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Zhang H, Li G, Zheng Y, Luo Q, Sha H, Sun W, Zhao M. NSP4 promotes replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-2. Vet Microbiol 2024; 295:110121. [PMID: 38889617 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most detrimental contagious swine ailments worldwide. Currently, no effective drugs are available for its treatment. Targeting the structural and non-structural proteins (NSP) of the type 2 PRRS virus (PRRSV-2) with small interfering RNA (siRNA) is an effective approach to inhibit PRRSV replication. NSP4, which is highly conserved and possesses 3 C-like serine protease activity (3CLSP), can cleave PRRSV self-proteins, thereby contributing to viral replication. To investigate the mechanism by which NSP4 regulates PRRSV-2 replication and screen for effective siRNA inhibitors of PRRSV-2 replication, the recombinant plasmid pEGFP-C1-NSP4 was constructed, and a control siRNA pair and two siRNA pairs targeting the PRRSV-2 NSP4 gene (shRNA-ctr, shRNA-150, and shRNA-536) were synthesized and cloned into the pSilencer4.1-CMV vector. After 24 h of incubation, Marc-145 cells were transfected with recombinant plasmids, and subsequently infected with different PRRSV-2 (XH-GD, ZQ-GD, GDr180, and JXA1-R). Subsequently, the effects of NSP4 overexpression, shRNA on PRRSV-2 replication were evaluated by assessing cytopathic effects (CPE), TCID50, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), immunofluorescence assays (IFA), and Western blotting. The data from these CPE, TCID50, qPCR, and IFA experiments revealed that NSP4 overexpression significantly enhanced PRRSV-2 replication and shRNA targeting NSP4 can inhibit PRRSV-2 replication in Marc-145 cells, indicating that shRNA could serve as candidate molecules for fundamental research on PRRSV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Gan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Yajie Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Qin Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Huiyang Sha
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Wenchao Sun
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Virology and Immunology, Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China.
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Kang L, Wahaab A, Qi P, Qiu Y, Wei J, Li B, Shao D, Li Z, Liu K, Ma Z, Su S. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nsp4-mediated β2M downregulation contributes to SLA-I decrease and virus infection in vivo and in vitro. Virology 2024; 595:110083. [PMID: 38696887 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection inhibits swine leukocyte antigen class I (SLA-I) expression in pigs, resulting in inefficient antigen presentation and subsequent low levels of cellular PRRSV-specific immunity as well as persistent viremia. We previously observed that the non-structural protein 4 (nsp4) of PRRSV contributed to inhibition of the β2-microglobulin (β2M) and SLA-I expression in cells. Here, we constructed a series of nsp4 mutants with different combination of amino acid mutations to attenuate the inhibitory effect of nsp4 on β2M and SLA-I expression. Almost all nsp4 mutants exogenously expressed in cells showed an attenuated effect on inhibition of β2M and SLA-I expression, but the recombinant PRRSV harboring these nsp4 mutants failed to be rescued with exception of the rPRRSV-nsp4-mut10 harboring three amino acid mutations. However, infection of rPRRSV-nsp4-mut10 not only enhanced β2M and SLA-I expression in both cells and pigs but also promoted the DCs to active the CD3+CD8+T lymphocytes more efficiently, as compared with its parental PRRSV (rPRRVS-nsp4-wt). These data suggested that the inhibition of nsp4-mediated β2M downregulation improved β2M/SLA-I expression in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Kang
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Abdul Wahaab
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Pengfei Qi
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Beibei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Donghua Shao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Zongjie Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Shuo Su
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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Wang X, Chen Y, Qi C, Li F, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Wu H, Zhang T, Qi A, Ouyang H, Xie Z, Pang D. Mechanism, structural and functional insights into nidovirus-induced double-membrane vesicles. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1340332. [PMID: 38919631 PMCID: PMC11196420 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1340332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
During infection, positive-stranded RNA causes a rearrangement of the host cell membrane, resulting in specialized membrane structure formation aiding viral genome replication. Double-membrane vesicles (DMVs), typical structures produced by virus-induced membrane rearrangements, are platforms for viral replication. Nidoviruses, one of the most complex positive-strand RNA viruses, have the ability to infect not only mammals and a few birds but also invertebrates. Nidoviruses possess a distinctive replication mechanism, wherein their nonstructural proteins (nsps) play a crucial role in DMV biogenesis. With the participation of host factors related to autophagy and lipid synthesis pathways, several viral nsps hijack the membrane rearrangement process of host endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, and other organelles to induce DMV formation. An understanding of the mechanisms of DMV formation and its structure and function in the infectious cycle of nidovirus may be essential for the development of new and effective antiviral strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yiwu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chunyun Qi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuanzhu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Heyong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Aosi Qi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing, China
- Center for Animal Science and Technology Research, Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd, Chongqing, China
| | - Zicong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing, China
| | - Daxin Pang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing, China
- Center for Animal Science and Technology Research, Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd, Chongqing, China
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Liao Y, Wang H, Liao H, Sun Y, Tan L, Song C, Qiu X, Ding C. Classification, replication, and transcription of Nidovirales. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1291761. [PMID: 38328580 PMCID: PMC10847374 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1291761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Nidovirales is one order of RNA virus, with the largest single-stranded positive sense RNA genome enwrapped with membrane envelope. It comprises four families (Arterividae, Mesoniviridae, Roniviridae, and Coronaviridae) and has been circulating in humans and animals for almost one century, posing great threat to livestock and poultry,as well as to public health. Nidovirales shares similar life cycle: attachment to cell surface, entry, primary translation of replicases, viral RNA replication in cytoplasm, translation of viral proteins, virion assembly, budding, and release. The viral RNA synthesis is the critical step during infection, including genomic RNA (gRNA) replication and subgenomic mRNAs (sg mRNAs) transcription. gRNA replication requires the synthesis of a negative sense full-length RNA intermediate, while the sg mRNAs transcription involves the synthesis of a nested set of negative sense subgenomic intermediates by a discontinuous strategy. This RNA synthesis process is mediated by the viral replication/transcription complex (RTC), which consists of several enzymatic replicases derived from the polyprotein 1a and polyprotein 1ab and several cellular proteins. These replicases and host factors represent the optimal potential therapeutic targets. Hereby, we summarize the Nidovirales classification, associated diseases, "replication organelle," replication and transcription mechanisms, as well as related regulatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liao
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiyu Liao
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuiping Song
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xusheng Qiu
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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Liu B, Luo L, Shi Z, Ju H, Yu L, Li G, Cui J. Research Progress of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus NSP2 Protein. Viruses 2023; 15:2310. [PMID: 38140551 PMCID: PMC10747760 DOI: 10.3390/v15122310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is globally prevalent and seriously harms the economic efficiency of pig farming. Because of its immunosuppression and high incidence of mutant recombination, PRRSV poses a great challenge for disease prevention and control. Nonstructural protein 2 (NSP2) is the most variable functional protein in the PRRSV genome and can generate NSP2N and NSP2TF variants due to programmed ribosomal frameshifts. These variants are broad and complex in function and play key roles in numerous aspects of viral protein maturation, viral particle assembly, regulation of immunity, autophagy, apoptosis, cell cycle and cell morphology. In this paper, we review the structural composition, programmed ribosomal frameshift and biological properties of NSP2 to facilitate basic research on PRRSV and to provide theoretical support for disease prevention and control and therapeutic drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China; (B.L.); (L.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Lingzhi Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China; (B.L.); (L.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Ziqi Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China; (B.L.); (L.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Houbin Ju
- Shanghai Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Shanghai 201103, China;
| | - Lingxue Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China;
| | - Guoxin Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China;
| | - Jin Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China; (B.L.); (L.L.); (Z.S.)
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6
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Jiao S, Li C, Liu H, Xue M, Zhou Q, Zhang L, Liu X, Feng C, Ye G, Liu J, Li J, Huang L, Xiong T, Zhang Z, Weng C. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection inhibits NF-κB signaling pathway through cleavage of IKKβ by Nsp4. Vet Microbiol 2023; 282:109767. [PMID: 37141805 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a highly contagious porcine pathogen that causes serious economic losses to the world swine industry. The inhibitor kappa B kinase β (IKKβ), a catalytic subunit of the IKK complex, plays multiple roles in regulating the nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-κB) activity and a variety of cytokines transcription involved in immune responses. Here, we reported that the nonstructural protein 4 (Nsp4) of PRRSV cleaved IKKβ at the E378 site to inhibit the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway. Additionally, we clearly showed that cleavage of IKKβ by PRRSV Nsp4 depends on the 3 C-like serine protease activity of Nsp4 because the catalytically inactivate mutants of Nsp4 lost the function to cleave IKKβ. Furthermore, we found that hydrophobic patch at the KD-ULD junction of IKKβ could be disrupted by PRRSV Nsp4 via the cleavage of the E378 site, resulting in disruption of NF-κB activity. Of note, the two cleavage fragments of IKKβ lose their function to phosphorylate IκBα and activate NF-κB signaling pathway. Our findings provide a clue to better understand the pathogenic mechanism of PRRSV involved in PRRSV evasion of host antiviral innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Jiao
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Changyao Li
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Hongyang Liu
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Mengdi Xue
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Qiongqiong Zhou
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Longfeng Zhang
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Chunying Feng
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Guangqiang Ye
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Jiangnan Li
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Li Huang
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Tao Xiong
- College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China.
| | - Zhaoxia Zhang
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Changjiang Weng
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin 150069, China.
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7
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Wan L, Wang X, Wang T, Yuan X, Liu W, Huang Y, Deng C, Cao S. Comparison of Target Pocket Similarity and Progress into Research on Inhibitors of Picornavirus 3C Proteases. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202201100. [PMID: 36808685 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202201100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
The 3C protease (3C Pro) plays a significant role in the life cycle of picornaviruses from replication to translation, making it an attractive target for structure-based design of drugs against picornaviruses. The structurally related 3C-like protease (3CL Pro) is an important protein involved in the replication of coronaviruses. With the emergence of COVID-19 and consequent intensive research into 3CL Pro, development of 3CL Pro inhibitors has emerged as a popular topic. This article compares the similarities of the target pockets of various 3C and 3CL Pros from numerous pathogenic viruses. This article also reports several types of 3C Pro inhibitors that are currently undergoing extensive studies and introduces various structural modifications of 3C Pro inhibitors to provide a reference for the development of new and more effective inhibitors of 3C Pro and 3CL Pro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437100, P. R. China
| | - Tangle Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Changyong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
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Variations in the NSP4 gene of the type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolated in China from 1996 to 2021. Virus Genes 2023; 59:109-120. [PMID: 36383275 PMCID: PMC9667009 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-022-01957-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has continuously mutated since its first isolation in China in 1996, leading to difficulties in infection prevention and control. Infections caused by PRRSV-2 strains are the main epidemic strains in China, as determined by phylogenetic analysis. In this study, we focused on the prevalence and genetic variations of the non-structural protein 4 (NSP4) from PRRSV-2 over the past 20 years in China. The fundamental biological properties of the NSP4 were predicted, and an analysis and comparison of NSP4 homology at the nucleotide and amino acid levels was conducted using 123 PRRSV-2 strains. The predicted molecular weight of the NSP4 protein was determined to be 21.1 kDa, and it was predicted to be a stable hydrophobic protein that lacks a signal peptide. NSP4 from different strains exhibited a high degree of amino acid (85.8-100%) and nucleotide sequence homology (81.0-100%). Multiple amino acid substitutions were identified in NSP4 among 15 representative PRRSV-2 strains. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the lineage 8 and 1 strains, the most prevalent strains in China, were indifferent clades with a long genetic distance. This analysis will help fully elucidate the parameters of the PRRSV NSP4 epidemic in China to lay a foundation for adequate understanding of the function of NSP4. Genetic information results from the accumulation of conserved and non-conserved sequences. The high conservation of the NSP4 gene determines the most basic life traits and functions of PRRSV. Analyzing the spatial structure of NSP4 protein and studying the genetic evolution of NSP4 not only provide the theoretical basis for how NSP4 participates in the regulation of the innate response of the host but also provide a target for genetic manipulation and a reasonable target molecule and structure for new drug molecules.
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9
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Recent advances in anti-coxsackievirus A16 viral drug research. Future Med Chem 2023; 15:97-117. [PMID: 36538291 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2022-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot and mouth disease, a childhood disorder caused by enteroviruses, is intermittently endemic in the Asia-Pacific region and endangers the lives of many infants and young children. Coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) is one of the major pathogens causing hand, foot, and mouth disease on occasion, resulting in catastrophic neurological sequelae and patient death. Currently, no clinical interventions are available that completely block the CV-A16 infection. Therefore, research on anti-CV-A16 treatment continues to be a significant focus of interest. This report provides a detailed background on and an introduction to CV-A16; a description of the viral gene and protein structures and a summary of the current advances in pharmaceutical targets, drug research and other related areas.
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10
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Kidera A, Moritsugu K, Ekimoto T, Ikeguchi M. Functional dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 3C-like protease as a member of clan PA. Biophys Rev 2022; 14:1473-1485. [PMID: 36474932 PMCID: PMC9716165 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-022-01020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 3C-like protease (3CLpro), a potential therapeutic target for COVID-19, consists of a chymotrypsin fold and a C-terminal α-helical domain (domain III), the latter of which mediates dimerization required for catalytic activation. To gain further understanding of the functional dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro, this review extends the scope to the comparative study of many crystal structures of proteases having the chymotrypsin fold (clan PA of the MEROPS database). First, the close correspondence between the zymogen-enzyme transformation in chymotrypsin and the allosteric dimerization activation in SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro is illustrated. Then, it is shown that the 3C-like proteases of family Coronaviridae (the protease family C30), which are closely related to SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro, have the same homodimeric structure and common activation mechanism via domain III mediated dimerization. The survey extended to order Nidovirales reveals that all 3C-like proteases belonging to Nidovirales have domain III, but with various chain lengths, and 3CLpro of family Mesoniviridae (family C107) has the same homodimeric structure as that of C30, even though they have no sequence similarity. As a reference, monomeric 3C proteases belonging to the more distant family Picornaviridae (family C3) lacking domain III are compared with C30, and it is shown that the 3C proteases are rigid enough to maintain their structures in the active state. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12551-022-01020-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Kidera
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-Cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045 Japan
| | - Kei Moritsugu
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-Cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045 Japan ,Present Address: Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-Cho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570 Japan
| | - Toru Ekimoto
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-Cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045 Japan
| | - Mitsunori Ikeguchi
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-Cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045 Japan
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11
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Hu Q, Xiong Y, Zhu G, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Huang P, Ge G. The SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M pro): Structure, function, and emerging therapies for COVID-19. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e151. [PMID: 35845352 PMCID: PMC9283855 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The main proteases (Mpro), also termed 3-chymotrypsin-like proteases (3CLpro), are a class of highly conserved cysteine hydrolases in β-coronaviruses. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that 3CLpros play an indispensable role in viral replication and have been recognized as key targets for preventing and treating coronavirus-caused infectious diseases, including COVID-19. This review is focused on the structural features and biological function of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease Mpro (also known as 3CLpro), as well as recent advances in discovering and developing SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro inhibitors. To better understand the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro inhibitors, the inhibition activities, inhibitory mechanisms, and key structural features of various 3CLpro inhibitors (including marketed drugs, peptidomimetic, and non-peptidomimetic synthetic compounds, as well as natural compounds and their derivatives) are summarized comprehensively. Meanwhile, the challenges in this field are highlighted, while future directions for designing and developing efficacious 3CLpro inhibitors as novel anti-coronavirus therapies are also proposed. Collectively, all information and knowledge presented here are very helpful for understanding the structural features and inhibitory mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro inhibitors, which offers new insights or inspiration to medicinal chemists for designing and developing more efficacious 3CLpro inhibitors as novel anti-coronavirus agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Hu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical BiologyInstitute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine ResearchShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
- Clinical Pharmacy CenterCancer CenterDepartment of PharmacyZhejiang Provincial People's HospitalAffiliated People's HospitalHangzhou Medical College, HangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Yuan Xiong
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical BiologyInstitute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine ResearchShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Guang‐Hao Zhu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical BiologyInstitute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine ResearchShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Ya‐Ni Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical BiologyInstitute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine ResearchShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yi‐Wen Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacy CenterCancer CenterDepartment of PharmacyZhejiang Provincial People's HospitalAffiliated People's HospitalHangzhou Medical College, HangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Ping Huang
- Clinical Pharmacy CenterCancer CenterDepartment of PharmacyZhejiang Provincial People's HospitalAffiliated People's HospitalHangzhou Medical College, HangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Guang‐Bo Ge
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical BiologyInstitute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine ResearchShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
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12
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Jian Z, Ma R, Zhu L, Deng H, Li F, Zhao J, Deng L, Lai S, Sun X, Tang H, Xu Z. Evasion of interferon-mediated immune response by arteriviruses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:963923. [PMID: 36091073 PMCID: PMC9454096 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.963923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IFN is the most potent antiviral cytokine required for the innate and adaptive immune responses, and its expression can help the host defend against viral infection. Arteriviruses have evolved strategies to antagonize the host cell’s innate immune responses, interfering with IFN expression by interfering with RIG, blocking PRR, obstructing IRF-3/7, NF-κB, and degrading STAT1 signaling pathways, thereby assisting viral immune evasion. Arteriviruses infect immune cells and may result in persistence in infected hosts. In this article, we reviewed the strategies used by Arteriviruses to antagonize IFN production and thwart IFN-activated antiviral signaling, mainly including structural and nonstructural proteins of Arteriviruses encoding IFN antagonists directly or indirectly to disrupt innate immunity. This review will certainly provide a better insight into the pathogenesis of the arthritis virus and provide a theoretical basis for developing more efficient vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
| | - Rui Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
| | - Huidan Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
| | - Fengqin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
- College of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
| | - Lishuang Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
| | - Siyuan Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
| | - Xiangang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
| | - Huaqiao Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiwen Xu,
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13
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Chen Q, Zhou J, Yang Z, Guo J, Liu Z, Sun X, Jiang Q, Fang L, Wang D, Xiao S. An intermolecular salt bridge linking substrate binding and P1 substrate specificity switch of arterivirus 3C-like proteases. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:3409-3421. [PMID: 35832618 PMCID: PMC9271976 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) represent two members of the family Arteriviridae and pose a major threat to the equine- and swine-breeding industries throughout the world. Previously, we and others demonstrated that PRRSV 3C-like protease (3CLpro) had very high glutamic acid (Glu)-specificity at the P1 position (P1-Glu). Comparably, EAV 3CLpro exhibited recognition of both Glu and glutamine (Gln) at the P1 position. However, the underlying mechanisms of the P1 substrate specificity shift of arterivirus 3CLpro remain unclear. We systematically screened the specific amino acids in the S1 subsite of arterivirus 3CLpro using a cyclized luciferase-based biosensor and identified Gly116, His133 and Ser136 (using PRRSV 3CLpro numbering) are important for recognition of P1-Glu, whereas Ser136 is nonessential for recognition of P1-Gln. Molecular dynamics simulations and biochemical experiments highlighted that the PRRSV 3CLpro and EAV 3CLpro formed distinct S1 subsites for the P1 substrate specificity switch. Mechanistically, a specific intermolecular salt bridge between PRRSV 3CLpro and substrate P1-Glu (Lys138/P1-Glu) are invaluable for high Glu-specificity at the P1 position, and the exchange of K138T (salt bridge interruption, from PRRSV to EAV) shifted the specificity of PRRSV 3CLpro toward P1-Gln. In turn, the T139K exchange of EAV 3CLpro showed a noticeable shift in substrate specificity, such that substrates containing P1-Glu are likely to be recognized more efficiently. These findings identify an evolutionarily accessible mechanism for disrupting or reorganizing salt bridge with only a single mutation of arterivirus 3CLpro to trigger a substrate specificity switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Junwei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhixiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiahui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zimin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xinyi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qingshi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liurong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
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14
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Duan H, Dong H, Wu S, Ren J, Zhang M, Chen C, Du Y, Zhang G, Zhang A. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus non-structural protein 4 cleaves guanylate-binding protein 1 via its cysteine proteinase activity to antagonize GBP1 antiviral effect. Vet Res 2022; 53:55. [PMID: 35804432 PMCID: PMC9264745 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01071-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a highly infectious disease caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV) that causes great economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. PRRSV has been recognized to modulate the host antiviral interferon (IFN) response and downstream interferon-stimulated gene expression to intercept the antiviral effect of host cells. Guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) are IFN-inducible GTPases that exert broad antiviral activity against several DNA and RNA viruses, of which GBP1 is considered to play a pivotal role. However, the role of GBP1 in PRRSV replication remains unknown. The present study showed that overexpression of GBP1 notably inhibited PRRSV infection, while the knockdown of endogenous GBP1 promoted PRRSV infection. The K51 and R48 residues of GBP1 were essential for the suppression of PRRSV replication. Furthermore, GBP1 abrogated PRRSV replication by disrupting normal fibrous actin structures, which was indispensable for effective PRRSV replication. By using a co-immunoprecipitation assay, we found that GBP1 interacted with the non-structural protein 4 (nsp4) protein of PRRSV, and this interaction was mapped to the N-terminal globular GTPase domain of GBP1 and amino acids 1–69 of nsp4. PRRSV infection significantly downregulated GBP1 protein expression in Marc-145 cells, and nsp4, a 3C-like serine proteinase, was responsible for GBP1 cleavage, and the cleaved site was located at glutamic acid 338 of GBP1. Additionally, the anti-PRRSV activity of GBP1 was antagonized by nsp4. Taken together, these findings expand our understanding of the sophisticated interaction between PRRSV and host cells, PRRSV pathogenesis and its mechanisms of evading the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Duan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Haoxin Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China.,International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Shuya Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China.,International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Jiahui Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China.,International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Mingfang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Chuangwei Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Yongkun Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China.,International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China.,International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Angke Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China. .,International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China.
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15
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Research Progress in Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus–Host Protein Interactions. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111381. [PMID: 35681845 PMCID: PMC9179581 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a highly contagious disease caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), which has been regarded as a persistent challenge for the pig industry in many countries. PRRSV is internalized into host cells by the interaction between PRRSV proteins and cellular receptors. When the virus invades the cells, the host antiviral immune system is quickly activated to suppress the replication of the viruses. To retain fitness and host adaptation, various viruses have evolved multiple elegant strategies to manipulate the host machine and circumvent against the host antiviral responses. Therefore, identification of virus–host interactions is critical for understanding the host defense against viral infections and the pathogenesis of the viral infectious diseases. Most viruses, including PRRSV, interact with host proteins during infection. On the one hand, such interaction promotes the virus from escaping the host immune system to complete its replication. On the other hand, the interactions regulate the host cell immune response to inhibit viral infections. As common antiviral drugs become increasingly inefficient under the pressure of viral selectivity, therapeutic agents targeting the intrinsic immune factors of the host protein are more promising because the host protein has a lower probability of mutation under drug-mediated selective pressure. This review elaborates on the virus–host interactions during PRRSV infection to summarize the pathogenic mechanisms of PRRSV, and we hope this can provide insights for designing effective vaccines or drugs to prevent and control the spread of PRRS.
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16
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SARS-CoV-2 nsp5 Exhibits Stronger Catalytic Activity and Interferon Antagonism than Its SARS-CoV Ortholog. J Virol 2022; 96:e0003722. [PMID: 35389264 PMCID: PMC9044939 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00037-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to pose an enormous threat to economic activity and public health worldwide. Previous studies have shown that the nonstructural protein 5 (nsp5, also called 3C-like protease) of alpha- and deltacoronaviruses cleaves Q231 of the NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO), a key kinase in the RIG-I-like receptor pathway, to inhibit type I interferon (IFN) production. In this study, we found that both SARS-CoV-2 nsp5 and SARS-CoV nsp5 cleaved NEMO at multiple sites (E152, Q205, and Q231). Notably, SARS-CoV-2 nsp5 exhibited a stronger ability to cleave NEMO than SARS-CoV nsp5. Sequence and structural alignments suggested that an S/A polymorphism at position 46 of nsp5 in SARS-CoV versus SARS-CoV-2 may be responsible for this difference. Mutagenesis experiments showed that SARS-CoV-2 nsp5 (S46A) exhibited poorer cleavage of NEMO than SARS-CoV-2 nsp5 wild type (WT), while SARS-CoV nsp5 (A46S) showed enhanced NEMO cleavage compared with the WT protein. Purified recombinant SARS-CoV-2 nsp5 WT and SARS-CoV nsp5 (A46S) proteins exhibited higher hydrolysis efficiencies than SARS-CoV-2 nsp5 (S46A) and SARS-CoV nsp5 WT proteins in vitro. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 nsp5 exhibited stronger inhibition of Sendai virus (SEV)-induced interferon beta (IFN-β) production than SARS-CoV-2 nsp5 (S46A), while introduction of the A46S substitution in SARS-CoV nsp5 enhanced suppression of SEV-induced IFN-β production. Taken together, these data show that S46 is associated with the catalytic activity and IFN antagonism by SARS-CoV-2 nsp5. IMPORTANCE The nsp5-encoded 3C-like protease is the main coronavirus protease, playing a vital role in viral replication and immune evasion by cleaving viral polyproteins and host immune-related molecules. We showed that both SARS-CoV-2 nsp5 and SARS-CoV nsp5 cleave the NEMO at multiple sites (E152, Q205, and Q231). This specificity differs from NEMO cleavage by alpha- and deltacoronaviruses, demonstrating the distinct substrate recognition of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV nsp5. Compared with SARS-CoV nsp5, SARS-CoV-2 nsp5 encodes S instead of A at position 46. This substitution is associated with stronger catalytic activity, enhanced cleavage of NEMO, and increased interferon antagonism of SARS-CoV-2 nsp5. These data provide new insights into the pathogenesis and transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
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17
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Pathak RK, Seo YJ, Kim JM. Structural insights into inhibition of PRRSV Nsp4 revealed by structure-based virtual screening, molecular dynamics, and MM-PBSA studies. J Biol Eng 2022; 16:4. [PMID: 35193698 PMCID: PMC8864930 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-022-00284-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome respiratory sickness in weaned and growing pigs, as well as sow reproductive failure, and its infection is regarded as one of the most serious swine illnesses worldwide. Given the current lack of an effective treatment, in this study, we identified natural compounds capable of inhibiting non-structural protein 4 (Nsp4) of the virus, which is involved in their replication and pathogenesis. RESULTS We screened natural compounds (n = 97,999) obtained from the ZINC database against Nsp4 and selected the top 10 compounds for analysing protein-ligand interactions and physicochemical properties. The five compounds demonstrating strong binding affinity were then subjected to molecular dynamics simulations (100 ns) and binding free energy calculations. Based on analysis, we identified four possible lead compounds that represent potentially effective drug-like inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS These methods identified that these natural compounds are capable of inhibiting Nsp4 and possibly effective as antiviral therapeutics against PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Pathak
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jun Seo
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Mo Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Mahato S. Recent Development of Small Molecules for SARS-CoV-2 and the Opportunity for Fragment-Based Drug Discovery. Med Chem 2022; 18:847-858. [DOI: 10.2174/1573406418666220214091107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
The ongoing pandemic of Covid-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 is a major threat to global public health, drawing attention to develop new therapeutics for treatment. Much research work is focused on identifying or repurposing new small molecules to serve as potential inhibitors by interacting with viral or host-cell molecular targets and understanding the nature of the virus in the host cells. Identifying small molecules as potent inhibitors at an early stage is advantageous to make a molecule with higher potency and then find a lead compound for the development of drug discovery. Small molecules can show their inhibition property by targeting either SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) enzyme, papain-like protease (PLpro) enzyme, or helicase (Hel), or blocking the spike (S) protein angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. A very recent outbreak of a new variant (B.1.617.2—termed as Delta variant) of SARS-CoV-2 worldwide posed a greater challenge as it is resistant to clinically undergoing vaccine trials. Thus, the development of new drug molecules is of potential interest to combat SARS-CoV-2 disease, and for that, fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) approach could be one of the ways to bring out an effective solution. Two cysteine protease enzymes would be an attractive choice of target for fragment-based drug discovery to tune the molecular structure at an early stage with suitable functionality. In this short review, the recent development of small-molecule as inhibitors against Covid-19 are discussed and the opportunity for FBDD is envisioned optimistically to provide an outlook regarding Covid-19 that may pave the way in the direction of the Covid-19 drug development paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujit Mahato
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujarat-395007, INDIA
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19
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Ke W, Zhou Y, Lai Y, Long S, Fang L, Xiao S. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nsp4 positively regulates cellular cholesterol to inhibit type I interferon production. Redox Biol 2021; 49:102207. [PMID: 34911669 PMCID: PMC8758914 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular cholesterol plays an important role in the life cycles of enveloped viruses. Previous studies by our group and other groups have demonstrated that the depletion of cellular cholesterol by methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) reduces the proliferation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a porcine Arterivirus that has been devastating the swine industry worldwide for over two decades. However, how PRRSV infection regulates cholesterol synthesis is not fully understood. In this study, we showed that PRRSV infection upregulated the activity of protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A), which subsequently activated 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR), the rate-limiting enzyme in the cholesterol synthesis pathway, to increase the levels of cellular cholesterol. By screening the PRRSV-encoded proteins, we showed that nsp4 dominated the upregulation of cellular cholesterol, independently of the 3C-like protease activity of nsp4. A mutation analysis showed that domain I (amino acids 1–80) of PRRSV nsp4 interacted with PR65 alpha (PR65α), the structural subunit, and PP2Ac, the catalytic subunit, of PP2A. Importantly, domain I of nsp4 inhibited Sendai virus-induced interferon β production, and this inhibitory effect was eliminated by Lovastatin, an HMGCR inhibitor, indicating that the upregulation of cellular cholesterol by nsp4 is a strategy used by PRRSV to suppress the antiviral innate immunity of its host. Collectively, we here demonstrated the mechanism by which PRRSV regulates cellular cholesterol synthesis and reported a novel strategy by which PRRSV evades its host's antiviral innate immune response. PRRSV nsp4 up-regulates cellular cholesterol via the PP2A-HMGCR pathway. Nsp4 domain I (amino acids 1–80) interacts with A and C subunits of PP2A. Nsp4 domain I inhibits IFN-I production by upregulating cellular cholesterol. The HMGCR inhibitor Lovastatin inhibits PRRSV proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yanrong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yinan Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Siwen Long
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Liurong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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20
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Liu S, Tao D, Liao Y, Yang Y, Sun S, Zhao Y, Yang P, Tang Y, Chen B, Liu Y, Xie S, Tang Z. Highly Sensitive CRISPR/Cas12a-Based Fluorescence Detection of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:2499-2507. [PMID: 34543570 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an economically important disease of swine that is caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV). In this study, we established a fluorescence assay for highly sensitive detection of PRRSV through integration of the reverse transcription-recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA)-coupled Cas12a system with an optical property of single stranded DNA-fluorescently quenched (ssDNA-FQ) reporter. This technique can achieve isothermal and visual detection of PRRSV in 25 min. In particular, the assay reaction can be completed in a single tube. The limit of sensitivity for PRRSV detection was single copy without cross-reactivity of other porcine viruses. Correlation between 11 PRRSV clinical samples measured by the quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and CRISPR/Cas12a assay was determined; the result showed that our results were highly accurate. To sum up, this study developed a visual, sensitive, and specific method of nucleic acid detection based on a CRISPR-Cas12a technique for the on-site detection of PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Liu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture & Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, PR China
| | - Dagang Tao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yuying Liao
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530001, PR China
| | - Yalan Yang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture & Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, PR China
| | - Shouzhang Sun
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Yunnan 650201, PR China
| | - Yulan Zhao
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture & Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, PR China
| | - Peng Yang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture & Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, PR China
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Yijie Tang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture & Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, PR China
| | - Bin Chen
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Yonggang Liu
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Yunnan 650201, PR China
| | - Shengsong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Zhonglin Tang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture & Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
- Kunpeng Institute of Modern Agriculture at Foshan, Foshan 528226, PR China
- GuangXi Engineering Research Center for Resource Development of Bama Xiang Pig, Bama 547500, PR China
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21
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Mirzaie S, Abdi F, GhavamiNejad A, Lu B, Wu XY. Covalent Antiviral Agents. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1322:285-312. [PMID: 34258745 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-0267-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, many viral infections have emerged and are taking a huge toll on human lives globally. Meanwhile, viral resistance to current drugs has drastically increased. Hence, there is a pressing need to design potent broad-spectrum antiviral agents to treat a variety of viral infections and overcome viral resistance. Covalent inhibitors have the potential to achieve both goals owing to their biochemical efficiency, prolonged duration of action, and the capability to inhibit shallow, solvent-exposed substrate-binding domains. In this chapter, we review the structures, activities, and inhibition mechanisms of covalent inhibitors against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, dengue virus, enterovirus, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and influenza viruses. We also discuss the application of in silico study in covalent inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sako Mirzaie
- Advanced Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie L. Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Fatemeh Abdi
- Advanced Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie L. Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amin GhavamiNejad
- Advanced Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie L. Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brian Lu
- Advanced Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie L. Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xiao Yu Wu
- Advanced Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie L. Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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22
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Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus: Immune Escape and Application of Reverse Genetics in Attenuated Live Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9050480. [PMID: 34068505 PMCID: PMC8150910 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), an RNA virus widely prevalent in pigs, results in significant economic losses worldwide. PRRSV can escape from the host immune response in several processes. Vaccines, including modified live vaccines and inactivated vaccines, are the best available countermeasures against PRRSV infection. However, challenges still exist as the vaccines are not able to induce broad protection. The reason lies in several facts, mainly the variability of PRRSV and the complexity of the interaction between PRRSV and host immune responses, and overcoming these obstacles will require more exploration. Many novel strategies have been proposed to construct more effective vaccines against this evolving and smart virus. In this review, we will describe the mechanisms of how PRRSV induces weak and delayed immune responses, the current vaccines of PRRSV, and the strategies to develop modified live vaccines using reverse genetics systems.
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23
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Ujike M, Taguchi F. Recent Progress in Torovirus Molecular Biology. Viruses 2021; 13:435. [PMID: 33800523 PMCID: PMC7998386 DOI: 10.3390/v13030435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Torovirus (ToV) has recently been classified into the new family Tobaniviridae, although it belonged to the Coronavirus (CoV) family historically. ToVs are associated with enteric diseases in animals and humans. In contrast to CoVs, which are recognised as pathogens of veterinary and medical importance, little attention has been paid to ToVs because their infections are usually asymptomatic or not severe; for a long time, only one equine ToV could be propagated in cultured cells. However, bovine ToVs, which predominantly cause diarrhoea in calves, have been detected worldwide, leading to economic losses. Porcine ToVs have also spread globally; although they have not caused serious economic losses, coinfections with other pathogens can exacerbate their symptoms. In addition, frequent inter- or intra-recombination among ToVs can increase pathogenesis or unpredicted host adaptation. These findings have highlighted the importance of ToVs as pathogens and the need for basic ToV research. Here, we review recent progress in the study of ToV molecular biology including reverse genetics, focusing on the similarities and differences between ToVs and CoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ujike
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan;
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Taguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan;
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24
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Hartini Y, Saputra B, Wahono B, Auw Z, Indayani F, Adelya L, Namba G, Hariono M. Biflavonoid as potential 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) inhibitor of SARS-Coronavirus. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2021; 3:100087. [PMID: 33520632 PMCID: PMC7832947 DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2020.100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
3CL protease is one of the key proteins expressed by SARS-Coronavirus-2 cell, the potential to be targeted in the discovery of antivirus during this COVID-19 pandemic. This protein regulates the proteolysis of viral polypeptide essential in forming RNA virus. 3CL protease (3CLpro) was commonly targeted in the previous SARS-Coronavirus including bat and MERS, hence, by blocking this protein activity, the coronavirus should be eradicated. This study aims to review the potency of biflavonoid as the SARS-Coronavirus-2 3CLpro inhibitor. The review was initiated by describing the chemical structure of biflavonoid and followed by listing its natural source. Instead, the synthetic pathway of biflavonoid was also elaborated. The 3CLpro structure and its function were also illustrated followed by the list of its 3D-crystal structure available in a protein data bank. Lastly, the pharmacophores of biflavonoid have been identified as a protease inhibitor, was also discussed. This review hopefully will help researchers to obtain packed information about biflavonoid which could lead to the study in designing and discovering a novel SARS-Coronavirus-2 drug by targetting the 3CLpro enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yustina Hartini
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Sanata Dharma University, Campus III, Paingan, Maguwoharjo, Depok, Sleman 55282, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Bakti Saputra
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Sanata Dharma University, Campus III, Paingan, Maguwoharjo, Depok, Sleman 55282, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Bryan Wahono
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Sanata Dharma University, Campus III, Paingan, Maguwoharjo, Depok, Sleman 55282, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Zerlinda Auw
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Sanata Dharma University, Campus III, Paingan, Maguwoharjo, Depok, Sleman 55282, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Friska Indayani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Sanata Dharma University, Campus III, Paingan, Maguwoharjo, Depok, Sleman 55282, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Lintang Adelya
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Sanata Dharma University, Campus III, Paingan, Maguwoharjo, Depok, Sleman 55282, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Gabriel Namba
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Sanata Dharma University, Campus III, Paingan, Maguwoharjo, Depok, Sleman 55282, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Maywan Hariono
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Sanata Dharma University, Campus III, Paingan, Maguwoharjo, Depok, Sleman 55282, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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25
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Wang P, Bai J, Liu X, Wang M, Wang X, Jiang P. Tomatidine inhibits porcine epidemic diarrhea virus replication by targeting 3CL protease. Vet Res 2020; 51:136. [PMID: 33176871 PMCID: PMC7656508 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00865-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes lethal diarrhea in suckling piglets, leading to severe economic losses worldwide. There is an urgent need to find new therapeutic methods to prevent and control PEDV. Not only is there a shortage of commercial anti-PEDV drugs, but available commercial vaccines fail to protect against highly virulent PEDV variants. We screened an FDA-approved library of 911 natural products and found that tomatidine, a steroidal alkaloid extracted from the skin and leaves of tomatoes, demonstrates significant inhibition of PEDV replication in Vero and IPEC-J2 cells in vitro. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics analysis predicted interactions between tomatidine and the active pocket of PEDV 3CL protease, which were confirmed by fluorescence spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The inhibiting effect of tomatidine on 3CL protease was determined using cleavage visualization and FRET assay. Tomatidine-mediated blocking of 3CL protease activity in PEDV-infected cells was examined by western blot detection of the viral polyprotein in PEDV-infected cells. It indicates that tomatidine inhibits PEDV replication mainly by targeting 3CL protease. In addition, tomatidine also has antiviral activity against transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), encephalo myocarditis virus (EMCV) and seneca virus A (SVA) in vitro. These results may be helpful in developing a new prophylactic and therapeutic strategy against PEDV and other swine disease infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xuewei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xianwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
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26
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Sirpilla O, Bauss J, Gupta R, Underwood A, Qutob D, Freeland T, Bupp C, Carcillo J, Hartog N, Rajasekaran S, Prokop JW. SARS-CoV-2-Encoded Proteome and Human Genetics: From Interaction-Based to Ribosomal Biology Impact on Disease and Risk Processes. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:4275-4290. [PMID: 32686937 PMCID: PMC7418564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has infected millions of people worldwide, with lethality in hundreds of thousands. The rapid publication of information, both regarding the clinical course and the viral biology, has yielded incredible knowledge of the virus. In this review, we address the insights gained for the SARS-CoV-2 proteome, which we have integrated into the Viral Integrated Structural Evolution Dynamic Database, a publicly available resource. Integrating evolutionary, structural, and interaction data with human proteins, we present how the SARS-CoV-2 proteome interacts with human disorders and risk factors ranging from cytokine storm, hyperferritinemic septic, coagulopathic, cardiac, immune, and rare disease-based genetics. The most noteworthy human genetic potential of SARS-CoV-2 is that of the nucleocapsid protein, where it is known to contribute to the inhibition of the biological process known as nonsense-mediated decay. This inhibition has the potential to not only regulate about 10% of all biological transcripts through altered ribosomal biology but also associate with viral-induced genetics, where suppressed human variants are activated to drive dominant, negative outcomes within cells. As we understand more of the dynamic and complex biological pathways that the proteome of SARS-CoV-2 utilizes for entry into cells, for replication, and for release from human cells, we can understand more risk factors for severe/lethal outcomes in patients and novel pharmaceutical interventions that may mitigate future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Sirpilla
- Department of Pediatrics and Human
Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State
University, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503,
United States
- Department of Pharmacology and
Toxicology, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Walsh
University, North Canton, Ohio 44720,
United States
| | - Jacob Bauss
- Department of Pediatrics and Human
Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State
University, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503,
United States
| | - Ruchir Gupta
- Department of Pediatrics and Human
Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State
University, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503,
United States
- Department of Pharmacology and
Toxicology, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Adam Underwood
- Walsh
University, North Canton, Ohio 44720,
United States
| | - Dinah Qutob
- Walsh
University, North Canton, Ohio 44720,
United States
| | - Tom Freeland
- Walsh
University, North Canton, Ohio 44720,
United States
| | - Caleb Bupp
- Department of Pediatrics and Human
Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State
University, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503,
United States
- Spectrum Health Medical
Genetics, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503,
United States
| | - Joseph Carcillo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine
and Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh,
University of Pittsburgh School of
Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15421,
United States
| | - Nicholas Hartog
- Allergy & Immunology,
Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503,
United States
| | - Surender Rajasekaran
- Department of Pediatrics and Human
Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State
University, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503,
United States
- Pediatric Intensive Care
Unit, Helen DeVos Children’s Hospital,
Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, United States
- Office of Research,
Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503,
United States
| | - Jeremy W. Prokop
- Department of Pediatrics and Human
Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State
University, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503,
United States
- Department of Pharmacology and
Toxicology, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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27
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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus Nsp4 cleaves ZAP to antagonize its antiviral activity. Vet Microbiol 2020; 250:108863. [PMID: 33035816 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most economically important pathogens impacting the global swine industry. PRRSV has been recognized to modulate the host immune response through a number of mechanisms. In our previous study, we found that over-expression of ZAP, a zinc finger antiviral protein of host, could suppress PRRSV replication, but how PRRSV escape the restriction of ZAP under natural conditions was still unknown. In this study, We found PRRSV infection significantly down-regulate the endogenous ZAP protein expression in Marc-145 cells. And PRRSV nonstructural protein 4 (Nsp4), a 3C-like serine proteinase, was screened to be responsible for ZAP reduction. Nsp4 could cleave ZAP, depending on its protease activity. The anti-PRRSV activity of ZAP was antagonized by Nsp4 in Marc-145 cells. In addition, we identified a unique amino acid, serine 180 of Nsp4 was required for efficient degradation of ZAP, and the mutation at residue 180 could decrease the ability of recombinant PRRSV to degrade ZAP. Those findings reveal a manner of PRRSV Nsp4 antagonizing the antiviral activity of ZAP, and shed light on a new strategy evolved by PRRSV to escape the host defense.
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28
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Characterization of Self-Processing Activities and Substrate Specificities of Porcine Torovirus 3C-Like Protease. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01282-20. [PMID: 32727876 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01282-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3C-like protease (3CLpro) of nidovirus plays an important role in viral replication and manipulation of host antiviral innate immunity, which makes it an ideal antiviral target. Here, we characterized that porcine torovirus (PToV; family Tobaniviridae, order Nidovirales) 3CLpro autocatalytically releases itself from the viral precursor protein by self-cleavage. Site-directed mutagenesis suggested that PToV 3CLpro, as a serine protease, employed His53 and Ser160 as the active-site residues. Interestingly, unlike most nidovirus 3CLpro, the P1 residue plays a less essential role in N-terminal self-cleavage of PToV 3CLpro Substituting either P1 or P4 residue of substrate alone has little discernible effect on N-terminal cleavage. Notably, replacement of the two residues together completely blocks N-terminal cleavage, suggesting that N-terminal self-cleavage of PToV 3CLpro is synergistically affected by both P1 and P4 residues. Using a cyclized luciferase-based biosensor, we systematically scanned the polyproteins for cleavage sites and identified (FXXQ↓A/S) as the main consensus sequences. Subsequent homology modeling and biochemical experiments suggested that the protease formed putative pockets S1 and S4 between the substrate. Indeed, mutants of both predicted S1 (D159A, H174A) and S4 (P62G/L185G) pockets completely lost the ability of cleavage activity of PToV 3CLpro In conclusion, the characterization of self-processing activities and substrate specificities of PToV 3CLpro will offer helpful information for the mechanism of nidovirus 3C-like proteinase's substrate specificities and the rational development of the antinidovirus drugs.IMPORTANCE Currently, the active-site residues and substrate specificities of 3C-like protease (3CLpro) differ among nidoviruses, and the detailed catalytic mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, porcine torovirus (PToV) 3CLpro cleaves 12 sites in the polyproteins, including its N- and C-terminal self-processing sites. Unlike coronaviruses and arteriviruses, PToV 3CLpro employed His53 and Ser160 as the active-site residues that recognize a glutamine (Gln) at the P1 position. Surprisingly, mutations of P1-Gln impaired the C-terminal self-processing but did not affect N-terminal self-processing. The "noncanonical" substrate specificity for its N-terminal self-processing was attributed to the phenylalanine (Phe) residue at the P4 position in the N-terminal site. Furthermore, a double glycine (neutral) substitution at the putative P4-Phe-binding residues (P62G/L185G) abolished the cleavage activity of PToV 3CLpro suggested the potential hydrophobic force between the PToV 3CLpro and P4-Phe side chains.
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29
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Cao S, Liu J, Ding G, Shao Q, Wang B, Li Y, Feng J, Zhao Y, Liu S, Xiao Y. The tail domain of PRRSV NSP2 plays a key role in aggrephagy by interacting with 14-3-3ε. Vet Res 2020; 51:104. [PMID: 32811532 PMCID: PMC7433210 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00816-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV) is one of the most severe swine diseases that affects almost all swine-breeding countries. Nonstructural protein 2 (NSP2) is one of the most important viral proteins in the PRRSV life cycle. Our previous study showed that PRRSV NSP2 could induce the formation of aggresomes. In this study we explored the effects of aggresome formation on cells and found that NSP2 could induce autophagy, which depended on aggresome formation to activate aggrephagy. The transmembrane and tail domains of NSP2 contributed to aggrephagy and the cellular protein 14-3-3ε played an important role in NSP2-induced autophagy by binding the tail domain of NSP2. These findings provide information on the function of the C-terminal domain of NSP2, which will help uncover the function of NSP2 during PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengliang Cao
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Guofei Ding
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Qingyuan Shao
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yingchao Li
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Jian Feng
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yuzhong Zhao
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Sidang Liu
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China. .,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China. .,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.
| | - Yihong Xiao
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China. .,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China. .,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.
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Liu W, Yang D, Sun C, Wang H, Zhao B, Zhou G, Yu L. hnRNP K Is a Novel Internal Ribosomal Entry Site-Transacting Factor That Negatively Regulates Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Translation and Replication and Is Antagonized by Viral 3C Protease. J Virol 2020; 94:e00803-20. [PMID: 32581104 PMCID: PMC7431795 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00803-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cap-independent translation initiation on picornavirus mRNAs is mediated by an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) in the 5' untranslated region. The regulation of internal initiation requires the interaction of IRES-transacting factors (ITAFs) with the IRES. In this study, we identified a novel ITAF, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K), which negatively regulates foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) translation and viral replication. Further investigation revealed that the KH2 and KH3 domains of hnRNP K directly bind to domains II, III, and IV of the FMDV IRES, resulting in the inhibition of IRES-mediated translation by interfering with the recognition of another positive ITAF, polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB). Conversely, hnRNP K-mediated inhibition was antagonized by the viral 3C protease through the cleavage of hnRNP K at the Glu-364 residue during FMDV infection. Interestingly, the N-terminal cleavage product, hnRNP K1-364, retained partial inhibitory effects on IRES activity, whereas the C-terminal cleavage product, hnRNP K364-465, became a positive regulator of FMDV replication. Our findings expand the current understanding of virus-host interactions concerning viral recruitment and the modulation of ITAFs, providing new insights into translational control during viral infection.IMPORTANCE The translation of picornaviral genome RNA mediated by the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) is a crucial step for virus infections. Virus-host interactions play a critical role in the regulation of IRES-dependent translation, but the regulatory mechanism remains largely unknown. In this study, we identified an ITAF, hnRNP K, that negatively regulates FMDV replication by inhibiting viral IRES-mediated translation. In addition, we describe a novel translational regulation mechanism involving the proteolytic cleavage of hnRNP K by FMDV protease 3C. The cleavage of hnRNP K yields two cleavage products with opposite functions: the cleavage product hnRNP K1-364 retains a partial inhibitory effect on IRES activity, and the cleavage product hnRNP K364-465 becomes a positive regulator of FMDV replication. Our findings shed light on the effect of a novel ITAF on the translational regulation of picornavirus and provide new insights into translational control during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Liu
- Division of Livestock Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Decheng Yang
- Division of Livestock Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Sun
- Division of Livestock Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiwei Wang
- Division of Livestock Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Division of Livestock Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohui Zhou
- Division of Livestock Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yu
- Division of Livestock Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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Structural Characterization of the Helicase nsp10 Encoded by Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.02158-19. [PMID: 32461315 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02158-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, an effective therapeutic treatment for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) remains elusive. PRRSV helicase nsp10 is an important component of the replication transcription complex that plays a crucial role in viral replication, making nsp10 an important target for drug development. Here, we report the first crystal structure of full-length nsp10 from the arterivirus PRRSV, which has multiple domains: an N-terminal zinc-binding domain (ZBD), a 1B domain, and helicase core domains 1A and 2A. Importantly, our structural analyses indicate that the conformation of the 1B domain from arterivirus nsp10 undergoes a dynamic transition. The polynucleotide substrate channel formed by domains 1A and 1B adopts an open state, which may create enough space to accommodate and bind double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) during unwinding. Moreover, we report a unique C-terminal domain structure that participates in stabilizing the overall helicase structure. Our biochemical experiments also showed that deletion of the 1B domain and C-terminal domain significantly reduced the helicase activity of nsp10, indicating that the four domains must cooperate to contribute to helicase function. In addition, our results indicate that nidoviruses contain a conserved helicase core domain and key amino acid sites affecting helicase function, which share a common mechanism of helicase translocation and unwinding activity. These findings will help to further our understanding of the mechanism of helicase function and provide new targets for the development of antiviral drugs.IMPORTANCE Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a major respiratory disease agent in pigs that causes enormous economic losses to the global swine industry. PRRSV helicase nsp10 is a multifunctional protein with translocation and unwinding activities and plays a vital role in viral RNA synthesis. Here, we report the first structure of full-length nsp10 from the arterivirus PRRSV at 3.0-Å resolution. Our results show that the 1B domain of PRRSV nsp10 adopts a novel open state and has a unique C-terminal domain structure, which plays a crucial role in nsp10 helicase activity. Furthermore, mutagenesis and structural analysis revealed conservation of the helicase catalytic domain across the order Nidovirales (families Arteriviridae and Coronaviridae). Importantly, our results will provide a structural basis for further understanding the function of helicases in the order Nidovirales.
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Wei ZY, Liu F, Li Y, Wang HL, Zhang ZD, Chen ZZ, Feng WH. Aspartic acid at residue 185 modulates the capacity of HP-PRRSV nsp4 to antagonize IFN-I expression. Virology 2020; 546:79-87. [PMID: 32452419 PMCID: PMC7172695 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, we have shown that highly-pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) nonstructural protein 4 (nsp4) antagonizes type I IFN expression induced by poly(I:C). Here, we demonstrated that the mutation of Aspartic acid 185 (Asp185) impaired the ability of nsp4 to inhibit IFN-I production induced by poly(I:C). Subsequently, we verified that all the mutants at the residue 185, regardless of amino acid size (including Cys and Ser) and charge (including Glu and Lys), impaired nsp4 catalytic activity. However, when Asp185 in nsp4 was replaced by a similar structure amino acid Asparagine 185 (Asn185), nsp4 stayed but with a decreased protease activity. Importantly, the recombinant virus with Asn185 mutation in HP-PRRSV-nsp4 exhibited slower replication rate and higher ability to induce IFN-I expression compared with wild-type (wt) HP-PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Yu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China
| | - Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China; Department of Botany, College of Biological Sciences, China
| | - Hong-Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China
| | - Zi-Ding Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China; Department of Botany, College of Biological Sciences, China
| | - Zhong-Zhou Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wen-Hai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China.
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Denesyuk AI, Johnson MS, Salo-Ahen OMH, Uversky VN, Denessiouk K. NBCZone: Universal three-dimensional construction of eleven amino acids near the catalytic nucleophile and base in the superfamily of (chymo)trypsin-like serine fold proteases. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 153:399-411. [PMID: 32151723 PMCID: PMC7124590 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
(Chymo)trypsin-like serine fold proteases belong to the serine/cysteine proteases found in eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses. Their catalytic activity is carried out using a triad of amino acids, a nucleophile, a base, and an acid. For this superfamily of proteases, we propose the existence of a universal 3D structure comprising 11 amino acids near the catalytic nucleophile and base - Nucleophile-Base Catalytic Zone (NBCZone). The comparison of NBCZones among 169 eukaryotic, prokaryotic, and viral (chymo)trypsin-like proteases suggested the existence of 15 distinct groups determined by the combination of amino acids located at two "key" structure-functional positions 54T and 55T near the catalytic base His57T. Most eukaryotic and prokaryotic proteases fell into two major groups, [ST]A and TN. Usually, proteases of [ST]A group contain a disulfide bond between cysteines Cys42T and Cys58T of the NBCZone. In contrast, viral proteases were distributed among seven groups, and lack this disulfide bond. Furthermore, only the [ST]A group of eukaryotic proteases contains glycine at position 43T, which is instrumental for activation of these enzymes. In contrast, due to the side chains of residues at position 43T prokaryotic and viral proteases do not have the ability to carry out the structural transition of the eukaryotic zymogen-zyme type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander I Denesyuk
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", 142290 Pushchino, Russia; Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Mark S Johnson
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Outi M H Salo-Ahen
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", 142290 Pushchino, Russia; Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Konstantin Denessiouk
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
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Wang TY, Fang QQ, Cong F, Liu YG, Wang HM, Zhang HL, Tian ZJ, Tang YD, Cai XH. The Nsp12-coding region of type 2 PRRSV is required for viral subgenomic mRNA synthesis. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 8:1501-1510. [PMID: 31631782 PMCID: PMC6818116 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1679010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
As one of many nonstructural proteins of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), nonstructural protein 12 (Nsp12) has received relatively little attention, and its role in virus replication, if any, is essentially unknown. By the application of reverse genetic manipulation of an infectious PRRSV clone, the current study is the first to demonstrate that Nsp12 is a key component of PRRSV replication. In addition, the biochemical properties of Nsp12 were evaluated, revealing that Nsp12 forms dimers when exposed to oxidative conditions. Furthermore, we systemically analyzed the function of Nsp12 in PRRSV RNA synthesis using a strand-specific PCR method. To our surprise, Nsp12 was not found to be involved in minus-strand genomic RNA (-gRNA) synthesis; importantly, our results indicate that Nsp12 is involved in the synthesis of both plus- and minus-strand subgenomic mRNAs (+sgmRNA and -sgmRNA). Finally, we found that the combination of cysteine 35 and cysteine 79 in Nsp12 is required for sgmRNA synthesis. To our knowledge, we are the first to report the biological role of Nsp12 in the PRRSV lifecycle, and we conclude that Nsp12 is involved in the synthesis of both + sgRNA and -sgRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Harbin , People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong-Qiong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Harbin , People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Cong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Harbin , People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Harbin , People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Harbin , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Jun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Harbin , People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Dong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Harbin , People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Hui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Harbin , People's Republic of China
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Chen J, Wang D, Sun Z, Gao L, Zhu X, Guo J, Xu S, Fang L, Li K, Xiao S. Arterivirus nsp4 Antagonizes Interferon Beta Production by Proteolytically Cleaving NEMO at Multiple Sites. J Virol 2019; 93:e00385-19. [PMID: 30944180 PMCID: PMC6613749 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00385-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) represent two members of the family Arteriviridae and pose major threats for the horse- and swine-breeding industries worldwide. A previous study suggested that PRRSV nsp4, a 3C-like protease, antagonizes interferon beta (IFN-β) production by cleaving the NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO) at a single site, glutamate 349 (E349). Here, we demonstrated that EAV nsp4 also inhibited virus-induced IFN-β production by targeting NEMO for proteolytic cleavage and that the scission occurred at four sites: E166, E171, glutamine 205 (Q205), and E349. Additionally, we found that, besides the previously reported cleavage site E349 in NEMO, scission by PRRSV nsp4 took place at two additional sites, E166 and E171. These results imply that while cleaving NEMO is a common strategy utilized by EAV and PRRSV nsp4 to antagonize IFN induction, EAV nsp4 adopts a more complex substrate recognition mechanism to target NEMO. By analyzing the abilities of the eight different NEMO fragments resulting from EAV or PRRSV nsp4 scission to induce IFN-β production, we serendipitously found that a NEMO fragment (residues 1 to 349) could activate IFN-β transcription more robustly than full-length NEMO, whereas all other NEMO cleavage products were abrogated for the IFN-β-inducing capacity. Thus, NEMO cleavage at E349 alone may not be sufficient to completely inactivate the IFN response via this signaling adaptor. Altogether, our findings suggest that EAV and PRRSV nsp4 cleave NEMO at multiple sites and that this strategy is critical for disarming the innate immune response for viral survival.IMPORTANCE The arterivirus nsp4-encoded 3C-like protease (3CLpro) plays an important role in virus replication and immune evasion, making it an attractive target for antiviral therapeutics. Previous work suggested that PRRSV nsp4 suppresses type I IFN production by cleaving NEMO at a single site. In contrast, the present study demonstrates that both EAV and PRRSV nsp4 cleave NEMO at multiple sites and that this strategy is essential for disruption of type I IFN production. Moreover, we reveal that EAV nsp4 also cleaves NEMO at glutamine 205 (Q205), which is not targeted by PRRSV nsp4. Notably, targeting a glutamine in NEMO for cleavage has been observed only with picornavirus 3C proteases (3Cpro) and coronavirus 3CLpro In aggregate, our work expands knowledge of the innate immune evasion mechanisms associated with NEMO cleavage by arterivirus nsp4 and describes a novel substrate recognition characteristic of EAV nsp4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Dang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiahui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Shangen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Liurong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Kui Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
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Mapping the Nonstructural Protein Interaction Network of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01112-18. [PMID: 30282705 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01112-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a positive-stranded RNA virus belonging to the family Arteriviridae Synthesis of the viral RNA is directed by replication/transcription complexes (RTC) that are mainly composed of a network of PRRSV nonstructural proteins (nsps) and likely cellular proteins. Here, we mapped the interaction network among PRRSV nsps by using yeast two-hybrid screening in conjunction with coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP) and cotransfection assays. We identified a total of 24 novel interactions and found that the interactions were centered on open reading frame 1b (ORF1b)-encoded nsps that were mainly connected by the transmembrane proteins nsp2, nsp3, and nsp5. Interestingly, the interactions of the core enzymes nsp9 and nsp10 with transmembrane proteins did not occur in a straightforward manner, as they worked in the co-IP assay but were poorly capable of finding each other within intact mammalian cells. Further proof that they can interact within cells required the engineering of N-terminal truncations of both nsp9 and nsp10. However, despite the poor colocalization relationship in cotransfected cells, both nsp9 and nsp10 came together with membrane proteins (e.g., nsp2) at the viral replication and transcription complexes (RTC) in PRRSV-infected cells. Thus, our results indicate the existence of a complex interaction network among PRRSV nsps and raise the possibility that the recruitment of key replicase proteins to membrane-associated nsps may involve some regulatory mechanisms during infection.IMPORTANCE Synthesis of PRRSV RNAs within host cells depends on the efficient and correct assembly of RTC that takes places on modified intracellular membranes. As an important step toward dissecting this poorly understood event, we investigated the interaction network among PRRSV nsps. Our studies established a comprehensive interaction map for PRRSV nsps and revealed important players within the network. The results also highlight the likely existence of a regulated recruitment of the PRRSV core enzymes nsp9 and nsp10 to viral membrane nsps during PRRSV RTC assembly.
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Liu Y, Hu Y, Chai Y, Liu L, Song J, Zhou S, Su J, Zhou L, Ge X, Guo X, Han J, Yang H. Identification of Nonstructural Protein 8 as the N-Terminus of the RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Virol Sin 2018; 33:429-439. [PMID: 30353315 PMCID: PMC6235764 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0054-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a member within the family Arteriviridae of the order Nidovirales. Replication of this positive-stranded RNA virus within the host cell involves expression of viral replicase proteins encoded by two ORFs, namely ORF1a and ORF1b. In particular, translation of ORF1b depends on a -1-ribosomal frameshift strategy. Thus, nonstructural protein 9 (nsp9), the first protein within ORF1b that specifies the function of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, is expressed as the C-terminal extension of nsp8, a small nsp that is encoded by ORF1a. However, it has remained unclear whether the mature form of nsp9 in virus-infected cells still retains nsp8, addressing which is clearly critical to understand the biological function of nsp9. By taking advantage of specific antibodies to both nsp8 and nsp9, we report the following findings. (1) In infected cells, PRRSV nsp9 was identified as a major product with a size between 72 and 95 kDa (72-95 KDa form), which exhibited the similar mobility on the gel to the in vitro expressed nsp8-9ORF1b, but not the ORF1b-coded portion (nsp9ORF1b). (2) The antibodies to nsp8, but not to nsp7 or nsp10, could detect a major product that had the similar mobility to the 72-95 KDa form of nsp9. Moreover, nsp9 could be co-immunoprecipitated by antibodies to nsp8, and vice versa. (3) Neither nsp4 nor nsp2 PLP2 was able to cleave nsp8-nsp9 in vitro. Together, our studies provide experimental evidence to suggest that nsp8 is an N-terminal extension of nsp9. Our findings here paves way for further charactering the biological function of PRRSV nsp9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yunhao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yue Chai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Liping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiangwei Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shaochuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jia Su
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinna Ge
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jun Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Hanchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Tao R, Fang L, Bai D, Ke W, Zhou Y, Wang D, Xiao S. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Nonstructural Protein 4 Cleaves Porcine DCP1a To Attenuate Its Antiviral Activity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2345-2353. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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39
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Shi Y, Lei Y, Ye G, Sun L, Fang L, Xiao S, Fu ZF, Yin P, Song Y, Peng G. Identification of two antiviral inhibitors targeting 3C-like serine/3C-like protease of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Vet Microbiol 2017; 213:114-122. [PMID: 29291994 PMCID: PMC7117380 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Identification of antiviral inhibitors that target PRRSV nsp4 (3CLSP). Suppression of PRRSV replication by compounds 2, 3 and 5. Compounds 2 and 3 exhibit broad-spectrum antiviral activity against PEDV. Compounds 2 and 3 may block the combination of proteases and substrates.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) are highly virulent and contagious porcine pathogens that cause tremendous economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. Currently, there is no effective treatment for PRRSV and PEDV, and commercial vaccines do not induce sterilizing immunity. In this study, we screened a library of 1000 compounds and identified two specific inhibitors, designated compounds 2 and 3, which target the PRRSV 3C-like serine protease (3CLSP). First, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of compounds 2 and 3 on PRRSV 3CLSP activity. Next, we determined the anti-PRRSV capacity of compounds 2 and 3 in MARC-145 cells and obtained EC50 and CC50 values of 57 μM (CC50 = 479.9 μM) and 56.8 μM (CC50 = 482.8 μM), respectively. Importantly, compounds 2 and 3 also targeted the PEDV 3C-like protease (3CL protease) and inhibited PEDV replication, showing EC50 and CC50 values of 100 μM (CC50 = 533.8 μM) and 57.9 μM (CC50 = 522.3 μM), respectively. Finally, our results indicated that the active sites (His39 in 3CLSP and His41 in 3CL protease) were conservative, and contacted compounds 2 and 3 via hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic forces in the putative substrate-binding models. In summary, compounds 2 and 3 exhibit broad-spectrum antiviral activity and may facilitate the development of antiviral drugs against PRRSV and PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yingying Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Gang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Limeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liurong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhen F Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Departments of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ping Yin
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yunfeng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Guiqing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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ZHANG F, GAO P, GE XN, ZHOU L, GUO X, YANG HC. Critical role of cytochrome c1 and its cleavage in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nonstructural protein 4-induced cell apoptosis via interaction with nsp4. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE AGRICULTURE : JIA 2017; 16:2573-2585. [PMID: 32288954 PMCID: PMC7129397 DOI: 10.1016/s2095-3119(17)61670-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) actively induces cell apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo, which can contribute critically to viral pathogenesis. Previous studies have shown that the PRRSV nonstructural protein 4 (nsp4) is an important mediator of this process, but the underlying molecular details remain poorly understood. In this study, we found that the PRRSV nsp4 interacted with the mitochondrial inner membrane protein cytochrome c1 (cyto.c1) and induced its proteolytic cleavage. Interestingly, the cleaved N-terminal fragment of cyto.c1 was found to exert apoptotic activity, which could cause mitochondrial fragmentation, resulting in apoptotic cell death. And RNA interference (RNAi) silencing experiments further confirmed the crucial role which cyto.c1 played in nsp4- and PRRSV-induced cell apoptosis. Thus, our data provide an important piece of mechanistic clues for PRRSV-induced cell apoptosis and also elucidate a novel mechanism for the 3C-like proteases in this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Han-chun YANG
- Correspondence YANG Han-chun, Tel/Fax: +86-10-62731296
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41
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Demidyuk I, Chukhontseva K, Kostrov S. Glutamyl Endopeptidases: The Puzzle of Substrate Specificity. Acta Naturae 2017; 9:17-33. [PMID: 28740724 PMCID: PMC5508998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamyl endopeptidases (GEPases) are chymotrypsin-like enzymes that preferentially cleave the peptide bonds of the α-carboxyl groups of glutamic acid. Despite the many years of research, the structural determinants underlying the strong substrate specificity of GEPases still remain unclear. In this review, data concerning the molecular mechanisms that determine the substrate preference of GEPases is generalized. In addition, the biological functions of and modern trends in the research into these enzymes are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- I.V. Demidyuk
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kurchatov Sq., 2, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - K.N. Chukhontseva
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kurchatov Sq., 2, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - S.V. Kostrov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kurchatov Sq., 2, Moscow, 123182, Russia
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Aeksiri N, Jantafong T. Structural insights into type I and type II of nsp4 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (nsp4 PRRSV) by molecular dynamics simulations. J Mol Graph Model 2017; 74:125-134. [PMID: 28411461 PMCID: PMC7110526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV) causes major economic concerns for the swine industry worldwide. We have performed molecular dynamics simulations (MD) and principle component analysis (PCA) to investigate the role of the catalytic triad and conformational dynamics of type I and type II of nsp4 PRRSV. The results showed that the RMSF of residues 136-142 near the active site of all models was highly flexible. Moreover, we identified the effect of single structural mutations of the catalytic triad. The percentage of residue with a 0.1nm RMSF value and PCA results revealed that the mutations affected domain I and II suggesting the wild types were more stable than the mutants. At the catalytic triad, the distances between H39 and S118 were very flexible while the distances between H39 and D64 were very stable. H39, D64 and S118 showed high occupancy percentage of the hydrogen bond interaction with many residues that are conserved in PRRSVAS, PRRSVES, LDVC, LDVP and EAV. Moreover, S118 of wild-type protein formed H-bonds with T134 and G135 but these interactions were lost in PRRSVAV (S118A) and PRRSVES (S117A) indicating that the substitution of important H-bond interaction in PRRSVAS (S118A) and PRRSVES (S117A) affected the flexibility around the catalytic triad, conformation and proteolytic activity. Overall, our study may provide the structural basic of the catalytic triad and be useful for testing the protein activity in future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niran Aeksiri
- Center for Agriculture Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand; Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand.
| | - Tippawan Jantafong
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Thailand
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The viral innate immune antagonism and an alternative vaccine design for PRRS virus. Vet Microbiol 2017; 209:75-89. [PMID: 28341332 PMCID: PMC7111430 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PRRS virus has evolved to suppress the antiviral innate immunity during infection. Type I interferons are potent antiviral cytokines and function to stimulate the adaptive immune responses. Six viral proteins have been identified as interferon antagonists and characterized for their molecular actions. Interferon antagonism-negative viruses are attenuated and have been proven induce protective immunity. Interferon suppression-negative PRRS virus may serve as an alternative vaccine for PRRS.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) remains one of the most economically significant diseases in the swine industry worldwide. The current vaccines are less satisfactory to confer protections from heterologous infections and long-term persistence, and the need for better vaccines are urgent. The immunological hallmarks in PRRSV-infected pigs include the unusually poor production of type I interferons (IFNs-α/β) and the aberrant and delayed adaptive immune responses, indicating that PRRSV has the ability to suppress both innate and adaptive immune responses in the host. Type I IFNs are the potent antiviral cytokines and recent studies reveal their pleiotropic functions in the priming of expansion and maturation of adaptive immunity. Thus, IFN antagonism-negative PRRSV is hypothesized to be attenuated and to build effective and broad- spectrum innate and adaptive immune responses in pigs. Such vaccines are promising alternatives to traditional vaccines for PRRSV.
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Nonstructural Protein 4 of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Modulates Cell Surface Swine Leukocyte Antigen Class I Expression by Downregulating β2-Microglobulin Transcription. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01755-16. [PMID: 28003480 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01755-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is the causative agent of PRRS, which has important impacts on the pig industry. PRRSV infection results in disruption of the swine leukocyte antigen class I (SLA-I) antigen presentation pathway. In this study, highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) infection inhibited transcription of the β2-microglobulin (β2M) gene (B2M) and reduced cellular levels of β2M, which forms a heterotrimeric complex with the SLA-I heavy chain and a variable peptide and plays a critical role in SLA-I antigen presentation. HP-PRRSV nonstructural protein 4 (Nsp4) was involved in the downregulation of β2M expression. Exogenous expression of Nsp4 downregulated β2M expression at both the mRNA and the protein level and reduced SLA-I expression on the cell surface. Nsp4 bound to the porcine B2M promoter and inhibited its transcriptional activity. Domain III of Nsp4 and the enhancer PAM element of the porcine B2M promoter were identified as essential for the interaction between Nsp4 and B2M These findings demonstrate a novel mechanism whereby HP-PRRSV may modulate the SLA-I antigen presentation pathway and provide new insights into the functions of HP-PRRSV Nsp4. IMPORTANCE PRRSV modulates the host response by disrupting the SLA-I antigen presentation pathway. We show that HP-PRRSV downregulates SLA-I expression on the cell surface via transcriptional inhibition of B2M expression by viral Nsp4. The interaction between domain III of Nsp4 and the enhancer PAM element of the porcine B2M promoter is essential for inhibiting B2M transcription. These observations reveal a novel mechanism whereby HP-PRRSV may modulate SLA-I antigen presentation and provide new insights into the functions of viral Nsp4.
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Autocatalytic activation of a thermostable glutamyl endopeptidase capable of hydrolyzing proteins at high temperatures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:10429-10441. [PMID: 27377749 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7697-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Glutamyl endopeptidases (GSEs) specifically hydrolyze peptide bonds formed by α-carboxyl groups of Glu and Asp residues. We cloned the gene for a thermophilic GSE (designated TS-GSE) from Thermoactinomyces sp. CDF. A proform of TS-GSE that contained a 61-amino acid N-terminal propeptide and a 218-amino acid mature domain was produced in Escherichia coli. We found that the proform possessed two processing sites and was capable of autocatalytic activation via multiple pathways. The N-terminal propeptide could be autoprocessed at the Glu-1-Ser1 bond to directly generate the mature enzyme. It could also be autoprocessed at the Glu-12-Lys-11 bond to yield an intermediate, which was then converted into the mature form after removal of the remaining part of the propeptide. The segment surrounding the two processing sites was flexible, which allowed the proform and the intermediate form to be trans-processed into the mature form by either active TS-GSE or heterogeneous proteases. Deletion analysis revealed that the N-terminal propeptide is important for the correct folding and maturation of TS-GSE. The propeptide, even its last 11-amino acid peptide segment, could inhibit the activity of its cognate mature domain. The mature TS-GSE displayed a temperature optimum of 85 °C and retained approximately 90 % of its original activity after incubation at 70 °C for 6 h, representing the most thermostable GSE reported to date. Mutational analysis suggested that the disulfide bonds Cys32-Cys48 and Cys180-Cys183 cumulatively contributed to the thermostability of TS-GSE.
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Liu H, Liang C, Duan H, Zhang X, Wang X, Xiao S, Zhou EM. Intracellularly expressed nanobodies against non-structural protein 4 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus inhibit virus replication. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 38:1081-8. [PMID: 27010387 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2086-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To isolate specific nanobodies to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) non-structural protein 4 (Nsp4) and investigate their potential antiviral activities. RESULTS Three PRRSV Nsp4-specific nanobodies were isolated from a phage display library of the variable domains of camelid heavy chain-only antibodies. Nanobody genes were introduced into MARC-145 cells using lentivirus vectors to establish cell lines stably expressing nanobodies. These intracellularly expressed nanobodies were tested for interaction with PRRSV-encoded Nsp4 within PRRSV-infected MARC-145 cells. Nb41 and Nb43 intrabodies each potently inhibited PRRSV replication, protected MARC-145 cells from PRRSV-induced cytopathic effect and fully blocked PRRSV replication at an MOI of 0.001 or lower. CONCLUSION Intracellularly expressed Nb41 and Nb43 potently suppressed PRRSV replication in MARC-145 cells. Nanobodies hold great potential for development as novel antiviral treatments for PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chao Liang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong Duan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaobin Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiangpeng Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuqi Xiao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - En-Min Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Huang L, Liu Q, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Hu L, Li C, Wang S, Li J, Zhang Y, Yu H, Wang Y, Zhong Z, Xiong T, Xia X, Wang X, Yu L, Deng G, Cai X, Cui S, Weng C. Encephalomyocarditis Virus 3C Protease Relieves TRAF Family Member-associated NF-κB Activator (TANK) Inhibitory Effect on TRAF6-mediated NF-κB Signaling through Cleavage of TANK. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:27618-32. [PMID: 26363073 PMCID: PMC4646013 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.660761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
TRAF family member-associated NF-κB activator (TANK) is a negative regulator of canonical NF-κB signaling in the Toll-like receptor- and B-cell receptor-mediated signaling pathways. However, functions of TANK in viral infection-mediated NF-κB activation remain unclear. Here, we reported that TANK was cleaved by encephalomyocarditis virus 3C at the 197 and 291 glutamine residues, which depends on its cysteine protease activity. In addition, encephalomyocarditis virus 3C impaired the ability of TANK to inhibit TRAF6-mediated NF-κB signaling. Interestingly, we found that several viral proteases encoded by the foot and mouth disease virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, and equine arteritis virus also cleaved TANK. Our results suggest that TANK is a novel target of some viral proteases, indicating that some positive RNA viruses have evolved to utilize their major proteases to regulate NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Huang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001
| | - Qinfang Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001
| | - Lijie Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001
| | - Quan Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, the College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434100
| | - Liang Hu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001
| | - Changyao Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001
| | - Shengnan Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001
| | - Jiangnan Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001
| | - Yuanfeng Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001
| | - Huibin Yu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001
| | - Yan Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, the Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, and
| | - Zhaohua Zhong
- the Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Tao Xiong
- the College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434100
| | - Xueshan Xia
- the Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, and
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001
| | - Li Yu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001
| | - Guohua Deng
- From the State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001
| | - Xuehui Cai
- From the State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001
| | - Shangjin Cui
- From the State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001,
| | - Changjiang Weng
- From the State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001,
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Dong J, Xu S, Wang J, Luo R, Wang D, Xiao S, Fang L, Chen H, Jiang Y. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 3C protease cleaves the mitochondrial antiviral signalling complex to antagonize IFN-β expression. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:3049-3058. [PMID: 26253126 PMCID: PMC5410108 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, a highly infectious disease caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), has developed various strategies to evade the host innate immune response, including the suppression of type I IFN activation. The mitochondrial antiviral signalling protein (MAVS) is an important bridging adaptor of retinoic acid-inducible gene I/melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 signalling pathways. Here, we demonstrated that the 3C-like protease (3CLSP) of PRRSV prevented the induction of IFN-β by cleaving MAVS in a proteasome- and caspase-independent manner. Moreover, this cleavage ability was dependent on the protease activity of 3CLSP. Mutations specifically disrupting the cysteine protease activity of 3CLSP eliminated MAVS cleavage and the inhibition of IFN induction. Subsequently, we determined that 3CLSP cleaved MAVS at Glu268. Remarkably, a MAVS point mutation at Glu268 rendered MAVS resistant to 3CLSP cleavage. These results reveal a novel PRRSV mechanism to escape host immunity by directly cleaving MAVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
- Laboratory of Animal Infections, College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - Shangen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
- Laboratory of Animal Infections, College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
- Laboratory of Animal Infections, College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - Rui Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
- Laboratory of Animal Infections, College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - Dang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
- Laboratory of Animal Infections, College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
- Laboratory of Animal Infections, College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - Liurong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
- Laboratory of Animal Infections, College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
- Laboratory of Animal Infections, College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yunbo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
- Laboratory of Animal Infections, College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
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Li Y, Tas A, Sun Z, Snijder EJ, Fang Y. Proteolytic processing of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replicase. Virus Res 2014; 202:48-59. [PMID: 25557977 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) replicase polyproteins pp1a and pp1ab are proteolytically processed by four proteases encoded in ORF1a. In this study, a large set of PRRSV replicase cleavage products were identified and pp1a cleavage sites were verified by using a combination of bioinformatics, proteomics, immunoprecipitation, and site-directed mutagenesis. For genotype 1 PRRSV (isolate SD01-08), proteomic analysis identified H180/S181, G385/A386, and G1446/A1447 as the cleavage sites separating nsp1α/1β, nsp1β/nsp2, and nsp2/nsp3, respectively. Transient expression of nsp2-8, nsp3-8, nsp4-8, nsp5-8 (using the recombinant vaccinia virus/T7 RNA polymerase system) and immunoprecipitation identified the cleavage end products nsp2, nsp3, nsp4, nsp7α and nsp7β, and various processing intermediates. Our studies also revealed the existence of alternative proteolytic processing pathways for the processing of the nsp3-8 region, depending on the presence or absence of nsp2 as a co-factor. The identity of most cleavage products was further corroborated by site-directed mutagenesis of individual cleavage sites in constructs expressing nsp3-8 or nsp4-8. This study constitutes the first in-depth experimental analysis of PRRSV replicase processing and the data are discussed against the background of the processing scheme previously derived for the arterivirus prototype, the distantly related equine arteritis virus (EAV). Despite several differences between the two viruses, of which the functional significance remains to be studied, our study demonstrates the general conservation of the replicase pp1a processing scheme between EAV and PRRSV, and likely also the other members of the arterivirus family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Li
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA; Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Ali Tas
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Zhi Sun
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Eric J Snijder
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA; Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
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Regulation and evasion of antiviral immune responses by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Virus Res 2014; 202:101-11. [PMID: 25529442 PMCID: PMC7132515 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Five PRRSV viral proteins are shown to inhibit type I IFN induction and signaling by targeting different intracellular signaling intermediates. PRRSV regulates the expression of IL-10 and TNFα. PRRSV modulates apoptosis during infection. MicroRNAs might play significant roles in subverting immunity for PRRSV. PRRSV escapes from adaptive immunity by impairing antigen presentation, activating Tregs, and ADE.
Virus infection of mammalian cells triggers host innate immune responses to restrict viral replication and induces adaptive immunity for viral elimination. In order to survive and propagate, viruses have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to subvert host defense system by encoding proteins that target key components of the immune signaling pathways. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a RNA virus, impairs several processes of host immune responses including interfering with interferon production and signaling, modulating cytokine expression, manipulating apoptotic responses and regulating adaptive immunity. In this review, we highlight the molecular mechanisms of how PRRSV interferes with the different steps of initial antiviral host responses to establish persistent infection in pigs. Dissection of the PRRSV–host interaction is the key in understanding PRRSV pathogenesis and will provide a basis for the rational design of vaccines.
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