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Ou SP, Liao XL, Huang ZT, Hu YC, Cai Z, Chen ZF. Bioaccessibility and health risk assessment of hydrophobic organic pollutants in soils from four typical industrial contaminated sites in China. J Environ Sci (China) 2025; 147:282-293. [PMID: 39003047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
There have been reports of potential health risks for people from hydrophobic organic pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated hydrocarbons (PCHs), and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs). When a contaminated site is used for residential housing or public utility and recreation areas, the soil-bound organic pollutants might pose a threat to human health. In this study, we investigated the contamination profiles and potential risks to human health of 15 PAHs, 6 PCHs, and 12 OPFRs in soils from four contaminated sites in China. We used an in vitro method to determine the oral bioaccessibility of soil pollutants. Total PAHs were found at concentrations ranging from 26.4 ng/g to 987 ng/g. PCHs (0.27‒14.3 ng/g) and OPFRs (6.30‒310 ng/g) were detected, but at low levels compared to earlier reports. The levels of PAHs, PCHs, and OPFRs released from contaminated soils into simulated gastrointestinal fluids ranged from 1.74% to 91.0%, 2.51% to 39.6%, and 1.37% to 96.9%, respectively. Based on both spiked and unspiked samples, we found that the oral bioaccessibility of pollutants was correlated with their logKow and molecular weight, and the total organic carbon content and pH of soils. PAHs in 13 out of 38 contaminated soil samples posed potential high risks to children. When considering oral bioaccessibility, nine soils still posed potential risks, while the risks in the remaining soils became negligible. The contribution of this paper is that it corrects the health risk of soil-bound organic pollutants by detecting bioaccessibility in actual soils from different contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Ping Ou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiao-Liang Liao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zi-Tao Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yan-Cong Hu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Ouyang K, Lu X, Meng J, Wang C, Feng S, Shi B, Su G, Li Q. Which pollutants and sources should be prioritized for control in multi-pollutants complex contaminated areas? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 478:135547. [PMID: 39154482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Risk assessment and source identification of multi-pollutants are essential for accurate control of soil contamination. However, complexity in pollutant properties and diversity in source types raise challenges to the target. Therefore, this study constructed a hierarchical ecological risk quantification method combined with risk ranking, risk of single pollutant using potential affected fraction (PAF), and joint risk of multi-pollutants employing msPAF. Taking regional contamination in South China as a case, the risk ranking was determined, while single and joint effects showed msPAF reaching 79.4 %, with risk as heavy metals (HMs) > per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) > polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Meanwhile, an integrated source apportionment method was established from three layers by principal component analysis to classify source types, multiple linear regression of distance to identify key sources, and positive matrix factorization to track omitted sources. Consequently, key sources were captured, with 80.8 %-93.2 % contribution of farmland and electroplating to three main HMs, 52.2 %-69.4 % contribution of roads to three main PAHs, and 71.1 %-73.2 % contribution of electroplating to two main PFASs. Further, omitted sources were tracked with contribution of 31.2 %-84.1 % to eight pollutants. The established methods can identify control targets, including high-risk pollutants and their key sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaige Ouyang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects Research, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiaofei Lu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China
| | - Jing Meng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects Research, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Chenxi Wang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects Research, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Siting Feng
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects Research, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Bin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects Research, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guijin Su
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects Research, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects Research, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Odali EW, Iwegbue CMA, Egobueze FE, Nwajei GE, Martincigh BS. Distribution, sources, and risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from rural communities around gas flaring points in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:721-733. [PMID: 38421246 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00067b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the concentrations, sources, and ecological and human health risks resulting from exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils of rural communities around gas flaring points in Delta State, Nigeria. PAHs were extracted from these soil samples with hexane/dichloromethane by ultra-sonication and the extracts were cleaned on a silica gel/alumina-packed column. The PAH concentrations in the extracts were quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The Σ16 PAH concentrations in soils from these communities varied from 2370-134 000, 461-389 000, and 2130-34 900 μg kg-1 for Emu-Ebendo (EME), Otu-Jeremi (OTJ) and Ebedei (EBD), respectively. The estimated lifetime carcinogenic risk values recorded in this study were above the acceptable limit of 10-6, indicating a high potential carcinogenic risk resulting from human exposure to PAHs in these soils. The isomeric ratio and principal component analysis results suggest that emissions from high-temperature combustion, potentially gas flaring, vehicular emissions, burning of wood/biomass, and fossil fuel combustion are responsible for the high concentrations of PAHs in soils of these rural communities. This study recommends implementing remediation and source control measures to minimise the impact of PAHs in the affected soils on humans and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eze W Odali
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria.
| | | | - Francis E Egobueze
- Department of Environment and Quality Control, Nigerian Agip Oil Company, Rumueme, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Godwin E Nwajei
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria.
| | - Bice S Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
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Deabji N, Fomba KW, Dos Santos Souza EJ, Mellouki A, Herrmann H. Influence of anthropogenic activities on metals, sugars and PAHs in PM 10 in the city of Fez, Morocco: Implications on air quality. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:25238-25257. [PMID: 38468011 PMCID: PMC11024011 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32740-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is an important component in the atmosphere, affecting air quality, health, radiation balance, and global climate. To assess regional air quality in the city of Fez, an intensive field campaign was carried out in the autumn of 2019 in the Middle Atlas region of Morocco. Aerosol sampling was performed simultaneously at two urban sites in the city of Fez: (1) Fez University (FU), a sub-urban site, and (2) Fez Parc (FP), an urban site located in the city center of Fez, using PM10 collectors. Various laboratory analyses were carried out, including PM mass, trace metals, inorganic ions, OC/EC, sugar compounds, and PAHs. The results indicate that the PM10 mass (61 ng m-3) was comparable at both sites, with a 37-107 ng m-3 range. Most of the 19 investigated PAHs at the FU site (10.2 ± 6.2 ng m-3) were low-molecular-weight PAHs, while the most abundant PAHs at the FP site (6.9 ± 3.8 ng m-3) were mainly higher-molecular-weight PAHs. A diagnostic ratio analysis at both sites indicated that PAHs originated from fossil fuel combustion and traffic emissions from diesel engines, with Ant/(Ant + Phe) and Flu/(Flu + Pyr) ratios averaging 0.22 and 0.84, respectively. PMF analysis identified traffic emissions as a major source (30%), with secondary inorganic aerosols (20%) and biomass burning (14%). Polar plots highlight the dominance of local anthropogenic activities in PM pollution, with vehicular emissions, industrial activities, and biomass burning. This study shows that local sources and combustion processes significantly contribute to PM10 sources in Morocco, providing insights into air pollution mitigation in North Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Deabji
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Khanneh Wadinga Fomba
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eduardo José Dos Santos Souza
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Abdelwahid Mellouki
- Université Mohammed VI Polytechnique (UM6P), Lot 660 Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150, Ben Guerir, Morocco
- Institut de Combustion Aérothermique Réactivité Et Environnement, OSUC-CNRS, 1C Avenue de La Recherche Scientifique, 45071, CEDEX 2, Orléans, France
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
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Shi D, Wu F, He J, Sun Y, Qin N, Sun F, Su H, Wang B. Spatiotemporal distributions and ecological risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface seawater of Laizhou Bay, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:12131-12143. [PMID: 38227259 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31253-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The spatial-temporal distribution, source, and potential ecological risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface seawater from Laizhou Bay were investigated. The total PAH (ΣPAH) concentrations ranged from 277 to 4393 ng/L with an average of 1178 ng/L, thereby suggesting a relatively moderate to high PAH exposure level in Laizhou Bay in comparison to other bays in the world. The composition patterns and source apportionment results revealed that the coal, biomass burning, diesel emissions, and petroleum combustion as well as the combination of these processes were the dominant sources of PAHs in the surface water, which were closely associated with sail process and sewage effluents. The ecological risk assessment indicated that benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), phenanthrene (Phe), luoranthene (Flua), and naphthalene (Nap) would exist ecological risks in most of surface seawater sites, but the probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) results showed that the current level of risk is not as severe as the risk quotient (RQ) results revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jia He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Yan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Ning Qin
- University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Fuhong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Hailei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
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Odali EW, Iwegbue CMA, Egobueze FE, Nwajei GE, Martincigh BS. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in dust from rural communities around gas flaring points in the Niger Delta of Nigeria: an exploration of spatial patterns, sources and possible risk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:177-191. [PMID: 38044820 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00048f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Indoor and outdoor dust from three rural communities (Emu-Ebendo, EME, Otu-Jeremi, OTJ, and Ebedei, EBD) around gas flaring points, and a rural community (Ugono Abraka, UGA) without gas flare points, in the Niger Delta of Nigeria, was analysed for the concentrations and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), their sources, and possible health risk resulting from human exposure to PAHs in dust from these rural communities. The PAHs were extracted from the dust with a mixture of dichloromethane/n-hexane by ultrasonication, and purified on a silica gel/alumina packed column. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was employed to determine the identity and concentrations of PAHs in the cleaned extracts. The Σ16PAH concentrations in the indoor dust ranged from 558 to 167 000, 6580 to 413 000, and 2350-37 500 μg kg-1 for EME, OTJ and EBD respectively, while those of their outdoor counterparts varied from 347 to 19 700, 15 000 to 130 000, and 1780 to 46 300 μg kg-1 for EME, OTJ and EBD respectively. On the other hand, the UGA community without gas flare points had Σ16PAH concentrations in the range of 444-5260 μg kg-1 for indoor dust, and 154-7000 μg kg-1 for outdoor dust. The lifetime cancer risk values for PAHs in these matrices surpassed the acceptable limit of 10-6 suggesting a potential carcinogenic risk resulting from human exposure to PAHs in indoor and outdoor dust from these rural communities. Principal component analysis suggested that PAH contamination of dust from these communities arises principally from gas flaring, combustion of wood/biomass, and vehicular emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eze W Odali
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria.
| | | | | | - Godwin E Nwajei
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria.
| | - Bice S Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
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Mustafa SFZ, Mat Deris M, Abd Manan TSB, Beddu S, Mohd Kamal NL, Mohamad D, Yavari S, Qazi S, Hanafiah Z, Omar Abu Nassar S, Yeoh KL, Sheriff I, Wan Mohtar WHM, Isa MH, Yusoff MS, Abdul Aziz H. Modelling of similarity characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Sungai Perak, Malaysia via rough set theory and principal component analysis (PCA). Chem Phys Lett 2023; 828:140721. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2023.140721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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A Comparative Analysis on the Concentration and Potential Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Water, Sediment and Soil from a Non-crude Oil and a Crude Oil Explosion Site in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-023-00596-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Iwegbue CMA, Ogbuta AA, Tesi GO, Ossai CJ, Olisah C, Nwajei GE, Martincigh BS. Spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in dust and soils from informal trade sites in southern Nigeria: Implications for risk and source analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 315:137624. [PMID: 36566793 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of semi-volatile and persistent organic compounds considered priority pollutants because of their pervasive nature and high toxicity to the ecosystem and humans. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the PAH concentrations in dust and soils around informal trade sites (ITS) in Nigeria to determine the level of risk, sources, and significance of these activities to the PAH load of the environment. The 16 US EPA PAHs in dust and soils from ITS were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The PAH concentrations in dust from these informal trade sites varied from 120 to 8790, 56 to 4780, and 102-1090 μg kg-1 for automobile mechanic workshops (AMW), car dismantling (CDS), and material recovery sites (MRS), respectively, whereas those of soils ranged from 3000 to 95,500, 554 to 14,700, and 966-25,200 μg kg-1 for AMW, CDS, and MRS respectively. The PAH profiles indicated that 3- to 5-ring PAHs were prominent in dust and soils around the ITS. The concentrations of the US EPA 16 PAHs in dust and soils from these ITS showed no correlation with organic matter, while the concentrations of PAH homologues in soils of these ITS showed no correlation with those of dust. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values in the magnitude of 10-4 to 101 were obtained for adult and childhood exposure to PAHs in dust and soils from these ITS. Exposure to PAHs in dust from these ITS gives rise to less risk than for soils. The results indicated that automobile mechanic workshops contribute more PAHs to the environment than car dismantling and material recovery activities. The source analysis showed that the PAH contamination of these sites arises from burning of biomass, plastic materials, and oils, and emissions from vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony A Ogbuta
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
| | - Godswill O Tesi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
| | - Chinedu J Ossai
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Chijioke Olisah
- Department of Botany and Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
| | - Godwin E Nwajei
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Bice S Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
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Determination of Unmetabolized Petroleum Hydrocarbons in the Urine of Occupationally Exposed Persons in Port-Harcourt, Nigeria by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-022-00491-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Lee J, Cha J, Yoon SJ, Hong S, Khim JS. Instrumental and bioanalytical characterization of dioxin-like activity in sediments from the Yeongsan River and the Nakdong River estuaries, South Korea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 826:154240. [PMID: 35245540 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the contamination status of dioxin-like chemicals (DLCs) and potential toxic effects associated with river and coastal sediments from two large estuaries of South Korea. Sediments collected from the Yeongsan River and the Nakdong River estuaries were analyzed for several DLCs, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (co-PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Greater concentrations of target DLCs (except for PCDDs in Nakdong River) were found in the inland creeks with decreasing trends towards estuarine and coastal areas in both regions. The result indicated that the elevated DLCs were attributable to the surrounding land use activities, such as point sources of industrial and municipal areas from the inland regions. Principal component analysis and positive matrix factorization model revealed that major sources of PCDD/Fs and PAHs in sediments were fly ash and dust, and petroleum and diesel emission, respectively. The dioxin-like activities of the sediments ranged from 0.98 to 88% of the maximal induction elicited by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, which generally explained the sedimentary contamination by the target DLCs. Dioxin-like activity in sediments from the artificial lake and inland creek of the Nakdong River Estuary was mostly explained by the targeted DLCs (~75%). However, the contribution of known DLCs from the sediments of the Yeongsan River Estuary was relatively low (~35%) compared to that of the Nakdong River Estuary, suggesting the presence of unknown DLCs in sediments. Overall, the distribution of DLCs quite varied by region, generally reflecting the difference in the surrounding land use activity. In the future, it is needed to study the distribution, sources, and potential ecological effects of unknown toxic substances in coastal sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Cha
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Joon Yoon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Hong
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Kumar M, Bolan NS, Hoang SA, Sawarkar AD, Jasemizad T, Gao B, Keerthanan S, Padhye LP, Singh L, Kumar S, Vithanage M, Li Y, Zhang M, Kirkham MB, Vinu A, Rinklebe J. Remediation of soils and sediments polluted with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: To immobilize, mobilize, or degrade? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 420:126534. [PMID: 34280720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are generated due to incomplete burning of organic substances. Use of fossil fuels is the primary anthropogenic cause of PAHs emission in natural settings. Although several PAH compounds exist in the natural environmental setting, only 16 of these compounds are considered priority pollutants. PAHs imposes several health impacts on humans and other living organisms due to their carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic properties. The specific characteristics of PAHs, such as their high hydrophobicity and low water solubility, influence their active adsorption onto soils and sediments, affecting their bioavailability and subsequent degradation. Therefore, this review first discusses various sources of PAHs, including source identification techniques, bioavailability, and interactions of PAHs with soils and sediments. Then this review addresses the remediation technologies adopted so far of PAHs in soils and sediments using immobilization techniques (capping, stabilization, dredging, and excavation), mobilization techniques (thermal desorption, washing, electrokinetics, and surfactant assisted), and biological degradation techniques. The pros and cons of each technology are discussed. A detailed systematic compilation of eco-friendly approaches used to degrade PAHs, such as phytoremediation, microbial remediation, and emerging hybrid or integrated technologies are reviewed along with case studies and provided prospects for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nanthi S Bolan
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth WA 6001, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia; College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Son A Hoang
- College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Ankush D Sawarkar
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT), Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440 010, India
| | - Tahereh Jasemizad
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Bowen Gao
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - S Keerthanan
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Lokesh P Padhye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Lal Singh
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Meththika Vithanage
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Environmental Engineering, China Jiliang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, China Jiliang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - M B Kirkham
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - Ajayan Vinu
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Liu Q, Wu Y, Zhou Y, Li X, Yang S, Chen Y, Qu Y, Ma J. A novel method to analyze the spatial distribution and potential sources of pollutant combinations in the soil of Beijing urban parks. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 284:117191. [PMID: 33930780 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic and inorganic pollutants are often co-sedimentary in soils and have the same sources in the urban environment. The identification of the sources and distribution of combined pollutants is a basic step in risk management. In this study, the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals (HMs) were measured in urban park soils in Beijing. Bivariate local Moran's I and positive matrix factorization (PMF) source apportionment were used to identify the spatial clustering patterns and potential sources of PAHs and HMs, as well as to ultimately define a pollution risk control area. The results revealed an obvious clustered distribution of PAHs and HMs in the park soils. High-high areas were defined as sites containing a complex mixture of pollutants, which were mainly located in the center and north of Beijing. High-low and low-high areas were located outside the city center but had the potential for combined pollution, and therefore require continuous attention. Bivariate local indicators of spatial association (LISA) enabled a more accurate analyses of the mechanism controlling the spatial distribution of PAH and HM combinations in urban parks. The source apportionment indicated that industrial and traffic emissions were the most important sources of the pollutant combinations in urban parks, with traffic emissions accounting for most of the pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; School of Earth Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yihang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yongzhang Zhou
- School of Earth Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xingyuan Li
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shuhui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yixiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yajing Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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14
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Aziza AE, Iwegbue CMA, Tesi GO, Nwajei GE, Martincigh BS. Concentrations, sources, and exposure risk of polychlorinated biphenyls in soil profiles of the floodplain of the lower reaches of the River Niger, Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:579. [PMID: 34398331 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09310-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of 28 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in soils collected at three depths from thirteen different sites along the floodplain of the lower reaches of the River Niger (LRRN) in Nigeria. The aim of the study was to provide data on the levels of contamination, sources of the contaminants, and risks to the ecosystem and humans. Soil samples were Soxhlet extracted with a solvent mixture of dichloromethane (DCM)/n-hexane and cleaned up on a column packed with Florisil and silica gel. The PCBs in the samples were quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The Ʃ28 PCB concentrations in the floodplain soils varied between not detected (nd) and 11,151 ng g-1 for different sampling sites and depths. The PCB concentrations and homologue distribution patterns in soil profiles of the floodplain of the LRRN showed remarkable differences with respect to sites and depths. The results obtained were used to evaluate the ecological and human health risks, which indicated that there is a potential risk to organisms and humans from exposure to PCBs in these soil profiles. The source evaluation as determined by principal component analysis suggested that PCBs in these soil profiles came from burnt circuit boards, cable wires, use of paints, discharges from transformers, long-range migration, and deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Aziza
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria
| | | | - Godswill O Tesi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
| | - Godwin E Nwajei
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
| | - Bice S Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
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15
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Alghamdi MA, Hassan SK, Al Sharif MY, Khoder MI, Harrison RM. On the nature of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with sporting walkways dust: Concentrations, sources and relative health risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 781:146540. [PMID: 33794462 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sporting walkways (SW) are a new innovation which may prove popular in many cities. As there is currently no information on possible health risks associated with their use, concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with deposited dust sampled on SW in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, have been measured and interpreted in relation to sources and cancer risk. The average ∑PAHs (16 compounds) ranged between 1357 ng/g in residential areas and 3764 ng/g in central urban areas, with suburban areas between. The congener profile and diagnostic ratios of PAHs indicate a predominant source associated with petroleum combustion (pyrogenic source), most probably vehicular emissions. Carcinogenic potential is estimated from the sum of carcinogenic compound concentrations weighted by their individual potency relative to benzo(a)pyrene, and is found to be similar to household dust sampled in the same city, and lower than many other indoor and outdoor (road) dusts sampled across the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour A Alghamdi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salwa K Hassan
- Air Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, El Behooth Str., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Marwan Y Al Sharif
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mamdouh I Khoder
- Air Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, El Behooth Str., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Roy M Harrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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16
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Iwegbue CMA, Kekeke EF, Tesi GO, Olisah C, Egobueze FE, Chukwu-Madu E, Martincigh BS. Impact of Land-Use Types on the Distribution and Exposure Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Dusts from Benin City, Nigeria. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 81:210-226. [PMID: 34254149 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-021-00861-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of the sixteen United States Environmental Protection Agency polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in dusts from different land-use types in Benin City by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results obtained were used to assess the ecological and human health risk and to determine the source apportionment. The Ʃ16 PAH concentrations in dusts from Benin City ranged from 230 to 2300 µg kg-1 for industrial areas, 211-1330 µg kg-1 for commercial areas, 153-1170 µg kg-1 for residential areas, and from 216 to 1970 µg kg-1 for school playgrounds/parks. The ecological risk assessment suggested that the levels of PAHs in dusts from these land-use types are of low-to-moderate risk to organisms. The benzo(a)pyrene carcinogenic potency [BaPTEQ] (70.5-131 µg kg-1) and benzo(a)pyrene mutagenic potency [BaPMEQ] (62.9-122 µg kg-1) concentrations were below the Canadian soil quality guideline value of 600 µg kg-1. The incremental lifetime carcinogenic risk (ILCR) arising from exposure of adults and children to PAHs in dusts from Benin City were in the magnitude of 10-4-10-2, which exceeded the safe target levels of 10-6, implying a considerable cancer risk for residents of this city. The PAH source apportionment derived from isomeric ratios and multivariate statistics indicated that burning of biomass, wood, and charcoal, and vehicular traffic were the predominant sources of PAHs in dusts from Benin City.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ejiroghene F Kekeke
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Godswill O Tesi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
| | - Chijioke Olisah
- Department of Botany & Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Francis E Egobueze
- Environment and Quality Control Department, Nigerian Agip Oil Company, Rumueme, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Etanuro Chukwu-Madu
- Department of Chemistry, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Bice S Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X5400l, Durban, 4000, South Africa
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17
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Tesi GO, Iniaghe PO, Lari B, Obi-Iyeke G, Ossai JC. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in leafy vegetables consumed in southern Nigeria: concentration, risk assessment and source apportionment. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:443. [PMID: 34169353 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09217-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Four commonly consumed leafy vegetables, obtained from four major cities in southern Nigeria, were analysed for their polycyclic hydrocarbon (PAH) content using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The estimated daily intake (EDI), margin of exposure (MOE), hazard index (HI) and total cancer risk (TCR); principal component analysis (PCA) and diagnostic ratios (DRs) were respectively used for risk evaluation and source identification of the detected PAHs. The results showed that the mean concentration (µg kg-1) of ∑16 PAHs in the vegetables ranged from 532 to 2261. The EDI values ranged from 459 to 4876, 1809 to 8378, 2733 to 13,036 and 4143 to 12,568 ng kg-1 bw day-1 for benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), PAH2, PAH4, and PAH8 for children exposure respectively, and from 115 to 1219, 452 to 2095, 683 to 3259 and 1036 to 3142 ng kg-1 bw day-1 for adult exposure respectively. The estimated MOE values were < 10,000, indicating that the vegetables were unsuitable for consumption. The HI values were < 1, suggesting that there were no potential non-carcinogenic risks, but the total cancer risk values (> 1 × 10-6) designated carcinogenic risk of PAHs with consumption of these vegetables. The DR and PCA result showed that PAHs originated from high-temperature pyrogenic processes and vehicular emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bulouebibo Lari
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Grace Obi-Iyeke
- Department of Botany, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
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18
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Zhang M, Tang Z, Yin H, Meng T. Concentrations, distribution and risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from seven major river basins in China over the past 20 years. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 280:111717. [PMID: 33277098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in river sediments in China have been extensively investigated. However, most previous studies only reported information about specific locations. As a result, the distribution and changes of these chemicals in sediments nationwide remain unknown. Based on published data during 1997-2020, we conducted a systematic meta-analysis to understand the concentration, risk and the spatiotemporal variation of PAHs in river sediments from the seven major river systems in China. The report provides a national picture of PAHs in river sediments of China. Among the seven river systems, higher concentrations of sediment PAHs are found in the basins of Liaohe River and Haihe River. In the study sediments, high-molecular-mass (4-6-ring) PAHs were predominated, reflecting the widespread combustion of coal and fossil fuels across China. In addition, PAH source assessment also suggests that raw coal and crude oil are important contributors to PAH concentrations in the rivers in northeastern China. Over the past 20 years, there is no downward trend in the concentrations of Σ16PAHs in sediments in the seven river basins; but the contribution of high-temperature combustion to the pollution has declined. In addition, our calculated risks from sediment PAHs seem to decline between 1997-2006 and 2007-2017 periods, although the differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Of note, the data collection and the risk assessment methods used in this preliminary survey may result in some uncertainty. Our results suggest that the PAHs in river sediments in China still need to be paid attention to due to the complexity of their sources and harms to aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Zhenwu Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Hongmin Yin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Tong Meng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
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19
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Shi R, Li X, Yang Y, Fan Y, Zhao Z. Contamination and human health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface soils from Tianjin coastal new region, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115938. [PMID: 33158616 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban soils are of increasing concern because of their potential toxicity and persistence. However, there is limited information about PAHs in Tianjin coastal new region, although it is an important economic and industrial center in Northern China. Here we determined the concentrations of PAHs in 210 surface soil samples collected from this region according to administrative divisions covering Han'gu district, Tanggu district, and Dagang district, to evaluate their contamination and potential cancer risks. The concentrations of 16 PAHs ranged from 58.2 to 9160 ng g-1, and the highest concentration was found in Han'gu district. According to the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model, the soils from Han'gu district and Dagang district posed a moderate carcinogenic risk to residents, and dermal contact was the main exposure pathway. Besides, ILCRs for children through ingestion were comparable to those for adults but apparently higher than adolescents, while ILCRs of dermal contact for adults were higher than children and adolescents. Comparisons between the layout of industrial zones and the distributions of PAHs as well as ILCRs indicate that PAHs accumulating in soils and then incurring risk areas is partly controlled by the economic and industrial structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongguang Shi
- Agro-environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Rural Energy & Environment Agency, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100125, China
| | - Yanying Yang
- Agro-environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Ying Fan
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China.
| | - Zongshan Zhao
- Environmental Science and Engineering College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
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20
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Ehigbor MJ, Iwegbue CMA, Eguavoen OI, Tesi GO, Martincigh BS. Occurrence, sources and ecological and human health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from some functional areas of the Nigerian megacity, Lagos. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:2895-2923. [PMID: 32424788 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00528-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The study investigated the levels of the USEPA 16 PAHs in soils collected from selected functional areas (cemetery, commercial, industrial and residential areas) of the Nigerian megacity, Lagos. The soil samples were subjected to ultrasonic-assisted extraction in a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of dichloromethane/hexane, and the PAHs in the resulting extracts were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The Σ16 PAHs in soils of these functional areas varied between 890-4675, 485-4513, 111-15,577 and 509-2047 μg kg-1 for cemetery, industrial, commercial and residential areas, respectively. The benzo(a)pyrene carcinogenic (BaPTEQ) and mutagenic equivalency (BaPMEQ) values of PAHs in these soils spanned from 523 to 1046 and 446 to 1129 µg kg-1, respectively. The hazard index values suggested that there are adverse (non-carcinogenic) health effects for a child's exposure to PAHs in soils of commercial areas. The cancer risk values resulting from an adult's and a child's exposure to PAHs in these urban soils via dermal contact and oral ingestion surpassed the target value of 10-6 which suggested that there is a considerable cancer risk relating to human exposure to PAHs in these urban soils. An ecological risk assessment making use of soil quality guidelines and risk quotients suggested a low ecological risk to organisms in soils of these functional areas except for those from commercial areas. PAH isomeric ratios and principal component analysis indicated that PAHs in these soils arise from petrogenic inputs, such as occasional spills of liquid petroleum fuels and discharges from automobile workshops and generator houses, as well as pyrogenic processes including traffic emissions and combustion of fossil fuels and biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monday J Ehigbor
- Department of Chemistry, Ambrose Alli University, P.M.B. 14, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria
| | | | - Osayanmo I Eguavoen
- Department of Chemistry, Ambrose Alli University, P.M.B. 14, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Godswill O Tesi
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
| | - Bice S Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
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21
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Xie Z, Gao L, Liang Z, Chen J, Li S, Zhu A, Wu Y, Yang Z, Li R, Wang Z. Characteristics, Sources, and Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Topsoil and Surface Water from the Liuxi River Basin, South China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 78:401-415. [PMID: 32008048 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00711-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations, composition, sources, and risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in topsoil and surface water of the Liuxi River basin, south China were analyzed in this study. The total concentrations of 16 PAHs ranged from 296.26 to 888.14 ng/g in topsoil and from 156.73 to 422.03 ng/L in surface water, indicating mild pollution. The PAHs in topsoil exhibited an even spatial distribution, suggesting that they originated primarily from dry and wet deposition of transported pollutants. The concentration of PAHs in surface water did not differ significantly geographically, but the concentrations of total, three-, and four-ring PAHs were significantly lower in the Liuxi River than in its tributaries. Three- and two-ring PAHs predominated in topsoil and surface water, respectively. A correlation analysis suggested that the total organic carbon content and pH exerted a negligible effect on the spatial distribution of PAHs in topsoil, and they may have common sources. Fossil fuel combustion (particularly vehicle emissions) and coking production were the dominant sources of PAHs in topsoil, whereas those in surface water were derived from a variety of sources. The total toxic equivalent concentrations of 16 PAHs in topsoil ranged from 3.73 to 105.66 ng/g (mean, 30.93 ng/g), suggesting that exposure to the basin's topsoil does not pose a risk to the environment or public health according to the Canadian soil quality guidelines. A risk assessment revealed that the total PAH concentrations in surface water posed a low ecological risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenglan Xie
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Lei Gao
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zuobing Liang
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jianyao Chen
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Shaoheng Li
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Aiping Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yu Wu
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zhigang Yang
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Rui Li
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zhuowei Wang
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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22
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Parra YJ, Oloyede OO, Pereira GM, de Almeida Lima PHA, da Silva Caumo SE, Morenikeji OA, de Castro Vasconcellos P. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils and sediments in Southwest Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 259:113732. [PMID: 31884216 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons are strongly associated with agricultural, residential, transportation, and industrial activities. This study determined by GC-MS the concentration of 15 PAHs in soil and sediments at different sites from the Awotan-Asunle dumpsite area in the Southwestern region of Nigeria, which is one of the largest dumpsites in Africa. The sources of contamination, toxicity and associated risks for human health were also evaluated. Total PAHs concentrations were from 489 to 5616 μg kg-1, and 642-2159 μg kg-1, for soil and sediment, respectively. For soils, the highest values were observed for indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene, coronene, and phenanthrene, while for sediments, the most abundant species were pyrene, fluoranthene and phenanthrene. Diagnostic ratios were used to determine the sources of PAHs and suggested that the compounds were mainly emitted from non-traffic sources. The total BaP-TEQ and BaP-MEQ for soils did not exceed the value recommended by the Canadian guideline since the country does not present guidelines. The analysis of incremental lifetime cancer risk was high mostly for dermal and ingestion exposures in the population. This study might provide valuable information regarding exposure to PAHs in soils of a Nigerian community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yendry Jomolca Parra
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes, 74, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil.
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23
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Emoyan OO, Onocha EO, Tesi GO. Concentration assessment and source evaluation of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from selected vehicle-parks in southern Nigeria. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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24
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Iwegbue CMA, Ehigbor MJ, Tesi GO, Eguavoen OI, Martincigh BS. Occurrence, Sources and Exposure Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Street Dusts from the Nigerian Megacity, Lagos. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2020.1716027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Monday J. Ehigbor
- Department of Chemistry, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Godswill O. Tesi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
| | | | - Bice S. Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Zheng H, Qu C, Zhang J, Talpur SA, Ding Y, Xing X, Qi S. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in agricultural soils from Ningde, China: levels, sources, and human health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2019; 41:907-919. [PMID: 30220078 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-018-0188-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Soil-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in farmland are critical to human health. The level, composition, source, and cancer risk of sixteen PAHs in agricultural soil from Ningde, China, were investigated. The results indicated that the total concentrations of 16 PAHs ranged from 77.3 to 1188 ng g-1, with a mean value of 406 ng g-1. Five-ring PAHs were found to have the highest concentrations (148 ± 133 ng g-1), followed by four-ring (120 ± 101 ng g-1), three-ring (61.9 ± 54.2 ng g-1), six-ring (44.6 ± 61.0 ng g-1), and two-ring (31.3 ± 31.0 ng g-1). Employing positive matrix factorization (PMF), four PAH sources including biomass burning (36.3%), coal combustion (35.5%), traffic emissions (16.4%), and coke source (11.8%) were identified. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) results showed that ILCR values ranged from 7.1 × 10-4 to 1.1 × 10-3, which will cause moderate-to-high cancer risk to human health mainly via the soil ingestion and dermal contact exposure pathways. The source-oriented results indicated that coal combustion (32.7%), traffic emission (34.3%), and biomass burning (32.4%) had similar contributions to the total cancer risk. Therefore, more attention should be paid to these pyrolysis-originated sources to protect humanity from the health risk of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chengkai Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Jiaquan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China
| | - Shakeel Ahmed Talpur
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xinli Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Shihua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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Gu W, Bai J, Yuan W, Ma E, Zhang C, Wang J. Pollution analysis of soil polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from informal electronic waste dismantling areas in Xinqiao, China. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2019; 37:394-401. [PMID: 30736727 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x19826369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered to be persistent organic pollutants, which pose a great threat to human health and the surrounding environment. In order to explore the influence of informal electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling activities on inhabitants who live nearby, soil samples were collected from informal e-waste dismantling areas in Xinqiao, China and analysed for 16 United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) priority PAHs. Results indicated that the 16 USEPA priority PAHs were found at all seven sampling locations. Sampling location 3, which was only 10 m away from a residential area, had 1053.69 μg kg-1 of PAHs and seriously exceeded the standard value specified by the Netherlands. The total percents of 4-ring and 5-ring PAHs accounted for 61.74 and 71.70%, respectively, indicating that most of the detected PAHs belonged to high-ring PAHs. The informal e-waste dismantling activities are the major sources of soil PAHs in Xinqiao. Furthermore, the concentration of seven carcinogenic PAHs was 114.76 μg kg-1 and represented a potential health risk to humans. Thereinto, benzo[a]pyrene contributed the most, accounting for more than 50% in these locations. Our results may provide a reference about the influence of informal e-waste dismantling activities on the surrounding inhabitants and suggest that e-waste dismantling activities must be conducted in a formal enterprise which is far away from residential areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Gu
- 1 WEEE Research Centre of Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, China
- 2 Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai, China
- 3 Research Center of Resource Recycling Science and Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfeng Bai
- 1 WEEE Research Centre of Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, China
- 2 Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai, China
- 3 Research Center of Resource Recycling Science and Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyi Yuan
- 1 WEEE Research Centre of Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, China
- 2 Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai, China
- 3 Research Center of Resource Recycling Science and Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, China
| | - En Ma
- 1 WEEE Research Centre of Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, China
- 2 Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai, China
- 3 Research Center of Resource Recycling Science and Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenglong Zhang
- 1 WEEE Research Centre of Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, China
- 2 Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai, China
- 3 Research Center of Resource Recycling Science and Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingwei Wang
- 1 WEEE Research Centre of Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, China
- 2 Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai, China
- 3 Research Center of Resource Recycling Science and Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, China
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Iwegbue CMA, Ogbuta AA, Otutu JO, Obi G, Egobueze FE, Martincigh BS. Evaluation of Human Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Some Edible Oils and Shea Butter in Nigeria. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2019.1570951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anwuli A. Ogbuta
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Nigeria
| | - Johnson O. Otutu
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Grace Obi
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, Nigeria
| | - Francis E. Egobueze
- Environment and Quality Control Department, Nigeria Agip Oil Company, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Bice S. Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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28
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Iwegbue CMA, Odogbor D, Egobueze FE, Emoyan OO, Tesi GO, Odali EW, Nwajei GE, Martincigh BS. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Smoked Ethmalosa fimbriata and Gymnarchus niloticus from Selected Fish Markets in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2018.1550794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francis E. Egobueze
- Environment and Quality Control Department, Nigerian Agip Oil Company, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | | | - Godswill O. Tesi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Yenagoa, Nigeria
| | - Eze W. Odali
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Godwin E. Nwajei
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Bice S. Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
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Ouyang Z, Gao L, Yang C. Distribution, sources and influence factors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon at different depths of the soil and sediments of two typical coal mining subsidence areas in Huainan, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 163:255-265. [PMID: 30056339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The coal mining subsidence area in Huainan is a specific but common ecosystem in China. Not a lot of researches focusing on persistent organic pollutants like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in this area have been done. In order to investigate the concentrations, sources, environmental fate of PAHs and its distribution factors, Yangzhuang and Xieqiao coal mining subsidence areas in Huainan, China were determined as the object of the research, where samples from different depths of soil and sediments were collected to detect and analyze PAHs with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. The result showed that the 16 PAH compounds were all detected with a detection rate of 100%. The concentrations of PAHs at different depths of the soil and sediments of Yangzhuang were in the range of 42.1-22149.0 and 44.0-7644.2 ng/g, respectively, and in Xieqiao which were in the range of 17.8-1617.7 and 35.7-264.6 ng/g, respectively. Through comparing the results about spatial interpolation analyses of two subsidence areas, we found that PAHs pollution in soil was heavier than that in sediments of the subsidence areas with relatively small man-made interference. Man-made pollution had a great influence on the vertical distribution of PAHs in the subsidence areas. The PAHs with three or four rings dominated in the areas. Using diagnostic ratios, we found PAHs came from mixed pollutions including the combustion of coal and traffic pollution. As for the influence factors, based on regression analysis and Pearson correlation analysis, the increase of organic matters (OM) and total organic carbon (TOC) favored the deposition of PAHs and had a positive impact on the vertical distribution of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuozhi Ouyang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
| | - Liangmin Gao
- School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China.
| | - Chen Yang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Chen Y, Zhang F, Zhang J, Zhou M, Li F, Liu X. Accumulation characteristics and potential risk of PAHs in vegetable system grow in home garden under straw burning condition in Jilin, Northeast China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 162:647-654. [PMID: 30056930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.06.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation characteristics and potential risk posed by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils and vegetables grown in the home garden and agricultural field were investigated in this research. The average concentrations of 16 PAHs in soils and vegetables in the home garden were 508.9 ng/g and 197.3 ng/g, respectively, and in agricultural fields were 589.9 ng/g and 171.3 ng/g, respectively. The 16 PAHs concentrations of vegetables in the home garden were a little higher than in agricultural field. The most abundant PAHs in soils and vegetables was Phe, followed by Fla and Pyr in our study area. The concentrations of low-molecular-weight PAHs (L-PAHs) were higher in vegetables as compared to higher molecular weight 4-6 ring PAHs (H-PAHs). The results of plant concentration factor (PCF) indicated that L-PAHs have greater mobility in our research. Based on the results of PAH ratios, the main sources of the PAHs in soils were determined to be the combustion of biomass, coal, and petroleum. The total values of incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for males and females induced by soils and vegetables in home garden and agricultural field were all about 10-7 and 10-10. All the ILCRs value were lower than the baseline value, indicated that the carcinogenic risk for the soils and vegetables contaminated with PAHs in our study area for the residents was negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Chen
- Institute of Natural Disaster Research, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130024, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Institute of Natural Disaster Research, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130024, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Jiquan Zhang
- Institute of Natural Disaster Research, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130024, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Mo Zhou
- Institute of Natural Disaster Research, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130024, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Fengxu Li
- Institute of Natural Disaster Research, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130024, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xingpeng Liu
- Institute of Natural Disaster Research, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130024, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
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Hou J, Li T. A Comparison of Sources and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Stormwater Runoff from Ground and Highway Roads in Shanghai, China. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2018.1472110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongii University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongii University, Shanghai, China
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32
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Tian K, Bao H, Liu X, Wu F. Accumulation and distribution of PAHs in winter wheat from areas influenced by coal combustion in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:23780-23790. [PMID: 29876852 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2456-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate level and potential sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in wheat fields affected by coal combustion in Henan and Shaanxi Provinces and to investigate distribution and transfer of PAHs in winter wheat grown in the areas, various tissues of the crop and the corresponding rhizosphere soils were collected during the harvest season of winter wheat. The mean concentrations of USEPA 15 priority PAHs (sum of the three- to six-ring PAHs) ranged from 486 to 1117 μg kg-1 in the rhizosphere soils, indicating serious PAH contamination. Based on both the isomeric ratios of PAHs and a principal component analysis (PCA), the main sources of PAHs in the agricultural soils were from combustion of biomass, coal and petroleum, and petroleum. ∑15PAHs were significantly (p < 0.001) higher in the roots (287-432 μg kg-1) than those in aerial tissues (221-310 μg kg-1). There were two decreasing gradients of PAH concentrations, one from roots, stems to leaves, and the other from glumes to grains. Regardless of sampling sites, most PAHs detected in the roots and in the aerial tissues were three-ring PAHs (acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, fluorene, phenanthrene, and anthracene) and the percentages of three-ring PAHs were much higher in the aerial tissues (72.5-82.7%) than in the roots (49.5-74.0%) and in the rhizosphere soils (36.3-65.7%). The distribution of PAHs with different ring numbers in the stems, leaves, and glumes was quite similar to each other but was significantly different from that of the roots and rhizosphere soils. Combined with significant results from partial correlation and linear regression models, the present study suggested that partial three- to four-ring PAHs in the aerial tissues are derived from root-soil uptake and that six-ring PAHs may come from the air-to-leaf pathway, although the quantity contribution of foliar uptake and root uptake was yet to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Tian
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanyu Bao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueping Liu
- School of Municipal and Environment Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, 467036, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuyong Wu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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Chen Y, Zhang J, Zhang F, Liu X, Zhou M. Contamination and health risk assessment of PAHs in farmland soils of the Yinma River Basin, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 156:383-390. [PMID: 29579669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The concentration, composition, sources and incremental lifetime cancer risk of farmland soil polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of the Yinma River Basin were analyzed. In 2016, the total concentration of 16 PAHs ranged from 491.65 to 1007.73 ng/g in May, from 427.31 to 781.38 ng/g in August and from 580.40 to 999.40 ng/g in November, respectively. Levels of seven potentially carcinogenic PAHs generally accounted for 33-36.7% of total 16 PAHs in three seasons, and the PAHs contained two to six rings, mainly Fla, Pyr, and Chr. The correlation analysis suggested that the soil organic matter (SOM) was no correlation with PAHs except for August, and there were no significant relationship between the pH and total PAHs. Isomer ratios indicated that the soil PAHs in the farmland of the Yinma River Basin was determined to be the combustion of coal, biomass, and petroleum. The toxic equivalent (BaPeq) concentrations ranged from 15.2 to 133 ng BaPeq g-1 in three seasons. The 95th percentiles of incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) due to human exposure to farmland soil PAHs of the Yinma River Basin was (1.36 × 10-6) in May, (1.00 × 10-6) in August, and (1.18 × 10-6) in November for children, (1.10 × 10-6) in May, (8.15 × 10-7) in August, and (9.58 × 10-7) in November for adolescence and (1.61 × 10-6) in May, (4.22 × 10-6) in August and (1.40 × 10-6) in November for adulthood. The result indicated a moderate carcinogenic risk and the risk of exposure to farmland soil PAHs was pervasive for residents. This investigation might provide useful information on human exposure to PAHs in soil of the Yinma River Basin, and is valuable for policy makers and scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Chen
- Institute of Natural Disaster Research, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130024, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Jiquan Zhang
- Institute of Natural Disaster Research, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130024, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- Institute of Natural Disaster Research, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130024, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xingpeng Liu
- Institute of Natural Disaster Research, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130024, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Mo Zhou
- Institute of Natural Disaster Research, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130024, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
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Wang X, Sun L, Wang H, Wu H, Chen S, Zheng X. Surfactant-enhanced bioremediation of DDTs and PAHs in contaminated farmland soil. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2018; 39:1733-1744. [PMID: 28562189 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1337235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Field-scale bioremediation of dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethanes (DDTs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contaminated farmland soil from the Shenyang North New Area of China was studied using the bacteria Arthrobacter globiformis. The additive effects of different concentrations of biosurfactant rhamnolipids (RLs) and anionic-nonionic mixed surfactant (SDBS-Tween 80) were evaluated. DDT and PAH removal rates by A. globiformis after 150 days of remediation were 52.1% and 21.9%, respectively. At the optimum RL concentration of 5 mg kg-1, DDTs and PAHs had removal rates of 64.3% and 35.6%, respectively, at 150 days. This was 60.7% and 29.3% higher than the control; 36.9% and 19.8% higher than soil with RL-5 alone; and 12.2% and 13.8% higher than the A. globiformis treatment alone. RL-5 can enhance soil enzyme activity and A. globiformis reproduction during the DDT and PAH biodegradation processes. This study illustrates a highly efficient, low-cost in situ soil bioremediation technology that could have practical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Wang
- a Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education , Shenyang University , Shenyang , Liaoning Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Sun
- a Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education , Shenyang University , Shenyang , Liaoning Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- a Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education , Shenyang University , Shenyang , Liaoning Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wu
- a Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education , Shenyang University , Shenyang , Liaoning Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Su Chen
- a Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education , Shenyang University , Shenyang , Liaoning Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Xuehao Zheng
- a Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education , Shenyang University , Shenyang , Liaoning Province , People's Republic of China
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Cao W, Qiao M, Liu B, Zhao X. Occurrence of parent and substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in typical wastewater treatment plants and effluent receiving rivers of Beijing, and risk assessment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2018; 53:992-999. [PMID: 29764288 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2018.1471031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and some typical substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (SPAHs) were investigated in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and effluent effluent-receiving rivers in order to indentify the elimination of these compounds in WWTPs, as well as the potantial potential risk in the effluent-receiving rivers. The concentrations of ΣPAHs in the total phase (combined dissolved and adsorbed phases) in influent were between 944.1 and 1246.5 ng·L-1, and ΣSPAHs, including methyl PAHs (MPAHs) and oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), between 684.9 and 844.9 ng·L-1. Regarding the SPAHs, the concentrations of ΣOPAHs (312.3 ng·L-1) were higher than those of ΣMPAHs (271.8 ng·L-1). The total removal efficiencies of PAHs in the biological treatment processes were between 59% and 68%, and those of SPAHs were a little lower (58-65%). The removal efficiency in the adsorbed phase was higher than in the dissolved phase. The concentrations of PAHs and SPAHs in the effluent were a little higher than in the receiving river. According to a PAH risk assessment of the effluent, 7 carcinogenic PAHs accounted for a relatively high proportion. Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and Dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DBA) were major contributors to the TEQs in the effluent of WWTPs, which should be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cao
- a Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
- b College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University , Beijing , China
| | - Meng Qiao
- a Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Bochuan Liu
- a Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Xu Zhao
- a Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
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Iwegbue CMA, Tesi GO, Overah LC, Emoyan OO, Nwajei GE, Martincigh BS. Effects of Flooding on the Sources, Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Human Health Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Floodplain Soils of the Lower Parts of the River Niger, Nigeria. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2017.1403329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Godswill O. Tesi
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Godwin E. Nwajei
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Bice S. Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Wang H, Liu C, Rong L, Sun L, Wang Y, Luo Q, Wu H, Wang X. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Surface Water of the Taizi River in Northeast China. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2017.1399912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Chunyue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Luoge Rong
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Lina Sun
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yinggang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Qing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaoxu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Li Y, Long L, Ge J, Yang LX, Cheng JJ, Sun LX, Lu C, Yu XY. Presence, distribution and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rice-wheat continuous cropping soils close to five industrial parks of Suzhou, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 184:753-761. [PMID: 28641227 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) accumulated in agricultural soils are likely to threaten human health and ecosystem though the food chain, therefore, it is worth to pay more attention to soil contamination by PAHs. In this study, the presence, distribution and risk assessment of 16 priority PAHs in rice-wheat continuous cropping soils close to industrial parks of Suzhou were firstly investigated. The concentrations of the total PAHs ranged from 125.99 ng/g to 796.65 ng/g with an average of 352.94 ng/g. Phenanthrene (PHE), fluoranthene (FLT), benzo [a] anthracene (BaA) and pyrene (PYR) were the major PAHs in those soil samples. The highest level of PAHs was detected in the soils around Chemical plant and Steelworks, followed by Printed wire board, Electroplate Factory and Paper mill. The composition of PAHs in the soils around Chemical plant was dominated by 3-ring PAHs, however, the predominant compounds were 4, 5-ring PAHs in the soils around other four factories. Meanwhile, the concentration of the total PAHs in the soils close to the factories showed a higher level of PAHs in November (during rice harvest) than that in June (during wheat harvest). Different with other rings of PAHs, 3-ring PAHs in the soils around Chemical plant and Steelworks had a higher concentration in June. The results of principal component analysis and isomeric ratio analysis suggested that PAHs in the studied areas mainly originated from biomass, coal and petroleum combustion. The risk assessment indicated that higher carcinogenic risk was found in those sites closer to the industrial park.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China; Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Ling Long
- Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Jing Ge
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China; Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Li-Xuan Yang
- Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Jin-Jin Cheng
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China; Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Ling-Xiang Sun
- Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Suzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, North of Wangting Town, Suzhou, 215155, China
| | - Changying Lu
- Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Suzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, North of Wangting Town, Suzhou, 215155, China.
| | - Xiang-Yang Yu
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China; Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China.
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Chai C, Cheng Q, Wu J, Zeng L, Chen Q, Zhu X, Ma D, Ge W. Contamination, source identification, and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the soils of vegetable greenhouses in Shandong, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 142:181-188. [PMID: 28411513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed in soil (n=196) and vegetable (n=30) collected from greenhouses, and also in the soil (n=27) collected from agriculture fields close to the greenhouses in Shandong Province, China. The total PAH concentration (∑16PAH) ranged from 152.2µg/kg to 1317.7µg/kg, within the moderate range in agricultural soils of China. Three-ring PAHs were the dominant species, with Phe (16.3%), Ace (13.1%), and Fl (10.5%) as the major compounds. The concentrations of low molecular weight (LMW ≤3 rings) PAHs were high in the east and north of Shandong, while the concentrations of high molecular weight (HMW ≥4 rings) PAHs were high in the south and west of the study area. The PAH level in soils in industrial areas (IN) was higher than those in transport areas (TR) and rural areas (RR). No significant difference in concentration of ∑16PAH and composition was observed in soils of vegetable greenhouses and field soils. PAH concentration exhibited a weakly positive correlation with alkaline nitrogen, available phosphorus in soil, but a weakly negative correlation with soil pH. However, no obvious correlation was observed between PAH concentration and organic matter of soil, or ages of vegetable greenhouses. ∑16PAH in vegetables ranged from 89.9µg/kg to 489.4µg/kg, and LMW PAHs in vegetables positively correlated with those in soils. The sources of PAHs were identified and quantitatively assessed through positive matrix factorization. The main source of PAHs in RR was coal combustion, while the source was traffic in TR and IN. Moreover, petroleum source, coke source, biomass combustion, or mixed sources also contributed to PAH pollution. According to Canadian soil quality guidelines, exposure to greenhouse soils in Shandong posed no risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chai
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Qiqi Cheng
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Juan Wu
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Lusheng Zeng
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Qinghua Chen
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xiangwei Zhu
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Dong Ma
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Wei Ge
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
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40
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Orazbayeva D, Karatayeva U, Beysembayeva K, Meyramkulova K. Identification and quantification of organic pollutants in the air of the city of Astana using solid phase microextraction. CHEMICAL BULLETIN OF KAZAKH NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 2017. [DOI: 10.15328/cb826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid-phase microextraction in combination with gas chromatography and mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and o-xylene (BTEX), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and for identification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ambient air of the city of Astana, Kazakhstan. The screening of the samples showed the presence of mono- and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkanes, alkenes, phenols, and benzaldehydes.
The concentrations of naphthalene were 5-7 times higher than the permissible value, it was detected in all studied air samples. Average concentration of naphthalene was 18.4 μg/m3, acenaphthylene – 0.54 μg/m3, acenaphthene – 1.63 μg/m3, fluorene – 0.79 μg/m3, anthracene – 3.27 μg/m3, phenanthrene – 0.22 μg/m3, fluorantene – 0.74 μg/m3, pyrene – 0.73 μg/m3. Average concentrations of BTEX in the studied samples were 31.1, 84.9, 10.8 and 11.6 μg/m3, respectively. Based on the statistical analysis of the concentrations of BTEX and PAH, the main source of city air pollution with them was assumed to be vehicle emissions.
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41
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Basavaiah N, Mohite RD, Singare PU, Reddy AVR, Singhal RK, Blaha U. Vertical distribution, composition profiles, sources and toxicity assessment of PAH residues in the reclaimed mudflat sediments from the adjacent Thane Creek of Mumbai. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 118:112-124. [PMID: 28238488 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A study on vertical distribution of magnetic susceptibility, carcinogenic and endocrine disrupting PAHs was performed in the reclaimed mudflat sediments adjacent to the Thane Creek of Mumbai. The 5-rings PAHs and ΣC-PAHs were more dominant at 120cm depth contributing 52.23% and 60.19% respectively to ∑PAHs. The average ratio values of LMW/HMW PAHs (0.58); Fla/(Fla+Pyr) (0.50); Ant/(Ant+Phe) (0.50); BaA/(Chry+BaA) (0.48); BaP/BghiP (2.06), Phe/Ant (1.03) and BaA/Chr (0.93) indicate that the PAH contamination might have raised due to inefficient combustion and pyrogenic emissions during the open burning of solid waste in the vicinity. This was further supported by the anthropogenic ferri(o)magnetic loading over the last 100years influencing the Creek sediments. The PAHs toxicity estimation was performed by calculating the toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) value of 8.62ng TEQ/g which was below the safe level (600ng TEQ/g) suggested by the Canadian risk-based soil criterion for protection of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Basavaiah
- Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, New Panvel, Navi Mumbai 410 218, India.
| | - R D Mohite
- Department of Chemistry, K.B.P. College, Vashi, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - P U Singare
- Department of Chemistry, Bhavan's College, Munshi Nagar, Andheri (West), Mumbai 400 058, India.
| | - A V R Reddy
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - R K Singhal
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - U Blaha
- ERDS-tec Environmental Solutions, P.O. Box 1404, 72004 Tübingen, Germany
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Wang Y, Xu J, Shan J, Ma Y, Ji R. Fate of phenanthrene and mineralization of its non-extractable residues in an oxic soil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 224:377-383. [PMID: 28216135 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The fate of organic pollutants in the environment, especially the formation and stability of non-extractable (i.e., bound) residues (NERs) determines their environmental risk. Using 14C-tracers, we studied the fate of the carcinogen phenanthrene in active or sterilized oxic loamy soil in the absence and presence of the geophagous earthworm Metaphire guillelmi and characterized the NERs derived from phenanthrene. After incubation of 14C-phenanthrene in active soil for 28 days, 40 ± 3.1% of the initial amount was mineralized and 70.1 ± 1.9% was converted to NERs. Most of the NERs (>92%) were bound to soil humin. Silylation of the humin-bound residues released 45.3 ± 5.3% of these residues, which indicated that they were physically entrapped, whereas the remainder of the residues were chemically bound or biogenic. By contrast, in sterilized soil, only 43.4 ± 12.6% of the phenanthrene was converted to NERs and all of these residues were completely released upon silylation, which underlines the essential role of microbial activity in NER formation. The presence of M. guillelmi in active soil significantly inhibited phenanthrene mineralization (24.4 ± 2.6% mineralized), but NER formation was not significantly affected. Only a small amount of phenanthrene-derived residues (1.9-5.3% of the initial amount) accumulated in the earthworm body. When humin-bound residues were mixed with fresh soil, 33.9% (humin recovered from active soils) and 12.4% (humin recovered from sterilized soils) of the residues were mineralized after 75 days of incubation, respectively, which indicated a high bioavailability of NERs, albeit lower than the initial addition of phenanthrene. Our results indicated that many phenanthrene-derived NERs, especially those physically entrapped, are still bioavailable and may pose a toxic threat to soil organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, 210023 Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210008 Nanjing, China
| | - Yini Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, 210023 Nanjing, China.
| | - Rong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, 210023 Nanjing, China; Institute for Marine Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, 210023 Nanjing, China
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Klimkowicz-Pawlas A, Smreczak B, Ukalska-Jaruga A. The impact of selected soil organic matter fractions on the PAH accumulation in the agricultural soils from areas of different anthropopressure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:10955-10965. [PMID: 27068894 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6610-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The level of 16PAH accumulation was determined in 75 soil samples collected from two agricultural regions of Poland corresponding to the smallest Polish administrative unit at the LAU 2 level. Both regions are characterised by similar territory and soil cover but different history of pollution and different pressure of anthropogenic factors. Overall accumulation of Σ16PAHs in the upper soil layer was within a wide range with the median value of 291 and 1253 μg kg-1 for a non-contaminated and high anthropopressure region, respectively. Nearly 75 % of the total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pool was represented by high molecular four-to-six-ring compounds, deriving mainly from combustion sources. The total organic carbon (Corg) and black carbon (BC) contents were the main parameters associated with the PAH accumulation in soils, and the level of the regional anthropopressure was considered a significant factor. The strongest links of PAHs/BC (r = 0.70, p ≤ 0.05) were found in the region of high anthropopressure, characterized by a relatively high content of BC (up to 45.3 g kg-1), which tends to heavily adsorb hydrocarbons. In a region of low influence exerted by anthropopressure, the PAH/Corg or PAH/BC relationships were not observed, which may suggest different diffuse sources of PAH origin and a dominant role of other organic matter fractions in retention of PAHs in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Klimkowicz-Pawlas
- Department of Soil Science Erosion and Land Protection, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation-State Research Institute, 8 Czartoryskich Str., 24-100, Puławy, Poland.
| | - Bozena Smreczak
- Department of Soil Science Erosion and Land Protection, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation-State Research Institute, 8 Czartoryskich Str., 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga
- Department of Soil Science Erosion and Land Protection, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation-State Research Institute, 8 Czartoryskich Str., 24-100, Puławy, Poland
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Cetin B, Ozturk F, Keles M, Yurdakul S. PAHs and PCBs in an Eastern Mediterranean megacity, Istanbul: Their spatial and temporal distributions, air-soil exchange and toxicological effects. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 220:1322-1332. [PMID: 27825846 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Istanbul, one of the mega cities in the world located between Asia and Europe, has suffered from severe air pollution problems due to rapid population growth, traffic and industry. Atmospheric levels of PAHs and PCBs were investigated in Istanbul at 22 sampling sites during four different sampling periods using PUF disk passive air samplers and spatial and temporal variations of these chemicals were determined. Soil samples were also taken at the air sampling sites. At all sites, the average ambient air Σ15PAH and Σ41PCB concentrations were found as 85.6 ± 68.3 ng m-3 and 246 ± 122 pg m-3, respectively. Phenanthrene and anthracene were the predominant PAHs and low molecular weight congeners dominated the PCBs. The PAH concentrations were higher especially at urban sites close to highways. However, the PCBs showed moderately uniform spatial variations. Except four sites, the PAH concentrations were increased with decreasing temperatures during the sampling period, indicating the contributions of combustion sources for residential heating, while PCB concentrations were mostly increased with the temperature, probably due to enhanced volatilization at higher temperatures from their sources. The results of the Factor Analysis represented the impact of traffic, petroleum, coal/biomass and natural gas combustion and medical waste incineration plants on ambient air concentrations. A similar spatial distribution trend was observed in the soil samples. Fugacity ratio results indicated that the source/sink tendency of soil for PAHs and PCBs depends on their volatility and temperature; soil generally acts as a source for lighter PAHs and PCBs particularly in higher temperatures while atmospheric deposition is a main source for higher molecular weight compounds in local soils. Toxicological effect studies also revealed the severity of air and soil pollution especially in terms of PAHs in Istanbul.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Cetin
- Environmental Engineering Department, Gebze Technical University (GTU), 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Fatma Ozturk
- Environmental Engineering Department, Abant Izzet Baysal University (AIBU), 14030, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Melek Keles
- Environmental Engineering Department, Abant Izzet Baysal University (AIBU), 14030, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Sema Yurdakul
- Environmental Engineering Department, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260, Isparta, Turkey
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Liu G, Niu J, Guo W, An X, Zhao L. Ecological and health risk-based characterization of agricultural soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the vicinity of a chemical plant in China. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 163:461-470. [PMID: 27565314 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from chemical plants can cause serious pollution of surrounding agricultural soils. A comprehensive study of agricultural soils was conducted in the vicinity of a chemical plant in China to characterize the soil PAH concentration, as well as their composition and sources. Human health and a screening-level ecological risk assessment were conducted for PAH contamination in agricultural soils. The results showed that the total concentrations of 16 priority PAHs ranged from 250.49 to 9387.26 ng g(-1), with an average of 2780.42 ng g(-1). High molecular weight PAHs (four to six rings) were the dominant component, accounting for more than 60% of all PAHs. Principal component analysis (PCA) and positive matrix factorization model (PMF) suggested that diesel emissions, coal combustion, coke ovens, and fuel combustion and gasoline emissions were the main sources of PAHs in agricultural soils. The ecological risk assessment results based on the effects range-low (ERL), the effects range-median (ERM), and the ecological screening levels (ESL) indicated that the exposure to ∑PAH16 was >ERL, >ERM, and ≥ERL and <ERM at 21.9, 0, and 21.9% of the soil sampling stations, the exposure to ∑PAH16 was >ESL at 78.1% of the soil sampling stations, and could induce biological effects in mammals. The Bapeq concentrations posed a potential carcinogenic risk to humans. Further risk management and control of soil PAHs in these agricultural soils is required to ensure the safety of the biocoenosis and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Liu
- Research Center for Scientific Development in Fenhe River Valley, Taiyuan Normal University, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Junjie Niu
- Research Center for Scientific Development in Fenhe River Valley, Taiyuan Normal University, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Wenjiong Guo
- Research Center for Scientific Development in Fenhe River Valley, Taiyuan Normal University, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Xiangsheng An
- Research Center for Scientific Development in Fenhe River Valley, Taiyuan Normal University, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Long Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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Singare PU. Carcinogenic and endocrine-disrupting PAHs in the aquatic ecosystem of India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:599. [PMID: 27696093 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5597-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The quantification studies of 17 carcinogenic and endocrine-disrupting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Mithi River polluting the Mahim Creek near Mumbai were performed to understand their sources and probable ecological risk. The overall concentration level of ΣPAHs was 157.96 ± 18.99 μg L-1, while that of carcinogenic PAHs (ΣC-PAHs) was 81.31 ± 9.75 μg L-1, which corresponds to 51.5 % of the ΣPAHs. The source analysis of PAH pollution was made on the basis of different PAH ratios. It was observed that the probable PAH contamination was due to pyrogenic inputs arising due to the combustion of grass, wood, and coal as well as due to the combustion of diesel and gasoline. Toxicity and biological risk assessment was made using toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) for various C-PAHs. The results of our study showed that the mean BaP concentration in the Mithi River water (8.61 μg L-1) was above the European Directive 2008/105/EC Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) value of 0.05 μg L-1, while the levels of benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF) + benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF) (21.54 μg L-1) and benzo(g,h,i)perylene (BghiP) + indeno(1,2,3,-c,d) pyrene (InP) (18.27 μg L-1) were significantly higher than that set by the EQS (0.03 and 0.002 μg L-1, respectively), showing that the ecological integrity of the river and the adjoining creek is possibly at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin U Singare
- Department of Chemistry, Bhavan's College, Munshi Nagar, Andheri (West), Mumbai, 400058, India.
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47
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Huang HF, Xing XL, Zhang ZZ, Qi SH, Yang D, Yuen DA, Sandy EH, Zhou AG, Li XQ. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in multimedia environment of Heshan coal district, Guangxi: distribution, source diagnosis and health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2016; 38:1169-1181. [PMID: 26563207 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-015-9781-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mining activities are among the major culprits of the wide occurrences of soil and water pollution by PAHs in coal district, which have resulted in ecological fragilities and health risk for local residents. Sixteen PAHs in multimedia environment from the Heshan coal district of Guangxi, South China, were measured, aiming to investigate the contamination level, distribution and possible sources and to estimate the potential health risks of PAHs. The average concentrations of 16 PAHs in the coal, coal gangue, soil, surface water and groundwater were 5114.56, 4551.10, 1280.12 ng g(-1), 426.98 and 381.20 ng L(-1), respectively. Additionally, higher soil and water PAH concentrations were detected in the vicinities of coal or coal gangue dump. Composition analysis, isomeric ratio, Pearson correlation analysis and principal component analysis were performed to diagnose the potential sources of PAHs in different environmental matrices, suggesting the dominant inputs of PAHs from coal/coal combustion and coal gangue in the soil and water. Soil and water guidelines and the incremental lifetime risk (ICLR) were used to assess the health risk, showing that soil and water were heavily contaminated by PAHs, and mean ICLRcoal/coal-gangue and mean ICLRsoil were both significantly higher than the acceptable levels (1 × 10(-4)), posing high potential carcinogenic risk to residents, especially coal workers. This study highlights the environmental pollution problems and public health concerns of coal mining, particularly the potential occupational health hazards of coal miners exposed in Heshan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Fang Huang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xin-Li Xing
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Ze-Zhou Zhang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shi-Hua Qi
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Dave A Yuen
- Minnesota Supercomputer Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55415-1227, USA
| | - Edward H Sandy
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ai-Guo Zhou
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Li
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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Effiong IA, Bassey FI, Iwegbue CMA, Ekpa OD, Williams SA, Oguntunde FC, Osabor VN, Martincigh BS. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in three commercially available fish species from the Bonny and Cross River estuaries in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:508. [PMID: 27497961 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5479-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations and compositional patterns of the USEPA 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were investigated in three commercially available fish species, Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, Cynoglossus senegalensis and Polydactylus quadratifilis, from the Bonny and Cross River systems in the eastern Niger Delta of Nigeria. The objective of the study was to provide useful information on the levels and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the associated risks with their consumption. The 16 PAHs in the fish samples were extracted by ultrasonication with hexane/dichloromethane, and the concentrations of PAHs in the extracts were quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The measured concentrations of the Ʃ16 PAHs in Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, Polydactylus quadratifilis and Cynoglossus senegalensis ranged from 106 to 491, from 43.1 to 1734 and from 96.4 to 937 μg kg(-1) in the Bonny River system and from 20.0 to 975, from 24.7 to 506 and from 24.9 to 387 μg kg(-1) in the Cross River system, respectively. The compositional patterns of the PAHs showed that the three- and four-ringed PAHs were the major contributors to the PAH burden in these fish species. The diagnostic ratios indicate that the PAHs in these fish samples originated mainly from combustion processes. The health risk assessment, as determined from the benzo[a]pyrene potency equivalent factor, margin of exposure and incremental lifetime cancer risk, indicates that PAHs in the majority of these fish species can induce potential carcinogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imabong A Effiong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calabar, P.M.B. 1115, Calabar, Cross-Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Francisca I Bassey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calabar, P.M.B. 1115, Calabar, Cross-Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Chukwujindu M A Iwegbue
- Metals and Trace Organics Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria.
| | - Okon D Ekpa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calabar, P.M.B. 1115, Calabar, Cross-Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Sunday A Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calabar, P.M.B. 1115, Calabar, Cross-Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Fehintola C Oguntunde
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calabar, P.M.B. 1115, Calabar, Cross-Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Vincent N Osabor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calabar, P.M.B. 1115, Calabar, Cross-Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Bice S Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
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49
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Cetin B. Investigation of PAHs, PCBs and PCNs in soils around a Heavily Industrialized Area in Kocaeli, Turkey: Concentrations, distributions, sources and toxicological effects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 560-561:160-169. [PMID: 27101451 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Soil is an important environmental medium reflecting the level and the spatial distribution of air pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). Soil concentrations of PCNs measured in the present study were generally higher and PCBs concentrations were considerably higher than those reported in the literature, while PAHs concentrations were comparable. Combustion related PCNs congener ratios to their total concentrations and PAHs diagnostic ratios suggested the substantial contribution of combustion sources and the statistically significant correlation between PCBs and PCNs (r=0.88) indicated that these POPs were emitted from the common sources. Principal Component Analysis was also performed to further assess the possible sources of individual POPs. The results showed the contribution of traffic, petroleum and coal/biomass combustion and iron-steel production. Toxicological effects of POPs in soil were investigated. BaP was used as the marker of carcinogenic PAHs. Seven carcinogenic PAHs concentrations (Σ7cPAH) including BaA, CHR, BbF, BkF, BaP, IcdP and DahA were also used as a parameter to evaluate carcinogenic potency of PAHs. As PCBs and PCNs show dioxin-like toxicities, their toxicological implication were estimated using TCDD equivalence. The results show that the study area faced with severe environmental problems even though the data sets without the complete set of dioxin like PCBs and PCNs would show only a part of the whole toxicological picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Cetin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey.
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Tesi GO, Iwegbue CMA, Emuh FN, Nwajei GE. Lagdo Dam Flood Disaster of 2012: An Assessment of the Concentrations, Sources, and Risks of PAHs in Floodplain Soils of the Lower Reaches of River Niger, Nigeria. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2016; 45:305-314. [PMID: 26828186 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2015.02.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of the USEPA 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils of the floodplain of the lower reaches of River Niger, Nigeria, were investigated following the Lagdo Dam flood disaster of 2012. The aim was to provide information on the extent of contamination, sources, and risks of PAHs in these soils. The concentrations of Σ16 PAHs in the floodplain soils ranged from 812 to 10,700 μg kg. The benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) toxic equivalence and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) factors were used to evaluate the risk of human exposure to PAHs in these soils. The concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene carcinogenic equivalence (BaP) and benzo(a)pyrene mutagenic equivalence (BaP) ranged from not detected to 4090 μg kg and not detected to 4150 μg kg, respectively. The total ILCR for children and adults was calculated as the summation of the individual risks through the three routes of exposure, (ingestion, dermal, and inhalation of vapor or dust). The values obtained indicate that there are 6450 and 4480 chances in one million equally exposed persons to develop the risk of cancer for children and adults, respectively, which were higher than the USEPA acceptable guideline value of one cancer case in one million (10) equally exposed persons. The PAHs source evaluation, using the diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis (PCA), indicated that the major sources of PAHs in these soils were fossil fuel combustion, gas flaring, wood combustion, traffic emissions, and input from petroleum.
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