari
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno (SABES-ASDAA), Vipiteno-Sterzing, Italy
| | - Luca Sebastianelli
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno (SABES-ASDAA), Vipiteno-Sterzing, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tarazona S, Carmona H, Conesa A, Llansola M, Felipo V. A multi-omic study for uncovering molecular mechanisms associated with hyperammonemia-induced cerebellar function impairment in rats. Cell Biol Toxicol 2021; 37:129-149. [PMID: 33404927 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-020-09572-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Patients with liver cirrhosis may develop covert or minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE). Hyperammonemia (HA) and peripheral inflammation play synergistic roles in inducing the cognitive and motor alterations in MHE. The cerebellum is one of the main cerebral regions affected in MHE. Rats with chronic HA show some motor and cognitive alterations reproducing neurological impairment in cirrhotic patients with MHE. Neuroinflammation and altered neurotransmission and signal transduction in the cerebellum from hyperammonemic (HA) rats are associated with motor and cognitive dysfunction, but underlying mechanisms are not completely known. The aim of this work was to use a multi-omic approach to study molecular alterations in the cerebellum from hyperammonemic rats to uncover new molecular mechanisms associated with hyperammonemia-induced cerebellar function impairment. We analyzed metabolomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data from the same cerebellums from control and HA rats and performed a multi-omic integrative analysis of signaling pathway enrichment with the PaintOmics tool. The histaminergic system, corticotropin-releasing hormone, cyclic GMP-protein kinase G pathway, and intercellular communication in the cerebellar immune system were some of the most relevant enriched pathways in HA rats. In summary, this is a good approach to find altered pathways, which helps to describe the molecular mechanisms involved in the alteration of brain function in rats with chronic HA and to propose possible therapeutic targets to improve MHE symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Tarazona
- Department of Applied Statistics, Operations Research and Quality, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Héctor Carmona
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BioTecMed), Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Conesa
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, Institute for Food and Agricultural Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Marta Llansola
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Eduardo Primo Yúfera, 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Vicente Felipo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Eduardo Primo Yúfera, 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Flaive A, Fougère M, van der Zouwen CI, Ryczko D. Serotonergic Modulation of Locomotor Activity From Basal Vertebrates to Mammals. Front Neural Circuits 2020; 14:590299. [PMID: 33224027 PMCID: PMC7674590 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2020.590299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last 50 years, the serotonergic (5-HT) system was reported to exert a complex modulation of locomotor activity. Here, we focus on two key factors that likely contribute to such complexity. First, locomotion is modulated directly and indirectly by 5-HT neurons. The locomotor circuitry is directly innervated by 5-HT neurons in the caudal brainstem and spinal cord. Also, indirect control of locomotor activity results from ascending projections of 5-HT cells in the rostral brainstem that innervate multiple brain centers involved in motor action planning. Second, each approach used to manipulate the 5-HT system likely engages different 5-HT-dependent mechanisms. This includes the recruitment of different 5-HT receptors, which can have excitatory or inhibitory effects on cell activity. These receptors can be located far or close to the 5-HT release sites, making their activation dependent on the level of 5-HT released. Here we review the activity of different 5-HT nuclei during locomotor activity, and the locomotor effects of 5-HT precursors, exogenous 5-HT, selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), electrical or chemical stimulation of 5-HT neurons, genetic deletions, optogenetic and chemogenetic manipulations. We highlight both the coherent and controversial aspects of 5-HT modulation of locomotor activity from basal vertebrates to mammals. This mini review may hopefully inspire future studies aiming at dissecting the complex effects of 5-HT on locomotor function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Flaive
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Maxime Fougère
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Cornelis Immanuel van der Zouwen
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Dimitri Ryczko
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Centre des Neurosciences de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Familiarization effects on the behavioral disinhibition of the cerebellar Lurcher mutant mice: use of the innovative Dual Maze. Behav Brain Res 2020; 398:112972. [PMID: 33091448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety-related behaviors in mice are often assessed over short periods starting immediately after introducing the animals in a dedicated apparatus. In these usual conditions (5-10 min periods), the cerebellar Lurcher mutants showed disinhibited behaviors characterized by abnormally high exploration of the aversive areas in the elevated plus-maze test. We nevertheless observed that this disinhibition sharply weakened after 10 min. We therefore decided to further investigate the influence of the disinhibition on the intrinsic and anxiety-related exploratory behaviors in Lurcher mice, with a special focus on familiarization effects. To this end, we used an innovative apparatus, the Dual Maze, permitting to tune the familiarization level of animals to the experimental context before they are faced with more (open configuration of the device) or less (closed configuration of the device) aversive areas. Chlordiazepoxide administration in BALB/c mice in a preliminary experiment confirmed both the face and the predictive validity of our device as anxiety test and its ability to measure exploratory motivation. The results obtained with the Lurcher mice in the open configuration revealed that 20 min of familiarization to the experimental context abolished the behavioral abnormalities they exhibited when not familiarized with it. In addition, their exploratory motivation, as measured in the closed configuration, was comparable to that of their non-mutant littermates, whatever the level of familiarization applied. Exemplifying the interest of this innovative device, the results we obtained in the Lurcher mutants permitted to differentiate between the roles played by the cerebellum in exploratory motivation and stress-related behaviors.
Collapse
|
19
|
Longley M, Ballard J, Andres-Alonso M, Varatharajah RC, Cuthbert H, Yeo CH. A Patterned Architecture of Monoaminergic Afferents in the Cerebellar Cortex: Noradrenergic and Serotonergic Fibre Distributions within Lobules and Parasagittal Zones. Neuroscience 2020; 462:106-121. [PMID: 32949672 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The geometry of the glutamatergic mossy-parallel fibre and climbing fibre inputs to cerebellar cortical Purkinje cells has powerfully influenced thinking about cerebellar functions. The compartmentation of the cerebellum into parasagittal zones, identifiable in olivo-cortico-nuclear projections, and the trajectories of the parallel fibres, transverse to these zones and following the long axes of the cortical folia, are particularly important. Two monoaminergic afferent systems, the serotonergic and noradrenergic, are major inputs to the cerebellar cortex but their architecture and relationship with the cortical geometry are poorly understood. Immunohistochemistry for the serotonin transporter (SERT) and for the noradrenaline transporter (NET) revealed strong anisotropy of these afferent fibres in the molecular layer of rat cerebellar cortex. Individual serotonergic fibres travel predominantly medial-lateral, along the long axes of the cortical folia, similar to parallel fibres and Zebrin II immunohistochemistry revealed that they can influence multiple zones. In contrast, individual noradrenergic fibres run predominantly parasagittally with rostral-caudal extents significantly longer than their medial-lateral deviations. Their local area of influence has similarities in form and size to those of identified microzones. Within the molecular layer, the orthogonal trajectories of these two afferent systems suggest different information processing. An individual serotonergic fibre must influence all zones and microzones within its medial-lateral trajectory. In contrast, noradrenergic fibres can influence smaller cortical territories, potentially as limited as a microzone. Evidence is emerging that these monoaminergic systems may not supply a global signal to all of their targets and their potential for cerebellar cortical functions is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Longley
- Dept. Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
| | - John Ballard
- Dept. Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
| | - Maria Andres-Alonso
- Dept. Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Hadleigh Cuthbert
- Dept. Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
| | - Christopher H Yeo
- Dept. Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Locke TM, Fujita H, Hunker A, Johanson SS, Darvas M, du Lac S, Zweifel LS, Carlson ES. Purkinje Cell-Specific Knockout of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Impairs Cognitive Behaviors. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:228. [PMID: 32848620 PMCID: PMC7403473 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (Th) expression has previously been reported in Purkinje cells (PCs) of rodents and humans, but its role in the regulation of behavior is not understood. Catecholamines are well known for facilitating cognitive behaviors and are expressed in many regions of the brain. Here, we investigated a possible role in cognitive behaviors of PC catecholamines, by mapping and testing functional roles of Th positive PCs in mice. Comprehensive mapping analyses revealed a distinct population of Th expressing PCs primarily in the posterior and lateral regions of the cerebellum (comprising about 18% of all PCs). To identify the role of PC catecholamines, we selectively knocked out Th in PCs using a conditional knockout approach, by crossing a Purkinje cell-selective Cre recombinase line, Pcp2-Cre, with a floxed tyrosine hydroxylase mouse line (Thlox/lox) to produce Pcp2-Cre;Thlox/lox mice. This manipulation resulted in approximately 50% reduction of Th protein expression in the cerebellar cortex and lateral cerebellar nucleus, but no reduction of Th in the locus coeruleus, which is known to innervate the cerebellum in mice. Pcp2-Cre;Thlox/lox mice showed impairments in behavioral flexibility, response inhibition, social recognition memory, and associative fear learning relative to littermate controls, but no deficits in gross motor, sensory, instrumental learning, or sensorimotor gating functions. Catecholamines derived from specific populations of PCs appear to support cognitive functions, and their spatial distribution in the cerebellum suggests that they may underlie patterns of activation seen in human studies on the cerebellar role in cognitive function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Locke
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Hirofumi Fujita
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Avery Hunker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Shelby S. Johanson
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, Puget Sound, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Martin Darvas
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sascha du Lac
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Larry S. Zweifel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Erik S. Carlson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, Puget Sound, Seattle, WA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Inoshita T, Hirano T. Norepinephrine Facilitates Induction of Long-term Depression through β-Adrenergic Receptor at Parallel Fiber-to-Purkinje Cell Synapses in the Flocculus. Neuroscience 2020; 462:141-150. [PMID: 32502572 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum is involved in motor learning, and long-term depression (LTD) at parallel fiber-to-Purkinje cell (PF-PC) synapses has been considered to be a primary cellular mechanism for motor learning. In addition, the contribution of norepinephrine (NE) to cerebellum-dependent learning paradigms has been reported. Thus, the roles of LTD and of NE in motor learning have been studied separately, and the relationship between the effects of NE and LTD remains unclear. Here, we examined effects of β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) activity on the synaptic transmission and LTD at PF-PC synapses in the cerebellar flocculus. The flocculus regulates adaptation of oculomotor reflexes, and we previously reported the involvement of both LTD and β-AR in adaptation of an oculomotor reflex. Here we found that specific agonists for β-AR or NE did not directly change synaptic transmission, but lowered the threshold for LTD induction at PF-PC synapses in the flocculus. In addition, protein kinase A (PKA), which is activated downstream of β-AR, facilitated the LTD induction. Altogether, these results suggest that NE facilitates LTD induction at PF-PC synapses in the flocculus by activating PKA through β-AR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Inoshita
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tomoo Hirano
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Byczkowicz N, Eshra A, Montanaro J, Trevisiol A, Hirrlinger J, Kole MHP, Shigemoto R, Hallermann S. HCN channel-mediated neuromodulation can control action potential velocity and fidelity in central axons. eLife 2019; 8:e42766. [PMID: 31496517 PMCID: PMC6733576 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels control electrical rhythmicity and excitability in the heart and brain, but the function of HCN channels at the subcellular level in axons remains poorly understood. Here, we show that the action potential conduction velocity in both myelinated and unmyelinated central axons can be bidirectionally modulated by a HCN channel blocker, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and neuromodulators. Recordings from mouse cerebellar mossy fiber boutons show that HCN channels ensure reliable high-frequency firing and are strongly modulated by cAMP (EC50 40 µM; estimated endogenous cAMP concentration 13 µM). In addition, immunogold-electron microscopy revealed HCN2 as the dominating subunit in cerebellar mossy fibers. Computational modeling indicated that HCN2 channels control conduction velocity primarily by altering the resting membrane potential and are associated with significant metabolic costs. These results suggest that the cAMP-HCN pathway provides neuromodulators with an opportunity to finely tune energy consumption and temporal delays across axons in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Byczkowicz
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Medical FacultyUniversity LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Abdelmoneim Eshra
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Medical FacultyUniversity LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | | | - Andrea Trevisiol
- Department of NeurogeneticsMax-Planck-Institute for Experimental MedicineGöttingenGermany
| | - Johannes Hirrlinger
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Medical FacultyUniversity LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Department of NeurogeneticsMax-Planck-Institute for Experimental MedicineGöttingenGermany
| | - Maarten HP Kole
- Department of Axonal Signaling, Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and SciencesAmsterdamNetherlands
- Cell Biology, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of UtrechtPadualaanNetherlands
| | - Ryuichi Shigemoto
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)KlosterneuburgAustria
| | - Stefan Hallermann
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Medical FacultyUniversity LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sun N, Li BX, Hong YJ, Bing YH, Qiu DL, Chu CP. Noradrenaline depresses spontaneous complex spikes activity of cerebellar Purkinje cells via α2-adrenergic receptor in vivo in mice. Neurosci Lett 2019; 703:38-44. [PMID: 30853408 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic neurons afferents release noradrenaline (NA) in the cerebellar cortex for modulating cerebellar neuronal circuitry function. Our previous study found that NA inhibited the spontaneous simple spikes activity of cerebellar Purkinje cells (PC) through activation of molecular layer interneurons (MLIs) in vivo in mice. We here examined the effects of NA on spontaneous complex spikes (CSs) activity of cerebellar PC in urethane-anesthetized mice by electrophysiology recording technique and pharmacological methods. Our results showed that cerebellar surface perfusion of NA significantly reduced the number of spikelets and the area under curve (AUC) of the spontaneous CSs. Application of nonselective adrenergic receptor (AR) antagonist, phentolamine, abolished the NA-induced inhibition of CSs. However applying a nonselective β-AR blocker, propranolol, failed to prevent the NA-induced inhibition of CSs activity. The NA-induced inhibition of CSs activity was not blocked by α1-AR antagonist, prazosin, but it was abolished by α2-AR antagonist, yohimibine. Moreover, application of α2-AR agonist, UK14304 induced a depression of CSs activity and mimicked the NA-induced inhibition of CS activity. These results indicate that NA regulates spontaneous CSs activity of cerebellar PCs via activation of α2-AR in vivo in mice. Our present results suggest that noradrenergic neurons of LC may modulate the outputs of cerebellar PCs via inhibition of CSs activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Function and Pharmacology of Jilin Province, Yanbian University, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University, 977 GongYuan Road, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Department of Psychology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China; Department of Clinical Blood and Body Fluid Testing, College of Medical Technique, Beihua University, Jilin City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Bing-Xue Li
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Function and Pharmacology of Jilin Province, Yanbian University, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University, 977 GongYuan Road, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Department of Psychology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Ying-Ji Hong
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Function and Pharmacology of Jilin Province, Yanbian University, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University, 977 GongYuan Road, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Department of Psychology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Yan-Hua Bing
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Function and Pharmacology of Jilin Province, Yanbian University, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University, 977 GongYuan Road, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Department of Psychology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - De-Lai Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Function and Pharmacology of Jilin Province, Yanbian University, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University, 977 GongYuan Road, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Department of Psychology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Chun-Ping Chu
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Function and Pharmacology of Jilin Province, Yanbian University, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University, 977 GongYuan Road, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Department of Psychology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Caligiore D, Arbib MA, Miall RC, Baldassarre G. The super-learning hypothesis: Integrating learning processes across cortex, cerebellum and basal ganglia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 100:19-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
25
|
Moscato L, Montagna I, De Propris L, Tritto S, Mapelli L, D'Angelo E. Long-Lasting Response Changes in Deep Cerebellar Nuclei in vivo Correlate With Low-Frequency Oscillations. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:84. [PMID: 30894802 PMCID: PMC6414422 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) have been suggested to play a critical role in sensorimotor learning and some forms of long-term synaptic plasticity observed in vitro have been proposed as a possible substrate. However, till now it was not clear whether and how DCN neuron responses manifest long-lasting changes in vivo. Here, we have characterized DCN unit responses to tactile stimulation of the facial area in anesthetized mice and evaluated the changes induced by theta-sensory stimulation (TSS), a 4 Hz stimulation pattern that is known to induce plasticity in the cerebellar cortex in vivo. DCN units responded to tactile stimulation generating bursts and pauses, which reflected combinations of excitatory inputs most likely relayed by mossy fiber collaterals, inhibitory inputs relayed by Purkinje cells, and intrinsic rebound firing. Interestingly, initial bursts and pauses were often followed by stimulus-induced oscillations in the peri-stimulus time histograms (PSTH). TSS induced long-lasting changes in DCN unit responses. Spike-related potentiation and suppression (SR-P and SR-S), either in units initiating the response with bursts or pauses, were correlated with stimulus-induced oscillations. Fitting with resonant functions suggested the existence of peaks in the theta-band (burst SR-P at 9 Hz, pause SR-S at 5 Hz). Optogenetic stimulation of the cerebellar cortex altered stimulus-induced oscillations suggesting that Purkinje cells play a critical role in the circuits controlling DCN oscillations and plasticity. This observation complements those reported before on the granular and molecular layers supporting the generation of multiple distributed plasticities in the cerebellum following naturally patterned sensory entrainment. The unique dependency of DCN plasticity on circuit oscillations discloses a potential relationship between cerebellar learning and activity patterns generated in the cerebellar network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Moscato
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ileana Montagna
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Licia De Propris
- Brain Connectivity Center, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Simona Tritto
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lisa Mapelli
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Egidio D'Angelo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Brain Connectivity Center, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hoxha E, Lippiello P, Zurlo F, Balbo I, Santamaria R, Tempia F, Miniaci MC. The Emerging Role of Altered Cerebellar Synaptic Processing in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:396. [PMID: 30542279 PMCID: PMC6278174 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the cerebellum in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been neglected for a long time. Recent studies carried out using transgenic mouse models have demonstrated that amyloid-β (Aβ) is deposited in the cerebellum and affects synaptic transmission and plasticity, sometimes before plaque formation. A wide variability of motor phenotype has been observed in the different murine models of AD, without a consistent correlation with the extent of cerebellar histopathological changes or with cognitive deficits. The loss of noradrenergic drive may contribute to the impairment of cerebellar synaptic function and motor learning observed in these mice. Furthermore, cerebellar neurons, particularly granule cells, have been used as in vitro model of Aβ-induced neuronal damage. An unexpected conclusion is that the cerebellum, for a long time thought to be somehow protected from AD pathology, is actually considered as a region vulnerable to Aβ toxic damage, even at the early stage of the disease, with consequences on motor performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eriola Hoxha
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Turin, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Pellegrino Lippiello
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Zurlo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Balbo
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Turin, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Rita Santamaria
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Filippo Tempia
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Turin, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.,National Institute of Neuroscience (INN), Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Miniaci
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hirano T. Regulation and Interaction of Multiple Types of Synaptic Plasticity in a Purkinje Neuron and Their Contribution to Motor Learning. THE CEREBELLUM 2018; 17:756-765. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-018-0963-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
28
|
Behavioral and neurochemical characterization of the mlh mutant mice lacking otoconia. Behav Brain Res 2018; 359:958-966. [PMID: 29913187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Otoconia are crucial for the correct processing of positional information and orientation. Mice lacking otoconia cannot sense the direction of the gravity vector and cannot swim properly. This study aims to characterize the behavior of mergulhador (mlh), otoconia-deficient mutant mice. Additionally, the central catecholamine levels were evaluated to investigate possible correlations between behaviors and central neurotransmitters. A sequence of behavioral tests was used to evaluate the parameters related to the general activity, sensory nervous system, psychomotor system, and autonomous nervous system, in addition to measuring the acquisition of spatial and declarative memory, anxiety-like behavior, motor coordination, and swimming behavior of the mlh mutant mice. As well, the neurotransmitter levels in the cerebellum, striatum, frontal cortex, and hippocampus were measured. Relative to BALB/c mice, the mutant mlh mice showed 1) reduced locomotor and rearing behavior, increased auricular and touch reflexes, decreased motor coordination and increased micturition; 2) decreased responses in the T-maze and aversive wooden beam tests; 3) increased time of immobility in the tail suspension test; 4) no effects in the elevated plus maze or object recognition test; 5) an inability to swim; and 6) reduced turnover of dopaminergic system in the cerebellum, striatum, and frontal cortex. Thus, in our mlh mutant mice, otoconia deficiency reduced the motor, sensory and spatial learning behaviors likely by impairing balance. We did not rule out the role of the dopaminergic system in all behavioral deficits of the mlh mutant mice.
Collapse
|
29
|
Ashida R, Cerminara NL, Brooks J, Apps R. Principles of organization of the human cerebellum: macro- and microanatomy. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 154:45-58. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63956-1.00003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
30
|
Helmich RC. The cerebral basis of Parkinsonian tremor: A network perspective. Mov Disord 2017; 33:219-231. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.27224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rick C. Helmich
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging; Radboud University Nijmegen; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology and Parkinson Centre Nijmegen; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hawkins PCT, Wood TC, Vernon AC, Bertolino A, Sambataro F, Dukart J, Merlo-Pich E, Risterucci C, Silber-Baumann H, Walsh E, Mazibuko N, Zelaya FO, Mehta MA. An investigation of regional cerebral blood flow and tissue structure changes after acute administration of antipsychotics in healthy male volunteers. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 39:319-331. [PMID: 29058358 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic administration of antipsychotic drugs has been linked to structural brain changes observed in patients with schizophrenia. Recent MRI studies have shown rapid changes in regional brain volume following just a single dose of these drugs. However, it is not clear if these changes represent real volume changes or are artefacts ("apparent" volume changes) due to drug-induced physiological changes, such as increased cerebral blood flow (CBF). To address this, we examined the effects of a single, clinical dose of three commonly prescribed antipsychotics on quantitative measures of T1 and regional blood flow of the healthy human brain. Males (n = 42) were randomly assigned to one of two parallel groups in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, three-period cross-over study design. One group received a single oral dose of either 0.5 or 2 mg of risperidone or placebo during each visit. The other received olanzapine (7.5 mg), haloperidol (3 mg), or placebo. MR measures of quantitative T1, CBF, and T1-weighted images were acquired at the estimated peak plasma concentration of the drug. All three drugs caused localized increases in striatal blood flow, although drug and region specific effects were also apparent. In contrast, all assessments of T1 and brain volume remained stable across sessions, even in those areas experiencing large changes in CBF. This illustrates that a single clinically relevant oral dose of an antipsychotic has no detectable acute effect on T1 in healthy volunteers. We further provide a methodology for applying quantitative imaging methods to assess the acute effects of other compounds on structural MRI metrics. Hum Brain Mapp 39:319-331, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter C T Hawkins
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias C Wood
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony C Vernon
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Bertolino
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari BA, Italy
| | - Fabio Sambataro
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medical Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Juergen Dukart
- Translational Medicine Neuroscience and Biomarkers, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emilio Merlo-Pich
- CNS Therapeutic Area Unit, Takeda Development Centre Europe, London, United Kingdom
| | - Celine Risterucci
- Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hanna Silber-Baumann
- Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eamonn Walsh
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ndabezinhle Mazibuko
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando O Zelaya
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mitul A Mehta
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kawashima T. The role of the serotonergic system in motor control. Neurosci Res 2017; 129:32-39. [PMID: 28774814 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The serotonergic system in the vertebrate brain is implicated in various behaviors and diseases. Its involvement in motor control has been studied for over half a century, but efforts to build a unified model of its functions have been hampered due to the complexity of serotonergic neuromodulation. This review summarizes the anatomical structure of the serotonergic system, its afferent and efferent connections to other brain regions, and recent insights into the sensorimotor computations in the serotonergic system, and considers future research directions into the roles of serotonergic system in motor control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kawashima
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dirkx MF, den Ouden HEM, Aarts E, Timmer MHM, Bloem BR, Toni I, Helmich RC. Dopamine controls Parkinson's tremor by inhibiting the cerebellar thalamus. Brain 2017; 140:721-734. [PMID: 28073788 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's resting tremor is related to altered cerebral activity in the basal ganglia and the cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuit. Although Parkinson's disease is characterized by dopamine depletion in the basal ganglia, the dopaminergic basis of resting tremor remains unclear: dopaminergic medication reduces tremor in some patients, but many patients have a dopamine-resistant tremor. Using pharmacological functional magnetic resonance imaging, we test how a dopaminergic intervention influences the cerebral circuit involved in Parkinson's tremor. From a sample of 40 patients with Parkinson's disease, we selected 15 patients with a clearly tremor-dominant phenotype. We compared tremor-related activity and effective connectivity (using combined electromyography-functional magnetic resonance imaging) on two occasions: ON and OFF dopaminergic medication. Building on a recently developed cerebral model of Parkinson's tremor, we tested the effect of dopamine on cerebral activity associated with the onset of tremor episodes (in the basal ganglia) and with tremor amplitude (in the cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuit). Dopaminergic medication reduced clinical resting tremor scores (mean 28%, range -12 to 68%). Furthermore, dopaminergic medication reduced tremor onset-related activity in the globus pallidus and tremor amplitude-related activity in the thalamic ventral intermediate nucleus. Network analyses using dynamic causal modelling showed that dopamine directly increased self-inhibition of the ventral intermediate nucleus, rather than indirectly influencing the cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuit through the basal ganglia. Crucially, the magnitude of thalamic self-inhibition predicted the clinical dopamine response of tremor. Dopamine reduces resting tremor by potentiating inhibitory mechanisms in a cerebellar nucleus of the thalamus (ventral intermediate nucleus). This suggests that altered dopaminergic projections to the cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuit have a role in Parkinson's tremor.aww331media15307619934001.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michiel F Dirkx
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology and Parkinson Centre Nijmegen (ParC), 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke E M den Ouden
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Aarts
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Monique H M Timmer
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology and Parkinson Centre Nijmegen (ParC), 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan R Bloem
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology and Parkinson Centre Nijmegen (ParC), 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivan Toni
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rick C Helmich
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology and Parkinson Centre Nijmegen (ParC), 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Canto CB, Onuki Y, Bruinsma B, van der Werf YD, De Zeeuw CI. The Sleeping Cerebellum. Trends Neurosci 2017; 40:309-323. [PMID: 28431742 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We sleep almost one-third of our lives and sleep plays an important role in critical brain functions like memory formation and consolidation. The role of sleep in cerebellar processing, however, constitutes an enigma in the field of neuroscience; we know little about cerebellar sleep-physiology, cerebro-cerebellar interactions during sleep, or the contributions of sleep to cerebellum-dependent memory consolidation. Likewise, we do not understand why cerebellar malfunction can lead to changes in the sleep-wake cycle and sleep disorders. In this review, we evaluate how sleep and cerebellar processing may influence one another and highlight which scientific routes and technical approaches could be taken to uncover the mechanisms underlying these interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cathrin B Canto
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Yoshiyuki Onuki
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan Bruinsma
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ysbrand D van der Werf
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Exploring the significance of morphological diversity for cerebellar granule cell excitability. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46147. [PMID: 28406156 PMCID: PMC5390267 DOI: 10.1038/srep46147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The relatively simple and compact morphology of cerebellar granule cells (CGCs) has led to the view that heterogeneity in CGC shape has negligible impact upon the integration of mossy fibre (MF) information. Following electrophysiological recording, 3D models were constructed from high-resolution imaging data to identify morphological features that could influence the coding of MF input patterns by adult CGCs. Quantification of MF and CGC morphology provided evidence that CGCs could be connected to the multiple rosettes that arise from a single MF input. Predictions from our computational models propose that MF inputs could be more densely encoded within the CGC layer than previous models suggest. Moreover, those MF signals arriving onto the dendrite closest to the axon will generate greater CGC excitation. However, the impact of this morphological variability on MF input selectivity will be attenuated by high levels of CGC inhibition providing further flexibility to the MF → CGC pathway. These features could be particularly important when considering the integration of multimodal MF sensory input by individual CGCs.
Collapse
|
36
|
Movement Rate Is Encoded and Influenced by Widespread, Coherent Activity of Cerebellar Molecular Layer Interneurons. J Neurosci 2017; 37:4751-4765. [PMID: 28389475 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0534-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition from molecular layer interneurons (MLIs) is thought to play an important role in cerebellar function by sharpening the precision of Purkinje cell spike output. Yet the coding features of MLIs during behavior are poorly understood. To study MLI activity, we used in vivo Ca2+ imaging in head-fixed mice during the performance of a rhythmic motor behavior, licking during water consumption. MLIs were robustly active during lick-related movement across a lobule-specific region of the cerebellum showing high temporal correspondence within their population. Average MLI Ca2+ activity strongly correlated with movement rate but not to the intentional, or unexpected, adjustment of lick position or to sensory feedback that varied with task condition. Chemogenetic suppression of MLI output reduced lick rate and altered tongue movements, indicating that activity of these interneurons not only encodes temporal aspects of movement kinematics but also influences motor outcome pointing to an integral role in online control of rhythmic behavior.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The cerebellum helps fine-tune coordinated motor actions via signaling from projection neurons called Purkinje cells. Molecular layer interneurons (MLIs) provide powerful inhibition onto Purkinje cells, but little is understood about how this inhibitory circuit is engaged during behavior or what type of information is transmitted through these neurons. Our work establishes that MLIs in the lateral cerebellum are broadly activated during movement with calcium activity corresponding to movement rate. We also show that suppression of MLI output slows and disorganizes the precise movement pattern. Therefore, MLIs are an important circuit element in the cerebellum allowing for accurate motor control.
Collapse
|
37
|
J. Onaolapo O, Y. Onaolapo A. The 21<sup>st</sup> Century Cerebellum: An Evolution of Cognitive Functions, Connections, Disorders, and Pharmacotherapeutic Modulation. AIMS Neurosci 2017. [DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2017.4.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
38
|
Zhang C, Zhou P, Yuan T. The cholinergic system in the cerebellum: from structure to function. Rev Neurosci 2016; 27:769-776. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe cerebellar cholinergic system belongs to the third type of afferent nerve fiber system (after the climbing and mossy fibers), and has important modulatory effects on cerebellar circuits and cerebellar-mediated functions. In this report, we review the cerebellar cholinergic system, including cholinergic origins and innervations, acetylcholine receptor expression and distributions, cholinergic modulations of neuronal firing and synaptic plasticity, the cholinergic role in cerebellar-mediated integral functions, and cholinergic changes during development and aging. Because some motor and mental disorders, such as cerebellar ataxia and autism, are accompanied with cerebellar cholinergic disorders, we also discuss the correlations between cerebellar cholinergic dysfunctions and these disorders. The cerebellar cholinergic input plays an important role in the modulation of cerebellar functions; therefore, cholinergic abnormalities could induce physiological dysfunctions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changzheng Zhang
- 1School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210097, China
- 2School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, Anhui 246133, China
| | - Peiling Zhou
- 3School of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Tifei Yuan
- 1School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210097, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Chan A, Li S, Lee AR, Leung J, Yip A, Bird J, Godden KE, Martinez-Gonzalez D, Rattenborg NC, Balaban E, Pompeiano M. Activation of state-regulating neurochemical systems in newborn and embryonic chicks. Neuroscience 2016; 339:219-234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
40
|
Hoxha E, Tempia F, Lippiello P, Miniaci MC. Modulation, Plasticity and Pathophysiology of the Parallel Fiber-Purkinje Cell Synapse. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2016; 8:35. [PMID: 27857688 PMCID: PMC5093118 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2016.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The parallel fiber-Purkinje cell (PF-PC) synapse represents the point of maximal signal divergence in the cerebellar cortex with an estimated number of about 60 billion synaptic contacts in the rat and 100,000 billions in humans. At the same time, the Purkinje cell dendritic tree is a site of remarkable convergence of more than 100,000 parallel fiber synapses. Parallel fiber activity generates fast postsynaptic currents via α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors, and slower signals, mediated by mGlu1 receptors, resulting in Purkinje cell depolarization accompanied by sharp calcium elevation within dendritic regions. Long-term depression (LTD) and long-term potentiation (LTP) have been widely described for the PF-PC synapse and have been proposed as mechanisms for motor learning. The mechanisms of induction for LTP and LTD involve different signaling mechanisms within the presynaptic terminal and/or at the postsynaptic site, promoting enduring modification in the neurotransmitter release and change in responsiveness to the neurotransmitter. The PF-PC synapse is finely modulated by several neurotransmitters, including serotonin, noradrenaline and acetylcholine. The ability of these neuromodulators to gate LTP and LTD at the PF-PC synapse could, at least in part, explain their effect on cerebellar-dependent learning and memory paradigms. Overall, these findings have important implications for understanding the cerebellar involvement in a series of pathological conditions, ranging from ataxia to autism. For example, PF-PC synapse dysfunctions have been identified in several murine models of spino-cerebellar ataxia (SCA) types 1, 3, 5 and 27. In some cases, the defect is specific for the AMPA receptor signaling (SCA27), while in others the mGlu1 pathway is affected (SCA1, 3, 5). Interestingly, the PF-PC synapse has been shown to be hyper-functional in a mutant mouse model of autism spectrum disorder, with a selective deletion of Pten in Purkinje cells. However, the full range of methodological approaches, that allowed the discovery of the physiological principles of PF-PC synapse function, has not yet been completely exploited to investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms of diseases involving the cerebellum. We, therefore, propose to extend the spectrum of experimental investigations to tackle this problem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eriola Hoxha
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO) and Department of Neuroscience, University of TorinoTorino, Italy
| | - Filippo Tempia
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO) and Department of Neuroscience, University of TorinoTorino, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Microinjection of acetylcholine into cerebellar fastigial nucleus induces blood depressor response in anesthetized rats. Neurosci Lett 2016; 629:79-84. [PMID: 27373533 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that the cerebellar fastigial nucleus (FN) is involved in cardiovascular modulation, and has direct evidence of cholinergic activity; however, whether and how acetylcholine (ACh) in the FN modulates blood pressure has not been investigated. In this study, we analyzed mean arterial pressure, maximal change in mean arterial pressure, and the reaction time of blood pressure changes after microinjection of cholinergic reagents into the FN in anesthetized rats. The results showed that ACh evoked a concentration-dependent (10, 30 and 100mM) effect on blood pressure down-regulation. The muscarinic ACh (mACh) receptor antagonist atropine, but not the nicotinic ACh (nACh) receptor antagonist mecamylamine, blocked the ACh-mediated depressor response. The mACh receptor agonist oxotremorine M, rather than nACh receptor agonist nicotine, mimicked the ACh-mediated blood pressure decrease in a dose-dependent manner (10, 30 and 100mM). These results indicate that cholinergic input in the cerebellar FN exerts a depressor effect on systemic blood pressure regulation, and such effects are substantially contributed by mACh rather than nACh receptors, although the precise mechanism concerning the role of mACh receptor in FN-mediated blood pressure modulation remains to be elucidated.
Collapse
|
42
|
Reinkensmeyer DJ, Burdet E, Casadio M, Krakauer JW, Kwakkel G, Lang CE, Swinnen SP, Ward NS, Schweighofer N. Computational neurorehabilitation: modeling plasticity and learning to predict recovery. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2016; 13:42. [PMID: 27130577 PMCID: PMC4851823 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-016-0148-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite progress in using computational approaches to inform medicine and neuroscience in the last 30 years, there have been few attempts to model the mechanisms underlying sensorimotor rehabilitation. We argue that a fundamental understanding of neurologic recovery, and as a result accurate predictions at the individual level, will be facilitated by developing computational models of the salient neural processes, including plasticity and learning systems of the brain, and integrating them into a context specific to rehabilitation. Here, we therefore discuss Computational Neurorehabilitation, a newly emerging field aimed at modeling plasticity and motor learning to understand and improve movement recovery of individuals with neurologic impairment. We first explain how the emergence of robotics and wearable sensors for rehabilitation is providing data that make development and testing of such models increasingly feasible. We then review key aspects of plasticity and motor learning that such models will incorporate. We proceed by discussing how computational neurorehabilitation models relate to the current benchmark in rehabilitation modeling - regression-based, prognostic modeling. We then critically discuss the first computational neurorehabilitation models, which have primarily focused on modeling rehabilitation of the upper extremity after stroke, and show how even simple models have produced novel ideas for future investigation. Finally, we conclude with key directions for future research, anticipating that soon we will see the emergence of mechanistic models of motor recovery that are informed by clinical imaging results and driven by the actual movement content of rehabilitation therapy as well as wearable sensor-based records of daily activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Reinkensmeyer
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Irvine, USA.
| | - Etienne Burdet
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK
| | - Maura Casadio
- Department Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - John W Krakauer
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gert Kwakkel
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Reade, Centre for Rehabilitation and Rheumatology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Catherine E Lang
- Department of Neurology, Program in Physical Therapy, Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Leuven, KU, Belgium
- Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience & Disease (LIND), KU, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nick S Ward
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and UCLPartners Centre for Neurorehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Nicolas Schweighofer
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Autistic-Like Behaviors, Oxidative Stress Status, and Histopathological Changes in Cerebellum of Valproic Acid Rat Model of Autism Are Improved by the Combined Extract of Purple Rice and Silkworm Pupae. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:3206561. [PMID: 27034733 PMCID: PMC4806649 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3206561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Due to the crucial role of oxidative stress on the pathophysiology of autism and the concept of synergistic effect, the benefit of the combined extract of purple rice and silkworm pupae (AP1) for autism disorder was the focus. Therefore, we aimed to determine the effect of AP1 on autistic-like behaviors, oxidative stress status, and histopathological change of cerebellum in valproic acid (VPA) rat model of autism. VPA was injected on postnatal day (PND) 14 and the animals were orally given AP1 at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg·kg−1 BW between PND 14 and PND 40. The autism-like behaviors were analyzed via hot-plate, rotarod, elevated plus-maze, learning, memory, and social behavior tests. Oxidative stress and the histological change in the cerebellum were assessed at the end of study. AP1 treated rats improved behaviors in all tests except that in hot-plate test. The improvement of oxidative stress and Purkinje cell loss was also observed in the cerebellum of VPA-treated rats. Our data suggest that AP1 partially reduced autism-like behaviors by improving oxidative stress and Purkinje cell loss. Further research is required to identify the active ingredients in AP1 and gender difference effect.
Collapse
|
44
|
|
45
|
Zhang C, Sun T, Zhou P, Zhu Q, Zhang L. Role of Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor-2 in the Cerebellar Cortex in Cardiovascular Modulation in Anaesthetized Rats. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:804-12. [PMID: 26526144 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1755-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Our previous investigations have demonstrated that microinjection of acetylcholine (ACh) or muscarinic ACh receptor activation in the cerebellar cortex induces a systemic blood pressure depressor response. This study aimed to determine the role of muscarinic ACh receptor-2 (M2 receptor) in the cerebellar cortex in cardiovascular function regulation in rats. A nonselective muscarinic receptor agonist (oxotremorine M, OXO; 30 mM), a selective M2 receptor agonist (arecaidine but-2-ynyl ester tosylate, ABET; 3, 10, and 30 mM), 30 mM OXO mixed with a selective M2 receptor antagonist (methoctramine hydrate, MCT; 0.3, 1, and 3 mM), and normal saline (0.9 % NaCl) were separately microinjected (0.5 µl/5 s) into the cerebellar cortex (lobule VI) of anaesthetized rats. We measured the mean arterial pressure (MAP), maximum change in MAP, and reactive time (RT; the duration required for the blood pressure to return to basal levels), heart rate (HR) and the maximum change in HR during the RT in response to drug activation. The results demonstrated that ABET dose-dependently decreased MAP and HR, increased the maximum change in MAP and the maximum change in HR, and prolonged the RT. Furthermore, MCT dose-dependently blocked the OXO-mediated cardiovascular depressor response. This study provides the first evidence that M2 receptors in the cerebellar cortex are involved in cardiovascular regulation, the activation of which evokes significant depressor and bradycardic responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changzheng Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, 128 South Linghu Road, Anqing, 246011, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tingzhe Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, 128 South Linghu Road, Anqing, 246011, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiling Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, 1 East Beijing Road, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingfeng Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, 128 South Linghu Road, Anqing, 246011, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Liefeng Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210046, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Vazquez-Sanroman D, Leto K, Cerezo-Garcia M, Carbo-Gas M, Sanchis-Segura C, Carulli D, Rossi F, Miquel M. The cerebellum on cocaine: plasticity and metaplasticity. Addict Biol 2015; 20:941-55. [PMID: 25619460 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that several data have supported the involvement of the cerebellum in the functional alterations observed after prolonged cocaine use, this brain structure has been traditionally ignored and excluded from the circuitry affected by addictive drugs. In the present study, we investigated the effects of a chronic cocaine treatment on molecular and structural plasticity in the cerebellum, including BDNF, D3 dopamine receptors, ΔFosB, the Glu2 AMPA receptor subunit, structural modifications in Purkinje neurons and, finally, the evaluation of perineuronal nets (PNNs) in the projection neurons of the medial nucleus, the output of the cerebellar vermis. In the current experimental conditions in which repeated cocaine treatment was followed by a 1-week withdrawal period and a new cocaine challenge, our results showed that cocaine induced a large increase in cerebellar proBDNF levels and its expression in Purkinje neurons, with the mature BDNF expression remaining unchanged. Together with this, cocaine-treated mice exhibited a substantial enhancement of D3 receptor levels. Both ΔFosB and AMPA receptor Glu2 subunit expressions were enhanced in cocaine-treated animals. Significant pruning in Purkinje dendrite arborization and reduction in the size and density of Purkinje boutons contacting deep cerebellar projection neurons accompanied cocaine-dependent increase in proBDNF. Cocaine-associated effects point to the inhibitory Purkinje function impairment, as was evidenced by lower activity in these cells. Moreover, the probability of any remodelling in Purkinje synapses appears to be decreased due to an upregulation of extracellular matrix components in the PNNs surrounding the medial nuclear neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ketty Leto
- Department of Neuroscience; Neuroscience Institute of Turin (NIT); University of Turin; Italy
- Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri-Ottolenghi Foundation (NICO); University of Turin; Italy
| | | | | | | | - Daniela Carulli
- Department of Neuroscience; Neuroscience Institute of Turin (NIT); University of Turin; Italy
- Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri-Ottolenghi Foundation (NICO); University of Turin; Italy
| | - Ferdinando Rossi
- Department of Neuroscience; Neuroscience Institute of Turin (NIT); University of Turin; Italy
- Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri-Ottolenghi Foundation (NICO); University of Turin; Italy
| | - Marta Miquel
- Área de Psicobiología; Universitat Jaume I; Spain
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Rahimi-Balaei M, Afsharinezhad P, Bailey K, Buchok M, Yeganeh B, Marzban H. Embryonic stages in cerebellar afferent development. CEREBELLUM & ATAXIAS 2015; 2:7. [PMID: 26331050 PMCID: PMC4552263 DOI: 10.1186/s40673-015-0026-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum is important for motor control, cognition, and language processing. Afferent and efferent fibers are major components of cerebellar circuitry and impairment of these circuits causes severe cerebellar malfunction, such as ataxia. The cerebellum receives information from two major afferent types – climbing fibers and mossy fibers. In addition, a third set of afferents project to the cerebellum as neuromodulatory fibers. The spatiotemporal pattern of early cerebellar afferents that enter the developing embryonic cerebellum is not fully understood. In this review, we will discuss the cerebellar architecture and connectivity specifically related to afferents during development in different species. We will also consider the order of afferent fiber arrival into the developing cerebellum to establish neural connectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rahimi-Balaei
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Rm129, BMSB, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9 Canada ; College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Manitoba Institute of Child Health (MICH), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada
| | - Pegah Afsharinezhad
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Rm129, BMSB, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9 Canada
| | - Karen Bailey
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Rm129, BMSB, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9 Canada
| | - Matthew Buchok
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Rm129, BMSB, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9 Canada
| | - Behzad Yeganeh
- Program in Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Hassan Marzban
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Rm129, BMSB, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9 Canada ; College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Manitoba Institute of Child Health (MICH), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Thanos PK, Michaelides M, Subrize M, Miller ML, Bellezza R, Cooney RN, Leggio L, Wang GJ, Rogers AM, Volkow ND, Hajnal A. Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Alters Brain Activity in Regions that Underlie Reward and Taste Perception. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125570. [PMID: 26039080 PMCID: PMC4454506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery is a very effective bariatric procedure to achieve significant and sustained weight loss, yet little is known about the procedure's impact on the brain. This study examined the effects of RYGB on the brain's response to the anticipation of highly palatable versus regular food. METHODS High fat diet-induced obese rats underwent RYGB or sham operation and were then tested for conditioned place preference (CPP) for the bacon-paired chamber, relative to the chow-paired chamber. After CPP, animals were placed in either chamber without the food stimulus, and brain-glucose metabolism (BGluM) was measured using positron emission tomography (μPET). RESULTS Bacon CPP was only observed in RYGB rats that had stable weight loss following surgery. BGluM assessment revealed that RYGB selectively activated regions of the right and midline cerebellum (Lob 8) involved in subjective processes related to reward or expectation. Also, bacon anticipation led to significant activation in the medial parabrachial nuclei (important in gustatory processing) and dorsomedial tegmental area (key to reward, motivation, cognition and addiction) in RYGB rats; and activation in the retrosplenial cortex (default mode network), and the primary visual cortex in control rats. CONCLUSIONS RYGB alters brain activity in areas involved in reward expectation and sensory (taste) processing when anticipating a palatable fatty food. Thus, RYGB may lead to changes in brain activity in regions that process reward and taste-related behaviors. Specific cerebellar regions with altered metabolism following RYGB may help identify novel therapeutic targets for treatment of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panayotis K. Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Lab, Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Mike Michaelides
- Department of Neurosciences, Mt. Sinai Medical Center, NY, NY, United States of America
| | - Mike Subrize
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Lab, Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Mike L. Miller
- Department of Neurosciences, Mt. Sinai Medical Center, NY, NY, United States of America
| | - Robert Bellezza
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Lab, Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Robert N. Cooney
- Department. of Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, NIAAA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Intramural Research Program, NIDA, NIH, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- NIAAA Intramural Research Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Ann M. Rogers
- Department of Surgery, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Nora D. Volkow
- NIAAA Intramural Research Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Andras Hajnal
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Mapelli L, Pagani M, Garrido JA, D'Angelo E. Integrated plasticity at inhibitory and excitatory synapses in the cerebellar circuit. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:169. [PMID: 25999817 PMCID: PMC4419603 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The way long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD) are integrated within the different synapses of brain neuronal circuits is poorly understood. In order to progress beyond the identification of specific molecular mechanisms, a system in which multiple forms of plasticity can be correlated with large-scale neural processing is required. In this paper we take as an example the cerebellar network, in which extensive investigations have revealed LTP and LTD at several excitatory and inhibitory synapses. Cerebellar LTP and LTD occur in all three main cerebellar subcircuits (granular layer, molecular layer, deep cerebellar nuclei) and correspondingly regulate the function of their three main neurons: granule cells (GrCs), Purkinje cells (PCs) and deep cerebellar nuclear (DCN) cells. All these neurons, in addition to be excited, are reached by feed-forward and feed-back inhibitory connections, in which LTP and LTD may either operate synergistically or homeostatically in order to control information flow through the circuit. Although the investigation of individual synaptic plasticities in vitro is essential to prove their existence and mechanisms, it is insufficient to generate a coherent view of their impact on network functioning in vivo. Recent computational models and cell-specific genetic mutations in mice are shedding light on how plasticity at multiple excitatory and inhibitory synapses might regulate neuronal activities in the cerebellar circuit and contribute to learning and memory and behavioral control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Mapelli
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia Pavia, Italy ; Museo Storico Della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Pagani
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia Pavia, Italy ; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jesus A Garrido
- Brain Connectivity Center, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute Pavia, Italy ; Department of Computer Architecture and Technology, University of Granada Granada, Spain
| | - Egidio D'Angelo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia Pavia, Italy ; Brain Connectivity Center, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zhou P, Zhu Q, Liu M, Li J, Wang Y, Zhang C, Hua T. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in cerebellar cortex participates in acetylcholine-mediated blood depressor response in rats. Neurosci Lett 2015; 593:129-33. [PMID: 25797185 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Our previous investigations have revealed that cerebellar cholinergic innervation is involved in cardiovascular regulation. This study was performed to examine the effects of the muscarinic cholinergic receptor (mAChR) in the cerebellar cortex on blood pressure (BP) modulation in rats. Acetylcholine (ACh, 100mM), nonselective mAChR agonist (oxotremorine M; Oxo-M, 10, 30 and 100mM) and 100mM ACh mixed with nonselective mAChR antagonist atropine (1, 3 and 10mM) were microinjected into the cerebellar cortex of anesthetized rats. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), maximal decreased MAP (MDMAP), and reaction time (duration required for BP to return to basal values) were measured and analyzed. The results showed that Oxo-M dose-dependently decreased MAP, increased MDMAP, and prolonged reaction time, which displayed a homodromous effect of ACh-mediated blood depressor response; meanwhile, atropine concentration-dependently blocked the effect of ACh on the BP regulation. In conclusion, the present study showed for the first time that mAChRs in cerebellar cortex could modulate somatic BP by participation in ACh-mediated depressor response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peiling Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Qingfeng Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, Anhui 246011, China
| | - Ming Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, Anhui 246011, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, Anhui 246011, China
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, Anhui 246011, China
| | - Changzheng Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, Anhui 246011, China.
| | - Tianmiao Hua
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China.
| |
Collapse
|