1
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Ritchey JL, Filippi L, Ballard D, Pei D. Bismuth-Cyclized Cell-Penetrating Peptides. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:5255-5260. [PMID: 39223839 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery of biological cargos, which would yield new research tools and novel therapeutics, remains an active area of research. A convenient and potentially general approach involves the conjugation of a cell-penetrating peptide to a cargo of interest. However, linear CPPs lack sufficient cytosolic entry efficiency and metabolic stability, while previous backbone cyclized CPPs have several drawbacks including the necessity for chemical synthesis and posttranslational conjugation to peptide/protein cargos and epimerization during cyclization. We report here a new class of bismuth cyclized CPPs with excellent cytosolic entry efficiencies, proteolytic stability, and potential compatibility with genetic encoding and recombinant production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy L Ritchey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Lindsi Filippi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Davis Ballard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Dehua Pei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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2
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Patel P, Benzle K, Pei D, Wang GL. Cell-penetrating peptides for sustainable agriculture. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 29:1131-1144. [PMID: 38902122 PMCID: PMC11449662 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short (typically 5-30 amino acids), cationic, amphipathic, or hydrophobic peptides that facilitate the cellular uptake of diverse cargo molecules by eukaryotic cells via direct translocation or endocytosis across the plasma membrane. CPPs can deliver a variety of bioactive cargos, including proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, and small molecules into the cell. Once inside, the delivered cargo may function in the cytosol, nucleus, or other subcellular compartments. Numerous CPPs have been used for studies and drug delivery in mammalian systems. Although CPPs have many potential uses in plant research and agriculture, the application of CPPs in plants remains limited. Here we review the structures and mechanisms of CPPs and highlight their potential applications for sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Patel
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kyle Benzle
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Dehua Pei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Guo-Liang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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3
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Desai N, Rana D, Salave S, Benival D, Khunt D, Prajapati BG. Achieving Endo/Lysosomal Escape Using Smart Nanosystems for Efficient Cellular Delivery. Molecules 2024; 29:3131. [PMID: 38999083 PMCID: PMC11243486 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The delivery of therapeutic agents faces significant hurdles posed by the endo-lysosomal pathway, a bottleneck that hampers clinical effectiveness. This comprehensive review addresses the urgent need to enhance cellular delivery mechanisms to overcome these obstacles. It focuses on the potential of smart nanomaterials, delving into their unique characteristics and mechanisms in detail. Special attention is given to their ability to strategically evade endosomal entrapment, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy. The manuscript thoroughly examines assays crucial for understanding endosomal escape and cellular uptake dynamics. By analyzing various assessment methods, we offer nuanced insights into these investigative approaches' multifaceted aspects. We meticulously analyze the use of smart nanocarriers, exploring diverse mechanisms such as pore formation, proton sponge effects, membrane destabilization, photochemical disruption, and the strategic use of endosomal escape agents. Each mechanism's effectiveness and potential application in mitigating endosomal entrapment are scrutinized. This paper provides a critical overview of the current landscape, emphasizing the need for advanced delivery systems to navigate the complexities of cellular uptake. Importantly, it underscores the transformative role of smart nanomaterials in revolutionizing cellular delivery strategies, leading to a paradigm shift towards improved therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimeet Desai
- Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi 502285, Telangana, India;
| | - Dhwani Rana
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad 382355, Gujarat, India; (D.R.); (S.S.); (D.B.)
| | - Sagar Salave
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad 382355, Gujarat, India; (D.R.); (S.S.); (D.B.)
| | - Derajram Benival
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad 382355, Gujarat, India; (D.R.); (S.S.); (D.B.)
| | - Dignesh Khunt
- School of Pharmacy, Gujarat Technological University, Gandhinagar 382027, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhupendra G. Prajapati
- Shree S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ganpat University, Kherva 384012, Gujarat, India
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
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4
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Zoltek M, Vázquez Maldonado AL, Zhang X, Dadina N, Lesiak L, Schepartz A. HOPS-Dependent Endosomal Escape Demands Protein Unfolding. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:860-870. [PMID: 38680556 PMCID: PMC11046473 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.4c00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The inefficient translocation of proteins across biological membranes limits their application as potential therapeutics and research tools. In many cases, the translocation of a protein involves two discrete steps: uptake into the endocytic pathway and endosomal escape. Certain charged or amphiphilic molecules can achieve high protein uptake, but few are capable of efficient endosomal escape. One exception to this rule is ZF5.3, a mini-protein that exploits elements of the natural endosomal maturation machinery to translocate across endosomal membranes. Although some ZF5.3-protein conjugates are delivered efficiently to the cytosol or nucleus, overall delivery efficiency varies widely for different cargoes with no obvious design rules. Here we show that delivery efficiency depends on the ability of the cargo to unfold. Using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, a single-molecule technique that precisely measures intracytosolic protein concentration, we show that regardless of size and pI, low-Tm cargoes of ZF5.3 (including intrinsically disordered domains) bias endosomal escape toward a high-efficiency pathway that requires the homotypic fusion and protein sorting (HOPS) complex. Small protein domains are delivered with moderate efficiency through the same HOPS portal, even if the Tm is high. These findings imply a novel pathway out of endosomes that is exploited by ZF5.3 and provide clear guidance for the selection or design of optimally deliverable therapeutic cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Zoltek
- Department
of Molecular and Cell Biology, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - Xizi Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Neville Dadina
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lauren Lesiak
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alanna Schepartz
- Department
of Molecular and Cell Biology, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- California
Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chan
Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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5
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Giudice J, Brauer DD, Zoltek M, Vázquez Maldonado AL, Kelly M, Schepartz A. Requirements for efficient endosomal escape by designed mini-proteins. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.05.588336. [PMID: 38617268 PMCID: PMC11014610 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.05.588336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
ZF5.3 is a compact, rationally designed mini-protein that escapes efficiently from the endosomes of multiple cell types. Despite its small size (27 amino acids), ZF5.3 can be isolated intact from the cytosol of treated cells and guides multiple classes of proteins into the cytosol and/or nucleus. In the best cases, delivery efficiencies reach or exceed 50% to establish nuclear or cytosolic concentrations of 500 nM or higher. But other than the requirement for unfoldable cargo and an intact HOPS complex, there is little known about how ZF5.3 traverses the limiting endocytic membrane. Here we delineate the attributes of ZF5.3 that enable efficient endosomal escape. We confirm that ZF5.3 is stable at pH values between 5.5 and 7.5, with no evidence of unfolding even at temperatures as high as 95 °C. The high-resolution NMR structure of ZF5.3 at pH 5.5, also reported here, shows a canonical p zinc-finger fold with the penta-arg motif integrated seamlessly into the C-terminal α-helix. At lower pH, ZF5.3 unfolds cooperatively as judged by both circular dichroism and high-resolution NMR. Unfolding occurs upon protonation of a single Zn(II)-binding His side chain whose pKa corresponds almost exactly to that of the late endosomal lumen. pH-induced unfolding is essential for endosomal escape, as a ZF5.3 analog that remains folded at pH 4.5 fails to efficiently reach the cytosol, despite high overall uptake. Finally, using reconstituted liposomes, we identify a high-affinity interaction of ZF5.3 with a specific lipid-BMP-that is selectively enriched in the inner leaflet of late endosomal membranes. This interaction is 10-fold stronger at low pH than neutral pH, providing a molecular picture for why escape occurs preferentially and in a HOPS-dependent manner from late endosomal compartments. The requirements for programmed endosomal escape identified here should aid and inform the design of proteins, peptidomimetics, and other macromolecules that reach cytosolic or nuclear targets intact and at therapeutically relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Giudice
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Daniel D. Brauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Madeline Zoltek
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | | | - Mark Kelly
- School of Pharmacy, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Alanna Schepartz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Arc Institute, Palo Alto, CA
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6
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Hao L, Boehnke N, Elledge SK, Harzallah NS, Zhao RT, Cai E, Feng YX, Neaher S, Fleming HE, Gupta PB, Hammond PT, Bhatia SN. Targeting and monitoring ovarian cancer invasion with an RNAi and peptide delivery system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2307802121. [PMID: 38437557 PMCID: PMC10945808 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307802121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) therapeutics are an emerging class of medicines that selectively target mRNA transcripts to silence protein production and combat disease. Despite the recent progress, a generalizable approach for monitoring the efficacy of RNAi therapeutics without invasive biopsy remains a challenge. Here, we describe the development of a self-reporting, theranostic nanoparticle that delivers siRNA to silence a protein that drives cancer progression while also monitoring the functional activity of its downstream targets. Our therapeutic target is the transcription factor SMARCE1, which was previously identified as a key driver of invasion in early-stage breast cancer. Using a doxycycline-inducible shRNA knockdown in OVCAR8 ovarian cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo, we demonstrate that SMARCE1 is a master regulator of genes encoding proinvasive proteases in a model of human ovarian cancer. We additionally map the peptide cleavage profiles of SMARCE1-regulated proteases so as to design a readout for downstream enzymatic activity. To demonstrate the therapeutic and diagnostic potential of our approach, we engineered self-assembled layer-by-layer nanoparticles that can encapsulate nucleic acid cargo and be decorated with peptide substrates that release a urinary reporter upon exposure to SMARCE1-related proteases. In an orthotopic ovarian cancer xenograft model, theranostic nanoparticles were able to knockdown SMARCE1 which was in turn reported through a reduction in protease-activated urinary reporters. These LBL nanoparticles both silence gene products by delivering siRNA and noninvasively report on downstream target activity by delivering synthetic biomarkers to sites of disease, enabling dose-finding studies as well as longitudinal assessments of efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Hao
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Natalie Boehnke
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN55455
| | - Susanna K. Elledge
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Nour-Saïda Harzallah
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Renee T. Zhao
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Eva Cai
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
- Harvard University–Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Yu-Xiong Feng
- Department of Biology, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA02142
| | - Sofia Neaher
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Heather E. Fleming
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
- Harvard University–Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | | | - Paula T. Hammond
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
- Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
- Marble Center for Cancer Nanomedicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Sangeeta N. Bhatia
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
- Harvard University–Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
- Marble Center for Cancer Nanomedicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02142
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA02115
- HHMI, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
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7
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Kawaguchi Y, Kawamura Y, Hirose H, Kiyokawa M, Hirate M, Hirata T, Higuchi Y, Futaki S. E3MPH16: An efficient endosomolytic peptide for intracellular protein delivery. J Control Release 2024; 367:877-891. [PMID: 38301930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
To facilitate the introduction of proteins, such as antibodies, into cells, a variety of delivery peptides have been engineered. These peptides are typically highly cationic and somewhat hydrophobic, enabling cytosolic protein delivery at the cost of causing cell damage by rupturing membranes. This balance between delivery effectiveness and cytotoxicity presents obstacles for their real-world use. To tackle this problem, we designed a new endosome-disruptive cytosolic delivery peptide, E3MPH16, inspired by mastoparan X (MP). E3MPH16 was engineered to incorporate three Glu (E3) and 16 His (H16) residues at the N- and C-termini of MP, respectively. The negative charges of E3 substantially mitigate the cell-surface damage induced by MP. The H16 segment is known to enhance cell-surface adsorption and endocytic uptake of the associated molecules. With these modifications, E3MPH16 was successfully trapped within endosomes. The acidification of endosomes is expected to protonate the side chains of E3 and H16, enabling E3MPH16 to rupture endosomal membranes. As a result, nearly 100% of cells achieved cytosolic delivery of a model biomacromolecule, Alexa Fluor 488-labeled dextran (10 kDa), via endosomal escape by co-incubation with E3MPH16. The delivery process also suggested the involvement of macropinocytosis and caveolae-mediated endocytosis. With the assistance of E3MPH16, Cre recombinase and anti-Ras-IgG delivered into HEK293 cells and HT1080 cells enabled gene recombination and inhibited cell proliferation, respectively. The potential for in vivo application of this intracellular delivery method was further validated by topically injecting the green fluorescent protein fused with a nuclear localization signal (NLS-GFP) along with E3MPH16 into Colon-26 tumor xenografts in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Kawaguchi
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
| | - Yuki Kawamura
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hisaaki Hirose
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Megumi Kiyokawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Momo Hirate
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hirata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuriko Higuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shiroh Futaki
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
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8
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Zoltek M, Vázquez A, Zhang X, Dadina N, Lesiak L, Schepartz A. Design rules for efficient endosomal escape. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.03.565388. [PMID: 37961597 PMCID: PMC10635116 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.03.565388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The inefficient translocation of proteins across biological membranes limits their application as therapeutic compounds and research tools. In most cases, translocation involves two steps: uptake into the endocytic pathway and endosomal escape. Certain charged or amphiphilic molecules promote protein uptake but few enable efficient endosomal escape. One exception is ZF5.3, a mini-protein that exploits natural endosomal maturation machinery to translocate across endosomal membranes. Although certain ZF5.3-protein conjugates are delivered efficiently into the cytosol or nucleus, overall delivery efficiency varies widely with no obvious design rules. Here we evaluate the role of protein size and thermal stability in the ability to efficiently escape endosomes when attached to ZF5.3. Using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, a single-molecule technique that provides a precise measure of intra-cytosolic protein concentration, we demonstrate that delivery efficiency depends on both size and the ease with which a protein unfolds. Regardless of size and pI, low-Tm cargos of ZF5.3 (including intrinsically disordered domains) bias its endosomal escape route toward a high-efficiency pathway that requires the homotypic fusion and protein sorting (HOPS) complex. Small protein domains are delivered with moderate efficiency through the same HOPS portal even if the Tm is high. These findings imply a novel protein- and/or lipid-dependent pathway out of endosomes that is exploited by ZF5.3 and provide clear guidance for the selection or design of optimally deliverable therapeutic cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Zoltek
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Angel Vázquez
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Xizi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Neville Dadina
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Lauren Lesiak
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Alanna Schepartz
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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9
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Graceffa V. Intracellular protein delivery: New insights into the therapeutic applications and emerging technologies. Biochimie 2023; 213:82-99. [PMID: 37209808 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The inability to cross the plasma membranes traditionally limited the therapeutic use of recombinant proteins. However, in the last two decades, novel technologies made delivering proteins inside the cells possible. This allowed researchers to unlock intracellular targets, once considered 'undruggable', bringing a new research area to emerge. Protein transfection systems display a large potential in a plethora of applications. However, their modality of action is often unclear, and cytotoxic effects are elevated, whereas experimental conditions to increase transfection efficacy and cell viability still need to be identified. Furthermore, technical complexity often limits in vivo experimentation, while challenging industrial and clinical translation. This review highlights the applications of protein transfection technologies, and then critically discuss the current methodologies and their limitations. Physical membrane perforation systems are compared to systems exploiting cellular endocytosis. Research evidence of the existence of either extracellular vesicles (EVs) or cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs)- based systems, that circumvent the endosomal systems is critically analysed. Commercial systems, novel solid-phase reverse protein transfection systems, and engineered living intracellular bacteria-based mechanisms are finally described. This review ultimately aims at finding new methodologies and possible applications of protein transfection systems, while helping the development of an evidence-based research approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Graceffa
- Cellular Health and Toxicology Research Group (CHAT), Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Intelligent Systems for Health and Environment (MISHE), Atlantic Technological University (ATU), Sligo, Ireland.
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10
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Mallick AM, Biswas A, Mishra S, Jadhav S, Chakraborty K, Tripathi A, Mukherjee A, Roy RS. Engineered vitamin E-tethered non-immunogenic facial lipopeptide for developing improved siRNA based combination therapy against metastatic breast cancer. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7842-7866. [PMID: 37502330 PMCID: PMC10370593 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01071f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA interference based therapeutic gene silencing is an emerging platform for managing highly metastatic breast cancer. Cytosolic delivery of functional siRNA remains the key obstacle for efficient RNAi therapy. To overcome the challenges of siRNA delivery, we have engineered a vitamin E-tethered, short, optimum protease stabilized facial lipopeptide based non-immunogenic, biocompatible siRNA transporter to facilitate the clinical translation in future. Our designed lipopeptide has an Arginine-Sarcosine-Arginine segment for providing optimum protease-stability, minimizing adjacent arginine-arginine repulsion and reducing intermolecular aggregation and α-tocopherol as the lipidic moiety for facilitating cellular permeabilization. Interestingly, our designed non-immunogenic siRNA transporter has exhibited significantly better long term transfection efficiency than HiPerFect and can transfect hard to transfect primary cell line, HUVEC. Our engineered siRNA therapeutics demonstrated high efficacy in managing metastasis against triple negative breast cancer by disrupting the crosstalk of endothelial cells and MDA-MB-231 and reduced stemness and metastatic markers, as evidenced by downregulating critical oncogenic pathways. Our study aimed at silencing Notch1 signalling to achieve "multi-targeted" therapy with a single putative molecular medicine. We have further developed mechanistically rational combination therapy combining Notch1 silencing with a repurposed drug m-TOR inhibitor, metformin, which demonstrated synergistic interaction and enhanced antitumor efficacy against cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argha Mario Mallick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur 741246 India
| | - Abhijit Biswas
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur 741246 India
| | - Sukumar Mishra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur 741246 India
| | - Sonali Jadhav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune Pune 411008 India
| | - Kasturee Chakraborty
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur 741246 India
| | - Archana Tripathi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur 741246 India
| | - Arnab Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune Pune 411008 India
| | - Rituparna Sinha Roy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur 741246 India
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur 741246 India
- Centre for Climate and Environmental Studies, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur 741246 India
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11
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Ghorai SM, Deep A, Magoo D, Gupta C, Gupta N. Cell-Penetrating and Targeted Peptides Delivery Systems as Potential Pharmaceutical Carriers for Enhanced Delivery across the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB). Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1999. [PMID: 37514185 PMCID: PMC10384895 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the challenges to the 21st-century health care industry, one that demands special mention is the transport of drugs/active pharmaceutical agents across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The epithelial-like tight junctions within the brain capillary endothelium hinder the uptake of most pharmaceutical agents. With an aim to understand more deeply the intricacies of cell-penetrating and targeted peptides as a powerful tool for desirable biological activity, we provide a critical review of both CPP and homing/targeted peptides as intracellular drug delivery agents, especially across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Two main peptides have been discussed to understand intracellular drug delivery; first is the cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) for the targeted delivery of compounds of interest (primarily peptides and nucleic acids) and second is the family of homing peptides, which specifically targets cells/tissues based on their overexpression of tumour-specific markers and are thus at the heart of cancer research. These small, amphipathic molecules demonstrate specific physical and chemical modifications aimed at increased ease of cellular internalisation. Because only a limited number of drug molecules can bypass the blood-brain barrier by free diffusion, it is essential to explore all aspects of CPPs that can be exploited for crossing this barrier. Considering siRNAs that can be designed against any target RNA, marking such molecules with high therapeutic potential, we present a synopsis of the studies on synthetic siRNA-based therapeutics using CPPs and homing peptides drugs that can emerge as potential drug-delivery systems as an upcoming requirement in the world of pharma- and nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Mondal Ghorai
- Department of Zoology, Hindu College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Auroni Deep
- Department of Zoology, Hindu College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Devanshi Magoo
- Department of Chemistry, Hindu College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Chetna Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Nikesh Gupta
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53705, USA
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12
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Ramelot TA, Palmer J, Montelione GT, Bhardwaj G. Cell-permeable chameleonic peptides: Exploiting conformational dynamics in de novo cyclic peptide design. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2023; 80:102603. [PMID: 37178478 PMCID: PMC10923192 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2023.102603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-traversing peptides offer opportunities for targeting intracellular proteins and oral delivery. Despite progress in understanding the mechanisms underlying membrane traversal in natural cell-permeable peptides, there are still several challenges to designing membrane-traversing peptides with diverse shapes and sizes. Conformational flexibility appears to be a key determinant of membrane permeability of large macrocycles. We review recent developments in the design and validation of chameleonic cyclic peptides, which can switch between alternative conformations to enable improved permeability through cell membranes, while still maintaining reasonable solubility and exposed polar functional groups for target protein binding. Finally, we discuss the principles, strategies, and practical considerations for rational design, discovery, and validation of permeable chameleonic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa A Ramelot
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Jonathan Palmer
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Gaetano T Montelione
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
| | - Gaurav Bhardwaj
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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13
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Laniel A, Marouseau É, Nguyen DT, Froehlich U, McCartney C, Boudreault PL, Lavoie C. Characterization of PGua 4, a Guanidinium-Rich Peptoid that Delivers IgGs to the Cytosol via Macropinocytosis. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:1577-1590. [PMID: 36781165 PMCID: PMC9997486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the structure-cellular penetration relationship of guanidinium-rich transporters (GRTs), we previously designed PGua4, a five-amino acid peptoid containing a conformationally restricted pattern of eight guanidines, which showed high cell-penetrating abilities and low cell toxicity. Herein, we characterized the cellular uptake selectivity, internalization pathway, and intracellular distribution of PGua4, as well as its capacity to deliver cargo. PGua4 exhibits higher penetration efficiency in HeLa cells than in six other cell lines (A549, Caco-2, fibroblast, HEK293, Mia-PaCa2, and MCF7) and is mainly internalized by clathrin-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis. Confocal microscopy showed that it remained trapped in endosomes at low concentrations but induced pH-dependent endosomal membrane destabilization at concentrations ≥10 μM, allowing its diffusion into the cytoplasm. Importantly, PGua4 significantly enhanced macropinocytosis and the cellular uptake and cytosolic delivery of large IgGs following noncovalent complexation. Therefore, in addition to its peptoid nature conferring high resistance to proteolysis, PGua4 presents characteristics of a promising tool for IgG delivery and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréanne Laniel
- Institut de Pharmacologie
de Sherbrooke, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty
of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université
de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Étienne Marouseau
- Institut de Pharmacologie
de Sherbrooke, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty
of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université
de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Duc Tai Nguyen
- Institut de Pharmacologie
de Sherbrooke, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty
of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université
de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Ulrike Froehlich
- Institut de Pharmacologie
de Sherbrooke, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty
of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université
de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Claire McCartney
- Institut de Pharmacologie
de Sherbrooke, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty
of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université
de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Pierre-Luc Boudreault
- Institut de Pharmacologie
de Sherbrooke, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty
of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université
de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Christine Lavoie
- Institut de Pharmacologie
de Sherbrooke, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty
of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université
de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
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14
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Serulla M, Anees P, Hallaj A, Trofimenko E, Kalia T, Krishnan Y, Widmann C. Plasma membrane depolarization reveals endosomal escape incapacity of cell-penetrating peptides. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 184:116-124. [PMID: 36709921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short (<30 amino acids), generally cationic, peptides that deliver diverse cargos into cells. CPPs access the cytosol either by direct translocation through the plasma membrane or via endocytosis followed by endosomal escape. Both direct translocation and endosomal escape can occur simultaneously, making it non-trivial to specifically study endosomal escape alone. Here we depolarize the plasma membrane and showed that it inhibits the direct translocation of several CPPs but does not affect their uptake into endosomes. Despite good endocytic uptake many CPPs previously considered to access the cytosol via endosomal escape, failed to access the cytosol once direct translocation was abrogated. Even CPPs designed for enhanced endosomal escape actually showed negligible endosomal escape into the cytosol. Our data reveal that cytosolic localization of CPPs occurs mainly by direct translocation across the plasma membrane. Cell depolarization represents a simple manipulation to stringently test the endosomal escape capacity of CPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Serulla
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Palapuravan Anees
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Grossman Institute of Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ali Hallaj
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Evgeniya Trofimenko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tara Kalia
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yamuna Krishnan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Grossman Institute of Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Christian Widmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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15
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Zhang X, Cattoglio C, Zoltek M, Vetralla C, Mozumdar D, Schepartz A. Dose-Dependent Nuclear Delivery and Transcriptional Repression with a Cell-Penetrant MeCP2. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:277-288. [PMID: 36844491 PMCID: PMC9951310 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c01226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of biologic-based therapeutics operate within serum, on the cell surface, or within endocytic vesicles, in large part because proteins and nucleic acids fail to efficiently cross cell or endosomal membranes. The impact of biologic-based therapeutics would expand exponentially if proteins and nucleic acids could reliably evade endosomal degradation, escape endosomal vesicles, and remain functional. Using the cell-permeant mini-protein ZF5.3, here we report the efficient nuclear delivery of functional Methyl-CpG-binding-protein 2 (MeCP2), a transcriptional regulator whose mutation causes Rett syndrome (RTT). We report that ZF-tMeCP2, a conjugate of ZF5.3 and MeCP2(Δaa13-71, 313-484), binds DNA in a methylation-dependent manner in vitro, and reaches the nucleus of model cell lines intact to achieve an average concentration of 700 nM. When delivered to live cells, ZF-tMeCP2 engages the NCoR/SMRT corepressor complex, selectively represses transcription from methylated promoters, and colocalizes with heterochromatin in mouse primary cortical neurons. We also report that efficient nuclear delivery of ZF-tMeCP2 relies on an endosomal escape portal provided by HOPS-dependent endosomal fusion. The Tat conjugate of MeCP2 (Tat-tMeCP2), evaluated for comparison, is degraded within the nucleus, is not selective for methylated promoters, and trafficks in a HOPS-independent manner. These results support the feasibility of a HOPS-dependent portal for delivering functional macromolecules to the cell interior using the cell-penetrant mini-protein ZF5.3. Such a strategy could broaden the impact of multiple families of biologic-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizi Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Claudia Cattoglio
- Department
of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, University of
California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Madeline Zoltek
- Department
of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Carlo Vetralla
- Department
of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, University of
California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Deepto Mozumdar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Alanna Schepartz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- California
Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chan Zuckerberg
Biohub, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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16
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Gouveia MG, Wesseler JP, Ramaekers J, Weder C, Scholten PBV, Bruns N. Polymersome-based protein drug delivery - quo vadis? Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:728-778. [PMID: 36537575 PMCID: PMC9890519 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00106c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Protein-based therapeutics are an attractive alternative to established therapeutic approaches and represent one of the fastest growing families of drugs. While many of these proteins can be delivered using established formulations, the intrinsic sensitivity of proteins to denaturation sometimes calls for a protective carrier to allow administration. Historically, lipid-based self-assembled structures, notably liposomes, have performed this function. After the discovery of polymersome-based targeted drug-delivery systems, which offer manifold advantages over lipid-based structures, the scientific community expected that such systems would take the therapeutic world by storm. However, no polymersome formulations have been commercialised. In this review article, we discuss key obstacles for the sluggish translation of polymersome-based protein nanocarriers into approved pharmaceuticals, which include limitations imparted by the use of non-degradable polymers, the intricacies of polymersome production methods, and the complexity of the in vivo journey of polymersomes across various biological barriers. Considering this complex subject from a polymer chemist's point of view, we highlight key areas that are worthy to explore in order to advance polymersomes to a level at which clinical trials become worthwhile and translation into pharmaceutical and nanomedical applications is realistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micael G Gouveia
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
| | - Justus P Wesseler
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
| | - Jobbe Ramaekers
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Philip B V Scholten
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Nico Bruns
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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17
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Shen F, Zheng G, Setegne M, Tenglin K, Izadi M, Xie H, Zhai L, Orkin SH, Dassama LMK. A Cell-Permeant Nanobody-Based Degrader That Induces Fetal Hemoglobin. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:1695-1703. [PMID: 36589886 PMCID: PMC9801508 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c00998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Proximity-based strategies to degrade proteins have enormous therapeutic potential in medicine, but the technologies are limited to proteins for which small molecule ligands exist. The identification of such ligands for therapeutically relevant but "undruggable" proteins remains challenging. Herein, we employed yeast surface display of synthetic nanobodies to identify a protein ligand selective for BCL11A, a critical repressor of fetal globin gene transcription. Fusion of the nanobody to a cell-permeant miniature protein and an E3 adaptor creates a degrader that depletes cellular BCL11A in differentiated primary erythroid precursor cells, thereby inducing the expression of fetal hemoglobin, a modifier of clinical severity of sickle cell disease and β-thalassemia. Our strategy provides a means of fetal hemoglobin induction through reversible, temporal modulation of BCL11A. Additionally, it establishes a new paradigm for the targeted degradation of previously intractable proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Shen
- Department
of Chemistry and Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ge Zheng
- Dana
Farber Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center
and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department
of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Mekedlawit Setegne
- Department
of Chemistry and Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Karin Tenglin
- Dana
Farber Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center
and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department
of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Manizheh Izadi
- Dana
Farber Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center
and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Henry Xie
- Dana
Farber Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center
and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department
of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Liting Zhai
- Department
of Chemistry and Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Stuart H. Orkin
- Dana
Farber Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center
and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department
of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Laura M. K. Dassama
- Department
of Chemistry and Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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18
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Choi JH, Fremy G, Charnay T, Fayad N, Pécaut J, Erbek S, Hildebrandt N, Martel-Frachet V, Grichine A, Sénèque O. Luminescent Peptide/Lanthanide(III) Complex Conjugates with Push–Pull Antennas: Application to One- and Two-Photon Microscopy Imaging. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:20674-20689. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyung Choi
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, LCBM (UMR 5249), Grenoble F-38000, France
| | - Guillaume Fremy
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, LCBM (UMR 5249), Grenoble F-38000, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM (UMR 5250), Grenoble F-38000, France
| | - Thibault Charnay
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, LCBM (UMR 5249), Grenoble F-38000, France
| | - Nour Fayad
- Laboratoire COBRA (Chimie Organique, Bioorganique, Réactivite et Analyse), UMR 6014, CNRS, Université de Rouen Normandie, INSA, Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex 76821, France
| | - Jacques Pécaut
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, Grenoble F-38000, France
| | - Sule Erbek
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble F-38000, France
- EPHE, PSL Research University, 4-14 Rue Ferrus, Paris 75014, France
| | - Niko Hildebrandt
- Laboratoire COBRA (Chimie Organique, Bioorganique, Réactivite et Analyse), UMR 6014, CNRS, Université de Rouen Normandie, INSA, Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex 76821, France
| | - Véronique Martel-Frachet
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble F-38000, France
- EPHE, PSL Research University, 4-14 Rue Ferrus, Paris 75014, France
| | - Alexei Grichine
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble F-38000, France
| | - Olivier Sénèque
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, LCBM (UMR 5249), Grenoble F-38000, France
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19
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Chen HH, Khatun Z, Wei L, Mekkaoui C, Patel D, Kim SJW, Boukhalfa A, Enoma E, Meng L, Chen YI, Kaikkonen L, Li G, Capen DE, Sahu P, Kumar ATN, Blanton RM, Yuan H, Das S, Josephson L, Sosnovik DE. A nanoparticle probe for the imaging of autophagic flux in live mice via magnetic resonance and near-infrared fluorescence. Nat Biomed Eng 2022; 6:1045-1056. [PMID: 35817962 PMCID: PMC9492651 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-022-00904-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy-the lysosomal degradation of cytoplasmic components via their sequestration into double-membraned autophagosomes-has not been detected non-invasively. Here we show that the flux of autophagosomes can be measured via magnetic resonance imaging or serial near-infrared fluorescence imaging of intravenously injected iron oxide nanoparticles decorated with cathepsin-cleavable arginine-rich peptides functionalized with the near-infrared fluorochrome Cy5.5 (the peptides facilitate the uptake of the nanoparticles by early autophagosomes, and are then cleaved by cathepsins in lysosomes). In the heart tissue of live mice, the nanoparticles enabled quantitative measurements of changes in autophagic flux, upregulated genetically, by ischaemia-reperfusion injury or via starvation, or inhibited via the administration of a chemotherapeutic or the antibiotic bafilomycin. In mice receiving doxorubicin, pre-starvation improved cardiac function and overall survival, suggesting that bursts of increased autophagic flux may have cardioprotective effects during chemotherapy. Autophagy-detecting nanoparticle probes may facilitate the further understanding of the roles of autophagy in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard H Chen
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Zehedina Khatun
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lan Wei
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Choukri Mekkaoui
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dakshesh Patel
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sally Ji Who Kim
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Asma Boukhalfa
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Efosa Enoma
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lin Meng
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yinching I Chen
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leena Kaikkonen
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guoping Li
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diane E Capen
- Program in Membrane Biology and Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Parul Sahu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anand T N Kumar
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert M Blanton
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hushan Yuan
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Saumya Das
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lee Josephson
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David E Sosnovik
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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20
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Negi S, Hamori M, Kawahara-Nakagawa Y, Imanishi M, Kurehara M, Kitada C, Kawahito Y, Kishi K, Manabe T, Kawamura N, Kitagishi H, Mashimo M, Shibata N, Sugiura Y. Importance of two-dimensional cation clusters induced by protein folding in intrinsic intracellular membrane permeability. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:1076-1084. [PMID: 35975000 PMCID: PMC9347356 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00098a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the cell penetration of Sp1 zinc finger proteins (Sp1 ZF) and the mechanism via which the total cationic charge and distribution of cationic residues on the protein surface affect intracellular trafficking. Sp1 ZFs showed intrinsic cell membrane permeability. The intracellular transfer of Sp1 ZFs other than 1F3 was dependent on the total cationic charge. Investigation of the effect of cationic residue distribution on intracellular membrane permeability revealed that the cellular uptake of unfolded Zn2+-non-coordinating Ala mutants was lower than that of the wild type. Therefore, the total cationic charge and distribution of cationic residues on the protein played crucial roles in intracellular translocation. Mutational studies revealed that the two-dimensional cation cluster on the protein surface significantly improved their cellular uptake. This study will contribute to the design of artificial cargoes that can efficiently transport target substances into cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Negi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Doshisha Women's University, Koudo Kyotanabe Kyoto 610-0395 Japan
| | - Mami Hamori
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Doshisha Women's University, Koudo Kyotanabe Kyoto 610-0395 Japan
| | - Yuka Kawahara-Nakagawa
- Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori-cho Ako-gun Hyogo 678-1297 Japan
| | - Miki Imanishi
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Miku Kurehara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Doshisha Women's University, Koudo Kyotanabe Kyoto 610-0395 Japan
| | - Chieri Kitada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Doshisha Women's University, Koudo Kyotanabe Kyoto 610-0395 Japan
| | - Yuri Kawahito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Doshisha Women's University, Koudo Kyotanabe Kyoto 610-0395 Japan
| | - Kanae Kishi
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University 1-2-3 Kasumi Minami-ku Hiroshima 734-8553 Japan
| | - Takayuki Manabe
- Clinical Research Support Center, Asahikawa Medical University Hospital 2-1-1-1 Midorigaokahigashi Asahikawa 078-8510 Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kawamura
- Education Center for Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences 265-1 Higashijima, Akiha-ku Niigata City Niigata 956-8603 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kitagishi
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University Kyotanabe Kyoto 610-0321 Japan
| | - Masato Mashimo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Doshisha Women's University, Koudo Kyotanabe Kyoto 610-0395 Japan
| | - Nobuhito Shibata
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Doshisha Women's University, Koudo Kyotanabe Kyoto 610-0395 Japan
| | - Yukio Sugiura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Doshisha Women's University, Koudo Kyotanabe Kyoto 610-0395 Japan
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21
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Knoll P, Hörmann N, Nguyen Le NM, Wibel R, Gust R, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Charge converting nanostructured lipid carriers containing a cell penetrating peptide for enhanced cellular uptake. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 628:463-475. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.07.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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22
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Mallick AM, Tripathi A, Mishra S, Mukherjee A, Dutta C, Chatterjee A, Sinha Roy R. Emerging Approaches for Enabling RNAi Therapeutics. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200451. [PMID: 35689534 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a primitive evolutionary mechanism developed to escape incorporation of foreign genetic material. siRNA has been instrumental in achieving the therapeutic potential of RNAi by theoretically silencing any gene of interest in a reversible and sequence-specific manner. Extrinsically administered siRNA generally needs a delivery vehicle to span across different physiological barriers and load into the RISC complex in the cytoplasm in its functional form to show its efficacy. This review discusses the designing principles and examples of different classes of delivery vehicles that have proved to be efficient in RNAi therapeutics. We also briefly discuss the role of RNAi therapeutics in genetic and rare diseases, epigenetic modifications, immunomodulation and combination modality to inch closer in creating a personalized therapy for metastatic cancer. At the end, we present, strategies and look into the opportunities to develop efficient delivery vehicles for RNAi which can be translated into clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argha M Mallick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Archana Tripathi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Sukumar Mishra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Asmita Mukherjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Chiranjit Dutta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India.,Present address:Department of Biological Sciences, NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), National University of Singapore (NUS), Block S2 #05-01, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117558, Singapore
| | - Ananya Chatterjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Rituparna Sinha Roy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India.,Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, 741246, Mohanpur, India.,Centre for Climate and Environmental Studies, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, 741246, Mohanpur, India
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23
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Emerging concepts in designing next-generation multifunctional nanomedicine for cancer treatment. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:231373. [PMID: 35638450 PMCID: PMC9272595 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20212051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotherapy has emerged as an improved anticancer therapeutic strategy to circumvent the harmful side effects of chemotherapy. It has been proven to be beneficial to offer multiple advantages, including their capacity to carry different therapeutic agents, longer circulation time and increased therapeutic index with reduced toxicity. Over time, nanotherapy evolved in terms of their designing strategies like geometry, size, composition or chemistry to circumvent the biological barriers. Multifunctional nanoscale materials are widely used as molecular transporter for delivering therapeutics and imaging agents. Nanomedicine involving multi-component chemotherapeutic drug-based combination therapy has been found to be an improved promising approach to increase the efficacy of cancer treatment. Next-generation nanomedicine has also utilized and combined immunotherapy to increase its therapeutic efficacy. It helps in targeting tumor immune response sparing the healthy systemic immune function. In this review, we have summarized the progress of nanotechnology in terms of nanoparticle designing and targeting cancer. We have also discussed its further applications in combination therapy and cancer immunotherapy. Integrating patient-specific proteomics and biomarker based information and harnessing clinically safe nanotechnology, the development of precision nanomedicine could revolutionize the effective cancer therapy.
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24
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Hazeri Y, Samie A, Ramezani M, Alibolandi M, Yaghoobi E, Dehghani S, Zolfaghari R, Khatami F, Zavvar T, Nameghi MA, Abnous K, Taghdisi SM. Dual-targeted delivery of doxorubicin by mesoporous silica nanoparticle coated with AS1411 aptamer and RGDK-R peptide to breast cancer in vitro and in vivo. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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Mollé LM, Smyth CH, Yuen D, Johnston APR. Nanoparticles for vaccine and gene therapy: Overcoming the barriers to nucleic acid delivery. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1809. [PMID: 36416028 PMCID: PMC9786906 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid therapeutics can be used to control virtually every aspect of cell behavior and therefore have significant potential to treat genetic disorders, infectious diseases, and cancer. However, while clinically approved to treat a small number of diseases, the full potential of nucleic acid therapeutics is hampered by inefficient delivery. Nucleic acids are large, highly charged biomolecules that are sensitive to degradation and so the approaches to deliver these molecules differ significantly from traditional small molecule drugs. Current studies suggest less than 1% of the injected nucleic acid dose is delivered to the target cell in an active form. This inefficient delivery increases costs and limits their use to applications where a small amount of nucleic acid is sufficient. In this review, we focus on two of the major barriers to efficient nucleic acid delivery: (1) delivery to the target cell and (2) transport to the subcellular compartment where the nucleic acids are therapeutically active. We explore how nanoparticles can be modified with targeting ligands to increase accumulation in specific cells, and how the composition of the nanoparticle can be engineered to manipulate or disrupt cellular membranes and facilitate delivery to the optimal subcellular compartments. Finally, we highlight how with intelligent material design, nanoparticle delivery systems have been developed to deliver nucleic acids that silence aberrant genes, correct genetic mutations, and act as both therapeutic and prophylactic vaccines. This article is categorized under: Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Cells at the Nanoscale Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Lipid-Based Structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara M. Mollé
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Cameron H. Smyth
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Daniel Yuen
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Angus P. R. Johnston
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
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26
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Horn JM, Obermeyer AC. Genetic and Covalent Protein Modification Strategies to Facilitate Intracellular Delivery. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:4883-4904. [PMID: 34855385 PMCID: PMC9310055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Protein-based therapeutics represent a rapidly growing segment of approved disease treatments. Successful intracellular delivery of proteins is an important precondition for expanded in vivo and in vitro applications of protein therapeutics. Direct modification of proteins and peptides for improved cytosolic translocation are a promising method of increasing delivery efficiency and expanding the viability of intracellular protein therapeutics. In this Review, we present recent advances in both synthetic and genetic protein modifications for intracellular delivery. Active endocytosis-based and passive internalization pathways are discussed, followed by a review of modification methods for improved cytosolic delivery. After establishing how proteins can be modified, general strategies for facilitating intracellular delivery, such as chemical supercharging or inclusion of cell-penetrating motifs, are covered. We then outline protein modifications that promote endosomal escape. We finally examine the delivery of two potential classes of therapeutic proteins, antibodies and associated antibody fragments, and gene editing proteins, such as cas9.
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27
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Synthetic Molecular Evolution of Cell Penetrating Peptides. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2383:73-89. [PMID: 34766283 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1752-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Rational design and optimization of cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) is difficult to accomplish because of the lack of quantitative sequence-structure-function rules describing the activity and because of the complex, poorly understood mechanisms of CPPs. Synthetic molecular evolution is a powerful method to identify gain-of-function cell penetrating peptide variants in this situation. Synthetic molecular evolution requires the design and synthesis of iterative, knowledge-based peptide libraries and the screening of such libraries in complex orthogonal cell-based screens for improved activity. In this chapter, we describe methods for synthesizing powerful combinatorial peptide libraries for synthetic molecular evolution.
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28
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Trofimenko E, Homma Y, Fukuda M, Widmann C. The endocytic pathway taken by cationic substances requires Rab14 but not Rab5 and Rab7. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109945. [PMID: 34731620 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis and endosome dynamics are controlled by proteins of the small GTPase Rab family. Besides possible recycling routes to the plasma membrane and various organelles, previously described endocytic pathways (e.g., clathrin-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, CLIC/GEEC pathway) all appear to funnel the endocytosed material to Rab5-positive early endosomes that then mature into Rab7-positive late endosomes/lysosomes. By studying the uptake of a series of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), we identify an endocytic pathway that moves material to nonacidic Lamp1-positive late endosomes. Trafficking via this endocytic route is fully independent of Rab5 and Rab7 but requires the Rab14 protein. The pathway taken by CPPs differs from the conventional Rab5-dependent endocytosis at the stage of vesicle formation already, as it is not affected by a series of compounds that inhibit macropinocytosis or clathrin-mediated endocytosis. The Rab14-dependent pathway is also used by physiological cationic molecules such as polyamines and homeodomains found in homeoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya Trofimenko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yuta Homma
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Christian Widmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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29
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Yin H, Huang YH, Best SA, Sutherland KD, Craik DJ, Wang CK. An Integrated Molecular Grafting Approach for the Design of Keap1-Targeted Peptide Inhibitors. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:1276-1287. [PMID: 34152716 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Inhibiting the Nrf2:Keap1 interaction to trigger cytoprotective gene expression is a promising treatment strategy for oxidative stress-related diseases. A short linear motif from Nrf2 has the potential to directly inhibit this protein-protein interaction, but poor stability and limited cellular uptake impede its therapeutic development. To address these limitations, we utilized an integrated molecular grafting strategy to re-engineer the Nrf2 motif. We combined the motif with an engineered non-native disulfide bond and a cell-penetrating peptide onto a single multifunctionalizable and ultrastable molecular scaffold, namely, the cyclotide MCoTI-II, resulting in the grafted peptide MCNr-2c. The engineered disulfide bond enhanced the conformational rigidity of the motif, resulting in a nanomolar affinity of MCNr-2c for Keap1. The cell-penetrating peptide led to an improved cellular uptake and increased ability to enhance the intracellular expression of two well-described Nrf2-target genes NQO1 and TALDO1. Furthermore, the stability of the scaffold was inherited by the grafted peptide, which became resistant to proteolysis in serum. Overall, we have provided proof-of-concept for a strategy that enables the encapsulation of multiple desired and complementary activities into a single molecular entity to design a Keap1-targeted inhibitor. We propose that this integrated approach could have broad utility for the design of peptide drug leads that require multiple functions and/or biopharmaceutical properties to elicit a therapeutic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawu Yin
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Yen-Hua Huang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Sarah A. Best
- ACRF Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Kate D. Sutherland
- ACRF Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - David J. Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Conan K. Wang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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30
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Mientkiewicz KM, Peraro L, Kritzer JA. Parallel Screening Using the Chloroalkane Penetration Assay Reveals Structure-Penetration Relationships. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:1184-1190. [PMID: 34224243 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency with which polycationic peptides penetrate the cytosol depends on the number and overall patterning of arginine residues. While general trends and unusually penetrant patterns of arginine residues have been discovered, prior work has not effectively leveraged high-throughput screens to measure cytosolic penetration rather than total cell uptake. In this work, we adapted the chloroalkane penetration assay, which exclusively measures cytosolic penetration, to screen peptide libraries in a high-throughput, quantitative, and automation-ready manner. We demonstrate the usefulness of the screening platform by efficiently exploring how the number, patterning, and stereochemistry of arginine residues affect the cytosolic penetration of a model 10-residue peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaley M. Mientkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155 United States
| | - Leila Peraro
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155 United States
| | - Joshua A. Kritzer
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155 United States
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31
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Unravelling cytosolic delivery of cell penetrating peptides with a quantitative endosomal escape assay. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3721. [PMID: 34140497 PMCID: PMC8211857 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23997-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic transport is an essential requirement but a major obstacle to efficient delivery of therapeutic peptides, proteins and nucleic acids. Current understanding of cytosolic delivery mechanisms remains limited due to a significant number of conflicting reports, which are compounded by low sensitivity and indirect assays. To resolve this, we develop a highly sensitive Split Luciferase Endosomal Escape Quantification (SLEEQ) assay to probe mechanisms of cytosolic delivery. We apply SLEEQ to evaluate the cytosolic delivery of a range of widely studied cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) fused to a model protein. We demonstrate that positively charged CPPs enhance cytosolic delivery as a result of increased non-specific cell membrane association, rather than increased endosomal escape efficiency. These findings transform our current understanding of how CPPs increase cytosolic delivery. SLEEQ is a powerful tool that addresses fundamental questions in intracellular drug delivery and will significantly improve the way materials are engineered to increase therapeutic delivery to the cytosol.
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32
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Knox S, Wissner R, Piszkiewicz S, Schepartz A. Cytosolic Delivery of Argininosuccinate Synthetase Using a Cell-Permeant Miniature Protein. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:641-649. [PMID: 34056094 PMCID: PMC8155463 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Citrullinemia type I (CTLN-I) results from the absence or deficiency of argininosuccinate synthetase (AS), a 46 kDa enzyme that acts in the cytosol of hepatocytes to convert aspartic acid and citrulline into argininosuccinic acid. AS is an essential component of the urea cycle, and its absence or deficiency results in the harmful accumulation of ammonia in blood and cerebrospinal fluid. No disease-modifying treatment of CTLN-I exists. Here we report that the cell-permeant miniature protein (CPMP) ZF5.3 (ZF) can deliver AS to the cytosol of cells in culture and the livers of healthy mice. The fusion protein ZF-AS is catalytically active in vitro, stabilized in plasma, and traffics successfully to the cytosol of cultured Saos-2 and SK-HEP-1 cells, achieving cytosolic concentrations greater than 100 nM. This value is 3-10-fold higher than the concentration of endogenous AS (11 ± 1 to 44 ± 5 nM). When injected into healthy C57BL/6 mice, ZF-AS reaches the mouse liver to establish concentrations almost 200 nM above baseline. These studies demonstrate that ZF5.3 can deliver a complex enzyme to the cytosol at therapeutically relevant concentrations and support its application as an improved delivery vehicle for therapeutic proteins that function in the cytosol, including enzyme replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan
L. Knox
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rebecca Wissner
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Samantha Piszkiewicz
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alanna Schepartz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Molecular and Cell Biology, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- California
Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- E-mail:
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33
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Sánchez-Navarro M. Advances in peptide-mediated cytosolic delivery of proteins. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:187-198. [PMID: 33561452 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The number of protein-based drugs is exponentially increasing. However, development of protein therapeutics against intracellular targets is hampered by the lack of efficient cytosolic delivery strategies. In recent years, the use of cell-penetrating peptides has been proposed as a strategy to promote protein internalization. In this article, we provide the reader with a succinct update on the strategies exploited to enable peptide-mediated cytosolic delivery of proteins. First, we analyse the various methods available for delivery. We then describe the most popular and the in vitro assays designed to assess the intracellular distribution of protein cargo.
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34
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Anson F, Kanjilal P, Thayumanavan S, Hardy JA. Tracking exogenous intracellular casp-3 using split GFP. Protein Sci 2021; 30:366-380. [PMID: 33165988 PMCID: PMC7784757 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic protein delivery promises diverse applications from therapeutics, to genetic modification and precision research tools. To achieve effective cellular and subcellular delivery, approaches that allow protein visualization and accurate localization with greater sensitivity are essential. Fluorescently tagging proteins allows detection, tracking and visualization in cellulo. However, undesired consequences from fluorophores or fluorescent protein tags, such as nonspecific interactions and high background or perturbation to native protein's size and structure, are frequently observed, or more troublingly, overlooked. Distinguishing cytosolically released molecules from those that are endosomally entrapped upon cellular uptake is particularly challenging and is often complicated by the inherent pH-sensitive and hydrophobic properties of the fluorophore. Monitoring localization is more complex in delivery of proteins with inherent protein-modifying activities like proteases, transacetylases, kinases, etc. Proteases are among the toughest cargos due to their inherent propensity for self-proteolysis. To implement a reliable, but functionally silent, tagging technology in a protease, we have developed a caspase-3 variant tagged with the 11th strand of GFP that retains both enzymatic activity and structural characteristics of wild-type caspase-3. Only in the presence of cytosolic GFP strands 1-10 will the tagged caspase-3 generate fluorescence to signal a non-endosomal location. This methodology facilitates easy screening of cytosolic vs. endosomally-entrapped proteins due to low probabilities for false positive results, and further, allows tracking of the resultant cargo's translocation. The development of this tagged casp-3 cytosolic reporter lays the foundation to probe caspase therapeutic properties, charge-property relationships governing successful escape, and the precise number of caspases required for apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Anson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMassachusettsUSA
| | - Pintu Kanjilal
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMassachusettsUSA
| | - S. Thayumanavan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMassachusettsUSA
- The Center for Bioactive Delivery at the Institute for Applied Life SciencesUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jeanne A. Hardy
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMassachusettsUSA
- The Center for Bioactive Delivery at the Institute for Applied Life SciencesUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMassachusettsUSA
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35
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Kim GC, Cheon DH, Lee Y. Challenge to overcome current limitations of cell-penetrating peptides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2021; 1869:140604. [PMID: 33453413 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2021.140604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The penetration of biological membranes is a prime obstacle for the delivery of pharmaceutical drugs. Cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) is an efficient vehicle that can deliver various cargos across the biological membranes. Since the discovery, CPPs have been rigorously studied to unveil the underlying penetrating mechanism as well as to exploit CPPs for various biomedical applications. This review will focus on the various strategies to overcome current limitations regarding stability, selectivity, and efficacy of CPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu Chan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hee Cheon
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Yan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
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36
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Sahni A, Qian Z, Pei D. Cell-Penetrating Peptides Escape the Endosome by Inducing Vesicle Budding and Collapse. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:2485-2492. [PMID: 32786250 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are capable of delivering membrane-impermeable cargoes (including small molecules, peptides, proteins, nucleic acids, and nanoparticles) into the cytosol of mammalian cells and have the potential to revolutionize biomedical research and drug discovery. However, the mechanism of action of CPPs has remained poorly understood, especially how they escape from the endosome into the cytosol following endocytic uptake. We show herein that CPPs exit the endosome by inducing budding and collapse of CPP-enriched vesicles from the endosomal membrane. This mechanism provides a theoretical basis for designing CPPs and other delivery vehicles of improved efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashweta Sahni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Ziqing Qian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Dehua Pei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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37
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Futaki S, Arafiles JVV, Hirose H. Peptide-assisted Intracellular Delivery of Biomacromolecules. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiroh Futaki
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | | | - Hisaaki Hirose
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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38
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Yoo DY, Barros SA, Brown GC, Rabot C, Bar-Sagi D, Arora PS. Macropinocytosis as a Key Determinant of Peptidomimetic Uptake in Cancer Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:14461-14471. [PMID: 32786217 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Peptides and peptidomimetics represent the middle space between small molecules and large proteins-they retain the relatively small size and synthetic accessibility of small molecules while providing high binding specificity for biomolecular partners typically observed with proteins. During the course of our efforts to target intracellular protein-protein interactions in cancer, we observed that the cellular uptake of peptides is critically determined by the cell line-specifically, we noted that peptides show better uptake in cancer cells with enhanced macropinocytic indices. Here, we describe the results of our analysis of cellular penetration by different classes of conformationally stabilized peptides. We tested the uptake of linear peptides, peptide macrocycles, stabilized helices, β-hairpin peptides, and cross-linked helix dimers in 11 different cell lines. Efficient uptake of these conformationally defined constructs directly correlated with the macropinocytic activity of each cell line: high uptake of compounds was observed in cells with mutations in certain signaling pathways. Significantly, the study shows that constrained peptides follow the same uptake mechanism as proteins in macropinocytic cells, but unlike proteins, peptide mimics can be readily designed to resist denaturation and proteolytic degradation. Our findings expand the current understanding of cellular uptake in cancer cells by designed peptidomimetics and suggest that cancer cells with certain mutations are suitable mediums for the study of biological pathways with peptide leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Y Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Stephanie A Barros
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Gordon C Brown
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Christian Rabot
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Dafna Bar-Sagi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Paramjit S Arora
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
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Brock DJ, Kondow-McConaghy H, Allen J, Brkljača Z, Kustigian L, Jiang M, Zhang J, Rye H, Vazdar M, Pellois JP. Mechanism of Cell Penetration by Permeabilization of Late Endosomes: Interplay between a Multivalent TAT Peptide and Bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:1296-1307.e5. [PMID: 32783962 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many cellular delivery reagents enter the cytosolic space of cells by escaping the lumen of endocytic organelles and, more specifically, late endosomes. The mechanisms involved in endosomal membrane permeation remain largely unresolved, which impedes the improvement of delivery agents. Here, we investigate how 3TAT, a branched analog of the cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) TAT, achieves the permeabilization of bilayers containing bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP), a lipid found in late endosomes. We establish that the peptide does not induce the leakage of individual lipid bilayers. Instead, leakage requires contact between membranes. Peptide-driven bilayer contacts lead to fusion, lipid mixing, and, critically, peptide encapsulation within proximal bilayers. Notably, this encapsulation is a distinctive property of BMP that explains the specificity of CPP's membrane leakage activity. These results therefore support a model of cell penetration that requires both BMP and the vicinity between bilayers, two features unique to BMP-rich and multivesicular late endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakota J Brock
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, Biochemistry and Biophysics Building, Room 430, 300 Olsen Boulevard, College Station, TX 77843-2128, USA
| | - Helena Kondow-McConaghy
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, Biochemistry and Biophysics Building, Room 430, 300 Olsen Boulevard, College Station, TX 77843-2128, USA
| | - Jason Allen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, Biochemistry and Biophysics Building, Room 430, 300 Olsen Boulevard, College Station, TX 77843-2128, USA
| | - Zlatko Brkljača
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lauren Kustigian
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, Biochemistry and Biophysics Building, Room 430, 300 Olsen Boulevard, College Station, TX 77843-2128, USA
| | - Mengqiu Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, Biochemistry and Biophysics Building, Room 430, 300 Olsen Boulevard, College Station, TX 77843-2128, USA
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, Biochemistry and Biophysics Building, Room 430, 300 Olsen Boulevard, College Station, TX 77843-2128, USA
| | - Hays Rye
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, Biochemistry and Biophysics Building, Room 430, 300 Olsen Boulevard, College Station, TX 77843-2128, USA
| | - Mario Vazdar
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jean-Philippe Pellois
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, Biochemistry and Biophysics Building, Room 430, 300 Olsen Boulevard, College Station, TX 77843-2128, USA; Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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40
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Knox SL, Steinauer A, Alpha-Cobb G, Trexler A, Rhoades E, Schepartz A. Quantification of protein delivery in live cells using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Methods Enzymol 2020; 641:477-505. [PMID: 32713536 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is a quantitative single-molecule method that measures the concentration and rate of diffusion of fluorophore-tagged molecules, both large and small, in vitro and within live cells, and even within discrete cellular compartments. FCS is exceptionally well-suited to directly quantify the efficiency of intracellular protein delivery-specifically, how well different "cell-penetrating" proteins and peptides guide proteinaceous materials into the cytosol and nuclei of live mammalian cells. This article provides an overview of the procedures necessary to execute robust FCS experiments and evaluate endosomal escape efficiencies: preparation of fluorophore-tagged proteins, incubation with mammalian cells and preparation of FCS samples, setup and execution of an FCS experiment, and a detailed discussion of and custom MATLAB® script for analyzing the resulting autocorrelation curves in the context of appropriate diffusion models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Knox
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Angela Steinauer
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Garrett Alpha-Cobb
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Adam Trexler
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Elizabeth Rhoades
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alanna Schepartz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States.
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Komin A, Bogorad MI, Lin R, Cui H, Searson PC, Hristova K. A peptide for transcellular cargo delivery: Structure-function relationship and mechanism of action. J Control Release 2020; 324:633-643. [PMID: 32474121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The rate of transport of small molecule drugs across biological barriers, such as the blood-brain barrier, is often a limiting factor in achieving a therapeutic dose. One proposed strategy to enhance delivery across endothelial or epithelial monolayers is conjugation to cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs); however, very little is known about the design of CPPs for efficient transcellular transport. Here, we report on transcellular transport of a CPP, designated the CL peptide, that increases the delivery of small-molecule cargoes across model epithelium approximately 10-fold. The CL peptide contains a helix-like motif and a polyarginine tail. We investigated the effect of cargo, helix-like motif sequence, polyarginine tail length, and peptide stereochemistry on cargo delivery. We showed that there is an optimal helix-like motif sequence (RLLRLLR) and polyarginine tail length (R7) for cargo delivery. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the peptide-cargo conjugate is cleaved by cells in the epithelium at the site of a two-amino acid linker. The cleavage releases the cargo with the N-terminal linker amino acid from the peptide prior to transport out of the epithelium. These studies provide new insight into the sequence requirements for developing novel CPPs for transcellular delivery of cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Komin
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Maxim I Bogorad
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Ran Lin
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Honggang Cui
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Peter C Searson
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Kalina Hristova
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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42
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Nadal‐Bufí F, Henriques ST. How to overcome endosomal entrapment of cell‐penetrating peptides to release the therapeutic potential of peptides? Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Nadal‐Bufí
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology Translational Research Institute Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Sónia Troeira Henriques
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology Translational Research Institute Brisbane Queensland Australia
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Deprey K, Kritzer JA. Quantitative measurement of cytosolic penetration using the chloroalkane penetration assay. Methods Enzymol 2020; 641:277-309. [PMID: 32713526 PMCID: PMC7872221 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A major barrier for drug development is ensuring molecules can access intracellular targets. This is especially true for biomolecules, which are notoriously difficult to deliver to the cytosol. Many current methods for measuring the internalization of therapeutic biomolecules are largely indirect and qualitative, and they do not offer information about subcellular localization. We recently reported a new assay, called the ChloroAlkane Penetration Assay (CAPA), that addresses some of the drawbacks of existing methods. CAPA is high-throughput, quantitative, and compartment-specific, and can be used to monitor cytosolic penetration over time and under a variety of culture conditions. We have used CAPA to investigate the cytosolic localization of peptides, proteins, and oligonucleotides. In this chapter, we discuss the materials, protocols, and troubleshooting necessary to perform CAPA and appropriately analyze the data. We end with a discussion about the applications and limitations of CAPA, and we speculate on the potential of the assay and its variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Deprey
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Joshua A Kritzer
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States.
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Crook ZR, Nairn NW, Olson JM. Miniproteins as a Powerful Modality in Drug Development. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 45:332-346. [PMID: 32014389 PMCID: PMC7197703 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Miniproteins are a diverse group of protein scaffolds characterized by small (1-10 kDa) size, stability, and versatility in drug-like roles. Coming largely from native sources, they have been widely adopted into drug development pipelines. While their structures and capabilities are diverse, the approaches to their utilization share more similarities with each other than with more widely used modalities (e.g., antibodies or small molecules). In this review, we highlight recent advances in miniprotein-based approaches to otherwise poorly addressed clinical needs, including structure-based and functional characterization. We also summarize their unique screening strategies and pharmacology considerations. Through a greater understanding of the unique properties that make them attractive for drug design, miniproteins can be effectively utilized against targets that are intractable by other approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Crook
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N., Room D4-100, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Natalie W Nairn
- Blaze Bioscience, Inc, 530 Fairview Ave N., Suite 1400, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - James M Olson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N., Room D4-100, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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45
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Cell-Penetrating Peptides Enhance the Activity of Human Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 by Prolonging the Retention Time: A New Vision for Drug-Delivery Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020442. [PMID: 32284513 PMCID: PMC7013552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are defined by their ability to deliver cargo into cells and have been studied and developed as a promising drug-delivery system (DDS). However, the issue of whether the CPPs that have already entered the cells can be re-released or reused has not been studied. The purpose of this research was to construct CPP-conjugated human fibroblast growth factor 2 (hFGF2) and investigate whether they can be re-released from the cell membrane for reuse. This study combined hFGF2 with Tat or Ara27, a newly developed CPP derived from the zinc knuckle (CCHC-type) family protein of Arabidopsis. Human dermal fibroblast (HDF) was treated with Tat-conjugated hFGF2 (tFGF2) and Ara27-conjugated hFGF2 (NR-FGF2) for both long and short durations, and the effects on cell growth were compared. Furthermore, tFGF2 and NR-FGF2 re-released from the cells were quantified and the effects were evaluated by culturing HDF in a conditioned medium. Interestingly, the proliferation of HDF increased only when NR-FGF2 was treated for 1 h in endocytosis-independent manner. After 1 h, NR-FGF2 was significantly re-released, reaching a maximum concentration at 5 h. Furthermore, increased proliferation of HDF cultured in the conditioned medium containing re-released NR-FGF2 was discovered. While previous studies have focused on the delivery of cargo and its associated applications, this study has revealed that combinations of superior CPPs and therapeutics can be expected to prolong both the retention time and the cell-penetrating capacity, even in the presence of external factors. Therefore, CPPs can be applied in the context of topical drugs and cosmetics as a new DDS approach.
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Abstract
Approximately 75% of all disease-relevant human proteins, including those involved in intracellular protein-protein interactions (PPIs), are undruggable with the current drug modalities (i.e., small molecules and biologics). Macrocyclic peptides provide a potential solution to these undruggable targets because their larger sizes (relative to conventional small molecules) endow them the capability of binding to flat PPI interfaces with antibody-like affinity and specificity. Powerful combinatorial library technologies have been developed to routinely identify cyclic peptides as potent, specific inhibitors against proteins including PPI targets. However, with the exception of a very small set of sequences, the vast majority of cyclic peptides are impermeable to the cell membrane, preventing their application against intracellular targets. This Review examines common structural features that render most cyclic peptides membrane impermeable, as well as the unique features that allow the minority of sequences to enter the cell interior by passive diffusion, endocytosis/endosomal escape, or other mechanisms. We also present the current state of knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of cell penetration, the various strategies for designing cell-permeable, biologically active cyclic peptides against intracellular targets, and the assay methods available to quantify their cell-permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G. Dougherty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12 Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Ashweta Sahni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12 Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Dehua Pei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12 Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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47
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Safa N, Anderson JC, Vaithiyanathan M, Pettigrew JH, Pappas GA, Liu D, Gauthier TJ, Melvin AT. CPProtectides: Rapid uptake of well-folded β-hairpin peptides with enhanced resistance to intracellular degradation. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2019; 111. [PMID: 31276085 DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) have emerged as powerful tools for delivering bioactive cargoes, such as biosensors or drugs to intact cells. One limitation of CPPs is their rapid degradation by intracellular proteases. β-hairpin "protectides" have previously been demonstrated to be long-lived under cytosolic conditions due to their secondary structure. The goal of this work was to demonstrate that arginine-rich β-hairpin peptides function as both protectides and as CPPs. Peptides exhibiting a β-hairpin motif were found to be rapidly internalized into cells with their uptake efficiency dependent on the number of arginine residues in the sequence. Cellular internalization of the β-hairpin peptides was compared to unstructured, scrambled sequences and to commercially available, arginine-rich CPPs. The unstructured peptides displayed greater uptake kinetics compared to the structured β-hairpin sequences; however, intracellular stability studies revealed that the β-hairpin peptides exhibited superior stability under cytosolic conditions with a 16-fold increase in peptide half-life. This study identifies a new class of long-lived CPPs that can overcome the stability limitations of peptide-based reporters or bioactive delivery mechanisms in intact cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Safa
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Jeffery C Anderson
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | | | - Jacob H Pettigrew
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Gavin A Pappas
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Dong Liu
- LSU AgCenter Biotechnology Lab, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Ted J Gauthier
- LSU AgCenter Biotechnology Lab, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Adam T Melvin
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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48
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Abstract
Membrane permeabilizing peptides (MPPs) are as ubiquitous as the lipid bilayer membranes they act upon. Produced by all forms of life, most membrane permeabilizing peptides are used offensively or defensively against the membranes of other organisms. Just as nature has found many uses for them, translational scientists have worked for decades to design or optimize membrane permeabilizing peptides for applications in the laboratory and in the clinic ranging from antibacterial and antiviral therapy and prophylaxis to anticancer therapeutics and drug delivery. Here, we review the field of membrane permeabilizing peptides. We discuss the diversity of their sources and structures, the systems and methods used to measure their activities, and the behaviors that are observed. We discuss the fact that "mechanism" is not a discrete or a static entity for an MPP but rather the result of a heterogeneous and dynamic ensemble of structural states that vary in response to many different experimental conditions. This has led to an almost complete lack of discrete three-dimensional active structures among the thousands of known MPPs and a lack of useful or predictive sequence-structure-function relationship rules. Ultimately, we discuss how it may be more useful to think of membrane permeabilizing peptides mechanisms as broad regions of a mechanistic landscape rather than discrete molecular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Guha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans , Louisiana 70112 , United States
| | - Jenisha Ghimire
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans , Louisiana 70112 , United States
| | - Eric Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans , Louisiana 70112 , United States
| | - William C Wimley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans , Louisiana 70112 , United States
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49
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Gallego I, Rioboo A, Reina JJ, Díaz B, Canales Á, Cañada FJ, Guerra‐Varela J, Sánchez L, Montenegro J. Glycosylated Cell‐Penetrating Peptides (GCPPs). Chembiochem 2019; 20:1400-1409. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iván Gallego
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e, Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS)Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela Campus Vida 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Alicia Rioboo
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e, Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS)Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela Campus Vida 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - José J. Reina
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e, Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS)Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela Campus Vida 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Bernardo Díaz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB) del CSIC C/Ramiro de Maetzu 9, CP 28040 Madrid Spain
- Departamento de Biología Estructural y QuímicaFac. Ciencias Químicas Univ. Complutense de Madrid Avd/ Complutense s/n, CP Madrid Spain
| | - Ángeles Canales
- Departamento de Biología Estructural y QuímicaFac. Ciencias Químicas Univ. Complutense de Madrid Avd/ Complutense s/n, CP Madrid Spain
| | - F. Javier Cañada
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB) del CSIC C/Ramiro de Maetzu 9, CP 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Jorge Guerra‐Varela
- Departamento de Zooloxía, Xenética e Antropoloxía FísicaFacultade de Veterinaria Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 27002 Lugo Spain
| | - Laura Sánchez
- Departamento de Zooloxía, Xenética e Antropoloxía FísicaFacultade de Veterinaria Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 27002 Lugo Spain
| | - Javier Montenegro
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e, Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS)Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela Campus Vida 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
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50
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Akishiba M, Futaki S. Inducible Membrane Permeabilization by Attenuated Lytic Peptides: A New Concept for Accessing Cell Interiors through Ruffled Membranes. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:2540-2548. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Misao Akishiba
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shiroh Futaki
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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