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Mari L, Boada-Romero E, Li Z, Magné J, Green DR. Assessment of Non-canonical Functions of the Autophagy Proteins in LC3-Associated Phagocytosis and LC3-Associated Endocytosis. Methods Mol Biol 2024. [PMID: 39046619 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2024_561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
The identification and characterization of noncanonical functions within the autophagy pathway have unveiled intricate cellular processes, including LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) and LC3-associated endocytosis (LANDO). These phenomena play pivotal roles in the conjugation of ATG8 with single-membrane phagosomes and endosomes, shedding light on the dynamic interplay between autophagy and cellular homeostasis. Here, we present detailed protocols for both qualitative and quantitative assessment of LAP, including immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and Western blotting of isolated LAPosomes. Additionally, the protocol for the evaluation of LANDO through immunofluorescent detection of receptor recycling is outlined. The methodologies presented herein serve as a practical guide for researchers seeking to unravel the intricacies of LAP and LANDO. By providing step-by-step instructions, accompanied by insights into potential challenges and optimization strategies, this chapter aims to empower investigators in the exploration of these noncanonical functions of autophagy proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Mari
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Emilio Boada-Romero
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Zhenrui Li
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Joelle Magné
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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2
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Wu N, Zheng W, Zhou Y, Tian Y, Tang M, Feng X, Ashrafizadeh M, Wang Y, Niu X, Tambuwala M, Wang L, Tergaonkar V, Sethi G, Klionsky D, Huang L, Gu M. Autophagy in aging-related diseases and cancer: Principles, regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 100:102428. [PMID: 39038742 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is primarily accountable for the degradation of damaged organelles and toxic macromolecules in the cells. Regarding the essential function of autophagy for preserving cellular homeostasis, changes in, or dysfunction of, autophagy flux can lead to disease development. In the current paper, the complicated function of autophagy in aging-associated pathologies and cancer is evaluated, highlighting the underlying molecular mechanisms that can affect longevity and disease pathogenesis. As a natural biological process, a reduction in autophagy is observed with aging, resulting in an accumulation of cell damage and the development of different diseases, including neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. The MTOR, AMPK, and ATG proteins demonstrate changes during aging, and they are promising therapeutic targets. Insulin/IGF1, TOR, PKA, AKT/PKB, caloric restriction and mitochondrial respiration are vital for lifespan regulation and can modulate or have an interaction with autophagy. The specific types of autophagy, such as mitophagy that degrades mitochondria, can regulate aging by affecting these organelles and eliminating those mitochondria with genomic mutations. Autophagy and its specific types contribute to the regulation of carcinogenesis and they are able to dually enhance or decrease cancer progression. Cancer hallmarks, including proliferation, metastasis, therapy resistance and immune reactions, are tightly regulated by autophagy, supporting the conclusion that autophagy is a promising target in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Yundong Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, China
| | - Yu Tian
- School of Public Health, Benedictine University, No.5700 College Road, Lisle, IL 60532, USA; Research Center, the Huizhou Central People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Huizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Tang
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Feng
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Gaozhou People's Hospital, Gaozhou, Guangdong 525200, China
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China; Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Department of Urologic Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H3Z6, Canada
| | - Xiaojia Niu
- Department of Urologic Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H3Z6, Canada
| | - Murtaza Tambuwala
- Lincoln Medical School, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool Campus, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore 117600, Singapore
| | - Vinay Tergaonkar
- Laboratory of NF-κB Signalling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore 117600, Singapore; NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore.
| | - Daniel Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Li Huang
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Gaozhou People's Hospital, Gaozhou, Guangdong 525200, China.
| | - Ming Gu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China.
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Kodali M, Madhu LN, Somayaji Y, Attaluri S, Huard C, Panda PK, Shankar G, Rao S, Shuai B, Gonzalez JJ, Oake C, Hering C, Babu RS, Kotian S, Shetty AK. Residual Microglia Following Short-term PLX5622 Treatment in 5xFAD Mice Exhibit Diminished NLRP3 Inflammasome and mTOR Signaling, and Enhanced Autophagy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.11.603157. [PMID: 39071343 PMCID: PMC11275929 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.11.603157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Chronic neuroinflammation represents a prominent hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). While moderately activated microglia are pivotal in clearing amyloid beta (Aβ), hyperactivated microglia perpetuate neuroinflammation. Prior investigations have indicated that the elimination of ∼80% of microglia through a month-long inhibition of the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) during the advanced stage of neuroinflammation in 5xFamilial AD (5xFAD) mice mitigates synapse loss and neurodegeneration without impacting Aβ levels. Furthermore, prolonged CSF1R inhibition diminished the development of parenchymal plaques. Nonetheless, the immediate effects of short-term CSF1R inhibition during the early stages of neuroinflammation on residual microglial phenotype or metabolic fitness are unknown. Therefore, we investigated the effects of 10-day CSF1R inhibition in three-month-old female 5xFAD mice, a stage characterized by the onset of neuroinflammation and minimal Aβ plaques. We observed ∼65% microglia depletion in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. The leftover microglia demonstrated a noninflammatory phenotype, with highly branched and ramified processes and reduced NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome complexes. Moreover, plaque-associated microglia were reduced in number with diminished Clec7a (dectin-1) expression. Additionally, both microglia and neurons displayed reduced mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and autophagy. Biochemical assays validated the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, decreased mTOR signaling, and enhanced autophagy. However, short-term CSF1R inhibition did not influence Aβ plaques, soluble Aβ-42 levels, or hippocampal neurogenesis. Thus, short-term CSF1R inhibition during the early stages of neuroinflammation in 5xFAD mice promotes the retention of homeostatic microglia with diminished inflammasome activation and mTOR signaling, alongside increased autophagy.
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Hadi F, Mortaja M, Hadi Z. Calcium (Ca 2+) hemostasis, mitochondria, autophagy, and mitophagy contribute to Alzheimer's disease as early moderators. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e4085. [PMID: 38951992 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.4085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
This review rigorously investigates the early cerebral changes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which manifest long before clinical symptoms arise. It presents evidence that the dysregulation of calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis, along with mitochondrial dysfunction and aberrant autophagic processes, may drive the disease's progression during its asymptomatic, preclinical stage. Understanding the intricate molecular interplay that unfolds during this critical period offers a window into identifying novel therapeutic targets, thereby advancing the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. The review delves into both established and emerging insights into the molecular alterations precipitated by the disruption of Ca2+ balance, setting the stage for cognitive decline and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Hadi
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mahsa Mortaja
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Zahra Hadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
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Yang Q, Yan C, Sun Y, Xie Z, Yang L, Jiang M, Ni J, Chen B, Xu S, Yuan Z, Wu Y, Liu X, Yuan Z, Bai Z. Extracellular Matrix Remodeling Alleviates Memory Deficits in Alzheimer's Disease by Enhancing the Astrocytic Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2400480. [PMID: 38881515 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling is strongly linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, it is found that the injection of chondroitinase ABC (ChABC), mimicking ECM remodeling, into the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) reversed short-term memory loss and reduced amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition in 5xFAD mice. ECM remodeling also reactivated astrocytes, reduced the levels of aggrecan in Aβ plaques, and enhanced astrocyte recruitment to surrounding plaques. Importantly, ECM remodeling enhanced the autophagy-lysosome pathway in astrocytes, thereby mediating Aβ clearance and alleviating AD pathology. ECM remodeling also promoted Aβ plaque phagocytosis by astrocytes by activating the astrocytic phagocytosis receptor MERTK and promoting astrocytic vesicle circulation. The study identified a cellular mechanism in which ECM remodeling activates the astrocytic autophagy-lysosomal pathway and alleviates AD pathology. Targeting ECM remodeling may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for AD and serve as a reference for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghu Yang
- School of Life Science & Research Center for Natural Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering & Technological Research Centre for Conservation & Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yanan University, Yanan, 716000, China
- Yanan Engineering & Technological Research Centre for Resource Peptide Drugs, Yanan Key Laboratory for Neural Immuno-Tumor and Stem Cell, Yanan, 716000, China
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Chengxiang Yan
- School of Life Science & Research Center for Natural Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering & Technological Research Centre for Conservation & Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yanan University, Yanan, 716000, China
- Yanan Engineering & Technological Research Centre for Resource Peptide Drugs, Yanan Key Laboratory for Neural Immuno-Tumor and Stem Cell, Yanan, 716000, China
| | - Yahan Sun
- School of Life Science & Research Center for Natural Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering & Technological Research Centre for Conservation & Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yanan University, Yanan, 716000, China
- Yanan Engineering & Technological Research Centre for Resource Peptide Drugs, Yanan Key Laboratory for Neural Immuno-Tumor and Stem Cell, Yanan, 716000, China
| | - Zhen Xie
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Liang Yang
- School of Life Science & Research Center for Natural Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering & Technological Research Centre for Conservation & Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yanan University, Yanan, 716000, China
- Yanan Engineering & Technological Research Centre for Resource Peptide Drugs, Yanan Key Laboratory for Neural Immuno-Tumor and Stem Cell, Yanan, 716000, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- School of Life Science & Research Center for Natural Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering & Technological Research Centre for Conservation & Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yanan University, Yanan, 716000, China
- Yanan Engineering & Technological Research Centre for Resource Peptide Drugs, Yanan Key Laboratory for Neural Immuno-Tumor and Stem Cell, Yanan, 716000, China
| | - Junjun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Beining Chen
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary InnoCenter for Organoids, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Sen Xu
- School of Life Science & Research Center for Natural Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering & Technological Research Centre for Conservation & Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yanan University, Yanan, 716000, China
- Yanan Engineering & Technological Research Centre for Resource Peptide Drugs, Yanan Key Laboratory for Neural Immuno-Tumor and Stem Cell, Yanan, 716000, China
| | - Zhaoyue Yuan
- School of Life Science & Research Center for Natural Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering & Technological Research Centre for Conservation & Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yanan University, Yanan, 716000, China
- Yanan Engineering & Technological Research Centre for Resource Peptide Drugs, Yanan Key Laboratory for Neural Immuno-Tumor and Stem Cell, Yanan, 716000, China
| | - Yanyan Wu
- School of Life Science & Research Center for Natural Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering & Technological Research Centre for Conservation & Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yanan University, Yanan, 716000, China
- Yanan Engineering & Technological Research Centre for Resource Peptide Drugs, Yanan Key Laboratory for Neural Immuno-Tumor and Stem Cell, Yanan, 716000, China
| | - Xia Liu
- School of Life Science & Research Center for Natural Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering & Technological Research Centre for Conservation & Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yanan University, Yanan, 716000, China
- Yanan Engineering & Technological Research Centre for Resource Peptide Drugs, Yanan Key Laboratory for Neural Immuno-Tumor and Stem Cell, Yanan, 716000, China
| | - Zengqiang Yuan
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Zhantao Bai
- School of Life Science & Research Center for Natural Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering & Technological Research Centre for Conservation & Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yanan University, Yanan, 716000, China
- Yanan Engineering & Technological Research Centre for Resource Peptide Drugs, Yanan Key Laboratory for Neural Immuno-Tumor and Stem Cell, Yanan, 716000, China
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Wang X, Xie Y, Fan X, Wu X, Wang D, Zhu L. Intermittent hypoxia training enhances Aβ endocytosis by plaque associated microglia via VPS35-dependent TREM2 recycling in murine Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2024; 16:121. [PMID: 38831312 PMCID: PMC11145795 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-024-01489-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beta-amyloid (Aβ) deposition in the brain parenchyma is a crucial initiating step in the amyloid cascade hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Furthermore, dysfunction of plaque-associated microglia, also known as disease-associated microglia (DAM) has been reported to accelerate Aβ deposition and cognitive impairment. Our previous research demonstrated that intermittent hypoxia training (IHT) improved AD pathology by upregulating autophagy in DAM, thereby enhancing oligomeric Aβ (oAβ) clearance. Considering that oAβ internalization is the initial stage of oAβ clearance, this study focused on the IHT mechanism involved in upregulating Aβ uptake by DAM. METHODS IHT was administered to 8-month-old APP/PS1 mice or 6-month-old microglial vacuolar protein sorting 35 (VPS35) knockout mice in APP/PS1 background (MG VPS35 KO: APP/PS1) for 28 days. After the IHT, the spatial learning-memory capacity of the mice was assessed. Additionally, AD pathology was determined by estimating the nerve fiber and synapse density, Aβ plaque deposition, and Aβ load in the brain. A model of Aβ-exposed microglia was constructed and treated with IHT to explore the related mechanism. Finally, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) intracellular recycling and Aβ internalization were measured using a fluorescence tracing technique. RESULTS Our results showed that IHT ameliorated cognitive function and Aβ pathology. In particular, IHT enhanced Aβ endocytosis by augmenting the intracellular transport function of microglial TREM2, thereby contributing to Aβ clearance. Furthermore, IHT specifically upregulated VPS35 in DAM, the primary cause for the enhanced intracellular recycling of TREM2. IHT lost ameliorative effect on Aβ pathology in MG VPS35 KO: APP/PS1 mice brain. Lastly, the IHT mechanism of VPS35 upregulation in DAM was mediated by the transcriptional regulation of VPS35 by transcription factor EB (TFEB). CONCLUSION IHT enhances Aβ endocytosis in DAM by upregulating VPS35-dependent TREM2 recycling, thereby facilitating oAβ clearance and mitigation of Aβ pathology. Moreover, the transcriptional regulation of VPS35 by TFEB demonstrates a close link between endocytosis and autophagy in microglia. Our study further elucidates the IHT mechanism in improving AD pathology and provides evidence supporting the potential application of IHT as a complementary therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Wang
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, No.9, Seyuan Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226009, China.
| | - Yuqi Xie
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, No.9, Seyuan Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226009, China
| | - Xiaoyang Fan
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, No.9, Seyuan Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226009, China
| | - Xiaomei Wu
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, No.9, Seyuan Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226009, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, No.9, Seyuan Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226009, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, No.9, Seyuan Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226009, China.
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7
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Lee B, Yu MS, Song JG, Lee HM, Kim HW, Na D. Corydalis ternata Nakai Alleviates Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer's Disease by Reducing β-Amyloid and Neuroinflammation. Rejuvenation Res 2024; 27:87-101. [PMID: 38545769 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2023.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, natural herbs have gained increasing attention owing to their comparatively low toxicity levels and the abundance of historical medical documentation regarding their use. Nevertheless, owing to a lack of knowledge regarding these herbs and their compounds, attempts to find those that could be beneficial for treating diseases have often been ad hoc; thus, there is now a growing demand for an in silico method to identify beneficial herbs. In this study, we present a computational approach for identifying natural herbs specifically effective in treating cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD) sufferers, which analyzes the similarities between herbal compounds and known drugs targeting AD-related proteins. Our in silico method suggests that Corydalis ternata can improve cognitive decline in AD sufferers. Behavioral tests with an AD mouse model for the confirmation of the in silico prediction reveals that C. ternata significantly alleviated the cognitive decline (memory and motor functions) caused by neurodegeneration. Further pathology analyses reveal that C. ternata decreases the level of Aβ plaques, reduces neuroinflammation, and promotes autophagy flux, and thus C. ternata can be clinically effective for preventing mild cognitive impairment during the early stages of AD. These findings highlight the potential utility of our in silico method and the potential clinical application of the identified natural herb in treating and preventing AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bomi Lee
- Department of Bio-Integrated Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong-Sang Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Gwang Song
- Department of Bio-Integrated Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang-Mi Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Wook Kim
- Department of Bio-Integrated Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dokyun Na
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Xiao Q, Wang J, Tian Q, Tian N, Tian Q, He X, Wang Y, Dong Z. Uric Acid Mitigates Cognitive Deficits via TFEB-Mediated Microglial Autophagy in Mice Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:3678-3696. [PMID: 38008888 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03818-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Clinical trials have demonstrated the potential neuroprotective effects of uric acid (UA) in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the specific mechanism underlying the neuroprotective effect of UA remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the neuroprotective effect and underlying mechanism of UA in AD mouse models. Various behavioral tests including an elevated plus maze, Barnes maze, and Morris water maze were conducted to evaluate the impact of UA on cognitive function in β-amyloid (Aβ) microinjection and APP23/PS45 double transgenic mice models of AD. Immunohistochemical staining was employed to visualize pathological changes in the brains of AD model mice. Western blotting and immunofluorescence techniques were used to assess levels of autophagy-related proteins and transcription factor EB (TFEB)-related signaling pathways. BV2 cells were used to investigate the association between UA and microglial autophagy. We reported that UA treatment significantly alleviated memory decline in Aβ-induced AD model mice and APP23/PS45 double transgenic AD model mice. Furthermore, UA activated microglia and upregulated the autophagy-related proteins such as LC3II/I ratio, Beclin-1, and LAMP1 in the hippocampus of AD model mice. Similarly, UA protected BV2 cells from Aβ toxicity by upregulating the expressions of Beclin-1, LAMP1, and the LC3II/I ratio, whereas genetic inhibition of TFEB completely abolished these protective effects. Our results indicate that UA may serve as a novel activator of TFEB to induce microglia autophagy and facilitate Aβ degradation, thereby improving cognitive function in AD model mice. Therefore, these findings suggest that UA may be a novel therapeutic agent for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xiao
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaojiao Wang
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiuyun Tian
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Na Tian
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Tian
- Department of Geratology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin He
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yutian Wang
- Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Zhifang Dong
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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9
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Meng J, Zhang L, Zhang YW. Microglial Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Neuroscientist 2024:10738584241252576. [PMID: 38712859 DOI: 10.1177/10738584241252576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder with onset in childhood. The molecular mechanisms underlying ASD have not yet been elucidated completely. Evidence has emerged to support a link between microglial dysfunction and the etiology of ASD. This review summarizes current research on microglial dysfunction in neuroinflammation and synaptic pruning, which are associated with altered transcriptomes and autophagy in ASD. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota in ASD and its correlation with microglial dysfunction are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Meng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lingliang Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yun-Wu Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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10
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Ducza L, Gaál B. The Neglected Sibling: NLRP2 Inflammasome in the Nervous System. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1006-1028. [PMID: 38722788 PMCID: PMC11081174 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0926-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
While classical NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing protein 1 (NLRP1) and NLRP3 inflammasomal proteins have been extensively investigated, the contribution of NLRP2 is still ill-defined in the nervous system. Given the putative significance of NLRP2 in orchestrating neuroinflammation, further inquiry is needed to gain a better understanding of its connectome, hence its specific targeting may hold a promising therapeutic implication. Therefore, bioinformatical approach for extracting information, specifically in the context of neuropathologies, is also undoubtedly preferred. To the best of our knowledge, there is no review study selectively targeting only NLRP2. Increasing, but still fragmentary evidence should encourage researchers to thoroughly investigate this inflammasome in various animal- and human models. Taken together, herein we aimed to review the current literature focusing on the role of NLRP2 inflammasome in the nervous system and more importantly, we provide an algorithm-based protein network of human NLRP2 for elucidating potentially valuable molecular partnerships that can be the beginning of a new discourse and future therapeutic considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Ducza
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary, Hungary
| | - Botond Gaál
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary, Hungary
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11
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Ouyang P, Cai Z, Peng J, Lin S, Chen X, Chen C, Feng Z, Wang L, Song G, Zhang Z. SELENOK-dependent CD36 palmitoylation regulates microglial functions and Aβ phagocytosis. Redox Biol 2024; 70:103064. [PMID: 38320455 PMCID: PMC10850786 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Aβ) is a key factor in the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Selenium (Se) compounds show promise in AD treatment. Here, we revealed that selenoprotein K (SELENOK), a selenoprotein involved in immune regulation and potentially related to AD pathology, plays a critical role in microglial immune response, migration, and phagocytosis. In vivo and in vitro studies corroborated that SELENOK deficiency inhibits microglial Aβ phagocytosis, exacerbating cognitive deficits in 5xFAD mice, which are reversed by SELENOK overexpression. Mechanistically, SELENOK is involved in CD36 palmitoylation through DHHC6, regulating CD36 localization to microglial plasma membranes and thus impacting Aβ phagocytosis. CD36 palmitoylation was reduced in the brains of patients and mice with AD. Se supplementation promoted SELENOK expression and CD36 palmitoylation, enhancing microglial Aβ phagocytosis and mitigating AD progression. We have identified the regulatory mechanisms from Se-dependent selenoproteins to Aβ pathology, providing novel insights into potential therapeutic strategies involving Se and selenoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Ouyang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Brain Disease and Big Data Research Institute, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiyu Cai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Brain Disease and Big Data Research Institute, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiaying Peng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Brain Disease and Big Data Research Institute, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shujing Lin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Brain Disease and Big Data Research Institute, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaochun Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Brain Disease and Big Data Research Institute, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Changbin Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Brain Disease and Big Data Research Institute, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ziqi Feng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Brain Disease and Big Data Research Institute, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
| | - Guoli Song
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Brain Disease and Big Data Research Institute, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Zhonghao Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Brain Disease and Big Data Research Institute, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China.
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12
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Tang X, Walter E, Wohleb E, Fan Y, Wang C. ATG5 (autophagy related 5) in microglia controls hippocampal neurogenesis in Alzheimer disease. Autophagy 2024; 20:847-862. [PMID: 37915255 PMCID: PMC11062374 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2277634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is the intracellular degradation process of cytoplasmic content and damaged organelles. Autophagy is strongly associated with the progression of Alzheimer disease (AD). Microglia are brain-resident macrophages, and recent studies indicate that autophagy in microglia protects neurons from neurodegeneration. Postnatal neurogenesis, the generation of new neurons from adult neural stem cells (NSCs), is impaired in AD patients as well as in AD animal models. However, the extent to which microglial autophagy influences adult NSCs and neurogenesis in AD animal models has not been studied. Here, we showed that conditional knock out (cKO) of Atg5 (autophagy related 5) in microglia inhibited postnatal neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus, but not in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of a 5×FAD mouse model. Interestingly, the protection of neurogenesis by Atg5 in microglia was only observed in female AD mice. To confirm the roles of autophagy in microglia for postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis, we generated additional cKO mice to delete autophagy essential genes Rb1cc1 or Atg14 in microglia. However, these rb1cc1 cKO and atg14 cKO mice did not exhibit neurogenesis defects in the context of a female AD mouse model. Last, we used the CSF1R antagonist to deplete ATG5-deficient microglia and this intervention restored neurogenesis in the hippocampus of 5×FAD mice. These results indicate that microglial ATG5 is essential to maintain postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis in a mouse model of AD. Our findings further support the notion that ATG5 in microglia supports NSC health and may prevent neurodegeneration.Abbreviations: 5×FAD: familial Alzheimer disease; Aβ: β-amyloid; AD: Alzheimer disease; AIF1: allograft inflammatory factor 1; ATG: autophagy related; BrdU: 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine; CA: Cornu Ammonis; cKO: conditional knock out; CSF1R: colony stimulating factor 1 receptor; Ctrl: control; DCX: doublecortin; DG: dentate gyrus; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; GZ: granular zone; H&E: hematoxylin and eosin; IF: immunofluorescence; LD: lipid droplet; LDAM: lipid droplets accumulated microglia; LPS: lipopolysaccharides; MAP1LC3B/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; NSCs: neural stem cells; RB1CC1: RB1-inducible coiled-coil 1; SOX2: SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2; SGZ: subgranular zone; SVZ: subventricular zone; WT: wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ellen Walter
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Eric Wohleb
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yanbo Fan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Chenran Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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13
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Li Z, Mao K, Liu L, Xu S, Zeng M, Fu Y, Huang J, Li T, Gao G, Teng ZQ, Sun Q, Chen D, Cheng Y. Nuclear microRNA-mediated transcriptional control determines adult microglial homeostasis and brain function. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113964. [PMID: 38489263 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia are versatile regulators in brain development and disorders. Emerging evidence links microRNA (miRNA)-mediated regulation to microglial function; however, the exact underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we uncover the enrichment of miR-137, a neuropsychiatric-disorder-associated miRNA, in the microglial nucleus, and reveal its unexpected nuclear functions in maintaining the microglial global transcriptomic state, phagocytosis, and inflammatory response. Mechanistically, microglial Mir137 deletion increases chromatin accessibility, which contains binding motifs for the microglial master transcription factor Pu.1. Through biochemical and bioinformatics analyses, we propose that miR-137 modulates Pu.1-mediated gene expression by suppressing Pu.1 binding to chromatin. Importantly, we find that increased Pu.1 binding upregulates the target gene Jdp2 (Jun dimerization protein 2) and that knockdown of Jdp2 significantly suppresses the impaired phagocytosis and pro-inflammatory response in Mir137 knockout microglia. Collectively, our study provides evidence supporting the notion that nuclear miR-137 acts as a transcriptional modulator and that this microglia-specific function is essential for maintaining normal adult brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Li
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Kexin Mao
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China; Southwest United Graduate School, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Shengyun Xu
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Min Zeng
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jintao Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Guoan Gao
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Zhao-Qian Teng
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qinmiao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dahua Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China; Southwest United Graduate School, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Ying Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China; Southwest United Graduate School, Kunming 650500, China.
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14
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Talebi Taheri A, Golshadi Z, Zare H, Alinaghipour A, Faghihi Z, Dadgostar E, Tamtaji Z, Aschner M, Mirzaei H, Tamtaji OR, Nabavizadeh F. The Potential of Targeting Autophagy-Related Non-coding RNAs in the Treatment of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2024; 44:28. [PMID: 38461204 PMCID: PMC10924707 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-024-01461-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Clearance of accumulated protein aggregates is one of the functions of autophagy. Recently, a clearer understanding of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) functions documented that ncRNAs have important roles in several biological processes associated with the development and progression of neurodegenerative disorders. Subtypes of ncRNA, including microRNA (miRNA), long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), and circular RNA (circRNA), are commonly dysregulated in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases. Dysregulation of these non-coding RNAs has been associated with inhibition or stimulation of autophagy. Decreased miR-124 led to decreased/increased autophagy in experimental model of Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases. Increased BACE1-AS showed enhanced autophagy in Alzheimer disease by targeting miR-214-3p, Beclin-1, LC3-I/LC3-II, p62, and ATG5. A significant increase in NEAT1led to stimulated autophagy in experimental model of PD by targeting PINK1, LC3-I, LC3-II, p62 and miR-374c-5p. In addition, increased BDNF-AS and SNHG1 decreased autophagy in MPTP-induced PD by targeting miR-125b-5p and miR-221/222, respectively. The upregulation of circNF1-419 and circSAMD4A resulted in an increased autophagy by regulating Dynamin-1 and miR-29c 3p, respectively. A detailed discussion of miRNAs, circRNAs, and lncRNAs in relation to their autophagy-related signaling pathways is presented in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolkarim Talebi Taheri
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zakieh Golshadi
- Student Research Committee, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | | | - Azam Alinaghipour
- School of Medical Sciences, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Zahra Faghihi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran
| | - Ehsan Dadgostar
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. of Iran
- Student Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. of Iran
| | - Zeinab Tamtaji
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. of Iran
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. of Iran.
| | - Omid Reza Tamtaji
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran.
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Nabavizadeh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran.
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran.
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15
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Kim AB, Xiao Q, Yan P, Pan Q, Pandey G, Grathwohl S, Gonzales E, Xu I, Cho Y, Haecker H, Epelman S, Diwan A, Lee JM, DeSelm CJ. Chimeric antigen receptor macrophages target and resorb amyloid plaques. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e175015. [PMID: 38516884 PMCID: PMC11063938 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.175015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence suggests a role for immunotherapy in treating Alzheimer's disease (AD). While the precise pathophysiology of AD is incompletely understood, clinical trials of antibodies targeting aggregated forms of β amyloid (Aβ) have shown that reducing amyloid plaques can mitigate cognitive decline in patients with early-stage AD. Here, we describe what we believe to be a novel approach to target and degrade amyloid plaques by genetically engineering macrophages to express an Aβ-targeting chimeric antigen receptor (CAR-Ms). When injected intrahippocampally, first-generation CAR-Ms have limited persistence and fail to significantly reduce plaque load, which led us to engineer next-generation CAR-Ms that secrete M-CSF and self-maintain without exogenous cytokines. Cytokine secreting "reinforced CAR-Ms" have greater survival in the brain niche and significantly reduce plaque load locally in vivo. These findings support CAR-Ms as a platform to rationally target, resorb, and degrade pathogenic material that accumulates with age, as exemplified by targeting Aβ in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B. Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology
- Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy
| | - Qingli Xiao
- Department of Neurology, and
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ping Yan
- Department of Neurology, and
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Qiuyun Pan
- Department of Radiation Oncology
- Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy
| | - Gaurav Pandey
- Department of Radiation Oncology
- Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy
| | - Susie Grathwohl
- Department of Neurology, and
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ernesto Gonzales
- Department of Neurology, and
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Isabella Xu
- Department of Neurology, and
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yoonho Cho
- Department of Neurology, and
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Hans Haecker
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Slava Epelman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abhinav Diwan
- Department of Neurology, and
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Departments of Medicine, Cell Biology and Physiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Medicine Service, St. Louis VA Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jin-Moo Lee
- Department of Neurology, and
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Carl J. DeSelm
- Department of Radiation Oncology
- Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy
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16
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Naeem A, Prakash R, Kumari N, Ali Khan M, Quaiyoom Khan A, Uddin S, Verma S, Ab Robertson A, Boltze J, Shadab Raza S. MCC950 reduces autophagy and improves cognitive function by inhibiting NLRP3-dependent neuroinflammation in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 116:70-84. [PMID: 38040385 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the seventh most common cause of mortality and one of the major causes of disability and vulnerability in the elderly. AD is characterized by gradual cognitive deterioration, the buildup of misfolded amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide, and the generation of neurofibrillary tangles. Despite enormous scientific progress, there is no effective cure for AD. Thus, exploring new treatment options to stop AD or at least slow down its progress is important. In this study, we investigated the potential therapeutic effects of MCC950 on NLRP3-mediated inflammasome-driven inflammation and autophagy in AD. Rats treated with streptozotocin (STZ) exhibited simultaneous activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and autophagy, as confirmed by Western blot, immunofluorescence, and co-immunoprecipitation analyses. MCC950, a specific NLRP3 inhibitor, was intraperitoneally administered (50 mg/kg body weight) to rats with AD-like symptoms induced by intracerebroventricular STZ injections (3 mg/kg body weight). MCC950 effectively suppressed STZ-induced cognitive impairment and anxiety by inhibiting NLRP3-dependent neuroinflammation. Moreover, our findings indicate that MCC950 exerts neuroprotective effects by attenuating autophagy in neuronal cells. The inhibiting effects of MCC950 on inflammasome activation and autophagy were reproduced in vitro, provding further mechansistic insights into MCC950 therapeutic action. Our findings suggest that MCC950 impedes the progression of AD and may also improve cognitive function through the mitigation of autophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Naeem
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Restorative Neurology, Department of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow 226003, India
| | - Ravi Prakash
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Restorative Neurology, Department of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow 226003, India
| | - Neha Kumari
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Restorative Neurology, Department of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow 226003, India
| | | | - Abdul Quaiyoom Khan
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sandeep Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, UP 208016, India
| | - Avril Ab Robertson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Johannes Boltze
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Syed Shadab Raza
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Restorative Neurology, Department of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow 226003, India; Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow 226003, India.
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17
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Berglund R, Cheng Y, Piket E, Adzemovic MZ, Zeitelhofer M, Olsson T, Guerreiro-Cacais AO, Jagodic M. The aging mouse CNS is protected by an autophagy-dependent microglia population promoted by IL-34. Nat Commun 2024; 15:383. [PMID: 38195627 PMCID: PMC10776874 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44556-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia harness an unutilized health-promoting potential in age-related neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases, conditions like progressive multiple sclerosis (MS). Our research unveils an microglia population emerging in the cortical brain regions of aging mice, marked by ERK1/2, Akt, and AMPK phosphorylation patterns and a transcriptome indicative of activated autophagy - a process critical for cellular adaptability. By deleting the core autophagy gene Ulk1 in microglia, we reduce this population in the central nervous system of aged mice. Notably, this population is found dependent on IL-34, rather than CSF1, although both are ligands for CSF1R. When aging mice are exposed to autoimmune neuroinflammation, the loss of autophagy-dependent microglia leads to neural and glial cell death and increased mortality. Conversely, microglial expansion mediated by IL-34 exhibits a protective effect. These findings shed light on an autophagy-dependent neuroprotective microglia population as a potential target for treating age-related neuroinflammatory conditions, including progressive MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Berglund
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Neuro, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Yufei Cheng
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Neuro, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eliane Piket
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Neuro, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Milena Z Adzemovic
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Neuro, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manuel Zeitelhofer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Vascular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65, Solna, Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Neuro, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andre Ortlieb Guerreiro-Cacais
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Neuro, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maja Jagodic
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Neuro, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Pluta R, Bogucka-Kocka A, Bogucki J, Kocki J, Czuczwar SJ. Apoptosis, Autophagy, and Mitophagy Genes in the CA3 Area in an Ischemic Model of Alzheimer's Disease with 2-Year Survival. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 99:1375-1383. [PMID: 38759019 PMCID: PMC11191440 DOI: 10.3233/jad-240401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Background Currently, no evidence exists on the expression of apoptosis (CASP3), autophagy (BECN1), and mitophagy (BNIP3) genes in the CA3 area after ischemia with long-term survival. Objective The goal of the paper was to study changes in above genes expression in CA3 area after ischemia in the period of 6-24 months. Methods In this study, using quantitative RT-PCR, we present the expression of genes associated with neuronal death in a rat ischemic model of Alzheimer's disease. Results First time, we demonstrated overexpression of the CASP3 gene in CA3 area after ischemia with survival ranging from 0.5 to 2 years. Overexpression of the CASP3 gene was accompanied by a decrease in the activity level of the BECN1 and BNIP3 genes over a period of 0.5 year. Then, during 1-2 years, BNIP3 gene expression increased significantly and coincided with an increase in CASP3 gene expression. However, BECN1 gene expression was variable, increased significantly at 1 and 2 years and was below control values 1.5 years post-ischemia. Conclusions Our observations suggest that ischemia with long-term survival induces neuronal death in CA3 through activation of caspase 3 in cooperation with the pro-apoptotic gene BNIP3. This study also suggests that the BNIP3 gene regulates caspase-independent pyramidal neuronal death post-ischemia. Thus, caspase-dependent and -independent death of neuronal cells occur post-ischemia in the CA3 area. Our data suggest new role of the BNIP3 gene in the regulation of post-ischemic neuronal death in CA3. This suggests the involvement of the BNIP3 together with the CASP3 in the CA3 in neuronal death post-ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Pluta
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Bogucka-Kocka
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek Bogucki
- Faculty of Medicine, Johon Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Janusz Kocki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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19
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Abdul-Rahman T, Ghosh S, Kalmanovich JB, Awuah AW, Zivcevska M, Khalifa S, Bassey EE, Ali NA, Ferreira MMDS, Umar TP, Garg N, Nweze VN, Inturu VSS, Abdelwahab MM, Kurian S, Alexiou A, Alfaleh M, Alqurashi TMA, Ashraf GM. The role of membrane trafficking and retromer complex in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25261. [PMID: 38284858 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking is a physiological process encompassing different pathways involved in transporting cellular products across cell membranes to specific cell locations via encapsulated vesicles. This process is required for cells to mature and function properly, allowing them to adapt to their surroundings. The retromer complex is a complex composed of nexin proteins and peptides that play a vital role in the endosomal pathway of membrane trafficking. In humans, any interference in normal membrane trafficking or retromer complex can cause profound changes such as those seen in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Several studies have explored the potential causative mechanisms in developing both disease processes; however, the role of retromer trafficking in their pathogenesis is becoming increasingly significant with promising therapeutic applications. This manuscript describes the processes involved in membrane transport and the roles of the retromer in the onset and progression of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Moreover, we will also explore how these aberrant mechanisms may serve as possible avenues for treatment development in both diseases and the prospect of its future application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shankhaneel Ghosh
- Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | | | - Marija Zivcevska
- Liberty University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lynchburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Samar Khalifa
- Clinical Psychology Department, Faculty of Arts, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh, Egypt
| | | | | | | | - Tungki Pratama Umar
- UCL Centre for Nanotechnology and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Neil Garg
- Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine, One Medical Center Drive Stratford, Stratford, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, New South Wales, Australia
- AFNP Med, Wien, Austria
| | - Mohammed Alfaleh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamer M A Alqurashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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20
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Nayak V, Patra S, Rout S, Jena AB, Sharma R, Pattanaik KP, Singh J, Pandey SS, Singh RP, Majhi S, Singh KR, Kerry RG. Regulation of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease via nanoparticle-loaded phytocompounds with anti-inflammatory and autophagy-inducing properties. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 122:155150. [PMID: 37944239 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by neuroinflammation linked to amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation and phosphorylated tau (τ) protein in neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Key elements in Aβ production and NFT assembly, like γ-secretase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK), contribute to neuroinflammation. In addition, impaired proteosomal and autophagic pathways increase Aβ and τ aggregation, leading to neuronal damage. Conventional neuroinflammation drugs have limitations due to unidirectional therapeutic approaches and challenges in crossing the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB). Clinical trials for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and other therapeutics remain uncertain. Novel strategies addressing the complex pathogenesis and BBB translocation are needed to effectively tackle AD-related neuroinflammation. PURPOSE The current scenario demands for a much-sophisticated theranostic measures which could be achieved via customized engineering and designing of novel nanotherapeutics. As, these therapeutics functions as a double edge sword, having the efficiency of unambiguous targeting, multiple drug delivery and ability to cross BBB proficiently. METHODS Inclusion criteria involve selecting recent, English-language studies from the past decade (2013-2023) that explore the regulation of neuroinflammation in neuroinflammation, Alzheimer's disease, amyloid β, tau protein, nanoparticles, autophagy, and phytocompounds. Various study types, including clinical trials, experiments, and reviews, were considered. Exclusion criteria comprised non-relevant publication types, studies unrelated to Alzheimer's disease or phytocompounds, those with methodological flaws, duplicates, and studies with inaccessible data. RESULTS In this study, polymeric nanoparticles loaded with specific phytocompounds and coated with an antibody targeting the transferrin receptor (anti-TfR) present on BBB. Thereafter, the engineered nanoparticles with the ability to efficiently traverse the BBB and interact with target molecules within the brain, could induce autophagy, a cellular process crucial for neuronal health, and exhibit potent anti-inflammatory effects. Henceforth, the proposed combination of desired phytocompounds, polymeric nanoparticles, and anti-TfR coating presents a promising approach for targeted drug delivery to the brain, with potential implications in neuroinflammatory conditions such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Nayak
- ICAR- National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease-International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, Arugul, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (752050), India
| | - Sushmita Patra
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra (410210), India
| | - Shrushti Rout
- Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (751004), India
| | - Atala Bihari Jena
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (02115), United States of America
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh (221005), India
| | - Kali Prasad Pattanaik
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Jay Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh (221005), India
| | - Shyam S Pandey
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu (8080196), Japan
| | - Ravindra Pratap Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh 484887, India
| | - Sanatan Majhi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (02115), United States of America
| | - Kshitij Rb Singh
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu (8080196), Japan.
| | - Rout George Kerry
- Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (751004), India.
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21
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Vilella A, Bodria M, Papotti B, Zanotti I, Zimetti F, Remaggi G, Elviri L, Potì F, Ferri N, Lupo MG, Panighel G, Daini E, Vandini E, Zoli M, Giuliani D, Bernini F. PCSK9 ablation attenuates Aβ pathology, neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunctions in 5XFAD mice. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 115:517-534. [PMID: 37967665 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence highlights the importance of novel players in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology, including alterations of lipid metabolism and neuroinflammation. Indeed, a potential involvement of Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) in AD has been recently postulated. Here, we first investigated the effects of PCSK9 on neuroinflammation in vitro. Then, we examined the impact of a genetic ablation of PCSK9 on cognitive performance in a severe mouse model of AD. Finally, in the same animals we evaluated the effect of PCSK9 loss on Aβ pathology, neuroinflammation, and brain lipids. METHODS For in vitro studies, U373 human astrocytoma cells were treated with Aβ fibrils and human recombinant PCSK9. mRNA expression of the proinflammatory cytokines and inflammasome-related genes were evaluated by q-PCR, while MCP-1 secretion was measured by ELISA. For in vivo studies, the cognitive performance of a newly generated mouse line - obtained by crossing 5XFADHet with PCSK9KO mice - was tested by the Morris water maze test. After sacrifice, immunohistochemical analyses were performed to evaluate Aβ plaque deposition, distribution and composition, BACE1 immunoreactivity, as well as microglia and astrocyte reactivity. Cholesterol and hydroxysterols levels in mouse brains were quantified by fluorometric and LC-MS/MS analyses, respectively. Statistical comparisons were performed according to one- or two-way ANOVA, two-way repeated measure ANOVA or Chi-square test. RESULTS In vitro, PCSK9 significantly increased IL6, IL1B and TNFΑ mRNA levels in Aβ fibrils-treated U373 cells, without influencing inflammasome gene expression, except for an increase in NLRC4 mRNA levels. In vivo, PCSK9 ablation in 5XFAD mice significantly improved the performance at the Morris water maze test; these changes were accompanied by a reduced corticohippocampal Aβ burden without affecting plaque spatial/regional distribution and composition or global BACE1 expression. Furthermore, PCSK9 loss in 5XFAD mice induced decreased microgliosis and astrocyte reactivity in several brain regions. Conversely, knocking out PCSK9 had minimal impact on brain cholesterol and hydroxysterol levels. CONCLUSIONS In vitro studies showed a pro-inflammatory effect of PCSK9. Consistently, in vivo data indicated a protective role of PCSK9 ablation against cognitive impairments, associated with improved Aβ pathology and attenuated neuroinflammation in a severe mouse model of AD. PCSK9 may thus be considered a novel pharmacological target for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Vilella
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Martina Bodria
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Bianca Papotti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Ilaria Zanotti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Zimetti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Giulia Remaggi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Lisa Elviri
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Francesco Potì
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Neurosciences, University of Parma, 43121, Parma, Italy
| | - Nicola Ferri
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35129, Padova, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), 35129, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Panighel
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Eleonora Daini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Eleonora Vandini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Michele Zoli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Daniela Giuliani
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Franco Bernini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
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22
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Hippman RS, Snead AM, Petros ZA, Korkmaz-Vaisys MA, Patel S, Sotelo D, Dobria A, Salkovski M, Nguyen TTA, Linares R, Cologna SM, Gowrishankar S, Aldrich LN. Discovery of a Small-Molecule Modulator of the Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway That Targets Lamin A/C and LAMP1, Induces Autophagic Flux, and Affects Lysosome Positioning in Neurons. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:4363-4382. [PMID: 38069806 PMCID: PMC10739612 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a major catabolic degradation and recycling process that maintains homeostasis in cells and is especially important in postmitotic neurons. We implemented a high-content phenotypic assay to discover small molecules that promote autophagic flux and completed target identification and validation studies to identify protein targets that modulate the autophagy pathway and promote neuronal health and survival. Efficient syntheses of the prioritized compounds were developed to readily access analogues of the initial hits, enabling initial structure-activity relationship studies to improve potency and preparation of a biotin-tagged pulldown probe that retains activity. This probe facilitated target identification and validation studies through pulldown and competition experiments using both an unbiased proteomics approach and western blotting to reveal Lamin A/C and LAMP1 as the protein targets of compound RH1115. Evaluation of RH1115 in neurons revealed that this compound induces changes to LAMP1 vesicle properties and alters lysosome positioning. Dysfunction of the autophagy-lysosome pathway has been implicated in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, highlighting the value of new strategies for therapeutic modulation and the importance of small-molecule probes to facilitate the study of autophagy regulation in cultured neurons and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S. Hippman
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Amanda M. Snead
- Department
of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, 808 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Zoe A. Petros
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Melissa A. Korkmaz-Vaisys
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Sruchi Patel
- Department
of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, 808 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Daniel Sotelo
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Andrew Dobria
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Maryna Salkovski
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Thu T. A. Nguyen
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Ricardo Linares
- Department
of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, 808 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Stephanie M. Cologna
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Swetha Gowrishankar
- Department
of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, 808 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Leslie N. Aldrich
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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23
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Boylan MA, Pincetic A, Romano G, Tatton N, Kenkare-Mitra S, Rosenthal A. Targeting Progranulin as an Immuno-Neurology Therapeutic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15946. [PMID: 37958929 PMCID: PMC10647331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Immuno-neurology is an emerging therapeutic strategy for dementia and neurodegeneration designed to address immune surveillance failure in the brain. Microglia, as central nervous system (CNS)-resident myeloid cells, routinely perform surveillance of the brain and support neuronal function. Loss-of-function (LOF) mutations causing decreased levels of progranulin (PGRN), an immune regulatory protein, lead to dysfunctional microglia and are associated with multiple neurodegenerative diseases, including frontotemporal dementia caused by the progranulin gene (GRN) mutation (FTD-GRN), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), limbic-predominant age-related transactivation response deoxyribonucleic acid binding protein 43 (TDP-43) encephalopathy (LATE), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Immuno-neurology targets immune checkpoint-like proteins, offering the potential to convert aging and dysfunctional microglia into disease-fighting cells that counteract multiple disease pathologies, clear misfolded proteins and debris, promote myelin and synapse repair, optimize neuronal function, support astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, and maintain brain vasculature. Several clinical trials are underway to elevate PGRN levels as one strategy to modulate the function of microglia and counteract neurodegenerative changes associated with various disease states. If successful, these and other immuno-neurology drugs have the potential to revolutionize the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders by harnessing the brain's immune system and shifting it from an inflammatory/pathological state to an enhanced physiological/homeostatic state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Arnon Rosenthal
- Alector, Inc., 131 Oyster Point Blvd, Suite 600, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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24
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Fu D, Liang X, Jiang Y, Liu J, Lin X, Yang Q, Chen X, Huang P, Wang W, Wu W. Iron blocks autophagic flux and induces autophagosomes accumulation in microglia. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 181:114054. [PMID: 37777083 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential dietary micronutrient for maintaining physiological homeostasis. However, disruption of cerebral iron regulation with the accumulation of iron in different brain structures appears to have a role in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders. Studies have reported that autophagy induction could potentially mitigate progression in neurodegenerative diseases with iron deposition, but the relationship between autophagy and iron remains poorly understood. Meanwhile, abnormal autophagy in microglia is closely related to the occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, the effect of iron on microglia autophagy needs to be elaborated. In the present study, we found that iron induces autophagosome accumulation but inhibits its initiation in an Akt-mTOR pathway independent manner. Meanwhile, it caused autophagy flux defects and dysfunction of lysosomes. We also found that iron overload reduced the expression of Rab7, which is an essential protein for the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes. These results suggest that iron induces the accumulation of autophagosome in microglia and disrupts the autophagic flux in late stage of autophagy. Therefore, our work provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of iron neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqiang Fu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, China
| | - Xingyue Liang
- College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, 362000, China; School of Advance Manufacture, Fuzhou University, Jinjiang, 362251, China
| | - Yuxuan Jiang
- College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, 362000, China
| | - Jieping Liu
- College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, 362000, China
| | - Xiaosi Lin
- College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, 362000, China
| | - Quan Yang
- College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, 362000, China
| | - Xue Chen
- College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, 362000, China
| | - Ping Huang
- College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, 362000, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
| | - Wenlin Wu
- College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, 362000, China; School of Advance Manufacture, Fuzhou University, Jinjiang, 362251, China.
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25
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Zhao J, Lang M. New insight into protein glycosylation in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:314. [PMID: 37626031 PMCID: PMC10457297 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01617-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that seriously endangers the physical and mental health of patients, however, there are still no effective drugs or methods to cure this disease up to now. Protein glycosylation is the most common modifications of the translated proteins in eukaryotic cells. Recently many researches disclosed that aberrant glycosylation happens in some important AD-related proteins, such as APP, Tau, Reelin and CRMP-2, etc, suggesting a close link between abnormal protein glycosylation and AD. Because of its complexity and diversity, glycosylation is thus considered a completely new entry point for understanding the precise cause of AD. This review comprehensively summarized the currently discovered changes in protein glycosylation patterns in AD, and especially introduced the latest progress on the mechanism of protein glycosylation affecting the progression of AD and the potential application of protein glycosylation in AD detection and treatment, thereby providing a wide range of opportunities for uncovering the pathogenesis of AD and promoting the translation of glycosylation research into future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Zhao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Minglin Lang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- College of Life Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, 071000, China.
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26
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Dunn E, Zhang B, Sahota VK, Augustin H. Potential benefits of medium chain fatty acids in aging and neurodegenerative disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1230467. [PMID: 37680538 PMCID: PMC10481710 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1230467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a large class of neurological disorders characterized by progressive dysfunction and death of neurones. Examples include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal dementia, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Aging is the primary risk factor for neurodegeneration; individuals over 65 are more likely to suffer from a neurodegenerative disease, with prevalence increasing with age. As the population ages, the social and economic burden caused by these diseases will increase. Therefore, new therapies that address both aging and neurodegeneration are imperative. Ketogenic diets (KDs) are low carbohydrate, high-fat diets developed initially as an alternative treatment for epilepsy. The classic ketogenic diet provides energy via long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs); naturally occurring medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs), on the other hand, are the main components of the medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) ketogenic diet. MCT-based diets are more efficient at generating the ketone bodies that are used as a secondary energy source for neurones and astrocytes. However, ketone levels alone do not closely correlate with improved clinical symptoms. Recent findings suggest an alternative mode of action for the MCFAs, e.g., via improving mitochondrial biogenesis and glutamate receptor inhibition. MCFAs have been linked to the treatment of both aging and neurodegenerative disease via their effects on metabolism. Through action on multiple disease-related pathways, MCFAs are emerging as compounds with notable potential to promote healthy aging and ameliorate neurodegeneration. MCFAs have been shown to stimulate autophagy and restore mitochondrial function, which are found to be disrupted in aging and neurodegeneration. This review aims to provide insight into the metabolic benefits of MCFAs in neurodegenerative disease and healthy aging. We will discuss the use of MCFAs to combat dysregulation of autophagy and mitochondrial function in the context of "normal" aging, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hrvoje Augustin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
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27
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de la Fuente AG, Pelucchi S, Mertens J, Di Luca M, Mauceri D, Marcello E. Novel therapeutic approaches to target neurodegeneration. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:1651-1673. [PMID: 36965025 PMCID: PMC10952850 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ageing is the main risk factor common to most primary neurodegenerative disorders. Indeed, age-related brain alterations have been long considered to predispose to neurodegeneration. Although protein misfolding and the accumulation of toxic protein aggregates have been considered as causative events in neurodegeneration, several other biological pathways affected by brain ageing also contribute to pathogenesis. Here, we discuss the evidence showing the involvement of the mechanisms controlling neuronal structure, gene expression, autophagy, cell metabolism and neuroinflammation in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, we review the therapeutic strategies currently under development or as future approaches designed to normalize these pathways, which may then increase brain resilience to cope with toxic protein species. In addition to therapies targeting the insoluble protein aggregates specifically associated with each neurodegenerative disorder, these novel pharmacological approaches may be part of combined therapies designed to rescue brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alerie G. de la Fuente
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL)AlicanteSpain
- Instituto de Neurociencias CSIC‐UMHAlicanteSpain
- Wellcome‐Wolfson Institute for Experimental MedicineQueen's University BelfastBelfastUK
| | - Silvia Pelucchi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
- Institute of Molecular BiologyLeopold‐Franzens‐Universität InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Jerome Mertens
- Institute of Molecular BiologyLeopold‐Franzens‐Universität InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Monica Di Luca
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Daniela Mauceri
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell BiologyDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, University of MarburgMarburgGermany
- Department of NeurobiologyInterdisciplinary Centre for Neurosciences (IZN), Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Elena Marcello
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
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28
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Zhang MJ, Zhong JH, Yi XJ. Effect of Curcumin on Cognitive Behavior and Pathological Characteristics of the Hippocampus in Mice with Inherent Alzheimer's Disease. Bull Exp Biol Med 2023; 175:335-340. [PMID: 37566247 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-023-05863-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of curcumin on pathological manifestations and clearance of amyloid β peptide (Aβ) in the hippocampus of 8-month-old transgenic APP/PS1 mice with inherent Alzheimer's disease. APP/PS1 mice and the age-matched wild-type controls were subjected to 3 behavioral tests: open field, new object recognition, and Morris water maze. Expression of Aβ, APP, CTF, BACE1, IDE, NEP, and LRP1 proteins in the extracted hippocampal tissue was evaluated by Western blotting. The distribution and the quantity of amyloid plaques and the spread of microglia in the hippocampus were determined by immunofluorescence. The contents of Aβ40 and Aβ42 in the hippocampus were assayed and analyzed on Simoa HD-1 analyzer. The proteins interacting with Aβ in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice were detected by co-immunoprecipitation. Curcumin significantly reduced motor hyperactivity in the open-field test, improved short-term recognition memory, spatial learning, and reference memory in APP/PS1 mice. In the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice, curcumin significantly diminished the elevated Aβ levels and inhibited microglia proliferation. At the same time, curcumin had no effect on Aβ production, extracellular enzymatic hydrolysis, and LRP1-mediated outward transport, but enhanced Aβ clearance by activation of the intracellular ubiquitin-proteasome system and related peripheral mechanisms. Thus, curcumin improves the learning and memory abilities of APP/PS1 mice and reduces the pathological accumulation of Aβ in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Zhang
- Guangzhou Vocational and Technical University of Science and Technology, Guang Zhou, Guang Dong, China.
| | - J H Zhong
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shangyou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi, China
| | - X J Yi
- Guangzhou Vocational and Technical University of Science and Technology, Guang Zhou, Guang Dong, China
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Gedam M, Comerota MM, Propson NE, Chen T, Jin F, Wang MC, Zheng H. Complement C3aR depletion reverses HIF-1α-induced metabolic impairment and enhances microglial response to Aβ pathology. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e167501. [PMID: 37317973 PMCID: PMC10266793 DOI: 10.1172/jci167501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the major cell type expressing complement C3a receptor (C3aR) in the brain. Using a knockin mouse line in which a Td-tomato reporter is incorporated into the endogenous C3ar1 locus, we identified 2 major subpopulations of microglia with differential C3aR expression. Expressing the Td-tomato reporter on the APPNL-G-F-knockin (APP-KI) background revealed a significant shift of microglia to a high-C3aR-expressing subpopulation and they were enriched around amyloid β (Aβ) plaques. Transcriptomic analysis of C3aR-positive microglia documented dysfunctional metabolic signatures, including upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) signaling and abnormal lipid metabolism in APP-KI mice compared with wild-type controls. Using primary microglial cultures, we found that C3ar1-null microglia had lower HIF-1α expression and were resistant to hypoxia mimetic-induced metabolic changes and lipid droplet accumulation. These were associated with improved receptor recycling and Aβ phagocytosis. Crossing C3ar1-knockout mice with the APP-KI mice showed that C3aR ablation rescued the dysregulated lipid profiles and improved microglial phagocytic and clustering abilities. These were associated with ameliorated Aβ pathology and restored synaptic and cognitive function. Our studies identify a heightened C3aR/HIF-1α signaling axis that influences microglial metabolic and lipid homeostasis in Alzheimer disease, suggesting that targeting this pathway may offer therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasee Gedam
- Huffington Center on Aging
- Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program
| | | | | | - Tao Chen
- Huffington Center on Aging
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics
| | | | - Meng C. Wang
- Huffington Center on Aging
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Texas, USA
| | - Hui Zheng
- Huffington Center on Aging
- Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics
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Miao J, Ma H, Yang Y, Liao Y, Lin C, Zheng J, Yu M, Lan J. Microglia in Alzheimer's disease: pathogenesis, mechanisms, and therapeutic potentials. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1201982. [PMID: 37396657 PMCID: PMC10309009 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1201982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by protein aggregation in the brain. Recent studies have revealed the critical role of microglia in AD pathogenesis. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the current understanding of microglial involvement in AD, focusing on genetic determinants, phenotypic state, phagocytic capacity, neuroinflammatory response, and impact on synaptic plasticity and neuronal regulation. Furthermore, recent developments in drug discovery targeting microglia in AD are reviewed, highlighting potential avenues for therapeutic intervention. This review emphasizes the essential role of microglia in AD and provides insights into potential treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifei Miao
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haixia Ma
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanpin Liao
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cui Lin
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Juanxia Zheng
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Muli Yu
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiao Lan
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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31
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Wang H, Li J, Zhang H, Wang M, Xiao L, Wang Y, Cheng Q. Regulation of microglia polarization after cerebral ischemia. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1182621. [PMID: 37361996 PMCID: PMC10285223 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1182621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke ranks second as a leading cause of death and permanent disability globally. Microglia, innate immune cells in the brain, respond rapidly to ischemic injury, triggering a robust and persistent neuroinflammatory reaction throughout the disease's progression. Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the mechanism of secondary injury in ischemic stroke and is a significant controllable factor. Microglia activation takes on two general phenotypes: the pro-inflammatory M1 type and the anti-inflammatory M2 type, although the reality is more complex. The regulation of microglia phenotype is crucial to controlling the neuroinflammatory response. This review summarized the key molecules and mechanisms of microglia polarization, function, and phenotypic transformation following cerebral ischemia, with a focus on the influence of autophagy on microglia polarization. The goal is to provide a reference for the development of new targets for the treatment for ischemic stroke treatment based on the regulation of microglia polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Han Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Mengyao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Lifang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yitong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qiong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Hao Z, Liu K, Zhou L, Chen P. Precious but convenient means of prevention and treatment: physiological molecular mechanisms of interaction between exercise and motor factors and Alzheimer's disease. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1193031. [PMID: 37362440 PMCID: PMC10285460 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1193031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Disproportionate to the severity of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the huge number of patients, the exact treatment and prevention of AD is still being explored. With increasing ageing, the search for means to prevent and treat AD has become a high priority. In the search for AD, it has been suggested that exercise may be one of the more effective and less costly means of preventing and treating AD, and therefore a large part of current research is aimed at exploring the effectiveness of exercise in the prevention and treatment of AD. However, due to the complexity of the specific pathogenesis of AD, there are multiple hypotheses and potential mechanisms for exercise interventions in AD that need to be explored. This review therefore specifically summarises the hypotheses of the interaction between exercise and AD from a molecular perspective, based on the available evidence from animal models or human experiments, and explores them categorised according to the pathologies associated with AD: exercise can activate a number of signalling pathways inhibited by AD (e.g., Wnt and PI3K/Akt signalling pathways) and reactivate the effects of downstream factors regulated by these signalling pathways, thus acting to alleviate autophagic dysfunction, relieve neuroinflammation and mitigate Aβ deposition. In addition, this paper introduces a new approach to regulate the blood-brain barrier, i.e., to restore the stability of the blood-brain barrier, reduce abnormal phosphorylation of tau proteins and reduce neuronal apoptosis. In addition, this paper introduces a new concept." Motor factors" or "Exerkines", which act on AD through autocrine, paracrine or endocrine stimulation in response to movement. In this process, we believe there may be great potential for research in three areas: (1) the alleviation of AD through movement in the brain-gut axis (2) the prevention and treatment of AD by movement combined with polyphenols (3) the continued exploration of movement-mediated activation of the Wnt signalling pathway and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zikang Hao
- Department of Physical Education, Laoshan Campus, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Kerui Liu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Daiyue Campus, Shandong First Medical University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Sports Medicine, Daiyue Campus, Shandong First Medical University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Physical Education, Laoshan Campus, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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Ni H, Ren J, Wang Q, Li X, Wu Y, Liu D, Wang J. Electroacupuncture at ST 36 ameliorates cognitive impairment and beta-amyloid pathology by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation in an Alzheimer's disease animal model. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16755. [PMID: 37292305 PMCID: PMC10245255 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder leading to cognitive impairment in the elderly, and no effective treatment exists. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that physical therapy and electroacupuncture (EA) effectively improve spatial learning and memory abilities. Nevertheless, the mechanism underlying the effects of EA on AD pathology is largely unexplored. Acupuncture at Zusanli (ST 36) has previously been shown to improve cognitive impairment in AD, but the mechanism is unclear. According to recent studies, EA drives the vagal-adrenal axis from the hindlimb ST 36 acupoint but not from the abdominal Tianshu (ST 25) to curb severe inflammation in mice. This study examined whether ST 36 acupuncture improves cognitive dysfunction in AD model mice by improving neuroinflammation and its underlying mechanism. Methods Male 5xFAD mice (aged 3, 6, and 9 months) were used as the AD animal model and were randomly divided into three groups: the AD model group (AD group), the electroacupuncture at ST 36 acupoint group (EA-ST 36 group), and the electroacupuncture at ST 25 acupoint group (EA-ST 25 group). Age-matched wild-type mice were used as the normal control (WT) group. EA (10 Hz, 0.5 mA) was applied to the acupoints on both sides for 15 min, 5 times per week for 4 weeks. Motor ability and cognitive ability were assessed by the open field test, the novel object recognition task, and the Morris water maze test. Thioflavin S staining and immunofluorescence were used to mark Aβ plaques and microglia. The levels of NLRP3, caspase-1, ASC, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-18 in the hippocampus were assayed by Western blotting or qRT-PCR. Results EA at ST 36, but not ST 25, significantly improved motor function and cognitive ability and reduced both Aβ deposition and microglia and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in 5×FAD mice. Conclusion EA stimulation at ST 36 effectively improved memory impairment in 5×FAD mice by a mechanism that regulated microglia activation and alleviated neuroinflammation by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammatory response in the hippocampus. This study shows that ST 36 may be a specific acupoint to improve the condition of AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ni
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaoqi Ren
- Department of Geriatrics, Huashan Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, 200040, Shanghai, China
| | - Qimeng Wang
- Department of Acupuncture, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Xing Li
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Dezhi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Endocrinology department of Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, China
- Department of Peripheral Vascular Surgery, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
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34
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Kallergi E, Siva Sankar D, Matera A, Kolaxi A, Paolicelli RC, Dengjel J, Nikoletopoulou V. Profiling of purified autophagic vesicle degradome in the maturing and aging brain. Neuron 2023:S0896-6273(23)00384-7. [PMID: 37279748 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy disorders prominently affect the brain, entailing neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative phenotypes in adolescence or aging, respectively. Synaptic and behavioral deficits are largely recapitulated in mouse models with ablation of autophagy genes in brain cells. Yet, the nature and temporal dynamics of brain autophagic substrates remain insufficiently characterized. Here, we immunopurified LC3-positive autophagic vesicles (LC3-pAVs) from the mouse brain and proteomically profiled their content. Moreover, we characterized the LC3-pAV content that accumulates after macroautophagy impairment, validating a brain autophagic degradome. We reveal selective pathways for aggrephagy, mitophagy, and ER-phagy via selective autophagy receptors, and the turnover of numerous synaptic substrates, under basal conditions. To gain insight into the temporal dynamics of autophagic protein turnover, we quantitatively compared adolescent, adult, and aged brains, revealing critical periods of enhanced mitophagy or degradation of synaptic substrates. Overall, this resource unbiasedly characterizes the contribution of autophagy to proteostasis in the maturing, adult, and aged brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouela Kallergi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Alessandro Matera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Angeliki Kolaxi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Joern Dengjel
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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35
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Pan Q, Yan P, Kim AB, Xiao Q, Pandey G, Haecker H, Epelman S, Diwan A, Lee JM, DeSelm CJ. Chimeric Antigen Receptor Macrophages Target and Resorb Amyloid Plaques in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.28.538637. [PMID: 37162824 PMCID: PMC10168376 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.28.538637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Substantial evidence suggests a role for immunotherapy in treating Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several monoclonal antibodies targeting aggregated forms of beta amyloid (Aβ), have been shown to reduce amyloid plaques and in some cases, mitigate cognitive decline in early-stage AD patients. We sought to determine if genetically engineered macrophages could improve the targeting and degradation of amyloid plaques. Chimeric antigen receptor macrophages (CAR-Ms), which show promise as a cancer treatment, are an appealing strategy to enhance target recognition and phagocytosis of amyloid plaques in AD. We genetically engineered macrophages to express a CAR containing the anti-amyloid antibody aducanumab as the external domain and the Fc receptor signaling domain internally. CAR-Ms recognize and degrade Aβ in vitro and on APP/PS1 brain slices ex vivo; however, when injected intrahippocampally, these first-generation CAR-Ms have limited persistence and fail to reduce plaque load. We overcame this limitation by creating CAR-Ms that secrete M-CSF and self-maintain without exogenous cytokines. These CAR-Ms have greater survival in the brain niche, and significantly reduce plaque load locally in vivo. These proof-of-principle studies demonstrate that CAR-Ms, previously only applied to cancer, may be utilized to target and degrade unwanted materials, such as amyloid plaques in the brains of AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyun Pan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ping Yan
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alexander B. Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Qingli Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gaurav Pandey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hans Haecker
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Slava Epelman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abhinav Diwan
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Medicine Service, Saint Louis VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Departments of Medicine, Cell Biology and Physiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jin-Moo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Carl J. DeSelm
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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36
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Lemus Silva EG, Delgadillo Y, White RE, Lucin KM. Beclin 1 regulates astrocyte phagocytosis and phagosomal recruitment of retromer. Tissue Cell 2023; 82:102100. [PMID: 37182392 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis plays an important role in maintaining brain homeostasis and when impaired can result in the accumulation of unwanted cellular material. While microglia are traditionally considered the phagocytes of the brain, astrocytes are also capable of phagocytosis and are the most numerous cells in the brain. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), astrocytes can be found surrounding β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques yet they seem unable to eliminate these deposits, suggesting phagocytosis may be impaired in AD. Mechanisms that might diminish astrocyte phagocytosis in AD are currently unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the autophagy protein beclin 1, which is reduced in AD, plays a role in regulating astrocyte phagocytosis. Specifically, we show that reducing beclin 1 in C6 astrocytes impairs the phagocytosis of latex beads, reduces retromer levels, and impairs retromer recruitment to the phagosomal membrane. Furthermore, we show that these beclin 1-mediated changes are accompanied by reduced expression of the phagocytic receptor Scavenger Receptor Class B type I (SR-BI). Collectively, these findings suggest a critical role for the protein beclin 1 in both receptor trafficking and receptor-mediated phagocytosis in astrocytes. Moreover, these findings provide insight into mechanisms by which astrocytes may become impaired in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robin E White
- Westfield State University, Westfield, MA 01086, USA
| | - Kurt M Lucin
- Eastern Connecticut State University, Willimantic, CT 06226, USA.
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A Perspective on the Link between Mitochondria-Associated Membranes (MAMs) and Lipid Droplets Metabolism in Neurodegenerative Diseases. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12030414. [PMID: 36979106 PMCID: PMC10045954 DOI: 10.3390/biology12030414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria interact with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through contacts called mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs), which control several processes, such as the ER stress response, mitochondrial and ER dynamics, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy. MAMs represent an important platform for transport of non-vesicular phospholipids and cholesterol. Therefore, this region is highly enriched in proteins involved in lipid metabolism, including the enzymes that catalyze esterification of cholesterol into cholesteryl esters (CE) and synthesis of triacylglycerols (TAG) from fatty acids (FAs), which are then stored in lipid droplets (LDs). LDs, through contact with other organelles, prevent the toxic consequences of accumulation of unesterified (free) lipids, including lipotoxicity and oxidative stress, and serve as lipid reservoirs that can be used under multiple metabolic and physiological conditions. The LDs break down by autophagy releases of stored lipids for energy production and synthesis of membrane components and other macromolecules. Pathological lipid deposition and autophagy disruption have both been reported to occur in several neurodegenerative diseases, supporting that lipid metabolism alterations are major players in neurodegeneration. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of MAMs structure and function, focusing on their roles in lipid metabolism and the importance of autophagy in LDs metabolism, as well as the changes that occur in neurogenerative diseases.
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38
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Zhang X, Sun D, Zhou X, Zhang C, Yin Q, Chen L, Tang Y, Liu Y, Morozova-Roche LA. Proinflammatory S100A9 stimulates TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways causing enhanced phagocytic capacity of microglial cells. Immunol Lett 2023; 255:54-61. [PMID: 36870421 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the main cause of dementia, affecting the increasingly aging population. Growing evidence indicates that neuro-inflammation plays crucial roles, e.g., the association between AD risk genes with innate immune functions. In this study, we demonstrate that moderate concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokine S100A9 regulate immune response of BV2 microglial cells, i.e., the phagocytic capacity, reflected by elevated number of 1 μm diameter Dsred-stained latex beads in the cytoplasm. In contrast, at high S100A9 concentrations, both the viability and phagocytic capacity of BV2 cells drop substantially. Furthermore, it is uncovered that S100A9 affects phagocytosis of microglia via NF-κB signaling pathways. Application of related target-specific drugs, i.e., IKK and TLR4 inhibitors, effectively suppresses BV2 cells' immune responses. These results suggest that pro-inflammatory S100A9 activates microglial phagocytosis, and possibly contributes to the clearance of amyloidogenic species at the early stage of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyin Zhang
- Laboratory of stem cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Photon-Technology in Western China Energy, Institute of Photonics and Photon Technology, Northwest University, 710127, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Laboratory of stem cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Ce Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photon-Technology in Western China Energy, Institute of Photonics and Photon Technology, Northwest University, 710127, Xi'an, China
| | - Qing Yin
- Laboratory of stem cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Chen
- Laboratory of stem cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Laboratory of stem cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Yonggang Liu
- Laboratory of stem cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China.
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Tang Z, Cao J, Yao J, Fan X, Zhao J, Zhao M, Duan Q, Han B, Duan S. KDM1A-mediated upregulation of METTL3 ameliorates Alzheimer's disease via enhancing autophagic clearance of p-Tau through m6A-dependent regulation of STUB1. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 195:343-358. [PMID: 36587923 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.12.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder that progressively destroys cognitive skills. Exploring the mechanism underlying autophagic clearance of phosphorylated tau (p-Tau) contributes to developing novel therapeutic strategies for AD. METHODS SH-SY5Y and HT22 cells were treated with Aβ1-42 to establish an in vitro model of AD. Cell viability was examined using CCK-8. TUNEL staining was applied to evaluate cell apoptosis. LC3 puncta was examined by IF staining. m6A modification level was evaluated through MeRIP. RNA pull-down and RIP assays were used for analyzing the interaction between IGF2BP1 and STUB1 transcripts. The binding of KDM1A to the promoter of METTL3 was confirmed by ChIP assays. APP/PS1 transgenic mice were used as an in vivo model of AD. Cognitive skills of mice were evaluated with the Morris water maze. Hippocampal damage and Aβ deposition were detected through H&E and IHC staining. RESULTS Dysregulated levels of autophagy, p-Tau and m6A was observed in an in vitro model of AD. Overexpression of METTL3 or STUB1 enhanced autophagy but reduced p-Tau level in Aβ1-42-treated cells. METTL3 stabilized STUB1 mRNA through the m6A-IGF2BP1-dependent mechanism and naturally promoted STUB1 expression, thereby enhancing autophagic p-Tau clearance in Aβ1-42-treated cells. Overexpression of KDM1A enhanced autophagy, m6A modification and autophagic p-Tau clearance in Aβ1-42-treated cells. KDM1A-mediated upregulation of METTL3 promoted autophagic p-Tau clearance and ameliorated Alzheimer's disease both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION KDM1A-mediated upregulation of METTL3 enhances autophagic clearance of p-Tau through m6A-dependent regulation of STUB1, thus ameliorating Alzheimer's disease. Our study provides novel mechanistic insights into AD pathogenesis and potential drug targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanbin Tang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Jingwei Cao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Jialin Yao
- Harbin First Hospital, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Xuehui Fan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Jingkun Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Mianqiao Zhao
- Harbin Second Hospital, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Qiong Duan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Baichao Han
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Shurong Duan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, PR China.
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Beccari S, Sierra-Torre V, Valero J, Pereira-Iglesias M, García-Zaballa M, Soria FN, De Las Heras-Garcia L, Carretero-Guillen A, Capetillo-Zarate E, Domercq M, Huguet PR, Ramonet D, Osman A, Han W, Dominguez C, Faust TE, Touzani O, Pampliega O, Boya P, Schafer D, Mariño G, Canet-Soulas E, Blomgren K, Plaza-Zabala A, Sierra A. Microglial phagocytosis dysfunction in stroke is driven by energy depletion and induction of autophagy. Autophagy 2023:1-30. [PMID: 36622892 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2165313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial phagocytosis of apoptotic debris prevents buildup damage of neighbor neurons and inflammatory responses. Whereas microglia are very competent phagocytes under physiological conditions, we report their dysfunction in mouse and preclinical monkey models of stroke (macaques and marmosets) by transient occlusion of the medial cerebral artery (tMCAo). By analyzing recently published bulk and single cell RNA sequencing databases, we show that the phagocytosis dysfunction was not explained by transcriptional changes. In contrast, we demonstrate that the impairment of both engulfment and degradation was related to energy depletion triggered by oxygen and nutrient deprivation (OND), which led to reduced process motility, lysosomal exhaustion, and the induction of a protective macroautophagy/autophagy response in microglia. Basal autophagy, in charge of removing and recycling intracellular elements, was critical to maintain microglial physiology, including survival and phagocytosis, as we determined both in vivo and in vitro using pharmacological and transgenic approaches. Notably, the autophagy inducer rapamycin partially prevented the phagocytosis impairment induced by tMCAo in vivo but not by OND in vitro, where it even had a detrimental effect on microglia, suggesting that modulating microglial autophagy to optimal levels may be a hard to achieve goal. Nonetheless, our results show that pharmacological interventions, acting directly on microglia or indirectly on the brain environment, have the potential to recover phagocytosis efficiency in the diseased brain. We propose that phagocytosis is a therapeutic target yet to be explored in stroke and other brain disorders and provide evidence that it can be modulated in vivo using rapamycin.Abbreviations: AIF1/IBA1: allograft inflammatory factor 1; AMBRA1: autophagy/beclin 1 regulator 1; ATG4B: autophagy related 4B, cysteine peptidase; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; BECN1: beclin 1, autophagy related; CASP3: caspase 3; CBF: cerebral blood flow; CCA: common carotid artery; CCR2: chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2; CIR: cranial irradiation; Csf1r/v-fms: colony stimulating factor 1 receptor; CX3CR1: chemokine (C-X3-C motif) receptor 1; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DG: dentate gyrus; GO: Gene Ontology; HBSS: Hanks' balanced salt solution; HI: hypoxia-ischemia; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MCA: medial cerebral artery; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; OND: oxygen and nutrient deprivation; Ph/A coupling: phagocytosis-apoptosis coupling; Ph capacity: phagocytic capacity; Ph index: phagocytic index; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; RNA-Seq: RNA sequencing; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; tMCAo: transient medial cerebral artery occlusion; ULK1: unc-51 like kinase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Beccari
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Virginia Sierra-Torre
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Jorge Valero
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Neural Plasticity and Neurorepair Group, Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity and Neurorepair, Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCyL), and Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marta Pereira-Iglesias
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Mikel García-Zaballa
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Federico N Soria
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Ikerbasque Foundation, 48009, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Laura De Las Heras-Garcia
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Carretero-Guillen
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Estibaliz Capetillo-Zarate
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Ikerbasque Foundation, 48009, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Maria Domercq
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Paloma R Huguet
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - David Ramonet
- INSERM U1060 CarMeN, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - IRIS team, CarMeN, bat. B13, gpt hosp. Est, 59 bld Pinel, 69500, Bron, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
| | - Ahmed Osman
- Department of Women and Children´s Health, Karolisnka Institute, 17164, Stockholm, Södermanland and Uppland, Sweden
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Women and Children´s Health, Karolisnka Institute, 17164, Stockholm, Södermanland and Uppland, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Dominguez
- Department of Women and Children´s Health, Karolisnka Institute, 17164, Stockholm, Södermanland and Uppland, Sweden
| | - Travis E Faust
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 01605, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Omar Touzani
- Normandie-Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy Group, 14000, Caen, Normandie, France
| | - Olatz Pampliega
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Patricia Boya
- Laboratory of Autophagy, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Madrid 28040, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700, Freiburg, Switzerland
| | - Dorothy Schafer
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 01605, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Guillermo Mariño
- Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700, Freiburg, Switzerland.,Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, 33003, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Emmanuelle Canet-Soulas
- INSERM U1060 CarMeN, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - IRIS team, CarMeN, bat. B13, gpt hosp. Est, 59 bld Pinel, 69500, Bron, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
| | - Klas Blomgren
- Department of Women and Children´s Health, Karolisnka Institute, 17164, Stockholm, Södermanland and Uppland, Sweden.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64, Stockholm, Södermanland and Uppland, Sweden
| | - Ainhoa Plaza-Zabala
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Amanda Sierra
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Ikerbasque Foundation, 48009, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
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41
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Nucleic acid drug vectors for diagnosis and treatment of brain diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:39. [PMID: 36650130 PMCID: PMC9844208 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01298-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid drugs have the advantages of rich target selection, simple in design, good and enduring effect. They have been demonstrated to have irreplaceable superiority in brain disease treatment, while vectors are a decisive factor in therapeutic efficacy. Strict physiological barriers, such as degradation and clearance in circulation, blood-brain barrier, cellular uptake, endosome/lysosome barriers, release, obstruct the delivery of nucleic acid drugs to the brain by the vectors. Nucleic acid drugs against a single target are inefficient in treating brain diseases of complex pathogenesis. Differences between individual patients lead to severe uncertainties in brain disease treatment with nucleic acid drugs. In this Review, we briefly summarize the classification of nucleic acid drugs. Next, we discuss physiological barriers during drug delivery and universal coping strategies and introduce the application methods of these universal strategies to nucleic acid drug vectors. Subsequently, we explore nucleic acid drug-based multidrug regimens for the combination treatment of brain diseases and the construction of the corresponding vectors. In the following, we address the feasibility of patient stratification and personalized therapy through diagnostic information from medical imaging and the manner of introducing contrast agents into vectors. Finally, we take a perspective on the future feasibility and remaining challenges of vector-based integrated diagnosis and gene therapy for brain diseases.
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42
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Wang Z, Wang Q, Li S, Li XJ, Yang W, He D. Microglial autophagy in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 14:1065183. [PMID: 36704504 PMCID: PMC9872664 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1065183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most common neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by gradual and selective loss of neurons in the central nervous system. They affect more than 50 million people worldwide, and their incidence increases with age. Although most cases of AD and PD are sporadic, some are caused by genetic mutations that are inherited. Both sporadic and familial cases display complex neuropathology and represent the most perplexing neurological disorders. Because of the undefined pathogenesis and complex clinical manifestations, there is still no effective treatment for both AD and PD. Understanding the pathogenesis of these important neurodegenerative diseases is important for developing successful therapies. Increasing evidence suggests that microglial autophagy is associated with the pathogenesis of AD and PD, and its dysfunction has been implicated in disease progression. In this review, we focus on the autophagy function in microglia and its dysfunction in AD and PD disease models in an attempt to help our understanding of the pathogenesis and identifying new therapeutic targets of AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dajian He
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-human Primate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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43
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Ou-Yang P, Cai ZY, Zhang ZH. Molecular Regulation Mechanism of Microglial Autophagy in the Pathology of Alzheimer's Disease. Aging Dis 2023:AD.2023.0106. [PMID: 37163443 PMCID: PMC10389815 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates, neuronal loss, synaptic dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. Microglia are resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). Evidence has shown that impaired microglial autophagy exerts considerable detrimental impact on the CNS, thus contributing to AD pathogenesis. This review highlights the association between microglial autophagy and AD pathology, with a focus on the inflammatory response, defective clearance, and propagation of Aβ and Tau, and synaptic dysfunction. Mechanistically, several lines of research support the roles of microglial receptors in autophagy regulation during AD. In light of accumulating evidence, a strategy for inducing microglial autophagy has great potential in AD drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Ou-Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhi-Yu Cai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhong-Hao Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
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44
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McPherson CA, Kelly-Rajan K, Lefebvre d’Hellencourt C, Harry GJ. High Content Imaging and Quantification of Microglia Phagocytosis In Vitro. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e638. [PMID: 36622815 PMCID: PMC10035415 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Microglia function as the tissue-specific resident macrophages of the nervous system, performing immune and non-immune functions. These functions are critical to development and to maintain homeostasis in the nervous system throughout the lifespan, and during brain injury or disease. One method by which microglia maintain homeostasis is phagocytosis of aberrant proteins, extracellular debris, synapses, or apoptotic cells. Phagocytic function can be changed by environmental or genetic risk factors that affect microglia. These protocols present a rapid and simple in vitro high-content imaging protocol for studying phagocytosis in the murine microglia BV-2 cell line. High-content imaging and analysis enable versatility of the assay, which can be used to test multiple experimental conditions, or as a screening tool. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA. Basic Protocol 1: Phagocytosis of fluorescently labeled particles Basic Protocol 2: Examining modifications to phagocytosis by test substances Basic Protocol 3: High content imaging and analysis of phagocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. McPherson
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Kiran Kelly-Rajan
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Christian Lefebvre d’Hellencourt
- Inserm, UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), plateforme CYROI, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, France; Université de La Réunion, UMR 1188, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, France
| | - G. Jean Harry
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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45
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Park MD, Silvin A, Ginhoux F, Merad M. Macrophages in health and disease. Cell 2022; 185:4259-4279. [PMID: 36368305 PMCID: PMC9908006 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneity of tissue macrophages, in health and in disease, has become increasingly transparent over the last decade. But with the plethora of data comes a natural need for organization and the design of a conceptual framework for how we can better understand the origins and functions of different macrophages. We propose that the ontogeny of a macrophage-beyond its fundamental derivation as either embryonically or bone marrow-derived, but rather inclusive of the course of its differentiation, amidst steady-state cues, disease-associated signals, and time-constitutes a critical piece of information about its contribution to homeostasis or the progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Park
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aymeric Silvin
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisée - Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisée - Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France; Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore; Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore.
| | - Miriam Merad
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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46
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Romero-Molina C, Garretti F, Andrews SJ, Marcora E, Goate AM. Microglial efferocytosis: Diving into the Alzheimer's disease gene pool. Neuron 2022; 110:3513-3533. [PMID: 36327897 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies and functional genomics studies have linked specific cell types, genes, and pathways to Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. In particular, AD risk alleles primarily affect the abundance or structure, and thus the activity, of genes expressed in macrophages, strongly implicating microglia (the brain-resident macrophages) in the etiology of AD. These genes converge on pathways (endocytosis/phagocytosis, cholesterol metabolism, and immune response) with critical roles in core macrophage functions such as efferocytosis. Here, we review these pathways, highlighting relevant genes identified in the latest AD genetics and genomics studies, and describe how they may contribute to AD pathogenesis. Investigating the functional impact of AD-associated variants and genes in microglia is essential for elucidating disease risk mechanisms and developing effective therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Romero-Molina
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA; Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Francesca Garretti
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA; Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shea J Andrews
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA; Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Edoardo Marcora
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA; Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Alison M Goate
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA; Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Choi I, Heaton GR, Lee YK, Yue Z. Regulation of α-synuclein homeostasis and inflammasome activation by microglial autophagy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn1298. [PMID: 36288297 PMCID: PMC9604594 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn1298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy clears protein aggregates, damaged cellular organelles, and pathogens through the lysosome. Although autophagy is highly conserved across all cell types, its activity in each cell is specifically adapted to carry out distinct physiological functions. The role of autophagy in neurons has been well characterized; however, in glial cells, its function remains largely unknown. Microglia are brain-resident macrophages that survey the brain to remove injured neurons, excessive synapses, protein aggregates, and infectious agents. Current studies have demonstrated that dysfunctional microglia contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. In Alzheimer's disease animal models, microglia play a critical role in regulating amyloid plaque formation and neurotoxicity. However, how microglia are involved in Parkinson's disease (PD) remains poorly understood. Propagation of aggregated α-synuclein via cell-to-cell transmission and neuroinflammation have emerged as important mechanisms underlying neuropathologies in PD. Here, we review converging evidence that microglial autophagy maintains α-synuclein homeostasis, regulates neuroinflammation, and confers neuroprotection in PD experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George R. Heaton
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - You-Kyung Lee
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Magné J, Green DR. LC3-associated endocytosis and the functions of Rubicon and ATG16L1. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo5600. [PMID: 36288306 PMCID: PMC9604520 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo5600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
LC3-associated endocytosis (LANDO) is a noncanonical function of the autophagy machinery, in which LC3 (microtubule-associated protein light chain) is conjugated to rab5-positive endosomes, using a portion of the canonical autophagy pathway. LANDO was initially discovered in a murine model of Alzheimer's disease as a critical regulator of amyloid-β receptor recycling in microglial cells, playing a protective role against neuronal loss and memory impairment. Recent evidence suggests an emerging role of LANDO in cytokine receptor signaling and innate immunity. Here, we discuss the regulation of two crucial effectors of LANDO, Rubicon and ATG16L1, and their impact on endocytosis, autophagy, and phagocytosis.
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Chen M, Zhang H, Chu YH, Tang Y, Pang XW, Qin C, Tian DS. Microglial autophagy in cerebrovascular diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1023679. [PMID: 36275005 PMCID: PMC9582432 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1023679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are considered core regulators for monitoring homeostasis in the brain and primary responders to central nervous system (CNS) injuries. Autophagy affects the innate immune functions of microglia. Recently some evidence suggests that microglial autophagy is closely associated with brain function in both ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke. Herein, we will discuss the interaction between autophagy and other biological processes in microglia under physiological and pathological conditions and highlight the interaction between microglial metabolism and autophagy. In the end, we focus on the effect of microglial autophagy in cerebrovascular diseases.
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Cheng X, Wei Y, Qian Z, Han L. Autophagy Balances Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022; 43:1537-1549. [PMID: 35960407 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01269-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly evolutionary conserved process that degrades cytosolic macromolecules or damaged organelles (e.g., mitochondria), as well as intracellular pathogens for energy and survival. Dysfunction of autophagy has been associated with the pathologies of Alzheimer's disease (AD), including Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Recently, the presence of sustained immune response in the brain has been considered a new core pathology in AD. Accumulating evidence suggests that autophagy activation may suppress inflammation response through degrading inflammasomes or pro-inflammatory cytokines and improving immune system function in both clinical trials and preclinical studies. This review provides an overview of updated information on autophagy and inflammation and their potential mediators in AD. In summary, we believe that understanding the relationship between autophagy and inflammation will provide insightful knowledge for future therapeutic implications in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehua Cheng
- Department of TCM Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Wei
- GeneScience Pharmaceuticals CoLtd., Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijun Qian
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Han
- Department of TCM Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China.
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