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Klinngam W, Rungkamoltip P, Wongwanakul R, Joothamongkhon J, Du-A-Man S, Khongkow M, Asawapirom U, Iempridee T, Ruktanonchai U. Skin Rejuvenation Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Kaempferia parviflora Standardized Extract (BG100) in Human 3D Skin Models and Clinical Trial. Biomolecules 2024; 14:776. [PMID: 39062490 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymethoxyflavones from Kaempferia parviflora rhizomes have been shown to effectively combat aging in skin cells and tissues by inhibiting senescence, reducing oxidative stress, and enhancing skin structure and function. This study assessed the anti-aging effects and safety of standardized K. parviflora extract (BG100), enriched with polymethoxyflavones including 5,7-dimethoxyflavone, 5,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone, 3,5,7,3',4'-pentamethoxyflavone, 3,5,7-trimethoxyflavone, and 3,5,7,4'-tetramethoxyflavone. We evaluated BG100's impact on skin rejuvenation and antioxidant properties using photoaged human 3D full-thickness skin models. The potential for skin irritation and sensitization was also assessed through studies on reconstructed human epidermis and clinical trials. Additionally, in vitro genotoxicity testing was performed following OECD guidelines. Results indicate that BG100 promotes collagen and hyaluronic acid production, reduces oxidative stress, and minimizes DNA damage in photoaged full-thickness 3D skin models. Furthermore, it exhibited non-irritating and non-sensitizing properties, as supported by tests on reconstructed human epidermis and clinical settings. BG100 also passed in vitro genotoxicity tests, adhering to OECD guidelines. These results underscore BG100's potential as a highly effective and safe, natural anti-aging agent, suitable for inclusion in cosmeceutical and nutraceutical products aimed at promoting skin rejuvenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannita Klinngam
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Phetploy Rungkamoltip
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Ratjika Wongwanakul
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Jaruwan Joothamongkhon
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Sakkarin Du-A-Man
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Mattaka Khongkow
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Udom Asawapirom
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Tawin Iempridee
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Uracha Ruktanonchai
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
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Kenger İH, Yıldız H, Hüsunet MT, DÖNbak L, Kayraldız A. Elucidation of the cytogenotoxic potential of vigabatrin and its in silico computer-assisted DNA interaction. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024; 47:314-321. [PMID: 36752088 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2023.2174988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Vigabatrin (VGB) is a gammaaminobutyric acid-ergic (GABA-ergic) antiepileptic drug (AED) and is one of 2 approved drugs available to treat infantile spasms (IS). The aim of this study is to elucidate conflicting data on the toxic effects of VGB and to obtain detailed information about its possible cytogenotoxic effects in human lymphocytes. For this purpose, in vitro Chromosomal Aberration (CA), Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCE), Micronucleus (MN) tests, and Comet Assay were performed to determine possible genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of VGB. In addition, the binding energy level of VGB to DNA was determined in silico by molecular docking. The highest concentration (80 μg/ml) of VGB increased the SCE, CA, MN and micronucleated binuclear cell (BNMN) frequency significantly compared to the control after 24 and 48 hours of treatment. In the tail density and tail length parameters, the dose-dependent increase was found to be statistically significant compared to the control. At the 40 and 80 μg/ml concentrations of VGB for 48 hours caused a statistically significant increase in both CA/Cell and AC percentages, while MI and NDI decreased only significantly at the highest concentration (80 µg/ml) causing. In the Comet Assay head density, tail density and tail length parameters, the dose-dependent increase was found to be statistically significant compared to the control. Also, the in silico molecular docking analysis showed that VGB interacts with B-DNA close to the threshold binding energy. The lowest negative free binding energy (ΔG binding) was found as -5.13 kcal/mol. In conclusion, all results are evaluated together, it has been determined that VGB has cytogenotoxic effects in vitro and binds to DNA in silico with significant free binding energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- İbrahim Halil Kenger
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Gaziantep Islam, Science, and Technology University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Hamit Yıldız
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Tahir Hüsunet
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Gaziantep Islam, Science, and Technology University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Lale DÖNbak
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Onikişubat, Türkiye
| | - Ahmet Kayraldız
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Onikişubat, Türkiye
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Yoda H, Abe K, Takeo H, Takamura-Enya T, Koike-Takeshita A. Application of image-recognition techniques to automated micronucleus detection in the in vitro micronucleus assay. Genes Environ 2024; 46:11. [PMID: 38659010 PMCID: PMC11040892 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-024-00305-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An in vitro micronucleus assay is a standard genotoxicity test. Although the technique and interpretation of the results are simple, manual counting of the total and micronucleus-containing cells in a microscopic field is tedious. To address this issue, several systems have been developed for quick and efficient micronucleus counting, including flow cytometry and automated detection based on specialized software and detection systems that analyze images. RESULTS Here, we present a simple and effective method for automated micronucleus counting using image recognition technology. Our process involves separating the RGB channels in a color micrograph of cells stained with acridine orange. The cell nuclei and micronuclei were detected by scaling the G image, whereas the cytoplasm was recognized from a composite image of the R and G images. Finally, we identified cells with overlapping cytoplasm and micronuclei as micronucleated cells, and the application displayed the number of micronucleated cells and the total number of cells. Our method yielded results that were comparable to manually measured values. CONCLUSIONS Our micronucleus detection (MN/cell detection software) system can accurately detect the total number of cells and micronucleus-forming cells in microscopic images with the same level of precision as achieved through manual counting. The accuracy of micronucleus numbers depends on the cell staining conditions; however, the software has options by which users can easily manually optimize parameters such as threshold, denoise, and binary to achieve the best results. The optimization process is easy to handle and requires less effort, making it an efficient way to obtain accurate results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Yoda
- Biomedical Research Center, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, 1030 Shimo-Ogino, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0292, Japan
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Atsugi, Japan
| | - Kazuya Abe
- Biomedical Research Center, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, 1030 Shimo-Ogino, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0292, Japan
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Atsugi, Japan
| | - Hideya Takeo
- Biomedical Research Center, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, 1030 Shimo-Ogino, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0292, Japan
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Atsugi, Japan
| | - Takeji Takamura-Enya
- Biomedical Research Center, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, 1030 Shimo-Ogino, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0292, Japan.
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, 1030 Shimo-Ogino, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0292, Japan.
| | - Ayumi Koike-Takeshita
- Biomedical Research Center, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, 1030 Shimo-Ogino, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0292, Japan
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Atsugi, Japan
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Krishnan A, Callanan DG, Sendra VG, Lad A, Christian S, Earla R, Khanehzar A, Tolentino AJ, Vailoces VAS, Greene MK, Scott CJ, Kunimoto DY, Hassan TS, Genead MA, Tolentino MJ. Comprehensive Ocular and Systemic Safety Evaluation of Polysialic Acid-Decorated Immune Modulating Therapeutic Nanoparticles (PolySia-NPs) to Support Entry into First-in-Human Clinical Trials. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:481. [PMID: 38675441 PMCID: PMC11054942 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
An inflammation-resolving polysialic acid-decorated PLGA nanoparticle (PolySia-NP) has been developed to treat geographic atrophy/age-related macular degeneration and other conditions caused by macrophage and complement over-activation. While PolySia-NPs have demonstrated pre-clinical efficacy, this study evaluated its systemic and intraocular safety. PolySia-NPs were evaluated in vitro for mutagenic activity using Salmonella strains and E. coli, with and without metabolic activation; cytotoxicity was evaluated based on its interference with normal mitosis. PolySia-NPs were administered intravenously in CD-1 mice and Sprague Dawley rats and assessed for survival and toxicity. Intravitreal (IVT) administration in Dutch Belted rabbits and non-human primates was assessed for ocular or systemic toxicity. In vitro results indicate that PolySia-NPs did not induce mutagenicity or cytotoxicity. Intravenous administration did not show clastogenic activity, effects on survival, or toxicity. A single intravitreal (IVT) injection and two elevated repeat IVT doses of PolySia-NPs separated by 7 days in rabbits showed no signs of systemic or ocular toxicity. A single IVT inoculation of PolySia-NPs in non-human primates demonstrated no adverse clinical or ophthalmological effects. The demonstration of systemic and ocular safety of PolySia-NPs supports its advancement into human clinical trials as a promising therapeutic approach for systemic and retinal degenerative diseases caused by chronic immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitha Krishnan
- Aviceda Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (A.K.); (D.G.C.); (A.L.); (S.C.); (R.E.); (A.K.); (M.K.G.); (C.J.S.); (D.Y.K.); (T.S.H.); (M.A.G.)
| | - David G. Callanan
- Aviceda Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (A.K.); (D.G.C.); (A.L.); (S.C.); (R.E.); (A.K.); (M.K.G.); (C.J.S.); (D.Y.K.); (T.S.H.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Victor G. Sendra
- Aviceda Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (A.K.); (D.G.C.); (A.L.); (S.C.); (R.E.); (A.K.); (M.K.G.); (C.J.S.); (D.Y.K.); (T.S.H.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Amit Lad
- Aviceda Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (A.K.); (D.G.C.); (A.L.); (S.C.); (R.E.); (A.K.); (M.K.G.); (C.J.S.); (D.Y.K.); (T.S.H.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Sunny Christian
- Aviceda Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (A.K.); (D.G.C.); (A.L.); (S.C.); (R.E.); (A.K.); (M.K.G.); (C.J.S.); (D.Y.K.); (T.S.H.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Ravinder Earla
- Aviceda Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (A.K.); (D.G.C.); (A.L.); (S.C.); (R.E.); (A.K.); (M.K.G.); (C.J.S.); (D.Y.K.); (T.S.H.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Ali Khanehzar
- Aviceda Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (A.K.); (D.G.C.); (A.L.); (S.C.); (R.E.); (A.K.); (M.K.G.); (C.J.S.); (D.Y.K.); (T.S.H.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Andrew J. Tolentino
- Department of Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
| | | | - Michelle K. Greene
- Aviceda Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (A.K.); (D.G.C.); (A.L.); (S.C.); (R.E.); (A.K.); (M.K.G.); (C.J.S.); (D.Y.K.); (T.S.H.); (M.A.G.)
- The Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Christopher J. Scott
- Aviceda Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (A.K.); (D.G.C.); (A.L.); (S.C.); (R.E.); (A.K.); (M.K.G.); (C.J.S.); (D.Y.K.); (T.S.H.); (M.A.G.)
- The Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Derek Y. Kunimoto
- Aviceda Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (A.K.); (D.G.C.); (A.L.); (S.C.); (R.E.); (A.K.); (M.K.G.); (C.J.S.); (D.Y.K.); (T.S.H.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Tarek S. Hassan
- Aviceda Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (A.K.); (D.G.C.); (A.L.); (S.C.); (R.E.); (A.K.); (M.K.G.); (C.J.S.); (D.Y.K.); (T.S.H.); (M.A.G.)
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oaks, MI 48067, USA
| | - Mohamed A. Genead
- Aviceda Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (A.K.); (D.G.C.); (A.L.); (S.C.); (R.E.); (A.K.); (M.K.G.); (C.J.S.); (D.Y.K.); (T.S.H.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Michael J. Tolentino
- Aviceda Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (A.K.); (D.G.C.); (A.L.); (S.C.); (R.E.); (A.K.); (M.K.G.); (C.J.S.); (D.Y.K.); (T.S.H.); (M.A.G.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Central Florida School of Medicine, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Orlando College of Osteopathic Medicine, Orlando, FL 34787, USA
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Sannino A, Romeo S, Scarfì MR, Pinchera D, Schettino F, Alonzo M, Allocca M, Zeni O. The effect of exposure to radiofrequency LTE signal and coexposure to mitomycin-C in Chinese hamster lung fibroblast V79 cells. Bioelectromagnetics 2024; 45:97-109. [PMID: 37493434 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the cellular effects of radiofrequency exposure, 1950 MHz, long-term evolution (LTE) signal, administered alone and in combination with mitomycin-C (MMC), a well-known cytotoxic agent. Chinese hamster lung fibroblast (V79) cells were exposed/sham exposed in a waveguide-based system under strictly controlled conditions of both electromagnetic and environmental parameters, at specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.3 and 1.25 W/kg. Chromosomal damage (micronuclei formation), oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species [ROS] formation), and cell cycle progression were analyzed after exposure and coexposure. No differences between exposed samples and sham-controls were detected following radiofrequency exposure alone, for all the experimental conditions tested and biological endpoints investigated. When radiofrequency exposure was followed by MMC treatment, 3 h pre-exposure did not modify MMC-induced micronuclei. Pre-exposure of 20 h at 0.3 W/kg did not modify the number of micronuclei induced by MMC, while 1.25 W/kg resulted in a significant reduction of MMC-induced damage. Absence of effects was also detected when CW was used, at both SAR levels. MMC-induced ROS formation resulted significantly decreased at both SAR levels investigated, while cell proliferation and cell cycle progression were not affected by coexposures. The results here reported provide no evidence of direct effects of 1950 MHz, LTE signal. Moreover, they further support our previous findings on the capability of radiofrequency pre-exposure to induce protection from a subsequent toxic treatment, and the key role of the modulated signals and the experimental conditions adopted in eliciting the effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sannino
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Romeo
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Scarfì
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), Naples, Italy
| | - Daniele Pinchera
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering "Maurizio Scarano" (DIEI), University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
| | - Fulvio Schettino
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering "Maurizio Scarano" (DIEI), University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
| | - Mario Alonzo
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), Naples, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Allocca
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), Naples, Italy
| | - Olga Zeni
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), Naples, Italy
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Gajski G, Kašuba V, Milić M, Gerić M, Matković K, Delić L, Nikolić M, Pavičić M, Rozgaj R, Garaj-Vrhovac V, Kopjar N. Exploring cytokinesis block micronucleus assay in Croatia: A journey through the past, present, and future in biomonitoring of the general population. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2024; 895:503749. [PMID: 38575251 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2024.503749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we used the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay to evaluate the background frequency of cytogenetic damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes of the general population concerning different anthropometric data and lifestyle factors. The background frequency of CBMN assay parameters was analysed in 850 healthy, occupationally non-exposed male and female subjects (average age, 38±11 years) gathered from the general Croatian population from 2000 to 2023. The mean background values for micronuclei (MNi) in the whole population were 5.3±4.3 per 1000 binucleated cells, while the mean frequency of nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs) was 0.7±1.3 and of nuclear buds (NBUDs) 3.1±3.2. The cut-off value, which corresponds to the 95th percentile of the distribution of 850 individual values, was 14 MNi, 3 NPBs, and 9 NBUDs. Results from our database also showed an association of the tested genomic instability parameters with age and sex but also with other lifestyle factors. These findings underscore the importance of considering several anthropometric and lifestyle factors when conducting biomonitoring studies. Overall, the normal and cut-off values attained here present normal values for the general population that can later serve as baseline values for further human biomonitoring studies either in Croatia or worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Gajski
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Division of Toxicology, Mutagenesis Unit, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Vilena Kašuba
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Division of Toxicology, Mutagenesis Unit, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mirta Milić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Division of Toxicology, Mutagenesis Unit, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Gerić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Division of Toxicology, Mutagenesis Unit, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Katarina Matković
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Division of Toxicology, Mutagenesis Unit, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Luka Delić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Division of Toxicology, Mutagenesis Unit, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Nikolić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Division of Toxicology, Mutagenesis Unit, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martina Pavičić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Division of Toxicology, Mutagenesis Unit, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ružica Rozgaj
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Division of Toxicology, Mutagenesis Unit, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vera Garaj-Vrhovac
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Division of Toxicology, Mutagenesis Unit, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nevenka Kopjar
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Division of Toxicology, Mutagenesis Unit, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Okada Y, Chikura S, Kimoto T, Iijima T. CDK4/6 inhibitor-induced bone marrow micronuclei might be caused by cell cycle arrest during erythropoiesis. Genes Environ 2024; 46:3. [PMID: 38303098 PMCID: PMC10832093 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-024-00298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A micronucleus test is generally used to evaluate the genotoxic potential of chemicals. Exaggerated erythropoiesis, as occurs following bleeding, may induce an unexpected increase in micronucleus frequency. This false positive result would be typical in a genotoxicity study due to the enhanced progression of the cell cycle that restores decreased blood cells. The cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) family is known to play an essential role in preventing genomic instability. Conversely, a selective CDK4/6 inhibitor PD0332991, clinically named Palbociclib, is reported to have genotoxic potential, shown by positive results in both in vitro and in vivo micronucleus studies. To clarify the mechanism by which cell cycle arrest induced by a CDK4/6 inhibitor increases micronucleus frequency, we investigated the positive results of the bone marrow micronucleus test conducted with PD0332991. RESULTS Rats treated with PD0332991 exhibited increased micronucleus frequency in an in vivo bone marrow micronucleus test whereas it was not increased by treatment in human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells. In addition, all other genotoxicity tests including the Ames test and the comet assay showed negative results with PD0332991. Interestingly, PD0332991 treatment led to an increase in erythrocyte size in rats and affected the size distribution of erythrocytes, including the micronucleus. The mean corpuscular volume of reticulocytes (MCVr) in the PD0332991 treatment group was significantly increased compared to that of the vehicle control (83.8 fL in the PD0332991, and 71.6 fL in the vehicle control.). Further, the average micronucleated erythrocytes (MNE) size of the PD0332991 group and vehicle control was 8.2 and 7.3 µm, respectively. In the histogram, the vehicle control showed a monomodal distribution with a peak near 7.3 µm. In contrast, the PD0332991 group showed a bimodal distribution with peaks around 7.5 and 8.5 µm. Micronucleated erythrocytes in the PD0332991 group were significantly larger than those in the vehicle control. These results suggest that the increase in micronucleus frequency induced by the CDK4/6 inhibitor is not due to genotoxicity, but is attributable to disturbance of the cell cycle, differentiation, and enucleation of erythroblasts. CONCLUSIONS It was suggested that the positive outcome of the in vivo bone marrow micronucleus test resulting from treatment with PD0332991 could not be attributed to its genotoxicity. Further studies to clarify the mechanism of action can contribute to the development of drug candidate compounds lacking intrinsic genotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Okada
- Teijin Institute for Bio-Medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satsuki Chikura
- Teijin Institute for Bio-Medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takafumi Kimoto
- Teijin Institute for Bio-Medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Iijima
- Teijin Institute for Bio-Medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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de Oliveira Santos AD, do Nascimento MTL, da Silva de Freitas A, Gomes de Carvalho D, Bila DM, Hauser-Davis RA, Monteiro da Fonseca E, Baptista Neto JA. The evolution of endocrine disruptor chemical assessments worldwide in the last three decades. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 197:115727. [PMID: 37918146 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) encompass a wide variety of substances capable of interfering with the endocrine system, including but not limited to bisphenol A, organochlorines, polybrominated flame retardants, alkylphenols and phthalates. These compounds are widely produced and used in everyday modern life and have increasingly been detected in aquatic matrices worldwide. In this context, this study aimed to carry out a literature review to assess the evolution of EDCs detected in different matrices in the last thirty years. A bibliometric analysis was conducted at the Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. Data were evaluated using the Vosviewer 1.6.17 software. A total of 3951 articles in English were retrieved following filtering. The results demonstrate a gradual and significant growth in the number of published documents, strongly associated with the increasing knowledge on the real environmental impacts of these compounds. Studied were mostly conducted by developed countries in the first two decades, 1993 to 2012, but in the last decade (2013 to 2022), an exponential leap in the number of publications by countries such as China and an advance in research by developing countries, such as Brazil, was verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Dalva de Oliveira Santos
- Laboratório de Geologia Marinha/LAGEMAR, Departmento de Geologia e Geofísica, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Marilia Teresa Lima do Nascimento
- Laboratório de Geologia Marinha/LAGEMAR, Departmento de Geologia e Geofísica, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alex da Silva de Freitas
- Laboratório de Geologia Marinha/LAGEMAR, Departmento de Geologia e Geofísica, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Diego Gomes de Carvalho
- Laboratório de Geologia Marinha/LAGEMAR, Departmento de Geologia e Geofísica, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Daniele Maia Bila
- Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e do Meio Ambiente, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Estefan Monteiro da Fonseca
- Laboratório de Geologia Marinha/LAGEMAR, Departmento de Geologia e Geofísica, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Antonio Baptista Neto
- Laboratório de Geologia Marinha/LAGEMAR, Departmento de Geologia e Geofísica, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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9
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Babonaitė M, Čepulis M, Kazlauskaitė J, Lazutka JR. Evaluation of In Vitro Genotoxicity of Polystyrene Nanoparticles in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. TOXICS 2023; 11:627. [PMID: 37505592 PMCID: PMC10384665 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11070627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
According to the trade association PlasticEurope, global plastics production increased to 390.7 million tons in 2021. Unfortunately, the majority of produced plastics eventually end up as waste in the ocean or on land. Since synthetic plastics are not fully biodegradable, they tend to persist in natural environments and transform into micro- and nanoplastic particles due to fragmentation. The presence of nanoplastics in air, water, and food causes ecotoxicological issues and leads to human exposure. One of the main concerns is their genotoxic potential. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the internalization rates, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity of polystyrene nanoparticles (PS-NPs) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in vitro. The uptake of PS-NPs was confirmed with flow cytometry light scattering analysis. None of the tested nanoparticle concentrations had a cytotoxic effect on human PBMCs, as evaluated by a dual ethidium bromide/acridine orange staining technique. However, an alkaline comet assay results revealed a significant increase in the levels of primary DNA damage after 24 h of exposure to PS-NPs in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, all tested PS-NPs concentrations induced a significant amount of micronucleated cells, as well. The results of this study revealed the genotoxic potential of commercially manufactured polystyrene nanoparticles and highlighted the need for more studies with naturally occurring plastic NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milda Babonaitė
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Institute of Biosciences, Vilnius University, 7 Sauletekis Av., LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Matas Čepulis
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Institute of Biosciences, Vilnius University, 7 Sauletekis Av., LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jūratė Kazlauskaitė
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Institute of Biosciences, Vilnius University, 7 Sauletekis Av., LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Juozas Rimantas Lazutka
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Institute of Biosciences, Vilnius University, 7 Sauletekis Av., LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
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10
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Kim JS, Jeong MH, Seo HS, Park MK, Park HJ, Nah SS. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the genotoxicity of titanium dioxide, GST. Environ Anal Health Toxicol 2023; 38:e2023008-0. [PMID: 37933102 PMCID: PMC10628408 DOI: 10.5620/eaht.2023008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) was used in various applications in a wide range of products including food, cosmetics and photocatalyst. General toxicity studies of titanium dioxide, GST (Green Sludge Titanium) have been investigated in several reports, whereas studies concerning mutagenicity and genotoxicity have not been elucidated. Herein, we investigated the potential mutagenicity and genotoxicity of GST by genetic toxicology testing. The bacterial reverse mutation test was conducted by the pre-incubation method in the presence and absence of metabolic activation system (S9 mixture). The chromosome aberration test was performed using cultured Chinese hamster lung cell line in the absence and presence of S9 mixture. The micronucleus test was performed by using specific pathogen-free male ICR mice. Genotoxicity tests were conducted following the test guidelines of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development with application of Good Laboratory Practice. No statistically significant increases were found in the bacterial reverse mutation test, in vitro chromosome aberration test, and in vivo micronucleus test when tested for induction of genotoxicity in GST. These results suggest that GST did not induce mutagenicity and genotoxicity in both in vitro and in vivo system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Soo Kim
- Healthcare advanced Chemical Research Institute, Korea Testing and Research Institute (KTR), Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Hwan Jeong
- Healthcare advanced Chemical Research Institute, Korea Testing and Research Institute (KTR), Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Sik Seo
- Healthcare advanced Chemical Research Institute, Korea Testing and Research Institute (KTR), Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong-Kyu Park
- Healthcare advanced Chemical Research Institute, Korea Testing and Research Institute (KTR), Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Ju Park
- Research Laboratory, Bentech Frontier Co. Ltd., Nam-myeon, Jangseong, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Soon Nah
- Division of Environment & Health, Korea Testing & Research Institute, Gwacheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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11
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Kološa K, Žegura B, Štampar M, Filipič M, Novak M. Adverse Toxic Effects of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors on Non-Target Zebrafish Liver (ZFL) Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043894. [PMID: 36835302 PMCID: PMC9965539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, numerous tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been introduced for targeted therapy of various types of malignancies. Due to frequent and increasing use, leading to eventual excretion with body fluids, their residues have been found in hospital and household wastewaters as well as surface water. However, the effects of TKI residues in the environment on aquatic organisms are poorly described. In the present study, we investigated the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of five selected TKIs, namely erlotinib (ERL), dasatinib (DAS), nilotinib (NIL), regorafenib (REG), and sorafenib (SOR), using the in vitro zebrafish liver cell (ZFL) model. Cytotoxicity was determined using the MTS assay and propidium iodide (PI) live/dead staining by flow cytometry. DAS, SOR, and REG decreased ZFL cell viability dose- and time-dependently, with DAS being the most cytotoxic TKI studied. ERL and NIL did not affect viability at concentrations up to their maximum solubility; however, NIL was the only TKI that significantly decreased the proportion of PI negative cells as determined by the flow cytometry. Cell cycle progression analyses showed that DAS, ERL, REG, and SOR caused the cell cycle arrest of ZFL cells in the G0/G1 phase, with a concomitant decrease of cells in the S-phase fraction. No data could be obtained for NIL due to severe DNA fragmentation. The genotoxic activity of the investigated TKIs was evaluated using comet and cytokinesis block micronucleus (CBMN) assays. The dose-dependent induction of DNA single strand breaks was induced by NIL (≥2 μM), DAS (≥0.006 μM), and REG (≥0.8 μM), with DAS being the most potent. None of the TKIs studied induced micronuclei formation. These results suggest that normal non-target fish liver cells are sensitive to the TKIs studied in a concentration range similar to those previously reported for human cancer cell lines. Although the TKI concentrations that induced adverse effects in exposed ZFL cells are several orders of magnitude higher than those currently expected in the aquatic environment, the observed DNA damage and cell cycle effects suggest that residues of TKIs in the environment may pose a hazard to non-intentionally exposed organisms living in environments contaminated with TKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Kološa
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojana Žegura
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
| | - Martina Štampar
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Metka Filipič
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Novak
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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12
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Kević Dešić S, Viljetić B, Wagner J. Assessment of the Genotoxic and Cytotoxic Effects of Turpentine in Painters. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020530. [PMID: 36836885 PMCID: PMC9966049 DOI: 10.3390/life13020530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Turpentine is a fluid used mainly as a solvent for thinning oil-based paints, obtained by distilling the resin of coniferous trees. Fine art painters use turpentine on a daily basis. The aim of this study was to investigate the genotoxic effect of turpentine and to determine the lymphocyte proliferation index in the peripheral blood of individuals occupationally exposed to turpentine. For this purpose, the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay (CBMN) was used to determine the total number of micronuclei (MNi), nucleoplasmic bridges (NPB), and nuclear buds (NBUD), as well as the cell proliferation index (CBPI) in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of the subjects. Twenty-two subjects exposed to turpentine daily through their work participated in the study and were compared to twenty subjects in the control group. The results showed a significant increase in the number of micronuclei and other genotoxicity parameters, as well as significant cytotoxicity based on CBPI values. In addition, the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of turpentine were found to be time-dependent, i.e., the deleterious effects of turpentine on genetic material increase with prolonged exposure. These results strongly suggest that exposure to turpentine vapors may affect genome stability and that occupational safety measures should be taken when using turpentine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Kević Dešić
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Barbara Viljetić
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Correspondence: (B.V.); (J.W.)
| | - Jasenka Wagner
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Correspondence: (B.V.); (J.W.)
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13
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Lynch B, Wang T, Vo T, Tafazoli S, Ryder J. Safety evaluation of oubli fruit sweet protein (brazzein) derived from Komagataella phaffii, intended for use as a sweetener in food and beverages. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/23978473231151258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Naturally sweet proteins have no glycemic effect and offer a fundamentally new approach to sweetness and health for individuals seeking to reduce their added sugar intake. However, unlike many commercial sweeteners, little research has been performed on the potential safety implications of adding these uniquely sweet proteins to food and beverages. In this study, a naturally sweet protein found in the West African Oubli plant ( Pentadiplandra brazzeana), referred to as Oubli fruit sweet protein or brazzein, was expressed in Komagataella phaffii (formerly Pichia pastoris) and produced via precision fermentation, and a safety and risk assessment was undertaken for its use as a sweetener in food and beverages. Potential consumption levels of brazzein were estimated to be 3 mg/kg body weight/day based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The safety of brazzein derived from K. phaffii was evaluated through in silico allergenicity, in vitro genotoxicity (reverse mutation and mammalian micronucleus assays), and a 90-day dietary oral toxicity study in rats. There was no indication of allergenicity in the in silico analyses. Brazzein was non-genotoxic in the in vitro assays and showed no adverse effects in the 90-day oral toxicity study up to the highest dose tested, where the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was 978 and 985 mg/kg body weight/day in males and females, respectively. The totality of evidence in the in silico allergenicity, in vitro genotoxicity, and 90-day dietary toxicity studies demonstrates that brazzein derived from K. phaffii is considered safe for use as a sweetener in food and beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Trung Vo
- Intertek, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | | | - Jason Ryder
- Oobli Inc, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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14
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Smodlaka Tanković M, Baričević A, Gerić M, Domijan AM, Pfannkuchen DM, Kužat N, Ujević I, Kuralić M, Rožman M, Matković K, Novak M, Žegura B, Pfannkuchen M, Gajski G. Characterisation and toxicological activity of three different Pseudo-nitzschia species from the northern Adriatic Sea (Croatia). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:114108. [PMID: 35985485 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia are cosmopolitans spread in seas and oceans worldwide, with more than 50 described species, dozens of which have been confirmed to produce domoic acid (DA). Here, we characterized and investigated the toxicological activity of secondary metabolites excreted into the growth media of different Pseudo-nitzschia species sampled at various locations in the northern Adriatic Sea (Croatia) using human blood cells under in vitro conditions. The results revealed that three investigated species of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia were capable of producing DA indicating their toxic potential. Moreover, toxicological data suggested all three Pseudo-nitzschia species can excrete toxic secondary metabolites into the surrounding media in addition to the intracellular pools of DA, raising concerns regarding their toxicity and environmental impact. In addition, all three Pseudo-nitzchia species triggered oxidative stress, one of the mechanisms of action likely responsible for the DNA damage observed in human blood cells. In line with the above stated, our results are of great interest to environmental toxicologists, the public and policy makers, especially in light of today's climate change, which favours harmful algal blooms and the growth of DA producers with a presumed negative impact on the public health of coastal residents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Baričević
- Center for Marine Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia
| | - Marko Gerić
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana-Marija Domijan
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Nataša Kužat
- Center for Marine Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia
| | - Ivana Ujević
- Laboratory of Plankton and Shellfish Toxicity, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Melissa Kuralić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Rožman
- Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Functional Proteomics, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Katarina Matković
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Matjaž Novak
- Department for Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojana Žegura
- Department for Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin Pfannkuchen
- Center for Marine Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia
| | - Goran Gajski
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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15
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Lim JH, Lee JY, Kim WI, Pak SW, Lee SJ, Shin IS, Kim JC. Evaluation of genotoxicity of SUNACTIVE Zn-P240 in vitro and in vivo. Toxicol Res 2022; 38:459-467. [PMID: 36277369 PMCID: PMC9532492 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-022-00128-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the potential genotoxic effects of the nutrient supplement SUNACTIVE Zn-P240 in vitro and in vivo. Genotoxicity tests were performed at the Korea Testing and Research Institute, a GLP certification institution. A bacterial reverse mutation test was performed using the pre-incubation method, while the in vitro chromosome aberration test was performed using a cultured Chinese hamster lung cell line in the presence or absence of metabolic activation. The in vivo micronucleus test was performed using ICR mice. The bacterial reverse mutation test revealed that SUNACTIVE Zn-P240 did not induce genetic mutations at the tested doses in Salmonella typhimurium (TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537) and Escherichia coli (WP2uvrA) tester strains. Meanwhile, the results of the in vitro chromosomal aberration and in vivo micronucleus tests revealed that SUNACTIVE Zn-P240 did not induce chromosomal aberrations. These results suggest that SUNACTIVE Zn-P240 did not exhibit mutagenic or clastogenic properties in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hyun Lim
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju, Jeonbuk 55365 Republic of Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Yun Lee
- Health Care Institute, Korea Testing and Research Institute, Hwasun, Jeonnam 58141 Republic of Korea
| | - Woong-Il Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186 Republic of Korea
| | - So-Won Pak
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186 Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Jin Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186 Republic of Korea
| | - In-Sik Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Choon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186 Republic of Korea
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16
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Hwang JH, Ku J, Jung C. Single-Dose Intramuscular Toxicity Study of SU-Eohyeol Pharmacopuncture in Rats. J Pharmacopuncture 2022; 25:268-275. [PMID: 36186091 PMCID: PMC9510138 DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2022.25.3.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This toxicological study was performed to assess for potential toxicity and to determine the approximate lethal dose of SU-Eohyeol pharmacopuncture (SUEP) following a single intramuscular injection of SUEP into male and female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Methods The groups in our experiment consisted of an experimental group treated with SUEP at a dose of 1.0 mL/animal and a control group injected with a normal saline solution, and five male and female rats were placed in each group. Each animal was administered a single intramuscular injection. We monitored all rats for clinical signs and body weight changes for 14 days after administration. At the end of the observation period, the rats were euthanized and autopsied, and localized tolerance examinations were conducted at the site of administration of the test substance. Results There were no deaths in either sex in the SUEP-treated group. There was no significant difference between the SUEP-treated group and the control group in the clinical signs and weight changes among the rats. In addition, no significant SUEP-related changes were observed on autopsy findings or local tolerance examinations at the injection site by histopathological examination. Conclusion Our results suggest that the approximate lethal dose of a single intramuscular administration of SUEP in female and male rats under the conditions of this study is greater than 1.0 mL/animal. To determine the safety of the use of SUEP in Korean medical clinical practice, additional toxicity studies will be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Hwang
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaseung Ku
- Bogwang Korean Medicine Clinic, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Jung
- Namsangcheon Korean Medicine Clinic, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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17
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Johnson M, Finlayson K, Shelper T, van de Merwe JP, Leusch FDL. Optimisation of an automated high-throughput micronucleus (HiTMiN) assay to measure genotoxicity of environmental contaminants. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 298:134349. [PMID: 35306058 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic contaminants can have a variety of adverse effects on exposed organisms, including genotoxicity in the form of DNA damage. One of the most commonly used methods to evaluate genotoxicity in exposed organisms is the micronucleus (MN) assay. It provides an efficient assessment of chromosomal impairment due to either chromosomal rupture or mis-segregation during mitosis. However, evaluating chromosomal damage in the MN assay through manual microscopy is a highly time-consuming and somewhat subjective process. High-throughput evaluation with automated image analysis could reduce subjectivity and increase accuracy and throughput. In this study, we optimised and streamlined the HiTMiN assay, adapting the MN assay to a miniaturised, 96-well plate format with reduced steps, and applied it to both primary cells from green turtle fibroblasts (GT12s-p) and a freshwater fish hepatoma cell line (PLHC-1). Image analysis using both commercial (Columbus) and freely available (CellProfiler) software automated the scoring of MN, with improved precision and drastically reduced time compared to manual scoring and other available protocols. The assay was validated through exposure to two inorganic (chromium and cobalt) and one organic (the herbicide metolachlor) compounds, which are genotoxicants of concern in the marine environment. All compounds tested induced MN formation below cytotoxic concentrations. The HiTMiN assay presented here greatly increases the suitability of the MN assay as a quick, affordable, sensitive and accurate assay to measure genotoxicity of environmental samples in different cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Johnson
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Qld, 4222, Australia.
| | - Kimberly Finlayson
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Qld, 4222, Australia
| | - Todd Shelper
- Menzies Institute of Health Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Qld, 4222, Australia
| | - Jason P van de Merwe
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Qld, 4222, Australia
| | - Frederic D L Leusch
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Qld, 4222, Australia
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18
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Yilmaz Öztürk B, Feyzullazade N, Dağ İ, Şengel T. The investigation of in vitro effects of farnesol at different cancer cell lines. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:2760-2775. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Betül Yilmaz Öztürk
- Central Research Laboratory Application and Research Center Eskişehir Osmangazi University Eskişehir Turkey
| | - Narmın Feyzullazade
- Institute of Science, Biotechnology and Biosafety Department Eskişehir Osmangazi University Eskişehir Turkey
| | - İlknur Dağ
- Central Research Laboratory Application and Research Center Eskişehir Osmangazi University Eskişehir Turkey
- Vocational Health Services High School Eskisehir Osmangazi University Eskişehir Turkey
| | - Tayfun Şengel
- Central Research Laboratory Application and Research Center Eskişehir Osmangazi University Eskişehir Turkey
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19
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Cobanoglu H. Assessment of genetic damage induced by gadolinium-based radiocontrast agents. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2022; 70:126914. [PMID: 34953388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Today, although gadolinium based contrast agents have been frequently used in the field of medicine, there is limited data available whether gadolinium based agents affect the genome. AIM The present study aimed to investigate the genotoxic and cytotoxic potentials of gadoteric acid and gadoversetamide used as gadolinium-based contrast agents for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. MATERIAL AND METHODS The cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay was applied to human peripheral blood lymphocytes to assess the genotoxicity measured as micronucleus (MN), nucleoplasmic bridge (NPBs) and nuclear bud (NBUDs) frequencies. Furthermore, cytokinesis-block proliferation index (CBPI) was calculated to determine cytostasis. Lymphocytes were treated with gadoteric acid at concentrations of 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 25 mM and with gadoversetamide at concentrations of 0.25, 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 mM for 48 h. RESULTS Gadoteric acid did not cause significant increase in MN, NBPs and NBUDs frequencies and CBPI values at any concentration. Gadoversetamide induced significantly increase MN formation at concentration of 2.5 mM, NBP formation at concentrations of 1.0 and 2.5 mM, and NBUD formation at concentrations of 0.25, 1.0 and 2.5 mM. Additionally, gadoversetamide exposure resulted in statistically significant decrease in CBPI values compared to the control at concentrations of 2.5 and 5.0 mM. In addition, CBPI levels in response to concentrations of gadoversetamide was negatively and significantly associated with concentration. CONCLUSION These findings show that gadoteric acid does not have genotoxic or cytotoxic potential, while gadoversetamide might have both genotoxic and cytotoxic potential on human peripheral blood lymphocytes. As a comparison, gadoversetamide was found more genotoxic and cytotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayal Cobanoglu
- Vocational College of Health Services, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17100, Çanakkale, Turkey.
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Hall NE, Tichenor K, Bryce SM, Bemis JC, Dertinger SD. In vitro human cell-based aneugen molecular mechanism assay. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2022; 63:151-161. [PMID: 35426156 PMCID: PMC9106857 DOI: 10.1002/em.22480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This laboratory previously described an in vitro human cell-based assay and data analysis scheme that discriminates common molecular targets responsible for chemical-induced in vitro aneugenicity: tubulin destabilization, tubulin stabilization, and inhibition of Aurora kinases (Bernacki et al., Toxicol. Sci. 170 [2019] 382-393). The current report describes updated procedures that simplify benchtop processing and data analysis methods. For these experiments, human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells were exposed to each of 25 aneugens over a range of concentrations in the presence of fluorescent paclitaxel (488 Taxol). After a 4 h treatment period, cells were lysed and nuclei were stained with a nucleic acid dye and labeled with fluorescent antibodies against phospho-histone H3 (p-H3). Flow cytometric analyses revealed several unique signatures: tubulin stabilizers caused increased frequencies of p-H3-positive events with concentration-dependent increases in 488 Taxol-associated fluorescence; tubulin destabilizers caused increased frequencies of p-H3-positive events with concomitant decreases in 488 Taxol-associated fluorescence; and Aurora kinase B inhibitors caused reduced frequencies of p-H3-positive events and lower median fluorescent intensities of p-H3-positive events. These results demonstrate a simple rubric based on 488 Taxol- and p-H3-associated metrics can reliably discriminate between several commonly encountered aneugenic molecular mechanisms.
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22
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Tools used to assay genomic instability in cancers and cancer meiomitosis. J Cell Commun Signal 2021; 16:159-177. [PMID: 34841477 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-021-00661-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability is a defining characteristic of cancer and the analysis of DNA damage at the chromosome level is a crucial part of the study of carcinogenesis and genotoxicity. Chromosomal instability (CIN), the most common level of genomic instability in cancers, is defined as the rate of loss or gain of chromosomes through successive divisions. As such, DNA in cancer cells is highly unstable. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. There is a debate as to whether instability succeeds transformation, or if it is a by-product of cancer, and therefore, studying potential molecular and cellular contributors of genomic instability is of high importance. Recent work has suggested an important role for ectopic expression of meiosis genes in driving genomic instability via a process called meiomitosis. Improving understanding of these mechanisms can contribute to the development of targeted therapies that exploit DNA damage and repair mechanisms. Here, we discuss a workflow of novel and established techniques used to assess chromosomal instability as well as the nature of genomic instability such as double strand breaks, micronuclei, and chromatin bridges. For each technique, we discuss their advantages and limitations in a lab setting. Lastly, we provide detailed protocols for the discussed techniques.
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Ribas LE, Baravalle ME, Gasser FB, Renna MS, Addona S, Ortega HH, Savino GH, Van de Velde F, Hein GJ. Extraction of phenolic compounds from the shells of pecan nuts with cytotoxic activity through apoptosis against the colon cancer cell line HT-29. J Food Sci 2021; 86:5409-5423. [PMID: 34730241 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The water extraction of phenolic compounds from two varieties ("Mahan" and "Marameck") of pecan nutshells (Carya illinoinensis) without and with sonication, varying the solvent/solid ratio (S), the pH, and the refluxing time (t), was studied. Additionally, the in vitro cytotoxicity and the determination of the cell death mechanism of the extracts against the colon cancer cell line HT-29 were investigated. The content of total phenolic compounds (TPC) of "Marameck" nutshells resulted higher than for the "Mahan" variety, and the pH increase resulted in higher TPC contents for both cultivars. The optimized conditions for TPC extraction without and with sonication resulted: S = 33 ml/g, pH = 12, and t = 9.6 min, and yielded ≈ 70 and 90 mg/g of TPC for "Mahan" and "Marameck" nutshells, respectively. The optimized extracts of pecan nutshells without sonication from both cultivars presented similar cytotoxicity against HT-29 colon cancer cells (IC50 ≈ 50 µg/ml), higher than for sonicated extracts (IC50 ≈ 88 and 138 µg/ml for "Mahan" and "Marameck," respectively). Cell death through apoptosis was the main mechanism of cell death induced by the nutshell extracts. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The extraction of phenolic compounds (TPC) from the residues of two varieties of pecan nutshells ("Mahan" and "Marameck") was studied. An optimal combination of variables within the pH range that minimizes the solvent-to-solid ratio (S) and the time of refluxing (t), saving at the same time, water and energy, was set up. The phenolic compound extracts obtained from the residues of the pecan nuts exhibit cytotoxic effects against colon cancer cells and could be of interest as an alternative treatment of different types of cancer. Additionally, these extracts may be of importance to the food industry as they can be used as antioxidant agents in food formulation. Also, the high levels of anthocyanidins obtained from the pecan nut extracts after proanthocyanidins' strong acid hydrolysis can be purified and employed as natural red dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Emanuel Ribas
- Centro Universitario Gálvez, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Gálvez, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Eugenia Baravalle
- Centro Universitario Gálvez, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Gálvez, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Centro de Medicina Comparada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Fátima Belén Gasser
- Centro de Medicina Comparada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Sol Renna
- Centro de Medicina Comparada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Silvina Addona
- Centro de Medicina Comparada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Hugo Héctor Ortega
- Centro de Medicina Comparada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Graciela Hilda Savino
- Centro Universitario Gálvez, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Gálvez, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Franco Van de Velde
- Centro Universitario Gálvez, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Gálvez, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santiago del Estero, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santiago del Estero, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Juan Hein
- Centro Universitario Gálvez, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Gálvez, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Centro de Medicina Comparada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
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Kidd D, Phillips S, Chirom T, Mason N, Smith R, Saul J, Whitwell J, Clements J. The 3D reconstructed skin micronucleus assay: considerations for optimal protocol design. Mutagenesis 2021; 36:37-49. [PMID: 31793640 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gez037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Implementation of the seventh amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive has driven much research into suitable in vitro alternative assays to support satisfactory risk assessments. One such assay is the reconstructed skin micronucleus (RSMN) assay. First reported in 2006, further development occurred and a standard protocol was published in 2011. To evaluate and optimise the assay at Covance Laboratories, we tested nine chemicals [4-nitrophenol (4-NP), cyclohexanone (CH), 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol (2-EHD), methyl methansulfonate (MMS), mitomycin C (MMC), ethyl nitrosourea (ENU), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), cyclophosphamide (CPA) and vinblastine (VIN)] using the EpiDerm™ 3D skin model (MatTek Corporation®, IVLSL, Bratislava, Slovakia) and compared the data using the standard 48-h treatment regimen and also an emerging 72-h treatment protocol. The EpiDerm™ tissue has reportedly some metabolic capacity but data using 48-h treatments has provided mixed results. Our investigations demonstrate that the two chemicals requiring metabolic activation (BaP and CPA) were negative following the 48-h protocol but were clearly positive following 72-h treatment. Furthermore, Replication Index (RI) data showed higher RI values in vehicle control treatments (indicating increased cell division) across the treatment set following 72-h treatments. A general greater magnitude of micronucleus (MN) induction was also observed following test chemical treatment. These data suggest that the 72-h treatment protocol is more suitable as a standard approach for the detection of clastogenic, aneugenic and metabolically activated chemicals in the RSMN assay. For further assay optimisation, we compare the statistical power of scoring cells from duplicate or triplicate cultures per treatment concentration and provide recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Kidd
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Otley Road, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, HG3 1PY, UK
| | - Sarah Phillips
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Otley Road, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, HG3 1PY, UK
| | - Teresa Chirom
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Otley Road, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, HG3 1PY, UK
| | - Nicky Mason
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Otley Road, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, HG3 1PY, UK
| | - Robert Smith
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Otley Road, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, HG3 1PY, UK
| | - Jim Saul
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Otley Road, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, HG3 1PY, UK
| | - James Whitwell
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Otley Road, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, HG3 1PY, UK
| | - Julie Clements
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Otley Road, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, HG3 1PY, UK
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Kocaman AY, Asfuroğlu K. The genotoxic effects of perchloroethylene in human peripheral blood lymphocytes and the possible ameliorative role of α-tocopherol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:39576-39586. [PMID: 33763835 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13523-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Perchloroethylene (PCE), also known as tetrachloroethylene, is a commercially important chlorinated solvent commonly used in dry cleaning, textile processing, and metal degreasing industries. According to the available studies, the potential genotoxic impacts of this chlorinated solvent on human beings are still controversial. The present work was carried out to determine the genotoxic effects of PCE on human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) using chromosome aberrations (CAs) and cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) tests. Additionally, the antigenotoxic potential of α-tocopherol (α-Toc), a well-known antioxidant agent, on human lymphocytes treated with PCE in vitro was assessed. The cells were exposed for 48 h to PCE (25, 50, 100, and 150 μg/mL) alone as well as in combination with α-Toc (100 μg/mL). The findings of the study suggested that, relative to solvent control, PCE significantly increased the structural CA and MN formation for all concentrations. However, simultaneous treatment of PCE and α-Toc caused a significant reduction of CAs and MNi as compared to cultures treated with PCE alone. Besides, the results showed that PCE has cytotoxic effects on human PBLs as indicated by the significant decrease in mitotic index (MI) and nuclear division index (NDI). Nevertheless, the co-treatment of α-Toc with PCE did not reduce the cytotoxicity of PCE at a significant level. In conclusion, it can be suggested that PCE is genotoxic and cytotoxic in human PBLs, and α-Toc has an antigenotoxic effect on PCE-induced genotoxicity but has no significant effect on the cytotoxicity triggered by PCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe Yavuz Kocaman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Letters, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, 31000, Antakya, Hatay, Turkey.
| | - Kübra Asfuroğlu
- Basic and Applied Sciences Institute, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Hatay, Turkey
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Cobanoglu H, Cayir A. Assessment of the genotoxic potential of tetrachlorvinphos insecticide by cytokinesis-block micronucleus and sister chromatid exchange assays. Hum Exp Toxicol 2021; 40:S158-S163. [PMID: 34334017 DOI: 10.1177/09603271211036126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tetrachlorvinphos is an organophosphate that is classified as a carcinogen in humans by several authorities. Due to very limited data regarding the genotoxic potential, we aimed to comprehensively investigate in vitro genotoxic potential of tetrachlorvinphos. We performed our study by applying the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) assays to human peripheral blood lymphocytes. We evaluated micronucleus (MN) and SCE frequencies and cytokinesis-block proliferation index in both exposed and non-exposed lymphocytes. We also calculated the chromosomal instability level in response to exposure by combining the results of MN and SCE. We found that MN frequency did not increase with exposure to tetrachlorvinphos (0-50 µg/ml). In contrast, we observed that SCE frequencies significantly increased with exposure to ≥5 µg/ml tetrachlorvinphos. Furthermore, exposure to tetrachlorvinphos at concentrations of 50 µg/ml induced a significant increase in chromosomal instability level (p < 0.05). Cytokinesis-block proliferation index level did not significantly decrease in response to tetrachlorvinphos exposure. Our findings reveal that tetrachlorvinphos resulted in different DNA damages that were measured by two assays. Furthermore, our findings suggested that exposure to tetrachlorvinphos increased chromosomal instability that is a hallmark of many malignancies. We conclude that although tetrachlorvinphos does not significantly increase the MN level, the significant increase of both SCE and CIN frequencies indicates the genotoxic potential of tetrachlorvinphos in human peripheral lymphocytes. Additionally, tetrachlorvinphos is not cytotoxic in the range of tested concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayal Cobanoglu
- Health Services Vocational College, 52950Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Akin Cayir
- Health Services Vocational College, 52950Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
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Testing Strategies of the In Vitro Micronucleus Assay for the Genotoxicity Assessment of Nanomaterials in BEAS-2B Cells. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11081929. [PMID: 34443765 PMCID: PMC8399994 DOI: 10.3390/nano11081929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of the frequency of micronuclei (MN) is a broadly utilised approach in in vitro toxicity testing. Nevertheless, the specific properties of nanomaterials (NMs) give rise to concerns regarding the optimal methodological variants of the MN assay. In bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B), we tested the genotoxicity of five types of NMs (TiO2: NM101, NM103; SiO2: NM200; Ag: NM300K, NM302) using four variants of MN protocols, differing in the time of exposure and the application of cytochalasin-B combined with the simultaneous and delayed co-treatment with NMs. Using transmission electron microscopy, we evaluated the impact of cytochalasin-B on the transport of NMs into the cells. To assess the behaviour of NMs in a culture media for individual testing conditions, we used dynamic light scattering measurement. The presence of NMs in the cells, their intracellular aggregation and dispersion properties were comparable when tests with or without cytochalasin-B were performed. The genotoxic potential of various TiO2 and Ag particles differed (NM101 < NM103 and NM302 < NM300K, respectively). The application of cytochalasin-B tended to increase the percentage of aberrant cells. In conclusion, the comparison of the testing strategies revealed that the level of DNA damage induced by NMs is affected by the selected methodological approach. This fact should be considered in the interpretation of the results of genotoxicity tests.
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Hyun SW, Lee TG, Song SJ, Kim CS. Evaluation of oral toxicity and genotoxicity of Achyranthis Radix extract. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 274:113944. [PMID: 33711437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The root of Achyranthes bidentata Blume, Achyranthis Radix (AR), is used as a traditional medicine ingredient in East Asia. It has anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-diabetic activities. AIM OF THE STUDY In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the oral toxicity and genotoxicity of single-dose and 4-week repeated-doses of AR hot water extract (ARE), under the good laboratory practice principles. MATERIALS AND METHODS For oral toxicity studies, SD rats (n = 5 per sex and group) were administered ARE at concentrations of 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg/day once (single dose) or once per day for 4 weeks (repeated dose). The non-clinical genotoxicity study consisted of bacterial reverse mutation using Escherichia coli (WP2 uvrA) and Salmonella typhimurium (TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537), in vitro chromosomal aberration test with Chinese hamster lung cells (CHL/IU), and in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus test using bone marrow cells collected from male ICR mice (n = 5) that were orally administered ARE. RESULTS In the single-dose oral toxicity study, mortality and treatment-related changes in body weight were not observed throughout the study, and the lethal dose was estimated to be > 2000 mg/kg in rats. In the 4-week repeated-dose oral toxicity study, ARE did not induce significant changes in body weight, organ weight, food intake, or hematological and serum biochemical parameters in any group. In the bacterial reverse mutation test, ARE did not induce gene mutations in any tested strain. In the chromosomal aberration test, ARE did not cause chromosomal aberrations. The micronucleus test showed no significant increase in the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes or the mean ratio of polychromatic to total erythrocytes. CONCLUSIONS These results showed that ARE does not induce oral toxicity and genotoxicity in the in vivo and in vitro test systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Wang Hyun
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea; Practical Research Division, Honam National Institute of Biological Resources, Mokpo-si, 58762, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Gu Lee
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea; Safety Research Team, Crop Protection Research Institute, FarmHannong Co., Ltd, Nonsan-si, 33010, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jeong Song
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Sik Kim
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea; Korean Convergence Medicine, University of Science Technology, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Silva BO, Orlando JB, Pires CL, Hiruma-Lima CA, de Mascarenhas Gaivão I, Perazzo FF, Maistro EL. Genotoxicity induced by nerol, an essential oil present in citric plants using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and HepG2/C3A cells as a model. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2021; 84:518-528. [PMID: 33761836 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2021.1902443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nerol (cis-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol) is a monoterpene widely used in cosmetic products, household detergents and cleaners, as well as a flavoring in several food products. Despite the high level of human exposure to nerol, an absence of studies regarding potential genetic toxicity in human cells exists. The aim of this investigation was to examine the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of this monoterpene on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells as well as hepatic metabolizing HepG2/C3A human cell line. Cytotoxicity was assessed using trypan blue staining and MTT assay while genotoxicity was determined utilizing the comet and micronucleus test. Cytotoxicity tests showed cell viability greater than 70% for concentrations between 2.5 and 500 µg/ml. Both cell types exhibited significant DNA damage and chromosomal mutations after medium and high concentration incubation with nerol indicating that the safety of use of this monoterpene in various formulations to which humans are exposed needs to be monitored and requires more comprehensive investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Ogushi Silva
- Speech and Hearing Therapy Department, São Paulo State University - UNESP - Faculty of Philosophy and Sciences, Marília, Brazil
| | - Juliana Botinhon Orlando
- Speech and Hearing Therapy Department, São Paulo State University - UNESP - Faculty of Philosophy and Sciences, Marília, Brazil
| | - Camila Lehnhardt Pires
- Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Biologia Geral E Aplicada - São Paulo State University (UNESP), Instituto De Biociências, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Clélia Akiko Hiruma-Lima
- Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Biologia Geral E Aplicada - São Paulo State University (UNESP), Instituto De Biociências, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Isabel de Mascarenhas Gaivão
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology and Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Fábio Ferreira Perazzo
- Institute of Environmental, Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, Brazil
| | - Edson Luis Maistro
- Speech and Hearing Therapy Department, São Paulo State University - UNESP - Faculty of Philosophy and Sciences, Marília, Brazil
- Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Biologia Geral E Aplicada - São Paulo State University (UNESP), Instituto De Biociências, Botucatu, Brazil
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30
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Zhou S, Huang G, Chen G. Synthesis and anti-tumor activity of marine alkaloids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 41:128009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Çobanoğlu H, Belivermiş M, Sıkdokur E, Kılıç Ö, Çayır A. Genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of polyethylene microplastics on human peripheral blood lymphocytes. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 272:129805. [PMID: 35534956 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Currently, we need emerging initial data regarding how plastic exposures affect cellular and molecular components and how such interactions will be crucial for human health. We aimed to determine the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of microplastic (MPs,10-45 μm, polyethylene) on human peripheral lymphocytes by using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome (CBMN) assay, which is a comprehensive method to reveal a range of mechanisms, not only diseases but also response to environmental exposures. We measured micronucleation (MN), nucleoplasmic bridge formation (NPB), and nuclear bud formation (NBUD) in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. We also measured the cytokinesis-block proliferation index (CBPI) to calculate cytostasis, which indicates cytotoxicity in lymphocytes treated with five different MPs concentrations for 48 h. Even lower concentrations of MPs increased the level of genomic instability. We found that the in vitro MP exposure significantly increased MN, NPB, and NBUD frequencies. Since we investigated the effect of larger particles relative to the lymphocytes, mechanic interaction of MPs with cells, the release of monomer and additives from MPs could be suggested as possible mechanisms accounting for increasing genomic instabilities. We did not observe a decrease in the cell proliferation index, indicating a lack of MPs' cytotoxic potential. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to identify MPs' genotoxic potential in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. We suggested further studies to investigate the genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of smaller plastics and the chronic effect of MP on the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayal Çobanoğlu
- Health Services Vocational College, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17100, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Murat Belivermiş
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, 34134, Vezneciler, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ercan Sıkdokur
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, 34134, Vezneciler, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Önder Kılıç
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, 34134, Vezneciler, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Akın Çayır
- Health Services Vocational College, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17100, Çanakkale, Turkey.
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da Silva CQ, Fernandes ADS, Teixeira GF, França RJ, Marques MRDC, Felzenszwalb I, Falcão DQ, Ferraz ERA. Risk assessment of coffees of different qualities and degrees of roasting. Food Res Int 2021; 141:110089. [PMID: 33641967 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.110089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
During the coffee beans roasting process, occurs the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are associated with the incidence of cancer in humans. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of coffee bean quality and roasting degree regarding mutagenicity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Six samples of coffee drink made with roasted and ground Coffea arabica beans from different qualities and roast degrees were used after freeze-drying. Both commercial and special quality grains suffered light, medium and dark roasting. According to the Salmonella/microsome assay, the highest concentration of commercial grain sample (dark roast) significantly increased the number of revertants of the TA98 strain in the absence of metabolization. All the samples induced cytotoxicity to HepG2 cells. These effects can be ranked in the following order from most to least toxic: medium roast - special grain > light roast - special grain > dark roast - commercial grain > dark roast - special grain > light roast - commercial grain > medium roast - commercial grain. None of the samples induced genotoxicity in HepG2 cells. Our findings show that the harmful effects of coffee depend not only on the degree of roasting but also on the grain quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Quintanilha da Silva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Mário Viana, 523, Santa Rosa, CEP 24.241-000 Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Andréia da Silva Fernandes
- Department of Biophysics and Biometry, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, Maracanã, CEP 20.550-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela Félix Teixeira
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Mário Viana, 523, Santa Rosa, CEP 24.241-000 Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo José França
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, Maracanã, CEP 20.550-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Mônica Regina da Costa Marques
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, Maracanã, CEP 20.550-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Israel Felzenszwalb
- Department of Biophysics and Biometry, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, Maracanã, CEP 20.550-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Deborah Quintanilha Falcão
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Mário Viana, 523, Santa Rosa, CEP 24.241-000 Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Elisa Raquel Anastácio Ferraz
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Mário Viana, 523, Santa Rosa, CEP 24.241-000 Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
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Jagetia GC. Antioxidant activity of curcumin protects against the radiation-induced micronuclei formation in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes exposed to various doses of γ-Radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 97:485-493. [PMID: 33464136 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1876948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ionizing radiations trigger the formation of free radicals that damage DNA and cause cell death. DNA damage may be simply evaluated by micronucleus assay and the pharmacophores that impede free radicals could effectively reduce the DNA damage initiated by irradiation. Therefore, it was desired to determine the capacity of curcumin to alleviate micronuclei formation in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (HPBLs) exposed to 0-4 Gy of γ-radiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS HPBLs were exposed to 3 Gy after 30 minutes of 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 or 50 µg/mL curcumin treatment or with 0.5 μg/mL curcumin 30 minutes early to 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3 or 4 Gy 60Co γ-irradiation. Cytokinesis of HPBLs was blocked by cytochalasin B and micronuclei scored. The ability of curcumin to suppress free radical induction in vitro was determined by standard methods. RESULTS HPBLs treated with different concentrations of curcumin before 3 Gy irradiation alleviated the micronuclei formation depending on curcumin concentration and the lowest micronuclei were detected at 0.5 µg/mL curcumin when compared to 3 Gy irradiation alone. Increasing curcumin concentration caused a gradual rise in micronuclei, and the significant increases were detected at 10-50 µg/mL curcumin than 3 Gy irradiation alone. Irradiation of HPBLs to different doses of γ-rays caused a significant rise in micronuclei depending on radiation dose, whereas HPBLs treated with 0.5 µg/mL curcumin 30 minutes before irradiation to different doses of γ-rays significantly reduced frequencies of HPBLs with one, two, or more micronuclei. Curcumin treatment inhibited the formation of hydroxyl (OH), 2,2-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and (nitric oxide) NO free radicals in a concentration-related way. CONCLUSIONS Curcumin when treated at a dose of 0.5 μg/mL attenuated micronuclei formation after γ-irradiation by inhibiting the formation of radiation-induced free radicals.
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Hwang JH, Ku J, Jung C. Genotoxicity Evaluation of Capsaicin-Containing (CP) Pharmacopuncture, in an In Vivo Micronucleus Test. J Pharmacopuncture 2020; 23:237-246. [PMID: 33417649 PMCID: PMC7772075 DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2020.23.4.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Capsaicin-containing (CP) pharmacopuncture was developed to treat neuropathic pain. This study was conducted to assess the toxicity of CP extract for pharmacopuncture, using a micronucleus test. Methods First, a dose range finding study was conducted. Then an in vivo micronucleus test was performed to determine the induction of micronuclei in mouse bone marrow cells after intramuscular administration of CP twice with a 24-hour interval to 8-week-old ICR mice. A high dose of 0.2 mL/animal was selected, and this was sequentially diluted by applying a geometric ratio of 2 to produce two lower dose levels (0.1 and 0.05 mL/animal). In addition, negative and positive control groups were set up, and an HPLC analysis was conducted to confirm the capsaicin content of CP. Results The incidence of micro-nucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in polychromatic erythrocytes in the CP-treated group was similar to that in the negative-control group, while that in the positive-control group was significantly greater. In addition, the ratio of polychromatic erythrocytes to total erythrocytes in the CP treatment group and the positive control group was not significantly different from the negative control group. In the HPLC analysis, capsaicin in the CP was identified through a comparison with the retention time of the capsaicin standard of 27 min. Conclusion CP did not show any indication of any potential to induce micronuclei formation in bone marrow cells of ICR mice under the conditions of this study. Further toxicity studies are necessary to ensure the safety of the use of CP in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Hwang
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaseung Ku
- Bogwang Korean Medical Clinic, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Jung
- Namsangcheon Korean Medicine Clinic, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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de Freitas KS, Squarisi IS, Acésio NO, Nicolella HD, Ozelin SD, Reis Santos de Melo M, Guissone APP, Fernandes G, Silva LM, da Silva Filho AA, Tavares DC. Licochalcone A, a licorice flavonoid: antioxidant, cytotoxic, genotoxic, and chemopreventive potential. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2020; 83:673-686. [PMID: 32886024 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2020.1813228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Licochalcone A (LicoA) is a flavonoid derived from Glycyrrhiza spp. plants. The present study aimed to investigate the antioxidant, cytotoxic, genotoxic, and chemopreventive effects of LicoA in in vitro and in vivo systems. The results showed that LicoA (197.1 μM) scavenged 77.92% of free radicals. Concentrations of 147.75 µM or higher LicoA produced cytotoxicity in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) fibroblasts. LicoA treatments of 4.43 to 10.34 µM did not exert genotoxic activity, but at 11.8 µM significantly lowered nuclear division indexes, compared to negative control, revealing cytotoxicity. Lower concentrations (1.85 to 7.39 µM) exhibited protective activity against chromosomal damage induced by doxorubicin (DXR) or methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) in CHO cells. LicoA exerted no marked influence on DXR-induced genotoxicity in mouse erythrocytes, but reduced pre-neoplastic lesions induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) in rat colon at 3.12 to 50 mg/kg b.w. Biochemical markers and body weight indicated no apparent toxicity. These findings contribute to better understanding the mechanisms underlying LicoA-initiated activity as a promising chemopreventive compound. ABBREVIATIONS AC, aberrant crypts; ACF, aberrant crypt foci; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BOD, biochemical oxygen demand; CHO, Chinese hamster ovary fibroblast; DMH, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; DPPH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; DXR, doxorubicin hydrochloride; EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; GA, gallic acid; LicoA, licochalcone A; MMS, methyl methanesulfonate; MNBC, micronucleated binucleated cells; MNPCE, micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte; NCE, normochromatic erythrocyte; NDI, nuclear division index; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; PCE, polychromatic erythrocyte; XTT, 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iara Silva Squarisi
- Laboratório de Mutagênese, Universidade De Franca , Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Saulo Duarte Ozelin
- Laboratório de Mutagênese, Universidade De Franca , Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gabriela Fernandes
- Laboratório de Mutagênese, Universidade De Franca , Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lívia Mara Silva
- Faculdade De Farmácia, Departamento De Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal De Juiz De Fora , Juiz De Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ademar Alves da Silva Filho
- Faculdade De Farmácia, Departamento De Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal De Juiz De Fora , Juiz De Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Dördü TC, Hatipoğlu R, Topaktaş M, İstifli ES. In Vitro Genotoxicity and Molecular Docking Study of Ellagic Acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573407215666191102130417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Ellagic Acid (EA) is a polyphenolic compound that is classified in the natural
antioxidants group. Polyphenolic compounds that exert antioxidant activity possess particular importance
for scientists, food producers and consumers due to their positive effects on human health. However,
despite considerable evidence that EA shows antigenotoxic activity by binding to DNA, there is no
systematic genotoxicity study of this substance, which can covalently bind to DNA. This study aims to
reveal the possible genotoxic activity of EA using widely accepted assays for the assessment of DNA
clastogenic activity: sister chromatid exchange, chromosome aberration, micronucleus and comet assays
as well as to predict the interactions among EA and DNA through molecular docking.
Methods:
Different assays were carried out to identify the clastogenic activity of EA on human lymphocyte
DNA using Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCE), Chromosome Aberration (CA), Micronucleus (MN)
and single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE/comet) assays. For this aim, human peripheral blood lymphocytes
were treated with EA (60, 80 and 100 μg/ml) for 24 and 48 hrs in the SCE, CA and MN assays
and for 1 hr in the comet assay. Furthermore, molecular docking experiments were also performed to
calculate the binding energy of EA on human B-DNA structure (B-DNA dodecamer) as well as to predict
noncovalent interactions among these macromolecules.
Results:
At the concentrations and treatment times (24- or 48-hr) tested, EA did not induce either SCE or
Chromosome Aberrations (CAs) as compared to the negative and solvent controls. Although EA slightly
increased the percentage of Micronucleated Binuclear (%MNBN) cells as well as the percentage of Micronucleus
(%MN) in 24 or 48-hr treatment periods at all concentrations, this increase was not statistically
significant as compared to both controls. The effect of EA on DNA replication (nuclear division) was determined
by the Proliferation Index (PI), the Nuclear Division Index (NDI) and the Mitotic Index (MI). No
statistically significant differences were observed in the PI or NDI in 24- or 48-hr treatment periods in
human lymphocyte cultures treated with EA at various concentrations. EA generally had no significant
effect on the MI, as observed with the PI and NDI.
Discussion:
Although the concentrations of 60 and 80 μg/mL at a 24-hr treatment period and the concentrations
of 60 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL at 48-hr treatment period generally decreased the MI, those decreases
were not statistically significant when compared to negative and solvent controls. Moreover, none of the
concentrations of EA tested in this study were able to increase DNA damage determined by the tail DNA
length, %DNA in tail and tail moment parameters in the comet assay. Although the amount of DNA damage
in the comet assay decreased with increasing concentrations of EA, this decrease was not statistically
significant as compared to both controls. However, molecular docking experiments interestingly showed
that the binding free energy of EA with B-DNA was -7.84 kcal/mol-1, indicating a strong interaction between
the two molecules.
Conclusion :
Although the findings of our study show that EA does not have genotoxic potential in human
chromosomes, molecular docking experiments revealed strong hydrogen bonding between EA and
B-DNA molecules. Therefore, it has been proposed that the prevailing information suggesting that the
molecules that bind to DNA cause genotoxic effects should be reconsidered from a wider perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba C. Dördü
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Basic and Applied Sciences, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Rüştü Hatipoğlu
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Topaktaş
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Erman S. İstifli
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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Gajski G, Gerić M, Domijan AM, Golubović I, Žegura B. Marine toxin domoic acid induces in vitro genomic alterations in human peripheral blood cells. Toxicon 2020; 187:93-100. [PMID: 32891664 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA) is an excitatory marine neurotoxin produced by diatoms Pseudo-nitzschia spp. as a defence compound that accumulates in the food web and is associated with amnesic shellfish poisoning in humans. Although its toxicity has been well established in marine species, there is limited data on DA cytogenotoxicity in human non-target cells. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the cytogenotoxic potential of DA (0.01-10 μg/mL) in human peripheral blood cells (HPBCs) using a battery of bioassays in vitro. In addition, the influence of DA on oxidative stress parameters as a possible mechanism of action was assessed. Results revealed that DA induced dose- and time-dependent cytotoxic effects. DA significantly affected genomic instability by increasing the frequency of micronuclei and nuclear buds. Furthermore, a slight induction of primary DNA strand breaks was detected after 24 h of exposure accompanied by a significant increase in the number of abnormal size tailed nuclei. No induction of hOGG1 (human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase) sensitive sites was determined upon exposure to DA. Additionally, DA induced oxidative stress by increased production of reactive oxygen species accompanied by changes in glutathione, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl levels. Overall, the obtained results showed adverse genotoxic effects of DA in non-target HPBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Gajski
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Mutagenesis Unit, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Marko Gerić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Mutagenesis Unit, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ana-Marija Domijan
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivana Golubović
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Bojana Žegura
- National Institute of Biology, Department for Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Boriollo MFG, Alves VE, Silva TA, Silva JJ, Barros GBS, Dias CTS, Höfling JF, Oliveira NMS. Decrease of the DXR-induced genotoxicity and nongenotoxic effects of Theobroma cacao revealed by micronucleus assay. BRAZ J BIOL 2020; 81:268-277. [PMID: 32696851 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.223687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the genotoxicity of lyophilized glycolic extract of Theobroma cacao Linné seeds (TCL), using the micronucleus assay in bone marrow of mice. The interaction between TCL and doxorubicin (DXR) was also analyzed. Experimental groups were evaluated 24-48 h after treatment with N-Nitroso-N-ethylurea (NEU: 50 mg/kg), DXR (5 mg/kg), NaCl (145 mM), TCL (0.5-2 g/kg), and TCL (2 g/kg) in combination with DXR (antigenotoxic assays). Analysis of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) showed no significant differences between all the treatment doses of TCL and NaCl control. Mice experimentally treated with DXR and NEU significantly induced MNPCEs. However, a significant reduction of MNPCEs was also observed when TCL was administered in combination with the chemotherapeutic agent DXR. The analysis of the PCE/NCE ratio revealed no significant differences between the NaCl control, all doses of TCL, and DXR. However, there were significant differences in the PCE/NCE ratio between positive NEU control and all other treatments. The PCE/NCE ratio observed after treatment with TCL and DXR showed significant differences and intermediate values to controls (NaCl and NEU). This study suggests absence of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of TCL, regardless of dose, sex, and time. TCL reduced genotoxic effects induced by DXR, suggesting potential antigenotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F G Boriollo
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular, Departamento de Diagnóstico Oral, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba - FOP, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Av. Limeira, 901, Bairro Areião, CEP 13414-903, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
| | - V E Alves
- Laboratório de Farmacogenética e Biologia Molecular, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade José do Rosário Vellano - UNIFENAS, Rodovia MG 179, Km 0, Campus Universitário, CEP 37132-440, Alfenas, MG, Brasil
| | - T A Silva
- Laboratório de Farmacogenética e Biologia Molecular, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade José do Rosário Vellano - UNIFENAS, Rodovia MG 179, Km 0, Campus Universitário, CEP 37132-440, Alfenas, MG, Brasil
| | - J J Silva
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular, Departamento de Diagnóstico Oral, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba - FOP, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Av. Limeira, 901, Bairro Areião, CEP 13414-903, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
| | - G B S Barros
- Laboratório de Farmacogenética e Biologia Molecular, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade José do Rosário Vellano - UNIFENAS, Rodovia MG 179, Km 0, Campus Universitário, CEP 37132-440, Alfenas, MG, Brasil
| | - C T S Dias
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas, Escola de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" - ESALQ, Universidade de são Paulo - USP, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
| | - J F Höfling
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular, Departamento de Diagnóstico Oral, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba - FOP, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Av. Limeira, 901, Bairro Areião, CEP 13414-903, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
| | - N M S Oliveira
- Laboratório de Farmacogenética e Biologia Molecular, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade José do Rosário Vellano - UNIFENAS, Rodovia MG 179, Km 0, Campus Universitário, CEP 37132-440, Alfenas, MG, Brasil
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Lopes NB, Almeida IV, Lopes PHS, Vicentini VEP. Radioprotective efficacy of plastic polymer against the toxicogenomic effects of radiopharmaceutical 18F-FDG on human lymphocytes. Radiat Oncol 2020; 15:154. [PMID: 32552900 PMCID: PMC7301467 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-020-01598-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare workers occupationally exposed to 18F-FDG cannot wear protective equipment, such as lead aprons, since the interaction between high energy radiation (511 keV) and metal increases the dose of radiation absorption. The objective of this study was to evaluate the shielding efficacy of a plastic polymer against the toxicogenomic effects of ionizing radiation in human lymphocytes, using cytokinesis-block micronucleus assays. METHODS Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated from three subjects and cultured under standard conditions. The cultures were exposed to 300 mCi of 18F-FDG at a distance of 10 cm for 10 min, in the absence of shielding or with lead, polymer, and lead + polymer shields. RESULTS Lead shielding was found to increase the number of counts detected by Geiger-Müller radiation monitors as a consequence of the photoelectron effect. Conversely, the lead + polymer shield reduced the number of counts. The lead, polymer, and lead + polymer shields significantly reduced the frequency of micronuclei, nucleoplasmic bridges, and nuclear buds induced by ionizing radiation. Regarding cytotoxicity, only the lead + polymer shield re-established the cell cycle at the level observed for the negative control. CONCLUSIONS Lead aprons that are internally coated with polymer increased the radiological protection of individuals occupationally exposed to 18F-FDG PET/CT, especially during examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Igor Vivian Almeida
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5.790, Bloco H67, Sala 11, Jardim Universitário, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil.
- Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Capitão Poço, Pará, Brazil.
| | | | - Veronica Elisa Pimenta Vicentini
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5.790, Bloco H67, Sala 11, Jardim Universitário, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
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Cayir A, Cobanoglu H, Coskun M. Assessment of the genotoxic potential of a migraine-specific drug by comet and cytokinesis-block micronucleus assays. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:441-446. [PMID: 32275455 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1748598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Eletriptan is a migraine-specific drug-containing the triptan group. In terms of drug safety, the present study aimed to investigate the genotoxic potential of eletriptan.Research design & methods: We conducted our study by using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome (CBMN) assay, a comprehensive method for measuring micronucleus formation, and a sensitive method for detecting DNA-strand breaks. In the assay, cytokinesis-block proliferation index and the frequency of micronuclei were evaluated in lymphocytes treated with three different concentrations (1, 10 and 25 µg/ml) of eletriptan for 48 hours. In comet assays, DNA damage was evaluated in leucocytes treated with three different concentrations (1, 10 and 25 µg/ml) of eletriptan for an hour.Results: Eletriptan did not induce cytotoxicity nor any increased micronuclei frequencies. While the comet parameters % DNA in tail, tail moment, and the olive moment was found to be significantly increased at 10 and 25 µg/ml, the cytokinesis-block proliferation index values were not.Conclusion: These findings suggest that eletriptan is non-cytotoxic but potentially weakly genotoxic at higher concentrations (10 and 25 µg/ml).
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Affiliation(s)
- Akin Cayir
- Health Services Vocational College, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Hayal Cobanoglu
- Health Services Vocational College, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Munevver Coskun
- Health Services Vocational College, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
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El-Garawani IM, El-Nabi SH, El-Shafey S, Elfiky M, Nafie E. Coffea arabica Bean Extracts and Vitamin C: A Novel Combination Unleashes MCF-7 Cell Death. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:23-36. [PMID: 31438827 DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666190822161337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin C (VC) is believed to enhance immunity and is regularly integrated as a supplementary agent during several treatments. OBJECTIVE The green (GC) and roasted (RC) coffee (Coffea arabica) aqueous extracts (0, 125, 250 and 500 μg/ml) combined with VC (50 μg/ml) were examined on the cancerous MCF-7 cell line and normal human lymphocytes. METHODS Neutral red uptake assay, comet assay, immunocytochemical reactivity for protein expression and mRNA expression of apoptosis-related genes were performed. RESULTS A significant (P< 0.05) concentration-dependent increase of apoptotic features, such as morphological changes, and abundant nuclear condensation, altered the expression of p53 and caspase-3 mRNA, down-regulation of Bcl-2 protein as well as the acidic autophagosomal vacuolization in treated cells. The oxidative stress and DNA single-strand breaks were noticed too. CONCLUSION These results suggest that coffee in combination with VC undergoes apoptotic anticancer pathway. This supports the integration of coffee and VC as a valuable candidate for anticancer research and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam M El-Garawani
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Sobhy H El-Nabi
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Samraa El-Shafey
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Elfiky
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Ebtesam Nafie
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
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An Automated, Single Cell Quantitative Imaging Microscopy Approach to Assess Micronucleus Formation, Genotoxicity and Chromosome Instability. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020344. [PMID: 32024251 PMCID: PMC7072510 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Micronuclei are small, extranuclear bodies that are distinct from the primary cell nucleus. Micronucleus formation is an aberrant event that suggests a history of genotoxic stress or chromosome mis-segregation events. Accordingly, assays evaluating micronucleus formation serve as useful tools within the fields of toxicology and oncology. Here, we describe a novel micronucleus formation assay that utilizes a high-throughput imaging platform and automated image analysis software for accurate detection and rapid quantification of micronuclei at the single cell level. We show that our image analysis parameters are capable of identifying dose-dependent increases in micronucleus formation within three distinct cell lines following treatment with two established genotoxic agents, etoposide or bleomycin. We further show that this assay detects micronuclei induced through silencing of the established chromosome instability gene, SMC1A. Thus, the micronucleus formation assay described here is a versatile and efficient alternative to more laborious cytological approaches, and greatly increases throughput, which will be particularly beneficial for large-scale chemical or genetic screens.
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Corazza FG, Ernesto JV, Nambu FA, de Carvalho LR, Leite-Silva VR, Varca GH, Calixto LA, Vieira DP, Andréo-Filho N, Lopes PS. Papain-cyclodextrin complexes as an intestinal permeation enhancer: Permeability and in vitro safety evaluation. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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LiCoO 2 particles used in Li-ion batteries induce primary mutagenicity in lung cells via their capacity to generate hydroxyl radicals. Part Fibre Toxicol 2020; 17:6. [PMID: 31996255 PMCID: PMC6990559 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-020-0338-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Li-ion batteries (LIB) are used in most portable electronics. Among a wide variety of materials, LiCoO2 (LCO) is one of the most used for the cathode of LIB. LCO particles induce oxidative stress in mouse lungs due to their Co content, and have a strong inflammatory potential. In this study, we assessed the mutagenic potential of LCO particles in lung cells in comparison to another particulate material used in LIB, LTO (Li4Ti5O12), which has a low inflammatory potential compared to LCO particles. RESULTS We assessed the mutagenic potential of LCO and LTO particles in vitro by performing a cytokinesis-block micronucleus (MN) assay with rat lung epithelial cells (RLE), as well as in vivo in alveolar type II epithelial (AT-II) cells. LCO particles induced MN in vitro at non-cytotoxic concentrations and in vivo at non-inflammatory doses, indicating a primary genotoxic mechanism. LTO particles did not induce MN. Electron paramagnetic resonance and terephthalate assays showed that LCO particles produce hydroxyl radicals (•OH). Catalase inhibits this •OH production. In an alkaline comet assay with the oxidative DNA damage repair enzyme human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1, LCO particles induced DNA strand breaks and oxidative lesions. The addition of catalase reduced the frequency of MN induced by LCO particles in vitro. CONCLUSIONS We report the mutagenic activity of LCO particles used in LIB in vitro and in vivo. Our data support the role of Co(II) ions released from these particles in their primary genotoxic activity which includes the formation of •OH by a Fenton-like reaction, oxidative DNA lesions and strand breaks, thus leading to chromosomal breaks and the formation of MN. Documenting the genotoxic potential of the other LIB particles, especially those containing Co and/or Ni, is therefore needed to guarantee a safe and sustainable development of LIB.
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Chen Y, Wu Y, Xiao W, Jia H, Glatt H, Shi M, Liu Y. Human CYP1B1-dependent genotoxicity of dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in mammalian cells. Toxicology 2020; 429:152329. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.152329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Zhou S, Huang G. Retracted Article: The synthesis and biological activity of marine alkaloid derivatives and analogues. RSC Adv 2020; 10:31909-31935. [PMID: 35518151 PMCID: PMC9056551 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05856d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ocean is the origin of life, with a unique ecological environment, which has given birth to a wealth of marine organisms. The ocean is an important source of biological resources and tens of thousands of monomeric compounds have been separated from marine organisms using modern separation technology. Most of these monomeric compounds have some kind of biological activity that has attracted extensive attention from researchers. Marine alkaloids are a kind of compound that can be separated from marine organisms. They have complex and special chemical structures, but at the same time, they can show diversity in biological activities. The biological activities of marine alkaloids mainly manifest in the form of anti-tumor, anti-fungus, anti-viral, anti-malaria, and anti-osteoporosis properties. Many marine alkaloids have good medicinal prospects and can possibly be used as anti-tumor, anti-viral, and anti-fungal clinical drugs or as lead compounds. The limited amounts of marine alkaloids that can be obtained by separation, coupled with the high cytotoxicity and low selectivity of these lead compounds, has restricted the clinical research and industrial development of marine alkaloids. Marine alkaloid derivatives and analogues have been obtained via rational drug design and chemical synthesis, to make up for the shortcomings of marine alkaloids; this has become an urgent subject for research and development. This work systematically reviews the recent developments relating to marine alkaloid derivatives and analogues in the field of medical chemistry over the last 10 years (2010–2019). We divide marine alkaloid derivatives and analogues into five types from the point-of-view of biological activity and elaborated on these activities. We also briefly discuss the optimization process, chemical synthesis, biological activity evaluation, and structure–activity relationship (SAR) of each of these compounds. The abundant SAR data provides reasonable approaches for the design and development of new biologically active marine alkaloid derivatives and analogues. The ocean is the origin of life, with a unique ecological environment, which has given birth to a wealth of marine organisms.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Green Synthesis and Application
- Active Carbohydrate Research Institute
- College of Chemistry
- Chongqing Normal University
- Chongqing 401331
| | - Gangliang Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Green Synthesis and Application
- Active Carbohydrate Research Institute
- College of Chemistry
- Chongqing Normal University
- Chongqing 401331
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Anticancer activity of an ehnomedicinal plant Croton caudatus Geiseler, Kam sabut in cultured HeLa cells. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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In vitro cytogenotoxic evaluation of sertraline. Interdiscip Toxicol 2019; 11:181-188. [PMID: 31736631 PMCID: PMC6853002 DOI: 10.2478/intox-2018-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sertraline (SRT) is an antidepressant agent used as a neuronal selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). SRT blocks serotonin reuptake and increases serotonin stimulation of somatodendritic serotonin 1A receptor (5-HT1AR) and terminal autoreceptors in the brain. In the present study, the genotoxic potential of SRT was evaluated using cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) cytome assay in peripheral blood lymphocytes of healthy human subjects. DNA cleavage-protective effects of SRT were analyzed on plasmid pBR322. In addition, biochemical parameters of total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS) in blood plasma were measured to quantitate oxidative stress. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were exposed to four different concentrations (1.25, 2.5, 3.75 and 5 μg/mL) of SRT for 24- or 48-h treatment periods. In this study, SRT was not found to induce MN formation either in 24- or 48-h treatment periods. In contrast, SRT concentration-dependently decreased the percentage of MN and MNBN (r=-0.979, p<0.01; r=-0.930, p<0.05, respectively) when it was present for the last 48 hr (48-h treatment) of the culture period. SRT neither demonstrated a cleavage activity on plasmid DNA nor conferred DNA protection against H2O2. The application of various concentrations of SRT significantly increased the TOS and oxidative stress index (OSI) in human peripheral blood lymphocytes for both the 24- and 48-h treatment periods. Morover, the increase in TOS was potent as the positive control MMC at both treatment times. However, SRT did not alter the TAS levels in either 24- or 48-h treatment periods when compared to control. In addition, exposing cells to SRT caused significant decreases in the nuclear division index at 1.25, 2.50 and 3.75 μg/mL in the 24-h and at the highest concentration (5 μg/mL) in the 48-h treatment periods. Our results suggest that SRT may have cytotoxic effect via oxidative stress on cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes.
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El-Garawani I, El Nabi SH, Nafie E, Almeldin S. Foeniculum Vulgare and Pelargonium Graveolens Essential Oil Mixture Triggers the Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in MCF-7 Cells. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 19:1103-1113. [DOI: 10.2174/1573399815666190326115116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) and rose geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) oils are
known for their various biological effects including anticancer properties.
Objective:
This study aimed to evaluate the anticancer mechanism of fennel and geranium oils combined treatment
on MCF-7 cells.
Methods:
The GC-MS method for essential oil characterization as well as the in vitro cytotoxicity, morphological
changes, real-time PCR and immunocytochemical investigation for apoptosis-related markers, in addition, to
flow cytometric cell cycle distribution analysis were done.
Results:
The major constituents of both essential oils were anethole (55.33 %) and estragole (11.57 %) for fennel
essential oil. However, cintronellol (34.40 %) and geraniol (8.67 %) were identified in geranium oil. The
results revealed an IC50 of 220±5.7 and 60±2.1µg/ml for fennel and geranium oils, respectively. The mechanistic
anticancer properties were investigated throughout the 70, 50, and 25µg/ml of oils mixture. The marked apoptotic
morphology and the flow cytometric cell cycle distribution analysis in addition to the levels of apoptosisrelated
makers such as p53, caspase-3, mir-21, mir-92a, Bcl-2, and ki-67 confirmed that fennel and geranium
oils combination induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. Moreover, the oils mixture did not
exert any significant (P<0.01) toxicity on normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro.
Conclusion:
The findings showed that the mixture of oils exerted selective cytotoxicity towards MCF-7 cells
through induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis which may be triggered by the synergistic effect between the
active ingredients of fennel and geranium oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam El-Garawani
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Sobhy Hassab El Nabi
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Ebtesam Nafie
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Samar Almeldin
- Department of Biochemistry, Batterjee Medical College for Science and Technology, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Hwang JH, Jung HW, Jung C. Evaluation of the Single-Dose Toxicity of TA Pharmacopuncture in Rats. J Pharmacopuncture 2019; 22:171-175. [PMID: 31673448 PMCID: PMC6820477 DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2019.22.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives TA is a polyherbal extract comprising seven herbs, typically used for the pharmacopuncture treatment of patients with traffic accident-related injuries and musculoskeletal diseases. This animal study was conducted to evaluate the safety of the TA extract, using a single-dose toxicity test. Methods The dose range and sampling time were first established. Six-week-old Sprague–Dawley rats were administered 1.0 mL of TA or normal saline (control), intramuscularly, for the single-dose toxicity test. The general condition, mortality, and histology of all rats were observed for 2 weeks. Results No abnormal symptoms or deaths were observed in any group. The body weights of the rats in the TA and control groups were similar. No significant differences in histopathology were observed between the groups. Conclusion Our study indicates that 1.0 mL of TA extract may be safely administered for pharmacopuncture for treatment of patients in traditional medicine clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Hwang
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Won Jung
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Jung
- Namsangcheon Korean Medicine Clinic, Seoul 06656, Republic of Korea
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