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Muoio D, Laspata N, Dannenberg RL, Curry C, Darkoa-Larbi S, Hedglin M, Uttam S, Fouquerel E. PARP2 promotes Break Induced Replication-mediated telomere fragility in response to replication stress. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2857. [PMID: 38565848 PMCID: PMC10987537 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47222-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
PARP2 is a DNA-dependent ADP-ribosyl transferase (ARTs) enzyme with Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation activity that is triggered by DNA breaks. It plays a role in the Base Excision Repair pathway, where it has overlapping functions with PARP1. However, additional roles for PARP2 have emerged in the response of cells to replication stress. In this study, we demonstrate that PARP2 promotes replication stress-induced telomere fragility and prevents telomere loss following chronic induction of oxidative DNA lesions and BLM helicase depletion. Telomere fragility results from the activity of the break-induced replication pathway (BIR). During this process, PARP2 promotes DNA end resection, strand invasion and BIR-dependent mitotic DNA synthesis by orchestrating POLD3 recruitment and activity. Our study has identified a role for PARP2 in the response to replication stress. This finding may lead to the development of therapeutic approaches that target DNA-dependent ART enzymes, particularly in cancer cells with high levels of replication stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Muoio
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Natalie Laspata
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233S. 10th street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Rachel L Dannenberg
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University park, State College, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Caroline Curry
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233S. 10th street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Simone Darkoa-Larbi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233S. 10th street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Mark Hedglin
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University park, State College, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Shikhar Uttam
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Elise Fouquerel
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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2
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Tire B, Talibova G, Ozturk S. The crosstalk between telomeres and DNA repair mechanisms: an overview to mammalian somatic cells, germ cells, and preimplantation embryos. J Assist Reprod Genet 2024; 41:277-291. [PMID: 38165506 PMCID: PMC10894803 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-023-03008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are located at the ends of linear chromosomes and play a critical role in maintaining genomic stability by preventing premature activation of DNA repair mechanisms. Because of exposure to various genotoxic agents, telomeres can undergo shortening and genetic changes. In mammalian cells, the basic DNA repair mechanisms, including base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, double-strand break repair, and mismatch repair, function in repairing potential damages in telomeres. If these damages are not repaired correctly in time, the unfavorable results such as apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and cancerous transition may occur. During lifespan, mammalian somatic cells, male and female germ cells, and preimplantation embryos experience a number of telomeric damages. Herein, we comprehensively reviewed the crosstalk between telomeres and the DNA repair mechanisms in the somatic cells, germ cells, and embryos. Infertility development resulting from possible defects in this crosstalk is also discussed in the light of existing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul Tire
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Campus, 07070, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Gunel Talibova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Campus, 07070, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Saffet Ozturk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Campus, 07070, Antalya, Turkey.
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3
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Sutterlüty H, Bargl M, Holzmann K. Quantifying telomere transcripts as tool to improve risk assessment for genetic instability and genotoxicity. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2023; 891:503690. [PMID: 37770147 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2023.503690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Telomere repeat-containing RNAs (TERRA) are transcribed from telomeres as long non-coding RNAs and are part of the telomere structure with protective function. The genetic stability of cells requires telomeric repeats at the ends of chromosomes. Maintenance of telomere length (TL) is essential for proliferative capacity and chromosomal integrity. In contrast, telomere shortening is a recognized risk factor for carcinogenesis and a biomarker of aging due to the cumulative effects of environmental exposures and life experiences such as trauma or stress. In this context, telomere repeats are lost due to cell proliferation, but are also susceptible to stress factors including reactive oxygen species (ROS) inducing oxidative base damage. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) of genomic DNA is an established method to analyze TL as a tool to detect genotoxic events. That same qPCR method can be applied to RNA converted into cDNA to quantify TERRA as a useful tool to perform high-throughput screenings. This short review summarizes relevant qPCR studies using both TL and TERRA quantification, provides an overall view of the molecular mechanisms of telomere protection against ROS by TERRA, and summarizes the presented studies comparing the results at DNA and RNA levels, which indicate that fluctuations at transcript level might reflect a short-term response. Therefore, we conclude that performing both of these measurements together will improve genotoxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedwig Sutterlüty
- Center for Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian Bargl
- Center for Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Holzmann
- Center for Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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4
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Flor-Alemany M, Acosta-Manzano P, Migueles JH, Varela-López A, Baena-García L, Quiles JL, Aparicio VA. Influence of an exercise intervention plus an optimal Mediterranean diet adherence during pregnancy on the telomere length of the placenta. The GESTAFIT project. Placenta 2023; 136:42-45. [PMID: 37031574 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate whether the effects of exercise on placental relative telomere length (RTL) after delivery are modulated by the Mediterranean diet [MD] adherence in 65 pregnant women (control n = 34, exercise n = 31). No differences were found in placental RTL between the exercise and the control groups (p = 0.557). The interaction-term between exercise and MD adherence with placental RTL was significant (p = 0.001). Specifically, women in the exercise group showed longer placental RTL after birth compared to controls (referent group), only for those women with a high MD adherence (mean difference = 0.467, p=0.010). A concurrent-exercise training plus an optimal MD adherence during pregnancy might prevent the placental RTL shortening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Flor-Alemany
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology and Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Sport and Health University Research Centre, University of Granada, Spain.
| | - Pedro Acosta-Manzano
- Sport and Health University Research Centre, University of Granada, Spain; Physical Activity for Health Promotion, CTS-1018 Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Austria
| | - Jairo H Migueles
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden; PROFITH "Promoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alfonso Varela-López
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology and Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Laura Baena-García
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, IBS, Granada, Spain
| | - José L Quiles
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology and Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Virginia A Aparicio
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology and Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Sport and Health University Research Centre, University of Granada, Spain
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5
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Liu S, Nong W, Ji L, Zhuge X, Wei H, Luo M, Zhou L, Chen S, Zhang S, Lei X, Huang H. The regulatory feedback of inflammatory signaling and telomere/telomerase complex dysfunction in chronic inflammatory diseases. Exp Gerontol 2023; 174:112132. [PMID: 36849001 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is believed to play a role in the progression of numerous human diseases. Research has shown that inflammation and telomeres are involved in a feedback regulatory loop: inflammation increases the rate of telomere attrition, leading to telomere dysfunction, while telomere components also participate in regulating the inflammatory response. However, the specific mechanism behind this feedback loop between inflammatory signaling and telomere/telomerase complex dysfunction has yet to be fully understood. This review presents the latest findings on this topic, with a particular focus on the detailed regulation and molecular mechanisms involved in the progression of aging, various chronic inflammatory diseases, cancers, and different stressors. Several feedback loops between inflammatory signaling and telomere/telomerase complex dysfunction, including NF-κB-TERT feedback, NF-κB-RAP1 feedback, NF-κB-TERC feedback, STAT3-TERT feedback, and p38 MAPK-shelterin complex-related gene feedback, are summarized. Understanding the latest discoveries of this feedback regulatory loop can help identify novel potential drug targets for the suppression of various inflammation-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Liu
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Weihua Nong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533300, China
| | - Lin Ji
- Reproductive Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021 Nanning, China
| | - Xiuhong Zhuge
- Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, China
| | - Huimei Wei
- Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, China
| | - Min Luo
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Leguang Zhou
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Shenghua Chen
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
| | - Shun Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, China.
| | - Xiaocan Lei
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
| | - Hua Huang
- Reproductive Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021 Nanning, China.
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6
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Telomere Attrition in Chronic Kidney Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030579. [PMID: 36978826 PMCID: PMC10045531 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are dynamic DNA nucleoprotein structures located at the end of chromosomes where they maintain genomic stability. Due to the end replication problem, telomeres shorten with each cell division. Critically short telomeres trigger cellular senescence, which contributes to various degenerative and age-related diseases, including chronic kidney diseases (CKDs). Additionally, other factors such as oxidative stress may also contribute to accelerated telomere shortening. Indeed, telomeres are highly susceptible to oxidative damage due to their high guanine content. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of studies examining telomere length (TL) in CKDs to highlight the association between TL and the development and progression of CKDs in humans. We then focus on studies investigating TL in patients receiving kidney replacement therapy. The mechanisms of the relationship between TL and CKD are not fully understood, but a shorter TL has been associated with decreased kidney function and the progression of nephropathy. Interestingly, telomere lengthening has been observed in some patients in longitudinal studies. Hemodialysis has been shown to accelerate telomere erosion, whereas the uremic milieu is not reversed even in kidney transplantation patients. Overall, this review aims to provide insights into the biological significance of telomere attrition in the pathophysiology of kidney disease, which may contribute to the development of new strategies for the management of patients with CKDs.
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Chowdhury SG, Misra S, Karmakar P. Understanding the Impact of Obesity on Ageing in the Radiance of DNA Metabolism. J Nutr Health Aging 2023; 27:314-328. [PMID: 37248755 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-023-1912-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ageing is a multi-factorial phenomenon which is considered as a major risk factor for the development of neurodegeneration, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, dementia, cancer, and other chronic diseases. Phenotypically, ageing is related with a combination of molecular, cellular, and physiological levels like genomic and epi-genomic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulation of cellular and subcellular function and mitochondrial dysfunction. Though, no single molecular mechanism accounts for the functional decline of different organ systems in older humans but accumulation of DNA damage or mutations is a dominant theory which contributes largely to the development of ageing and age-related diseases. However, mechanistic, and hierarchical order of these features of ageing has not been clarified yet. Scientific community now focus on the effect of obesity on accelerated ageing process. Obesity is a complex chronic disease that affects multiple organs and tissues. It can not only lead to various health conditions such as diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease but also can decrease life expectancy which shows similar phenotype of ageing. Higher loads of DNA damage were also observed in the genome of obese people. Thus, inability of DNA damage repair may contribute to both ageing and obesity apart from cancer predisposition. The present review emphasizes on the involvement of molecular phenomenon of DNA metabolism in development of obesity and how it accelerates ageing in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Chowdhury
- Parimal Karmakar, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, India.
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8
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OGG1 in the Kidney: Beyond Base Excision Repair. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5774641. [PMID: 36620083 PMCID: PMC9822757 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5774641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
8-Oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) is a repair protein for 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) in eukaryotic atopic DNA. Through the initial base excision repair (BER) pathway, 8-oxoG is recognized and excised, and subsequently, other proteins are recruited to complete the repair. OGG1 is primarily located in the cytoplasm and can enter the nucleus and mitochondria to repair damaged DNA or to exert epigenetic regulation of gene transcription. OGG1 is involved in a wide range of physiological processes, such as DNA repair, oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, and autophagy. In recent years, studies have found that OGG1 plays an important role in the progression of kidney diseases through repairing DNA, inducing inflammation, regulating autophagy and other transcriptional regulation, and governing protein interactions and functions during disease and injury. In particular, the epigenetic effects of OGG1 in kidney disease have gradually attracted widespread attention. This study reviews the structure and biological functions of OGG1 and the regulatory mechanism of OGG1 in kidney disease. In addition, the possibility of OGG1 as a potential therapeutic target in kidney disease is discussed.
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9
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Telomere Length Is Correlated with Resting Metabolic Rate and Aerobic Capacity in Women: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113336. [PMID: 36362129 PMCID: PMC9654753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the associations between relative telomere length (RTL) and resting metabolic rate (RMR), resting fat oxidation (RFO), and aerobic capacity and whether oxidative stress and inflammation are the underlying mechanisms in sedentary women. We also aimed to determine whether the correlations depend on age and obesity. Sixty-eight normal weight and 66 obese women participated in this study. After adjustment for age, energy expenditure, energy intake, and education level, the RTL of all participants was negatively correlated with absolute RMR (RMRAB) and serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) concentration, and positively correlated with maximum oxygen consumption (V˙O2max) (all p < 0.05). After additional adjustment for adiposity indices and fat-free mass (FFM), RTL was positively correlated with plasma vitamin C concentration (p < 0.05). Furthermore, after adjustment for fasting blood glucose concentration, RTL was negatively correlated with age and positively correlated with V˙O2max (mL/kg FFM/min). We found that normal weight women had longer RTL than obese women (p < 0.001). We suggest that RTL is negatively correlated with RMRAB and positively correlated with aerobic capacity, possibly via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Furthermore, age and obesity influenced the associations. We provide useful information for the management of promotion strategies for health-related physical fitness in women.
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Precioso M, Molina-Morales M, Dawson DA, Burke TA, Martínez JG. Effects of long-term ethanol storage of blood samples on the estimation of telomere length. Evol Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-022-10198-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTelomeres, DNA structures located at the end of eukaryotic chromosomes, shorten with each cellular cycle. The shortening rate is affected by factors associated with stress, and, thus telomere length has been used as a biomarker of ageing, disease, and different life history trade-offs. Telomere research has received much attention in the last decades, however there is still a wide variety of factors that may affect telomere measurements and to date no study has thoroughly evaluated the possible long-term effect of a storage medium on telomere measurements. In this study we evaluated the long-term effects of ethanol on relative telomere length (RTL) measured by qPCR, using blood samples of magpies collected over twelve years and stored in absolute ethanol at room temperature. We firstly tested whether storage time had an effect on RTL and secondly we modelled the effect of time of storage (from 1 to 12 years) in differences in RTL from DNA extracted twice in consecutive years from the same blood sample. We also tested whether individual amplification efficiencies were influenced by storage time, and whether this could affect our results. Our study provides evidence of an effect of storage time on telomere length measurements. Importantly, this effect shows a pattern of decreasing loss of telomere sequence with storage time that stops after approximate 4 years of storage, which suggests that telomeres may degrade in blood samples stored in ethanol. Our method to quantify the effect of storage time could be used to evaluate other storage buffers and methods. Our results highlight the need to evaluate the long-term effects of storage on telomere measurements, particularly in long-term studies.
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11
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Chandley MJ, Szebeni A, Szebeni K, Wang-Heaton H, Garst J, Stockmeier CA, Lewis NH, Ordway GA. Markers of elevated oxidative stress in oligodendrocytes captured from the brainstem and occipital cortex in major depressive disorder and suicide. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 117:110559. [PMID: 35452747 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) and suicide have been associated with elevated indices of oxidative damage in the brain, as well as white matter pathology including reduced myelination by oligodendrocytes. Oligodendrocytes highly populate white matter and are inherently susceptible to oxidative damage. Pathology of white matter oligodendrocytes has been reported to occur in brain regions that process behaviors that are disrupted in MDD and that may contribute to suicidal behavior. The present study was designed to determine whether oligodendrocyte pathology related to oxidative damage extends to brain areas outside of those that are traditionally considered to contribute to the psychopathology of MDD and suicide. Relative telomere lengths and the gene expression of five antioxidant-related genes, SOD1, SOD2, GPX1, CAT, and AGPS were measured in oligodendrocytes laser captured from two non-limbic brain areas: occipital cortical white matter and the brainstem locus coeruleus. Postmortem brain tissues were obtained from brain donors that died by suicide and had an active MDD at the time of death, and from psychiatrically normal control donors. Relative telomere lengths were significantly reduced in oligodendrocytes of both brain regions in MDD donors as compared to control donors. Three antioxidant-related genes (SOD1, SOD2, GPX1) were significantly reduced and one was significantly elevated (AGPS) in oligodendrocytes from both brain regions in MDD as compared to control donors. These findings suggest that oligodendrocyte pathology in MDD and suicide is widespread in the brain and not restricted to brain areas commonly associated with depression psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J Chandley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States of America.
| | - Attila Szebeni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States of America
| | - Katalin Szebeni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States of America
| | - Hui Wang-Heaton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States of America
| | - Jacob Garst
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States of America
| | - Craig A Stockmeier
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States of America
| | - Nicole H Lewis
- Department of Medical Education, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States of America
| | - Gregory A Ordway
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States of America
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12
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Jîtcă G, Ősz BE, Tero-Vescan A, Miklos AP, Rusz CM, Bătrînu MG, Vari CE. Positive Aspects of Oxidative Stress at Different Levels of the Human Body: A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030572. [PMID: 35326222 PMCID: PMC8944834 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is the subject of numerous studies, most of them focusing on the negative effects exerted at both molecular and cellular levels, ignoring the possible benefits of free radicals. More and more people admit to having heard of the term "oxidative stress", but few of them understand the meaning of it. We summarized and analyzed the published literature data in order to emphasize the importance and adaptation mechanisms of basal oxidative stress. This review aims to provide an overview of the mechanisms underlying the positive effects of oxidative stress, highlighting these effects, as well as the risks for the population consuming higher doses than the recommended daily intake of antioxidants. The biological dose-response curve in oxidative stress is unpredictable as reactive species are clearly responsible for cellular degradation, whereas antioxidant therapies can alleviate senescence by maintaining redox balance; nevertheless, excessive doses of the latter can modify the redox balance of the cell, leading to a negative outcome. It can be stated that the presence of oxidative status or oxidative stress is a physiological condition with well-defined roles, yet these have been insufficiently researched and explored. The involvement of reactive oxygen species in the pathophysiology of some associated diseases is well-known and the involvement of antioxidant therapies in the processes of senescence, apoptosis, autophagy, and the maintenance of cellular homeostasis cannot be denied. All data in this review support the idea that oxidative stress is an undesirable phenomenon in high and long-term concentrations, but regular exposure is consistent with the hormetic theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Jîtcă
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (G.J.); (C.E.V.)
| | - Bianca E. Ősz
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (G.J.); (C.E.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Amelia Tero-Vescan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.T.-V.); (A.P.M.)
| | - Amalia Pușcaș Miklos
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.T.-V.); (A.P.M.)
| | - Carmen-Maria Rusz
- Doctoral School of Medicine and Pharmacy, I.O.S.U.D, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (C.-M.R.); (M.-G.B.)
| | - Mădălina-Georgiana Bătrînu
- Doctoral School of Medicine and Pharmacy, I.O.S.U.D, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (C.-M.R.); (M.-G.B.)
| | - Camil E. Vari
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (G.J.); (C.E.V.)
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13
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Gupta A, Hwang BJ, Benyamien-Roufaeil D, Jain S, Liu S, Gonzales R, Brown RA, Zalzman M, Lu AL, Lu AL. Mammalian MutY Homolog (MYH or MUTYH) is Critical for Telomere Integrity under Oxidative Stress. OBM GERIATRICS 2022; 6:196. [PMID: 35812693 PMCID: PMC9267527 DOI: 10.21926/obm.geriatr.2202196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres consist of special features and proteins to protect the ends of each chromosome from deterioration and fusion. The telomeric DNA repeats are highly susceptible to oxidative damage that can accelerate telomere shortening and affect telomere integrity. Several DNA repair factors including MYH/MUTYH DNA glycosylase, its interacting partners Rad9/Rad1/Hus1 checkpoint clamp, and SIRT6 aging regulator, are associated with the telomeres. MYH prevents C:G to A:T mutation by removing adenine mispaired with a frequent oxidative DNA lesion, 8-oxoguanine. Here, we show that hMYH knockout (KO) human HEK-293T cells are more sensitive to H2O2 treatment, have higher levels of DNA strand breaks and shorter telomeres than the control hMYH +/+ cells. SIRT6 foci increase at both the global genome and at telomeric regions in H2O2-treated hMYH +/+ cells. However, in untreated hMYH KO HEK-293T cells, SIRT6 foci only increase at the global genome, but not at the telomeric regions. In addition, the hMYH KO HEK-293T cells have increased extra-chromosomal and intra-chromosomal telomeres compared to the control cells, even in the absence of H2O2 treatment. After H2O2 treatment, the frequency of extra-chromosomal telomeres increased in control HEK-293T cells. Remarkably, in H2O2-treated hMYH KO cells, the frequencies of extra-chromosomal telomeres, intra-chromosomal telomeres, and telomere fusions are further increased. We further found that the sensitivity to H2O2 and shortened telomeres of hMYH KO cells, are restored by expressing wild-type hMYH, and partially rescued by expressing hMYHQ324H mutant (defective in Hus1 interaction only), but not by expressing hMYHV315A mutant (defective in both SIRT6 and Hus1 interactions). Thus, MYH interactions with SIRT6 and Hus1 are critical for maintaining cell viability and telomeric stability. Therefore, the failure to coordinate 8-oxoG repair is detrimental to telomere integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Gupta
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bor-Jang Hwang
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Sara Jain
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sophie Liu
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rex Gonzales
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert A Brown
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michal Zalzman
- University of Maryland School of Medicine; The Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine; Marlene and Stewart Greenbaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - A-Lien Lu
- University of Maryland School of Medicine; Marlene and Stewart Greenbaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
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14
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Lin J, Epel E. Stress and telomere shortening: Insights from cellular mechanisms. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 73:101507. [PMID: 34736994 PMCID: PMC8920518 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Short telomeres confer risk of degenerative diseases. Chronic psychological stress can lead to disease through many pathways, and research from in vitro studies to human longitudinal studies has pointed to stress-induced telomere damage as an important pathway. However, there has not been a comprehensive model to describe how changes in stress physiology and neuroendocrine pathways can lead to changes in telomere biology. Critically short telomeres or the collapse of the telomere structure caused by displacement of telomere binding protein complex shelterin elicit a DNA damage response and lead to senescence or apoptosis. In this narrative review, we summarize the key roles glucocorticoids, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondria, and inflammation play in mediating the relationship between psychological stress and telomere maintenance. We emphasis that these mediators are interconnected and reinforce each other in positive feedback loops. Telomere length has not been studied across the lifespan yet, but the initial setting point at birth appears to be the most influential point, as it sets the lifetime trajectory, and is influenced by stress. We describe two types of intergenerational stress effects on telomeres - prenatal stress effects on telomeres during fetal development, and 'telotype transmission" -the directly inherited transmission of short telomeres from parental germline. It is clear that the initial simplistic view of telomere length as a mitotic clock has evolved into a far more complex picture of both transgenerational telomere influences, and of interconnected molecular and cellular pathways and networks, as hallmarks of aging where telomere maintenance is a key player interacting with mitochondria. Further mechanistic investigations testing this comprehensive model of stress mediators shaping telomere biology and the telomere-mitochondrial nexus will lead to better understanding from cell to human lifespan aging, and could lead to anti-aging interventions.
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15
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De Rosa M, Johnson SA, Opresko PL. Roles for the 8-Oxoguanine DNA Repair System in Protecting Telomeres From Oxidative Stress. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:758402. [PMID: 34869348 PMCID: PMC8640134 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.758402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are protective nucleoprotein structures that cap linear chromosome ends and safeguard genome stability. Progressive telomere shortening at each somatic cell division eventually leads to critically short and dysfunctional telomeres, which can contribute to either cellular senescence and aging, or tumorigenesis. Human reproductive cells, some stem cells, and most cancer cells, express the enzyme telomerase to restore telomeric DNA. Numerous studies have shown that oxidative stress caused by excess reactive oxygen species is associated with accelerated telomere shortening and dysfunction. Telomeric repeat sequences are remarkably susceptible to oxidative damage and are preferred sites for the production of the mutagenic base lesion 8-oxoguanine, which can alter telomere length homeostasis and integrity. Therefore, knowledge of the repair pathways involved in the processing of 8-oxoguanine at telomeres is important for advancing understanding of the pathogenesis of degenerative diseases and cancer associated with telomere instability. The highly conserved guanine oxidation (GO) system involves three specialized enzymes that initiate distinct pathways to specifically mitigate the adverse effects of 8-oxoguanine. Here we introduce the GO system and review the studies focused on investigating how telomeric 8-oxoguanine processing affects telomere integrity and overall genome stability. We also discuss newly developed technologies that target oxidative damage selectively to telomeres to investigate roles for the GO system in telomere stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarosaria De Rosa
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Samuel A Johnson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Patricia L Opresko
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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16
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Ray U, Sharma S, Kapoor I, Kumari S, Gopalakrishnan V, Vartak SV, Kumari N, Varshney U, Raghavan SC. G4 DNA present at human telomeric DNA contributes toward reduced sensitivity to γ-radiation induced oxidative damage, but not bulky adduct formation. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 97:1166-1180. [PMID: 34259614 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1955997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE DNA, the hereditary material of a human cell generally exists as Watson-Crick base paired double-stranded B-DNA. Studies suggest that DNA can also exist in non-B forms, such as four stranded G-quadruplexes (G4 DNA). Recently, our studies revealed that the regions of DNA that can fold into G-quadruplex structures are less sensitive to ionizing radiation (IR) compared to B-DNA. Importantly, we reported that the planar G-quartet of a G4 structure is shielded from radiation induced DNA breaks, while the single- and double-stranded DNA regions remained susceptible. Thus, in the present study, we investigate whether telomeric repeat DNA present at the end of telomere, known to fold into G4 DNA can protect from radiation induced damages including strand breaks, oxidation of purines and bulky adduct formation on DNA. MATERIALS AND METHODS For plasmid irradiation assay, plasmids containing human telomeric repeat DNA sequence TTAGGG (0.8 kb or 1.8 kb) were irradiated with increasing doses of IR along with appropriate control plasmids and products were resolved on 1% agarose gel. Radioprotection was evaluated based on extent of conversion of supercoiled to nicked or linear forms of the DNA following irradiation. Formation of G-quadruplex structure on supercoiled DNA was evaluated based on circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy studies. Cleavage of radiation induced oxidative damage and extent of formation of nicks was further evaluated using base and nucleotide excision repair proteins. RESULTS Results from CD studies showed that the plasmid DNA harboring human telomeric repeats (TTAGGG) can fold into G-quadruplex DNA structures. Further, results showed that human telomeric repeat sequence when present on a plasmid can protect the plasmid DNA against IR induced DNA strand breaks, unlike control plasmids bearing random DNA sequence. CONCLUSIONS Human telomeric repeat sequence when present on plasmids can fold into G-quadruplex DNA structures, and can protect the DNA against IR induced DNA strand breaks and oxidative damage. These results in conjunction with our previous studies suggest that telomeric repeat sequence imparts less sensitivity to IR and thus telomeres of chromosomes are protected from radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjayinee Ray
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Shivangi Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Indu Kapoor
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Susmita Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Vidya Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India.,Department of Zoology, St. Joseph's College, Irinjalakuda, India
| | - Supriya V Vartak
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Nitu Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Umesh Varshney
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sathees C Raghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
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17
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Fernandes SG, Dsouza R, Khattar E. External environmental agents influence telomere length and telomerase activity by modulating internal cellular processes: Implications in human aging. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 85:103633. [PMID: 33711516 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
External environment affects cellular physiological processes and impact the stability of our genome. The most important structural components of our linear chromosomes which endure the impact by these agents, are the chromosomal ends called telomeres. Telomeres preserve the integrity of our genome by preventing end to end fusions and telomeric loss through by inhibiting DNA damage response (DDR) activation. This is accomplished by the presence of a six membered shelterin complex at telomeres. Further, telomeres cannot be replicated by normal DNA polymerase and require a special enzyme called telomerase which is expressed only in stem cells, few immune cells and germ cells. Telomeres are rich in guanine content and thus become extremely prone to damage arising due to physiological processes like oxidative stress and inflammation. External environmental factors which includes various physical, biological and chemical agents also affect telomere homeostasis by increasing oxidative stress and inflammation. In the present review, we highlight the effect of these external factors on telomerase activity and telomere length. We also discuss how the external agents affect the physiological processes, thus modulating telomere stability. Further, we describe its implication in the development of aging and its related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina George Fernandes
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to be University), Vile Parle West, Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Rebecca Dsouza
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to be University), Vile Parle West, Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Ekta Khattar
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to be University), Vile Parle West, Mumbai, 400056, India.
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18
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Alswady-Hoff M, Erdem JS, Phuyal S, Knittelfelder O, Sharma A, Fonseca DDM, Skare Ø, Slupphaug G, Zienolddiny S. Long-Term Exposure to Nanosized TiO 2 Triggers Stress Responses and Cell Death Pathways in Pulmonary Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105349. [PMID: 34069552 PMCID: PMC8161419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There is little in vitro data available on long-term effects of TiO2 exposure. Such data are important for improving the understanding of underlying mechanisms of adverse health effects of TiO2. Here, we exposed pulmonary epithelial cells to two doses (0.96 and 1.92 µg/cm2) of TiO2 for 13 weeks and effects on cell cycle and cell death mechanisms, i.e., apoptosis and autophagy were determined after 4, 8 and 13 weeks of exposure. Changes in telomere length, cellular protein levels and lipid classes were also analyzed at 13 weeks of exposure. We observed that the TiO2 exposure increased the fraction of cells in G1-phase and reduced the fraction of cells in G2-phase, which was accompanied by an increase in the fraction of late apoptotic/necrotic cells. This corresponded with an induced expression of key apoptotic proteins i.e., BAD and BAX, and an accumulation of several lipid classes involved in cellular stress and apoptosis. These findings were further supported by quantitative proteome profiling data showing an increase in proteins involved in cell stress and genomic maintenance pathways following TiO2 exposure. Altogether, we suggest that cell stress response and cell death pathways may be important molecular events in long-term health effects of TiO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayes Alswady-Hoff
- National Institute of Occupational Health, NO-0033 Oslo, Norway; (M.A.-H.); (J.S.E.); (S.P.); (Ø.S.)
| | - Johanna Samulin Erdem
- National Institute of Occupational Health, NO-0033 Oslo, Norway; (M.A.-H.); (J.S.E.); (S.P.); (Ø.S.)
| | - Santosh Phuyal
- National Institute of Occupational Health, NO-0033 Oslo, Norway; (M.A.-H.); (J.S.E.); (S.P.); (Ø.S.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Animesh Sharma
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (A.S.); (D.d.M.F.); (G.S.)
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility (PROMEC), Norwegian University of Science and Technology and the Central Norway Regional Health Authority, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Davi de Miranda Fonseca
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (A.S.); (D.d.M.F.); (G.S.)
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility (PROMEC), Norwegian University of Science and Technology and the Central Norway Regional Health Authority, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Øivind Skare
- National Institute of Occupational Health, NO-0033 Oslo, Norway; (M.A.-H.); (J.S.E.); (S.P.); (Ø.S.)
| | - Geir Slupphaug
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (A.S.); (D.d.M.F.); (G.S.)
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility (PROMEC), Norwegian University of Science and Technology and the Central Norway Regional Health Authority, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Shanbeh Zienolddiny
- National Institute of Occupational Health, NO-0033 Oslo, Norway; (M.A.-H.); (J.S.E.); (S.P.); (Ø.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-23195284
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19
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Obesity and aging: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 67:101268. [PMID: 33556548 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The epidemic of obesity is a major challenge for health policymakers due to its far-reaching effects on population health and potentially overwhelming financial burden on healthcare systems. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing acute and chronic diseases, including hypertension, stroke, myocardial infarction, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. Interestingly, the metabolic dysregulation associated with obesity is similar to that observed in normal aging, and substantial evidence suggests the potential of obesity to accelerate aging. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of fat tissue dysfunction in obesity could provide insights into the processes that contribute to the metabolic dysfunction associated with the aging process. Here, we review the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying both obesity and aging, and how obesity and aging can predispose individuals to chronic health complications. The potential of lifestyle and pharmacological interventions to counter obesity and obesity-related pathologies, as well as aging, is also addressed.
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20
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The effect of Telomere Lengthening on Genetic Diseases. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.16899/jcm.756562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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21
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Gavia-García G, Rosado-Pérez J, Arista-Ugalde TL, Aguiñiga-Sánchez I, Santiago-Osorio E, Mendoza-Núñez VM. Telomere Length and Oxidative Stress and Its Relation with Metabolic Syndrome Components in the Aging. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10040253. [PMID: 33804844 PMCID: PMC8063797 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary A link between telomere length and some age-related diseases has been identified, including metabolic syndrome. So far, there is no mechanism to explain the origin or cause of telomere shortening in this syndrome; however, oxidative stress is a constant factor. Therefore, we reviewed scientific evidence that supported the association between oxidative stress and telomere length dynamics, also examining how each of the metabolic syndrome components individually affects the length. In this regard, there is strong scientific evidence that an increase in the number of metabolic syndrome components is associated with a shorter telomere length, oxidative damage at the lipid and DNA level, and inflammation, as well as its other components, such as obesity, hyperglycemia, and hypertension, while for dyslipidemia, there is a little more discrepancy. The difficulty for the correct treatment of metabolic syndrome lies in its multifactorial nature. Hence, there is a need to carry out more studies on healthy lifestyles during aging to prevent and reduce oxidative damage and telomere wear during aging, and consequently the progression of chronic degenerative diseases, thus improving the living conditions of older people.
Abstract A great amount of scientific evidence supports that Oxidative Stress (OxS) can contribute to telomeric attrition and also plays an important role in the development of certain age-related diseases, among them the metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is characterised by clinical and biochemical alterations such as obesity, dyslipidaemia, arterial hypertension, hyperglycaemia, and insulin resistance, all of which are considered as risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular diseases, which are associated in turn with an increase of OxS. In this sense, we review scientific evidence that supports the association between OxS with telomere length (TL) dynamics and the relationship with MetS components in aging. It was analysed whether each MetS component affects the telomere length separately or if they all affect it together. Likewise, this review provides a summary of the structure and function of telomeres and telomerase, the mechanisms of telomeric DNA repair, how telomere length may influence the fate of cells or be linked to inflammation and the development of age-related diseases, and finally, how the lifestyles can affect telomere length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Gavia-García
- Research Unit on Gerontology, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico; (G.G.-G.); (J.R.-P.); (T.L.A.-U.)
| | - Juana Rosado-Pérez
- Research Unit on Gerontology, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico; (G.G.-G.); (J.R.-P.); (T.L.A.-U.)
| | - Taide Laurita Arista-Ugalde
- Research Unit on Gerontology, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico; (G.G.-G.); (J.R.-P.); (T.L.A.-U.)
| | - Itzen Aguiñiga-Sánchez
- Hematopoiesis and Leukemia Laboratory, Research Unit on Cell Differentiation and Cancer, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico; (I.A.-S.); (E.S.-O.)
| | - Edelmiro Santiago-Osorio
- Hematopoiesis and Leukemia Laboratory, Research Unit on Cell Differentiation and Cancer, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico; (I.A.-S.); (E.S.-O.)
| | - Víctor Manuel Mendoza-Núñez
- Research Unit on Gerontology, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico; (G.G.-G.); (J.R.-P.); (T.L.A.-U.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-55-5623-0721; Fax: +52-55-5773-6330
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22
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Baquero JM, Benítez-Buelga C, Rajagopal V, Zhenjun Z, Torres-Ruiz R, Müller S, Hanna BMF, Loseva O, Wallner O, Michel M, Rodríguez-Perales S, Gad H, Visnes T, Helleday T, Benítez J, Osorio A. Small molecule inhibitor of OGG1 blocks oxidative DNA damage repair at telomeres and potentiates methotrexate anticancer effects. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3490. [PMID: 33568707 PMCID: PMC7876102 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82917-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The most common oxidative DNA lesion is 8-oxoguanine which is mainly recognized and excised by the 8-oxoG DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1), initiating the base excision repair (BER) pathway. Telomeres are particularly sensitive to oxidative stress (OS) which disrupts telomere homeostasis triggering genome instability. In the present study, we have investigated the effects of inactivating BER in OS conditions, by using a specific inhibitor of OGG1 (TH5487). We have found that in OS conditions, TH5487 blocks BER initiation at telomeres causing an accumulation of oxidized bases, that is correlated with telomere losses, micronuclei formation and mild proliferation defects. Moreover, the antimetabolite methotrexate synergizes with TH5487 through induction of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, which potentiates TH5487-mediated telomere and genome instability. Our findings demonstrate that OGG1 is required to protect telomeres from OS and present OGG1 inhibitors as a tool to induce oxidative DNA damage at telomeres, with the potential for developing new combination therapies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Miguel Baquero
- Human Genetics Group, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Benítez-Buelga
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 17121, Solna, Sweden.
| | - Varshni Rajagopal
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 17121, Solna, Sweden
| | - Zhao Zhenjun
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 17121, Solna, Sweden
| | - Raúl Torres-Ruiz
- Molecular Cytogenetics Group, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, University of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sarah Müller
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 17121, Solna, Sweden
| | - Bishoy M F Hanna
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 17121, Solna, Sweden
| | - Olga Loseva
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 17121, Solna, Sweden
| | - Olov Wallner
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 17121, Solna, Sweden
| | - Maurice Michel
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 17121, Solna, Sweden
| | - Sandra Rodríguez-Perales
- Molecular Cytogenetics Group, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Helge Gad
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Torkild Visnes
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, 7465, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thomas Helleday
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 17121, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Javier Benítez
- Human Genetics Group, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Spanish Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Human Genotyping-CEGEN Unit, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Osorio
- Human Genetics Group, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
- Spanish Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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23
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Tomasova K, Kroupa M, Forsti A, Vodicka P, Vodickova L. Telomere maintenance in interplay with DNA repair in pathogenesis and treatment of colorectal cancer. Mutagenesis 2021; 35:261-271. [PMID: 32083302 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) continues to be one of the leading malignancies and causes of tumour-related deaths worldwide. Both impaired DNA repair mechanisms and disrupted telomere length homeostasis represent key culprits in CRC initiation, progression and prognosis. Mechanistically, altered DNA repair results in the accumulation of mutations in the genome and, ultimately, in genomic instability. DNA repair also determines the response to chemotherapeutics in CRC treatment, suggesting its utilisation in the prediction of therapy response and individual approach to patients. Telomere attrition resulting in replicative senescence, simultaneously by-passing cell cycle checkpoints, is a hallmark of malignant transformation of the cell. Telomerase is almost ubiquitous in advanced solid cancers, including CRC, and its expression is fundamental to cell immortalisation. Therefore, there is a persistent effort to develop therapeutics, which are telomerase-specific and gentle to non-malignant tissues. However, in practice, we are still at the level of clinical trials. The current state of knowledge and the route, which the research takes, gives us a positive perspective that the problem of molecular models of telomerase activation and telomere length stabilisation will finally be solved. We summarise the current literature herein, by pointing out the crosstalk between proteins involved in DNA repair and telomere length homeostasis in relation to CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyna Tomasova
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, Praha, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Center in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Alej Svobody, Plzeň, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kroupa
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, Praha, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Center in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Alej Svobody, Plzeň, Czech Republic
| | - Asta Forsti
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pavel Vodicka
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, Praha, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Center in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Alej Svobody, Plzeň, Czech Republic.,Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Vodickova
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, Praha, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Center in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Alej Svobody, Plzeň, Czech Republic.,Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov, Praha, Czech Republic
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24
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D'Amico AM, Vasquez KM. The multifaceted roles of DNA repair and replication proteins in aging and obesity. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 99:103049. [PMID: 33529944 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Efficient mechanisms for genomic maintenance (i.e., DNA repair and DNA replication) are crucial for cell survival. Aging and obesity can lead to the dysregulation of genomic maintenance proteins/pathways and are significant risk factors for the development of cancer, metabolic disorders, and other genetic diseases. Mutations in genes that code for proteins involved in DNA repair and DNA replication can also exacerbate aging- and obesity-related disorders and lead to the development of progeroid diseases. In this review, we will discuss the roles of various DNA repair and replication proteins in aging and obesity as well as investigate the possible mechanisms by which aging and obesity can lead to the dysregulation of these proteins and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M D'Amico
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Boulevard, Austin, TX, 78723, USA
| | - Karen M Vasquez
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Boulevard, Austin, TX, 78723, USA.
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25
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Zhang H, Li F, Wang L, Shao S, Chen H, Chen X. Sensitive homogeneous fluorescent detection of DNA glycosylase by target-triggering ligation-dependent tricyclic cascade amplification. Talanta 2020; 220:121422. [PMID: 32928432 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal DNA glycosylases are concerned with the aging process as well as numerous pathologies in humans. Herein, a sensitive fluorescence method utilizing target-induced ligation-dependent tricyclic cascade amplification reaction was developed for the detecting DNA glycosylase activity. The presence of DNA glycosylase triggered the cleavage of damaged base in hairpin substrate, successively activating ligation-dependent strand displacement amplification (SDA) and exponential amplification reaction (EXPAR) for the generation of large amount of reporter probes. The resultant reporter probes bound with the signal probes to form stable dsDNA duplexes. And then the signal probes could be digested circularly in the dsDNA duplexes by T7 exonuclease, leading to the generation of an enhanced fluorescence signal. Due to the high efficiency of tricyclic cascade amplification and the low background signal deriving from the inhibition of nonspecific amplification, this method exhibited a detection limit of 0.14 U/mL and a dynamic range from 0.16 to 8.0 U/mL. Moreover, it could be applied for detecting DNA glycosylase activity in human serum with good selectivity and high sensitivity, and even quantifying other types of enzyme with 5'-PO4 residue cleavage product by rationally designing the corresponding substrate. Importantly, this method could be performed in homogenous solution without any complicated separation steps, providing a new strategy for DNA glycosylase-related biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huige Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Fengyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Shuai Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Hongli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Xingguo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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26
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Davis CK, Vemuganti R. DNA damage and repair following traumatic brain injury. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 147:105143. [PMID: 33127471 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is known to promote significant DNA damage irrespective of age, sex, and species. Chemical as well as structural DNA modification start within minutes and persist for days after TBI. Although several DNA repair pathways are induced following TBI, the simultaneous downregulation of some of the genes and proteins of these pathways leads to an aberrant overall DNA repair process. In many instances, DNA damages escape even the most robust repair mechanisms, especially when the repair process becomes overwhelmed or becomes inefficient by severe or repeated injuries. The persisting DNA damage and/or lack of DNA repair contributes to long-term functional deficits. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of TBI-induced DNA damage and repair. We further discussed the putative experimental therapies that target the members of the DNA repair process for improved outcome following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles K Davis
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; William S. Middleton VA Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
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27
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Pisoschi AM, Pop A, Iordache F, Stanca L, Predoi G, Serban AI. Oxidative stress mitigation by antioxidants - An overview on their chemistry and influences on health status. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 209:112891. [PMID: 33032084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present review paper focuses on the chemistry of oxidative stress mitigation by antioxidants. Oxidative stress is understood as a lack of balance between the pro-oxidant and the antioxidant species. Reactive oxygen species in limited amounts are necessary for cell homeostasis and redox signaling. Excessive reactive oxygenated/nitrogenated species production, which counteracts the organism's defense systems, is known as oxidative stress. Sustained attack of endogenous and exogenous ROS results in conformational and oxidative alterations in key biomolecules. Chronic oxidative stress is associated with oxidative modifications occurring in key biomolecules: lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, carbonyl (aldehyde/ketone) adduct formation, nitration, sulfoxidation, DNA impairment such strand breaks or nucleobase oxidation. Oxidative stress is tightly linked to the development of cancer, diabetes, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, kidney disease, eye disease. The deleterious action of reactive oxygenated species and their role in the onset and progression of pathologies are discussed. The results of oxidative attack become themselves sources of oxidative stress, becoming part of a vicious cycle that amplifies oxidative impairment. The term antioxidant refers to a compound that is able to impede or retard oxidation, acting at a lower concentration compared to that of the protected substrate. Antioxidant intervention against the radicalic lipid peroxidation can involve different mechanisms. Chain breaking antioxidants are called primary antioxidants, acting by scavenging radical species, converting them into more stable radicals or non-radical species. Secondary antioxidants quench singlet oxygen, decompose peroxides, chelate prooxidative metal ions, inhibit oxidative enzymes. Moreover, four reactivity-based lines of defense have been identified: preventative antioxidants, radical scavengers, repair antioxidants, and those relying on adaptation mechanisms. The specific mechanism of a series of endogenous and exogenous antioxidants in particular aspects of oxidative stress, is detailed. The final section resumes critical conclusions regarding antioxidant supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia Magdalena Pisoschi
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Aneta Pop
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florin Iordache
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Loredana Stanca
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriel Predoi
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Iren Serban
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania
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28
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An ordered assembly of MYH glycosylase, SIRT6 protein deacetylase, and Rad9-Rad1-Hus1 checkpoint clamp at oxidatively damaged telomeres. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:17761-17785. [PMID: 32991318 PMCID: PMC7585086 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In the base excision repair pathway, MYH/MUTYH DNA glycosylase prevents mutations by removing adenine mispaired with 8-oxoG, a frequent oxidative lesion. MYH glycosylase activity is enhanced by Rad9-Rad1-Hus1 (9-1-1) checkpoint clamp and SIRT6 histone/protein deacetylase. Here, we show that MYH, SIRT6, and 9-1-1 are recruited to confined oxidatively damaged regions on telomeres in mammalian cells. Using different knockout cells, we show that SIRT6 responds to damaged telomeres very early, and then recruits MYH and Hus1 following oxidative stress. However, the recruitment of Hus1 to damaged telomeres is partially dependent on SIRT6. The catalytic activities of SIRT6 are not important for SIRT6 response but are essential for MYH recruitment to damaged telomeres. Compared to wild-type MYH, the recruitment of hMYHV315A mutant (defective in both SIRT6 and Hus1 interactions), but not hMYHQ324H mutant (defective in Hus1 interaction only), to damaged telomeres is severely reduced. The formation of MYH/SIRT6/9-1-1 complex is of biological significance as interrupting their interactions can increase cell's sensitivity to H2O2 and/or elevate cellular 8-oxoG levels after H2O2 treatment. Our results establish that SIRT6 acts as an early sensor of BER enzymes and both SIRT6 and 9-1-1 serve critical roles in DNA repair to maintain telomere integrity.
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29
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Soman A, Liew CW, Teo HL, Berezhnoy NV, Olieric V, Korolev N, Rhodes D, Nordenskiöld L. The human telomeric nucleosome displays distinct structural and dynamic properties. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:5383-5396. [PMID: 32374876 PMCID: PMC7261157 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres protect the ends of our chromosomes and are key to maintaining genomic integrity during cell division and differentiation. However, our knowledge of telomeric chromatin and nucleosome structure at the molecular level is limited. Here, we aimed to define the structure, dynamics as well as properties in solution of the human telomeric nucleosome. We first determined the 2.2 Å crystal structure of a human telomeric nucleosome core particle (NCP) containing 145 bp DNA, which revealed the same helical path for the DNA as well as symmetric stretching in both halves of the NCP as that of the 145 bp ‘601’ NCP. In solution, the telomeric nucleosome exhibited a less stable and a markedly more dynamic structure compared to NCPs containing DNA positioning sequences. These observations provide molecular insights into how telomeric DNA forms nucleosomes and chromatin and advance our understanding of the unique biological role of telomeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aghil Soman
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technology University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Chong Wai Liew
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Hsiang Ling Teo
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Nikolay V Berezhnoy
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technology University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.,Singapore Centre for Environmental Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Vincent Olieric
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Nikolay Korolev
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technology University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Daniela Rhodes
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technology University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.,NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore.,School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore
| | - Lars Nordenskiöld
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technology University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
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30
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Vahter M, Broberg K, Harari F. Placental and Cord Blood Telomere Length in Relation to Maternal Nutritional Status. J Nutr 2020; 150:2646-2655. [PMID: 32678440 PMCID: PMC7549303 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The uterine environment may be important for the chromosomal telomere length (TL) at birth, which, in turn, influences disease susceptibility throughout life. However, little is known about the importance of specific nutritional factors. OBJECTIVES We assessed the impact of multiple maternal nutritional factors on TL in placenta and cord blood. METHODS In a population-based mother-child cohort in northwestern Argentina, we measured maternal weight, BMI, body fat percentage (BFP), and several nutrients [selenium, magnesium, calcium, zinc, manganese, iodine, vitamin B-12, folate, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D3)], hemoglobin, and homocysteine in maternal whole blood, serum, plasma, or urine during pregnancy (mean gestational week 27). We measured the relative TL (rTL) in placenta (n = 99) and cord blood (n = 98) at delivery by real-time PCR. Associations were evaluated by multivariable-adjusted linear regression. RESULTS The women's prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2; mean ± SD: 23.7 ± 4.1), body weight (55.4 ± 9.9 kg), and BFP (29.9 ± 5.5%), but not height (153 ± 5.3 cm), were inversely associated with placental rTL (P < 0.01 for all), with ∼0.5 SD shorter rTL for an IQR increase in prepregnancy body weight, BMI, or BFP. Also, impedance-based BFP, but not lean body mass, in the third trimester was associated with shorter placental rTL. In addition, serum vitamin B-12 (232 ± 96 pmol/L) in pregnancy (P = 0.038), but not folate or homocysteine, was associated with shorter placental rTL (0.2 SD for an IQR increase). In contrast, plasma 25(OH)D3 (46 ± 15 nmol/L) was positively associated with placental rTL (P < 0.01), which increased by 0.4 SD for an IQR increase in 25(OH)D3. No clear associations of the studied maternal nutritional factors were found with cord blood rTL. CONCLUSIONS Maternal BMI, BFP, and vitamin B-12 were inversely associated, whereas 25(OH)D3 was positively associated, with placental TL. No association was observed with cord blood TL. Future studies should elucidate the role of placental TL for child health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin Broberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Florencia Harari
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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31
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Lee HT, Sanford S, Paul T, Choe J, Bose A, Opresko PL, Myong S. Position-Dependent Effect of Guanine Base Damage and Mutations on Telomeric G-Quadruplex and Telomerase Extension. Biochemistry 2020; 59:2627-2639. [PMID: 32578995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres are hot spots for mutagenic oxidative and methylation base damage due to their high guanine content. We used single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer detection and biochemical assays to determine how different positions and types of guanine damage and mutations alter telomeric G-quadruplex structure and telomerase activity. We compared 15 modifications, including 8-oxoguanine (8oxoG), O-6-methylguanine (O6mG), and all three possible point mutations (G to A, T, and C) at the 3' three terminal guanine positions of a telomeric G-quadruplex, which is the critical access point for telomerase. We found that G-quadruplex structural instability was induced in the order C < T < A ≤ 8oxoG < O6mG, with the perturbation caused by O6mG far exceeding the perturbation caused by other base alterations. For all base modifications, the central G position was the most destabilizing among the three terminal guanines. While the structural disruption by 8oxoG and O6mG led to concomitant increases in telomerase binding and extension activity, the structural perturbation by point mutations (A, T, and C) did not, due to disrupted annealing between the telomeric overhang and the telomerase RNA template. Repositioning the same mutations away from the terminal guanines caused both G-quadruplex structural instability and elevated telomerase activity. Our findings demonstrate how a single-base modification drives structural alterations and telomere lengthening in a position-dependent manner. Furthermore, our results suggest a long-term and inheritable effect of telomeric DNA damage that can lead to telomere lengthening, which potentially contributes to oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ting Lee
- Thomas C. Jenkins Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Samantha Sanford
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Tapas Paul
- Thomas C. Jenkins Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Joshua Choe
- Thomas C. Jenkins Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Arindam Bose
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Patricia L Opresko
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Sua Myong
- Thomas C. Jenkins Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States.,Physics Frontier Center (Center for Physics of Living Cells), University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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32
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Panou V, Røe OD. Inherited Genetic Mutations and Polymorphisms in Malignant Mesothelioma: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124327. [PMID: 32560575 PMCID: PMC7352726 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is mainly caused by air-born asbestos but genetic susceptibility is also suspected to be a risk factor. Recent studies suggest an increasing number of candidate genes that may predispose to MM besides the well-characterized BRCA1-associated protein-1 gene. The aim of this review is to summarize the most important studies on germline mutations for MM. A total of 860 publications were retrieved from Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science, of which 81 met the inclusion criteria and were consider for this review. More than 50% of the genes that are reported to predispose to MM are involved in DNA repair mechanisms, and the majority of them have a role in the homologous recombination pathway. Genetic alterations in tumor suppressor genes involved in chromatin, transcription and hypoxia regulation have also been described. Furthermore, we identified several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that may promote MM tumorigenesis as a result of an asbestos-gene interaction, including SNPs in DNA repair, carcinogen detoxification and other genes previously associated with other malignancies. The identification of inherited mutations for MM and an understanding of the underlying pathways may allow early detection and prevention of malignancies in high-risk individuals and pave the way for targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Panou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
- Clinical Institute, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark;
- Correspondence:
| | - Oluf Dimitri Røe
- Clinical Institute, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark;
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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33
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Jensen DM, Løhr M, Sheykhzade M, Lykkesfeldt J, Wils RS, Loft S, Møller P. Telomere length and genotoxicity in the lung of rats following intragastric exposure to food-grade titanium dioxide and vegetable carbon particles. Mutagenesis 2020; 34:203-214. [PMID: 30852617 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gez003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vegetable carbon (E153) and titanium dioxide (E171) are widely used as black and white food colour additives. The aim of this study was to assess gastrointestinal tight junction and systemic genotoxic effects in rats following exposure to E153 and E171 for 10 weeks by oral gavage once a week. The expression of tight junction proteins was assessed in intestinal tissues. Levels of DNA strand breaks, oxidatively damaged DNA and telomere length were assessed in secondary organs. Hydrodynamic suspensions of E153 and E173 indicated mean particles sizes of 230 and 270 nm, respectively, and only E153 gave rise to intracellular production of reactive oxygen species in colon epithelial (Caco-2) cells. Rats exposed to E153 (6.4 mg/kg/week) or E171 (500 mg/kg/week) had decreased gene expression of the tight junction protein TJP1 (P < 0.05). E153 (6.4 mg/kg/week) also decreased OCLN (P < 0.05) in the colon and occludin protein expression in the small intestine (P < 0.05). Furthermore, E153 or E171 exposed rats had shorter telomeres in the lung (P < 0.05). Plasma from particle-exposed rats also produced telomere shortening in cultured lung epithelial cells. There were unaltered levels of oxidatively damaged DNA in the liver and lung and no changes in the DNA repair activity of oxidatively damaged DNA in the lung. Altogether, these results indicate that intragastric exposure to E153 and E171 is associated with reduced tight junction protein expression in the intestinal barrier and telomere length shortening in the lung in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ditte Marie Jensen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mille Løhr
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Majid Sheykhzade
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Section of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Regitze Sølling Wils
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Section of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Steffen Loft
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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34
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Kim C, Sung S, Kim J, Lee J. Repair and Reconstruction of Telomeric and Subtelomeric Regions and Genesis of New Telomeres: Implications for Chromosome Evolution. Bioessays 2020; 42:e1900177. [PMID: 32236965 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage repair within telomeres are suppressed to maintain the integrity of linear chromosomes, but the accidental activation of repairs can lead to genome instability. This review develops the concept that mechanisms to repair DNA damage in telomeres contribute to genetic variability and karyotype evolution, rather than catastrophe. Spontaneous breaks in telomeres can be repaired by telomerase, but in some cases DNA repair pathways are activated, and can cause chromosomal rearrangements or fusions. The resultant changes can also affect subtelomeric regions that are adjacent to telomeres. Subtelomeres are actively involved in such chromosomal changes, and are therefore the most variable regions in the genome. The case of Caenorhabditis elegans in the context of changes of subtelomeric structures revealed by long-read sequencing is also discussed. Theoretical and methodological issues covered in this review will help to explore the mechanism of chromosome evolution by reconstruction of chromosomal ends in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuna Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08827, Korea.,Aging Research Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Gwahak-ro 125, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Sanghyun Sung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08827, Korea
| | - Jun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08827, Korea
| | - Junho Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08827, Korea
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35
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Galigniana NM, Charó NL, Uranga R, Cabanillas AM, Piwien-Pilipuk G. Oxidative stress induces transcription of telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA) by engaging PKA signaling and cytoskeleton dynamics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118643. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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36
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Wieczór M, Czub J. Telomere uncapping by common oxidative guanine lesions: Insights from atomistic models. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 148:162-169. [PMID: 31926882 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative damage to DNA is widely known to contribute to aging and disease. This relationship has been extensively studied for telomeres - structures that cap chromosome ends - due to their role in cell proliferation and senescence, and exceptional susceptibility to oxidation. Indeed, the repetitive telomeric DNA sequence contains the 5'-GGG-3' motif that has the lowest ionization potential of all trinucleotides. Accordingly, experiments consistently show that telomeric oxidative lesions are more abundant and persistent than elsewhere in the genome. This led to a hypothesis that telomeres act as sensors of prolonged oxidative stress and prevent carcinogenesis, as disruption of telomeric integrity triggers senescence or apoptosis. Here, we use atomistic alchemical Molecular Dynamics simulations to perform a combinatorial assessment of changes in DNA binding affinity of telomeric proteins induced by oxidative guanine lesions. We rank lesions by their effect on telomere integrity, as well as telomeric proteins by their sensitivity to DNA oxidation. While the binding of most proteins is abolished by DNA oxidation, HOT1 emerges as a notable exception, suggesting its potential role in sensing of oxidative damage. Through statistical analysis and free energy decomposition, we also identify common trends in structural responses of protein-DNA complexes that contribute to decreased binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miłosz Wieczór
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Jacek Czub
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland.
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37
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Poetsch AR. The genomics of oxidative DNA damage, repair, and resulting mutagenesis. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:207-219. [PMID: 31993111 PMCID: PMC6974700 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are a constant threat to DNA as they modify bases with the risk of disrupting genome function, inducing genome instability and mutation. Such risks are due to primary oxidative DNA damage and also mediated by the repair process. This leads to a delicate decision process for the cell as to whether to repair a damaged base at a specific genomic location or better leave it unrepaired. Persistent DNA damage can disrupt genome function, but on the other hand it can also contribute to gene regulation by serving as an epigenetic mark. When such processes are out of balance, pathophysiological conditions could get accelerated, because oxidative DNA damage and resulting mutagenic processes are tightly linked to ageing, inflammation, and the development of multiple age-related diseases, such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Recent technological advancements and novel data analysis strategies have revealed that oxidative DNA damage, its repair, and related mutations distribute heterogeneously over the genome at multiple levels of resolution. The involved mechanisms act in the context of genome sequence, in interaction with genome function and chromatin. This review addresses what we currently know about the genome distribution of oxidative DNA damage, repair intermediates, and mutations. It will specifically focus on the various methodologies to measure oxidative DNA damage distribution and discuss the mechanistic conclusions derived from the different approaches. It will also address the consequences of oxidative DNA damage, specifically how it gives rise to mutations, genome instability, and how it can act as an epigenetic mark.
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38
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Giorgio M, Dellino GI, Gambino V, Roda N, Pelicci PG. On the epigenetic role of guanosine oxidation. Redox Biol 2020; 29:101398. [PMID: 31926624 PMCID: PMC6926346 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical modifications of DNA and RNA regulate genome functions or trigger mutagenesis resulting in aging or cancer. Oxidations of macromolecules, including DNA, are common reactions in biological systems and often part of regulatory circuits rather than accidental events. DNA alterations are particularly relevant since the unique role of nuclear and mitochondrial genome is coding enduring and inheritable information. Therefore, an alteration in DNA may represent a relevant problem given its transmission to daughter cells. At the same time, the regulation of gene expression allows cells to continuously adapt to the environmental changes that occur throughout the life of the organism to ultimately maintain cellular homeostasis. Here we review the multiple ways that lead to DNA oxidation and the regulation of mechanisms activated by cells to repair this damage. Moreover, we present the recent evidence suggesting that DNA damage caused by physiological metabolism acts as epigenetic signal for regulation of gene expression. In particular, the predisposition of guanine to oxidation might reflect an adaptation to improve the genome plasticity to redox changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Giorgio
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology-IRCCS, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milano, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Gaetano Ivan Dellino
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology-IRCCS, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milano, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Gambino
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology-IRCCS, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milano, Italy
| | - Niccolo' Roda
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology-IRCCS, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milano, Italy
| | - Pier Giuseppe Pelicci
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology-IRCCS, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milano, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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39
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Wilbur SM, Barnes BM, Kitaysky AS, Williams CT. Tissue-specific telomere dynamics in hibernating arctic ground squirrels ( Urocitellus parryii). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.204925. [PMID: 31515236 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.204925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hibernation is used by a variety of mammals to survive seasonal periods of resource scarcity. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) released during periodic rewarming throughout hibernation, however, may induce oxidative damage in some tissues. Telomeres, which are the terminal sequences of linear chromosomes, may shorten in the presence of ROS, and thus the telomere length of an individual reflects the degree of accrued oxidative damage. This study quantified telomere length dynamics throughout hibernation in arctic ground squirrels (Urocitellus parryii). We hypothesized that telomere dynamics are tissue specific and predicted that telomere shortening would be most pronounced in brown adipose tissue (BAT), the organ that directly supports non-shivering thermogenesis during arousals. We used qPCR to determine relative telomere length (RTL) in DNA extracted from liver, heart, skeletal muscle (SM) and BAT of 45 juvenile and adult animals sampled either at mid- or late hibernation. Age did not have a significant effect on RTL in any tissue. At mid-hibernation, RTL of juvenile females was longer in BAT and SM than in liver and heart. In juvenile females, RTL in BAT and SM, but not in liver and heart, was shorter at late hibernation than at mid-hibernation. At late hibernation, juvenile males had longer RTL in BAT than did juvenile females, perhaps due to the naturally shorter hibernation duration of male arctic ground squirrels. Finally, BAT RTL at late hibernation negatively correlated with arousal frequency. Overall, our results suggest that, in a hibernating mammal, telomere shortening is tissue specific and that metabolically active tissues might incur higher levels of molecular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Wilbur
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Brian M Barnes
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Alexander S Kitaysky
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Cory T Williams
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
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40
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Olbertova H, Plevova K, Stranska K, Pospisilova S. Telomere dynamics in adult hematological malignancies. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2019; 163:1-7. [PMID: 30631211 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2018.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are repetitive DNA sequences protecting physical ends of linear chromosomes against degradation and end-to-end chromosomal fusion. Telomeres shorten with each cell division, which regulates the cellular lifespan in somatic cells and limits their renewal capacity. Cancer cells are often able to overcome this physiological barrier and become immortal with unlimited replicative capacity. In this review, we present current knowledge on the role of telomeres in human aging with a focus on their behavior in hematological malignancies of adults. Associations of telomere length to age-related diseases and to the prevention of telomere shortening are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Olbertova
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karla Plevova
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Stranska
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Pospisilova
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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41
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Barnes RP, Fouquerel E, Opresko PL. The impact of oxidative DNA damage and stress on telomere homeostasis. Mech Ageing Dev 2019; 177:37-45. [PMID: 29604323 PMCID: PMC6162185 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres are dynamic nucleoprotein-DNA structures that cap and protect linear chromosome ends. Because telomeres shorten progressively with each replication, they impose a functional limit on the number of times a cell can divide. Critically short telomeres trigger cellular senescence in normal cells, or genomic instability in pre-malignant cells, which contribute to numerous degenerative and aging-related diseases including cancer. Therefore, a detailed understanding of the mechanisms of telomere loss and preservation is important for human health. Numerous studies have shown that oxidative stress is associated with accelerated telomere shortening and dysfunction. Oxidative stress caused by inflammation, intrinsic cell factors or environmental exposures, contributes to the pathogenesis of many degenerative diseases and cancer. Here we review the studies demonstrating associations between oxidative stress and accelerated telomere attrition in human tissue, mice and cell culture, and discuss possible mechanisms and cellular pathways that protect telomeres from oxidative damage.
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42
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Zhang Y, Hua RN, Xiang D, Zhang CY. Single-molecule counting of oxidative DNA damage in telomeres from cancer cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:7627-7630. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc03766g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate for the first time the single-molecule counting of oxidative DNA damage in telomeres from cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes
- Ministry of Education
| | - Ruo-nan Hua
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes
- Ministry of Education
| | - Dongxue Xiang
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes
- Ministry of Education
| | - Chun-yang Zhang
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes
- Ministry of Education
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43
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Poetsch AR, Boulton SJ, Luscombe NM. Genomic landscape of oxidative DNA damage and repair reveals regioselective protection from mutagenesis. Genome Biol 2018; 19:215. [PMID: 30526646 PMCID: PMC6284305 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-018-1582-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA is subject to constant chemical modification and damage, which eventually results in variable mutation rates throughout the genome. Although detailed molecular mechanisms of DNA damage and repair are well understood, damage impact and execution of repair across a genome remain poorly defined. RESULTS To bridge the gap between our understanding of DNA repair and mutation distributions, we developed a novel method, AP-seq, capable of mapping apurinic sites and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine bases at approximately 250-bp resolution on a genome-wide scale. We directly demonstrate that the accumulation rate of apurinic sites varies widely across the genome, with hot spots acquiring many times more damage than cold spots. Unlike single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in cancers, damage burden correlates with marks for open chromatin notably H3K9ac and H3K4me2. Apurinic sites and oxidative damage are also highly enriched in transposable elements and other repetitive sequences. In contrast, we observe a reduction at chromatin loop anchors with increased damage load towards inactive compartments. Less damage is found at promoters, exons, and termination sites, but not introns, in a seemingly transcription-independent but GC content-dependent manner. Leveraging cancer genomic data, we also find locally reduced SNV rates in promoters, coding sequence, and other functional elements. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals that oxidative DNA damage accumulation and repair differ strongly across the genome, but culminate in a previously unappreciated mechanism that safeguards the regulatory and coding regions of genes from mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Poetsch
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan.
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Simon J Boulton
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Nicholas M Luscombe
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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44
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Liu Y, Bloom SI, Donato AJ. The role of senescence, telomere dysfunction and shelterin in vascular aging. Microcirculation 2018; 26:e12487. [PMID: 29924435 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the United States and other westernized nations, CVDs are the leading cause of death in adults over 65 years of age. Large artery stiffness and endothelial dysfunction are increased with age and age-associated arterial dysfunction is an important antecedent of CVDs. One age-associated change that may contribute to vascular dysfunction and CVD risk is an increase in the number of resident senescent cells in the vasculature. Senescent cells display a pro-oxidant, pro-inflammatory phenotype known as the SASP. However, the mechanisms that drive the SASP and the vascular aging phenotype remain elusive. A putative mechanism is the involvement of oxidative stress and inflammation in telomere function. Telomeres are the end caps of chromosomes which are maintained by a six-protein complex known as shelterin. Disruption of shelterin can uncap telomeres and induce cellular senescence. Accordingly, in this review, we propose that oxidative stress and inflammation disrupt shelterin in vascular cells, driving telomere dysfunction and that this mechanism may be responsible for the induction of SASP. The proposed mechanisms may represent some of the initial changes that lead to vascular dysfunction in advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Samuel I Bloom
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Anthony J Donato
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
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45
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Valerio D, Luddi A, De Leo V, Labella D, Longobardi S, Piomboni P. SA1/SA2 cohesion proteins and SIRT1-NAD+ deacetylase modulate telomere homeostasis in cumulus cells and are eligible biomarkers of ovarian aging. Hum Reprod 2018; 33:887-894. [PMID: 29481647 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dey035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Are cohesins SA1/SA2 and the NAD-dependent deacetylase SIRT1 involved in telomere homeostasis of cumulus cells and thus eligible as biomarkers of follicular physiology and ovarian aging? SUMMARY ANSWER SA1/SA2 cohesins and SIRT1 are associated with telomere length in cumulus cells and may be eligible biomarkers of follicular physiology and ovarian aging. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY In somatic cells, cohesins SA1/SA2 mediate sister chromatid cohesion at the telomere termini (for SA1) and along chromatid arms (for SA2). The NAD+-dependent protein deacetylase Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), which preserves DNA integrity from oxidative stress, may also modulate genome stability and telomere length. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Collectively 280 cumulus/oocyte complex samples were recovered from a total of 50 women undergoing in vitro fertilization. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Cumulus cells were separated from the oocyte-cumulus complex. DNA and total mRNA were extracted from cumulus cells and assayed for telomere length and for SA1, SA2 and SIRT1 gene expression profiling. Telomere length was determined by quantitave PCR and analyzed relative to the single copy of the housekeeping gene (albumin) to generate a T/S ratio (Telomere/single copy gene). Gene expression levels of SA1, SA2 and SIRT1 mRNA were assayed by quantitative RT-PCR and confirmed by western blotting and immunofluorescent studies (SIRT1). SA1/SA2 and SIRT1 gene expression levels and telomere length analysis of patients/samples were ranked in relation to their clinical setting parameters (BMI, age) and to the number of oocyte retrieved. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE SA1 and SA2 transcripts were both detected in all cumulus cells analyzed and the relative amount showed a clear decreasing trend according to the age of patients. A significant increase in SA1 and SA2 was disclosed in high responder women (>6 oocytes retrieved) compared to poor responders (<4 oocytes) (P < 0.05). Furthermore, statistically significant positive correlations were also recorded between the transcripts levels of the two cohesin molecules (r = 0.89; P < 0.05) and, to a lesser extent, between telomere length and SA1 (r = 0.42; P < 0.001) and SA2 (r = 0.36; P < 0.001) mRNA levels. SIRT1 expression was also significantly increased in high responders (>6 oocytes) compared to poor responders. Significant correlations were found between SIRT1 and SA1 (r = 0.69; P < 0.001), between SIRT1 and SA2 (r = 0.78; P < 0.001), and between SIRT1 and telomere length (r = 0.36; P < 0.001). However, in the older patient group (>38 years), SIRT1 mRNA levels were twice as high as the levels recorded in the younger patient cohort (<34 years). Western blot analysis and immunofluorescent studies confirmed the increments in SIRT1 protein levels in patients over 38 years old. LARGE SCALE DATA N/A. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Cumulus/oocyte complexes were retrieved by patients undergoing ovarian stimulation protocol for IVF. We cannot exclude the possibility that different stimulation protocols affect the correlations highlighted in this study. Future investigations should shed light on cumulus cells molecular profile according to different stimulation protocols. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The overall results of our study point to the involvement of cohesins SA1/SA2 and SIRT1 deacetylase in telomere homeostasis in cumulus cells and highlight their possible eligibility as biomarkers of follicular physiology and ovarian aging. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) Merck Serono S.P.A Italy sponsored the study with financial support. There are no competing interests to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Valerio
- IRG, Via Porzio 4, Centro Direzionale, Napoli, Italy
| | - A Luddi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - V De Leo
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - D Labella
- Merigen Research, Via Pietravalle 11, Napoli, Italy
| | - S Longobardi
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str 250, F135/002, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - P Piomboni
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 53100 Siena, Italy
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46
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miR-200a Modulates the Expression of the DNA Repair Protein OGG1 Playing a Role in Aging of Primary Human Keratinocytes. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:9147326. [PMID: 29765508 PMCID: PMC5889889 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9147326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative DNA damage accumulation may induce cellular senescence. Notably, senescent cells accumulate in aged tissues and are present at the sites of age-related pathologies. Although the signaling of DNA strand breaks has been extensively studied, the role of oxidative base lesions has not fully investigated in primary human keratinocyte aging. In this study, we show that primary human keratinocytes from elderly donors are characterized by a significant accumulation of the oxidative base lesion 8-OH-dG, impairment of oxidative DNA repair, and increase of miR-200a levels. Notably, OGG1-2a, a critical enzyme for 8-OH-dG repair, is a direct target of miR-200a and its expression levels significantly decrease in aged keratinocytes. The 8-OH-dG accumulation displays a significant linear relationship with the aging biomarker p16 expression during keratinocyte senescence. Interestingly, we found that miR-200a overexpression down-modulates its putative target Bmi-1, a well-known p16 repressor, and up-regulates p16 itself. miR-200a overexpression also up-regulates the NLRP3 inflammasome and IL-1β expression. Of note, primary keratinocytes from elderly donors are characterized by NRPL3 activation and IL-1β secretion. These findings point to miR-200a as key player in primary human keratinocyte aging since it is able to reduce oxidative DNA repair activity and may induce several senescence features through p16 and IL-1β up-regulation.
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Bonfigli AR, Spazzafumo L, Prattichizzo F, Bonafè M, Mensà E, Micolucci L, Giuliani A, Fabbietti P, Testa R, Boemi M, Lattanzio F, Olivieri F. Leukocyte telomere length and mortality risk in patients with type 2 diabetes. Oncotarget 2018; 7:50835-50844. [PMID: 27437767 PMCID: PMC5239440 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) shortening is found in a number of age-related diseases, including type 2 diabetes (T2DM). In this study its possible association with mortality was analyzed in a sample of 568 T2DM patients (mean age 65.9 ± 9 years), who were followed for a median of 10.2 years (interquartile range 2.2). A number of demographic, laboratory and clinical parameters determined at baseline were evaluated as mortality risk factors. LTL was measured by quantitative real-time PCR and reported as T/S (telomere-to-single copy gene ratio). Age, gender, creatinine, diabetes duration at baseline, and LTL were significantly different between T2DM patients who were dead and alive at follow-up. In the Cox regression analysis adjusted for the confounding variables, shorter LTL, older age, and longer disease duration significantly increased the risk of all-cause mortality (HR = 3.45, 95%CI 1.02-12.5, p = 0.004). Kaplan-Maier analysis also found a different cumulative mortality risk for patients having an LTL shorter than the median (T/S ≤0.04) and disease duration longer than the median (>10 years) (log-rank = 11.02, p = 0.011). Time-dependent mortality risk stratification showed that T2DM duration and LTL combined was a fairly good predictor of mortality over the first 76 months of follow-up. In conclusion, LTL combined with clinical parameters can provide additive prognostic information on mortality risk in T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liana Spazzafumo
- Center of Biostatistics, INRCA-IRCCS National Institute, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Massimiliano Bonafè
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, DIMES, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Emanuela Mensà
- Center of Clinical Pathology and Innovative Therapy, National Institute INRCA-IRCCS, Ancona, Italy
| | - Luigina Micolucci
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, DISCLIMO, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Angelica Giuliani
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, DISCLIMO, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Paolo Fabbietti
- Center of Biostatistics, INRCA-IRCCS National Institute, Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberto Testa
- Experimental Models in Clinical Pathology, INRCA-IRCCS National Institute, Ancona, Italy
| | - Massimo Boemi
- Metabolic Diseases and Diabetology Unit, INRCA-IRCCS National Institute, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Fabiola Olivieri
- Center of Clinical Pathology and Innovative Therapy, National Institute INRCA-IRCCS, Ancona, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, DISCLIMO, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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48
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Telomere Biology and Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:ijms19010003. [PMID: 29267201 PMCID: PMC5795955 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascending aortic aneurysms are mostly asymptomatic and present a great risk of aortic dissection or perforation. Consequently, ascending aortic aneurysms are a source of lethality with increased age. Biological aging results in progressive attrition of telomeres, which are the repetitive DNA sequences at the end of chromosomes. These telomeres play an important role in protection of genomic DNA from end-to-end fusions. Telomere maintenance and telomere attrition-associated senescence of endothelial and smooth muscle cells have been indicated to be part of the pathogenesis of degenerative vascular diseases. This systematic review provides an overview of telomeres, telomere-associated proteins and telomerase to the formation and progression of aneurysms of the thoracic ascending aorta. A better understanding of telomere regulation in the vascular pathology might provide new therapeutic approaches. Measurements of telomere length and telomerase activity could be potential prognostic biomarkers for increased risk of death in elderly patients suffering from an aortic aneurysm.
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49
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The origin of oxidized guanine resolves the puzzle of oxidation-induced telomere-length alterations. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2017; 23:1070-1071. [PMID: 27922610 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Markkanen E. Not breathing is not an option: How to deal with oxidative DNA damage. DNA Repair (Amst) 2017; 59:82-105. [PMID: 28963982 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative DNA damage constitutes a major threat to genetic integrity, and has thus been implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of diseases, including cancer and neurodegeneration. 7,8-dihydro-8oxo-deoxyGuanine (8-oxo-G) is one of the best characterised oxidative DNA lesions, and it can give rise to point mutations due to its miscoding potential that instructs most DNA polymerases (Pols) to preferentially insert Adenine (A) opposite 8-oxo-G instead of the correct Cytosine (C). If uncorrected, A:8-oxo-G mispairs can give rise to C:G→A:T transversion mutations. Cells have evolved a variety of pathways to mitigate the mutational potential of 8-oxo-G that include i) mechanisms to avoid incorporation of oxidized nucleotides into DNA through nucleotide pool sanitisation enzymes (by MTH1, MTH2, MTH3 and NUDT5), ii) base excision repair (BER) of 8-oxo-G in DNA (involving MUTYH, OGG1, Pol λ, and other components of the BER machinery), and iii) faithful bypass of 8-oxo-G lesions during replication (using a switch between replicative Pols and Pol λ). In the following, the fate of 8-oxo-G in mammalian cells is reviewed in detail. The differential origins of 8-oxo-G in DNA and its consequences for genetic stability will be covered. This will be followed by a thorough discussion of the different mechanisms in place to cope with 8-oxo-G with an emphasis on Pol λ-mediated correct bypass of 8-oxo-G during MUTYH-initiated BER as well as replication across 8-oxo-G. Furthermore, the multitude of mechanisms in place to regulate key proteins involved in 8-oxo-G repair will be reviewed. Novel functions of 8-oxo-G as an epigenetic-like regulator and insights into the repair of 8-oxo-G within the cellular context will be touched upon. Finally, a discussion will outline the relevance of 8-oxo-G and the proteins involved in dealing with 8-oxo-G to human diseases with a special emphasis on cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enni Markkanen
- Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 260, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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