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Rich MT, Swinford-Jackson SE, Pierce RC. Epigenetic inheritance of phenotypes associated with parental exposure to cocaine. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2023; 99:169-216. [PMID: 38467481 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Parental exposure to drugs of abuse induces changes in the germline that can be transmitted across subsequent generations, resulting in enduring effects on gene expression and behavior. This transgenerational inheritance involves a dynamic interplay of environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors that impact an individual's vulnerability to neuropsychiatric disorders. This chapter aims to summarize recent research into the mechanisms underlying the inheritance of gene expression and phenotypic patterns associated with exposure to drugs of abuse, with an emphasis on cocaine. We will first define the epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications, and expression of non-coding RNAs that are impacted by parental cocaine use. We will then explore how parental cocaine use induces heritable epigenetic changes that are linked to alterations in neural circuitry and synaptic plasticity within reward-related circuits, ultimately giving rise to potential behavioral vulnerabilities. This discussion will consider phenotypic differences associated with gestational as well as both maternal and paternal preconception drug exposure and will emphasize differences based on offspring sex. In this context, we explore the complex interactions between genetics, epigenetics, environment, and biological sex. Overall, this chapter consolidates the latest developments in the multigenerational effects and long-term consequences of parental substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Rich
- Brain Health Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.
| | - Sarah E Swinford-Jackson
- Brain Health Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - R Christopher Pierce
- Brain Health Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
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2
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Wang S, Wang L, Bu Q, Wei Q, Jiang L, Dai Y, Zhang N, Kuang W, Zhao Y, Cen X. Methamphetamine exposure drives cell cycle exit and aberrant differentiation in rat hippocampal-derived neurospheres. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1242109. [PMID: 37795025 PMCID: PMC10546213 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1242109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Methamphetamine (METH) abuse by pregnant drug addicts causes toxic effects on fetal neurodevelopment; however, the mechanism underlying such effect of METH is poorly understood. Methods: In the present study, we applied three-dimensional (3D) neurospheres derived from the embryonic rat hippocampal tissue to investigate the effect of METH on neurodevelopment. Through the combination of whole genome transcriptional analyses, the involved cell signalings were identified and investigated. Results: We found that METH treatment for 24 h significantly and concentration-dependently reduced the size of neurospheres. Analyses of genome-wide transcriptomic profiles found that those down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) upon METH exposure were remarkably enriched in the cell cycle progression. By measuring the cell cycle and the expression of cell cycle-related checkpoint proteins, we found that METH exposure significantly elevated the percentage of G0/G1 phase and decreased the levels of the proteins involved in the G1/S transition, indicating G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, during the early neurodevelopment stage of neurospheres, METH caused aberrant cell differentiation both in the neurons and astrocytes, and attenuated migration ability of neurospheres accompanied by increased oxidative stress and apoptosis. Conclusion: Our findings reveal that METH induces an aberrant cell cycle arrest and neuronal differentiation, impairing the coordination of migration and differentiation of neurospheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomin Wang
- Mental Health Center and National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Mental Health Center and National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Bu
- Mental Health Center and National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Wei
- Cell and Immunology Laboratory, Chengdu West China Frontier Pharmatech Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Linhong Jiang
- Mental Health Center and National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanping Dai
- Mental Health Center and National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ni Zhang
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Weihong Kuang
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yinglan Zhao
- Mental Health Center and National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobo Cen
- Mental Health Center and National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Prasad S, Mathew PS, Piper BJ, Kaur K, Tian M. The Neurobiology of Methamphetamine Addiction and the Potential to Reduce Misuse Through Conjugate Vaccines Targeting Toll-Like Receptor 4. Cureus 2023; 15:e40259. [PMID: 37440809 PMCID: PMC10335775 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The methamphetamine epidemic continues to worsen each year and has contributed to more overdose deaths than opioids. Methamphetamine was listed in the top ten lethal drugs in 2021 in the United States. The drug has been shown to cause health problems such as addiction and neurological and behavioral changes. One possible solution to address this crisis is through vaccinations. Vaccinations consist of injecting a controlled substance with the goal of creating compound-specific antibodies. Although still early in development, vaccinations have been found to improve withdrawal symptoms and decrease drug-seeking behavior with minimal health side effects in rodent studies. This paper provides an overview of the clinical presentation and neurobiology of methamphetamine addiction and drug-seeking behaviors. The responses and adverse effects of conjugate vaccines IXTv-100 with adjuvant glucopyranosyl lipid A administered in oil-water stable emulsion and tetanus-toxoid conjugated to succinyl-methamphetamine adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide combined with adjuvant E6020 are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Prasad
- Medical Education, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, USA
| | - Phoebe S Mathew
- Medical Education, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, USA
| | - Brian J Piper
- Medical Education, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, USA
| | - Karndeep Kaur
- Medical Education, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, USA
| | - Maria Tian
- Medical Education, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, USA
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Anderson AS, Siciliano RE, Pillai A, Jiang W, Compas BE. Parental drug use disorders and youth psychopathology: Meta-analytic review. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 244:109793. [PMID: 36758372 PMCID: PMC10015502 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Parental drug use disorders (PDUDs) represent a highly prevalent risk factor for youth's development of psychological and substance misuse. However, most research on associations between parental substance use and child mental health focuses on composites of parental drug, alcohol, and tobacco use. PDUDs are associated with a range of legal, health, and environmental risks that make them substantially distinct from tobacco and alcohol misuse, yet associations between PDUDs and youth psychopathology symptoms have yet to be assessed quantitatively using meta-analytic techniques. Accordingly, the present meta-analysis assessed the association between PDUDs and youth's internalizing, externalizing, substance use, and total psychological problems across 30 studies (N = 8433). Meta-analytic findings showed that PDUDs were associated with greater substance use and total psychological problems in youth. Across studies, PDUDs were not associated with broad dimensions of youth internalizing and externalizing symptoms but demonstrated a positive relation with youth ADHD and conduct disorder symptoms. There were significant moderation effects for study quality, symptom informant, and child age, where the association between PDUDs and child symptoms of psychopathology was stronger for older youth, in higher quality studies, and studies using joint parent-child symptom informants. Taken together, the meta-analytic findings suggest that PDUDs present a significant risk factor for youth. Future research targeting the relation between parental drug use and youth psychopathology is warranted for prevention and intervention efforts. Implication of findings, mechanisms of interest, and an agenda for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allegra S Anderson
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Rachel E Siciliano
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Arnav Pillai
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Wenyi Jiang
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bruce E Compas
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Min MO, Minnes S, Kim SK, Kim JY, Singer LT. Prenatal cocaine exposure and substance use disorder in emerging adulthood at age 21. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 242:109736. [PMID: 36516550 PMCID: PMC9772296 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) has been associated with child and adolescent externalizing behaviors and early substance use, yet few studies investigated its association with substance use disorder (SUD) in emerging adults. The present study examined the association of PCE with SUD in emerging adulthood, and whether childhood externalizing behaviors and adolescent substance use mediated the relationship. METHODS Participants were 367 (187 PCE; 53% female) adults at age 21, primarily urban African American who were recruited at birth. PCE and exposure to alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana were determined using biologic assays for drug metabolites and/or maternal self-report at birth. Offspring externalizing problems were assessed using the Youth Self-Report at age 12, substance use and substance use-related problems via biologic assays and/or self-report at age 15, and SUD determined using DSM-5 diagnostic criteria at age 21. RESULTS About 32.3% of the emerging adults were determined to have marijuana use disorder, 30.3% tobacco use disorder, and 15.5% alcohol use disorder. PCE was related to greater externalizing behaviors at age 12 (β = 0.12, p = .042), which in turn was related to SUD (β = 0.22, p = .008). PCE was also related to substance use, mainly marijuana, at age 15 (β = 0.22, p = .011), which was related to SUD (β = 0.51, p < .001). Total indirect effects including these two pathways were significant (β = 0.19, p = .002). CONCLUSIONS PCE may increase risk for SUD in emerging adulthood through childhood externalizing behaviors and adolescent substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Minnes
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, USA
| | - Sun-Kyung Kim
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, USA
| | - June-Yung Kim
- Department of Social Work, College of Nursing and Professional Disciplines, University of North Dakota, USA
| | - Lynn T Singer
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, USA
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Kunkler C, Lewis AJ, Almeida R. Methamphetamine exposure during pregnancy: A meta-analysis of child developmental outcomes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 138:104714. [PMID: 35661684 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper examines developmental outcomes for children prenatally exposed to methamphetamine through maternal use. PSYCHINFO, Scopus, PubMed and ERIC databases were systematically searched for studies up to December 2020. The search identified 38 articles examining cognitive, language, motor and neuroanatomical outcomes in children from birth to 16 years. Study quality was appraised using the Newcastle Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Findings from neuroanatomical studies suggested that prenatal methamphetamine exposure may alter whole brain microstructure and reduce subcortical volumes across multiple brain regions. Meta-analysis of 14 studies using a random-effects model revealed associations between exposure and poorer intellectual functioning (Cohen's d = 0.89, 95 % CI: 0.47-1.30), problem solving skills (Cohen's d = 0.82, 95 % CI: 0.07 -1.56), short-term memory (Cohen's d = 0.91, 95 % CI: 0.38-1.43), and language development (Cohen's d = 0.74, 95 % CI: 0.30-1.18). These results emphasise the significant impact of intrauterine methamphetamine exposure across multiple areas of child development, noting that limited total sample size, heterogeneity between studies and control for confounds suggested further studies are required. There is a need for further intervention studies to identify effective prevention and harm minimisation approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew J Lewis
- School of Psychology, Murdoch University, Australia; Perinatal Mental Health Unit, Level 2, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, 11 Robin Warren Drive, MURDOCH WA 6150.
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Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteome Profiling of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Adult Rhesus Monkeys Exposed to Cocaine throughout Gestation. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040510. [PMID: 35454099 PMCID: PMC9026784 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine use disorder has been reported to cause transgenerational effects. However, due to the lack of standardized biomarkers, the effects of cocaine use during pregnancy on postnatal development and long-term neurobiological and behavioral outcomes have not been investigated thoroughly. Therefore, in this study, we examined extracellular vesicles (EVs) in adult (~12 years old) female and male rhesus monkeys prenatally exposed to cocaine (n = 11) and controls (n = 9). EVs were isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and characterized for the surface expression of specific tetraspanins, concentration (particles/mL), size distribution, and cargo proteins by mass spectrometry (MS). Transmission electron microscopy following immunogold labeling for tetraspanins (CD63, CD9, and CD81) confirmed the successful isolation of EVs. Nanoparticle tracking analyses showed that the majority of the particles were <200 nm in size, suggesting an enrichment for small EVs (sEV). Interestingly, the prenatally cocaine-exposed group showed ~54% less EV concentration in CSF compared to the control group. For each group, MS analyses identified a number of proteins loaded in CSF-EVs, many of which are commonly listed in the ExoCarta database. Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) demonstrated the association of cargo EV proteins with canonical pathways, diseases and disorders, upstream regulators, and top enriched network. Lastly, significantly altered proteins between groups were similarly characterized by IPA, suggesting that prenatal cocaine exposure could be potentially associated with long-term neuroinflammation and risk for neurodegenerative diseases. Overall, these results indicate that CSF-EVs could potentially serve as biomarkers to assess the transgenerational adverse effects due to prenatal cocaine exposure.
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Breit KR, Rodriguez CG, Hussain S, Thomas KJ, Zeigler M, Gerasimidis I, Thomas JD. A Model of Combined Exposure to Nicotine and Tetrahydrocannabinol via Electronic Cigarettes in Pregnant Rats. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:866722. [PMID: 35368251 PMCID: PMC8966542 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.866722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotine and cannabis are two of the most commonly consumed licit and illicit drugs during pregnancy, often consumed together via e-cigarettes. Vaping is assumed to be a safer alternative than traditional routes of consumption, yet the potential consequences of prenatal e-cigarette exposure are largely unknown, particularly when these two drugs are co-consumed. In a novel co-exposure model, pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats received nicotine (36 mg/mL), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (100 mg/mL), the combination, or the vehicle via e-cigarettes daily from gestational days 5–20, mimicking the first and second human trimesters. Maternal blood samples were collected throughout pregnancy to measure drug and metabolite levels, and core body temperatures before and after exposure were also measured. Pregnant dams exposed to combined nicotine and THC had lower plasma nicotine and cotinine levels than those exposed to nicotine alone; similarly, the combined exposure group also had lower plasma THC and THC metabolite (THC-OH and THC-COOH) levels than those exposed to THC alone. Prenatal nicotine exposure gradually decreased initial core body temperatures each day, with chronic exposure, whereas exposure to THC decreased temperatures during the individual sessions. Despite these physiological effects, no changes were observed in food or water intake, weight gain, or basic litter outcomes. The use of this model can help elucidate the effects of co-exposure to THC and nicotine via e-cigarettes on both users and their offspring. Understanding the effects of co-use during pregnancy is critical for improving education for pregnant mothers about prenatal e-cigarette use and has important implications for public policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen R. Breit
- Department of Psychology, Center for Behavioral Teratology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, West Chester University of Pennsylvania, West Chester, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Kristen R. Breit,
| | - Cristina G. Rodriguez
- Department of Psychology, Center for Behavioral Teratology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Samirah Hussain
- Department of Psychology, Center for Behavioral Teratology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Karen J. Thomas
- Department of Psychology, Center for Behavioral Teratology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Mikayla Zeigler
- Department of Biology, West Chester University of Pennsylvania, West Chester, PA, United States
| | - Ioanna Gerasimidis
- Department of Biology, West Chester University of Pennsylvania, West Chester, PA, United States
| | - Jennifer D. Thomas
- Department of Psychology, Center for Behavioral Teratology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
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Vassoler FM, Wimmer ME. Consequences of Parental Opioid Exposure on Neurophysiology, Behavior, and Health in the Next Generations. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:a040436. [PMID: 32601130 PMCID: PMC8485740 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Substance abuse and the ongoing opioid epidemic represents a large societal burden. This review will consider the long-term impact of opioid exposure on future generations. Prenatal, perinatal, and preconception exposure are reviewed with discussion of both maternal and paternal influences. Opioid exposure can have long-lasting effects on reproductive function, gametogenesis, and germline epigenetic programming, which can influence embryogenesis and alter the developmental trajectory of progeny. The potential mechanisms by which preconception maternal and paternal opioid exposure produce deleterious consequences on the health, behavior, and physiology of offspring that have been identified by clinical and animal studies will be discussed. The timing, nature, dosing, and duration of prenatal opioid exposure combined with other important environmental considerations influence the extent to which these manipulations affect parents and their progeny. Epigenetic inheritance refers to the transmission of environmental insults across generations via mechanisms independent of the DNA sequence. This topic will be further explored in the context of prenatal, perinatal, and preconception opioid exposure for both the maternal and paternal lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fair M Vassoler
- Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA
| | - Mathieu E Wimmer
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
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Kar P, Tomfohr-Madsen L, Giesbrecht G, Bagshawe M, Lebel C. Alcohol and substance use in pregnancy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 225:108760. [PMID: 34102507 PMCID: PMC9758579 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on alcohol and substance use has been a topic of concern. Pregnant women are currently experiencing elevated anxiety and depression symptoms, which may increase risk of substance use, and potentially result in poor perinatal and neurodevelopmental outcomes for children. METHODS Survey results were analyzed from an ongoing study of 7470 pregnant individuals in Canada: Pregnancy during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Participants were asked about current use of alcohol and substances, symptoms of depression and anxiety, and COVID-19 concerns: how much they worry about COVID-19 threatening their baby's life, threatening their own life, care for themselves or the baby, feelings of social isolation, and financial difficulties. RESULTS The percentage of participants who reported use during pregnancy was 6.7 % for alcohol, 4.3 % for cannabis, 4.9 % for tobacco, and 0.3 % for illicit drugs; 2.6 % were using multiple substances. Higher depression symptoms and financial difficulties were associated with more cannabis and/or tobacco use as well as the co-use of substances. There were no associations between alcohol use and mental health or COVID-19 concerns. CONCLUSIONS Self-reported rates of use and co-use were lower or comparable to previous research, perhaps reflecting pandemic-related circumstances or the demographics of this sample. Depression symptoms and pandemic-related financial difficulties were associated with more tobacco use, cannabis use, and substance co-use. It remains important to maintain access to perinatal, mental health, and financial supports during the pandemic to mitigate prenatal alcohol and substance use and prevent poor perinatal and long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Kar
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Lianne Tomfohr-Madsen
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Canada,Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Gerald Giesbrecht
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Canada,Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Mercedes Bagshawe
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada,Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Catherine Lebel
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Canada.
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11
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Zhao Y, Zhang L, Geng Y. Clinical Drug Trial Participation: Perspectives of Pregnant Women and Their Spouses. Patient Prefer Adherence 2021; 15:2343-2352. [PMID: 34707349 PMCID: PMC8542578 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s328969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed at investigating the factors influencing clinical drug trial participation by pregnant women and their spouses. METHODS This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, from July to September 2020. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to pregnant women and their spouses in the maternity ward. The questionnaire consisted of two sections: The first part was aimed at collecting demographic information data while the second part consisted of 10 open-ended questions regarding clinical drug trial knowledges, financial compensation, risk awareness, psychological impact, and pregnancy outcomes. RESULTS A total of 206 questionnaires (115 from pregnant women and 91 from their spouses) were included in the statistical analysis. About 50% of pregnant women and their spouses had heard of clinical trials (50.43% vs 49.45%, p=0.888). Compared to their spouses, the proportion of pregnant women who thought that there is a need for the development of drugs during pregnancy was significantly higher (94.78% vs 16.48%, p=0.008). Moreover, a significant number of full-time employed pregnant women believed that clinical drug trials will increase the possibility of disease cure, relative to part-time/not employed pregnant women (98.21% vs 88.13%, p=0.030). Spouses whose education levels were below high school and those whose education level was high school or above exhibited significant differences regarding whether financial compensation will motivate their participation in clinical trials (77.78% vs 58.90%, p=0.044). Pregnant women and their spouses had no significant differences regarding various aspects: drug treatment during pregnancy, clinical trial drugs should be free, the need to increase the protection of pregnant women in clinical trials. CONCLUSION Due to fetus-associated concerns, most pregnant women are reluctant to be included in clinical trials. However, pregnant women and their spouses agree that medical treatment should be accessible for illnesses during pregnancy, and clinical drug trials during pregnancy should be performed. The usage of untested or sub-therapeutic drug regimens in clinical practice paradoxically increases the risk for fetuses. When recruiting pregnant volunteers for clinical drug trials, researchers should conduct in-depth consultations and comprehensively inform the pregnant women and their families on the pros and cons of their involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Drug Clinical Trials, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Yi Zhao Department of Drug Clinical Trials, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People’s Republic of ChinaTel/Fax +86 571-87061501 Email
| | - Li Zhang
- Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yarui Geng
- Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People’s Republic of China
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12
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Min MO, Albert JM, Lorincz-Comi N, Minnes S, Lester B, Momotaz H, Powers G, Yoon D, Singer LT. Prenatal Substance Exposure and Developmental Trajectories of Internalizing Symptoms: Toddlerhood to Preadolescence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 218:108411. [PMID: 33272717 PMCID: PMC7750298 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about how prenatal exposure to substances (alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and cocaine) may contribute to heterogeneous childhood trajectories of internalizing symptoms (i.e., depression, withdrawal, anxiety). The present study aimed to identify developmental trajectories of internalizing symptoms in children using gender-separate analyses and to examine whether trajectories differ by prenatal substance exposure (PSE) and other environmental and biological correlates. METHODS Data from two large community-based birth cohorts with PSE were integrated (N = 1,651, 848 boys, 803 girls): the Cleveland cohort and the Maternal Lifestyle Study (MLS). Internalizing symptoms were assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist at ages 2, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, and 12 in the Cleveland study and at ages 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13 in the MLS. RESULTS Gender-separate group-based trajectory modeling yielded five distinctive developmental trajectories of internalizing symptoms from ages 2 to 13 in both boys and girls: low-risk group (14.4% girls, 28.8% boys); normative-decreasing group (35.3% girls, 33.1% boys); increasing risk group (14.4% girls, 13.0% boys); early-high group (22.3% girls, 17.9% boys); and chronic group (13.8% girls, 7.2% boys). Prenatal tobacco exposure, maternal psychological distress, and postnatal maternal alcohol use differentiated the longitudinal courses of internalizing symptoms. Boys were more likely to follow the low-risk trajectory, whereas girls were more likely to follow the chronic trajectory. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal tobacco exposure was associated with suboptimal developmental trajectories of internalizing symptoms in the context of prenatal poly-drug exposure, highlighting a need for continued and increased effort toward prevention of prenatal tobacco use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey M. Albert
- School of Medicine, Departments of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences
| | - Noah Lorincz-Comi
- School of Medicine, Departments of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences
| | - Sonia Minnes
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University
| | - Barry Lester
- Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Warren Alpert Medical School Brown Uuniversity
| | - Hasina Momotaz
- School of Medicine, Departments of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences
| | - Gregory Powers
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University
| | - Dalhee Yoon
- Binghamton University-State University of New York, Departments of Social Work
| | - Lynn T. Singer
- School of Medicine, Departments of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences
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13
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Association between gestational cannabis exposure and maternal, perinatal, placental, and childhood outcomes. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2020; 12:694-703. [PMID: 33280638 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174420001166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Globally, the availability and formulations for the administration of cannabis are changing with decriminalization or legalization of recreational use in some jurisdictions, and the prescription of cannabis also occurring. These changes are likely to affect the prevalence of use, including by women of childbearing age. The effects of in utero and infant alcohol and tobacco exposure are well-documented, but the outcomes of cannabis exposure are less certain. The content of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive component of cannabis has progressively increased over several decades. This review explores the limited knowledge surrounding the epidemiology of gestational and postnatal cannabis exposure and implications for the mother-placenta-fetus/neonate triad. We examine cannabis' effects from antenatal and lactation exposure on (a) pregnancy and perinatal outcomes, (b) placental health, and (c) longer term cardiometabolic and neurodevelopmental risks and outcomes. Though definitive outcomes are lacking, gestational cannabis has been associated with increased risk of other substance use during pregnancy; impaired placental blood flow; increased risk of small for gestational age births; and associated complications. Childhood and adolescent outcomes are sparsely assessed, with suggested outcomes including increased risk of depression and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Cardiometabolic implications of gestational cannabis use may include maternal fatty liver, obesity, insulin resistance, and increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), with potential consequences for the fetus. Clinical implications for pediatric practice were explored in a bid to understand any potential risk or impact on child health and development.
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14
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Salzwedel A, Chen G, Chen Y, Grewen K, Gao W. Functional dissection of prenatal drug effects on baby brain and behavioral development. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:4789-4803. [PMID: 32779835 PMCID: PMC7643353 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal drug exposure (PDE) is known to affect fetal brain development with documented long‐term consequences. Most studies of PDE effects on the brain are based on animal models. In this study, based on a large sample of 133 human neonates and leveraging a novel linear mixed‐effect model designed for intersubject variability analyses, we studied the effects of six prenatally exposed drugs (i.e., nicotine, alcohol, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, marijuana, cocaine, and opioids) on neonatal whole‐brain functional organization and compared them with five other critical nondrug variables (i.e., gestational age at birth/scan, sex, birth weight, and maternal depression). The behavioral implications were also examined. Magnitude‐wise, through summing across individual drug effects, our results highlighted ~5% of whole‐brain functional connections (FCs) affected by PDE, which was highly comparable with the combined effects of the five nond rug variables. Spatially, the detected PDE effects featured drug‐specific patterns with a common bias in higher‐order brain regions/networks. Regarding brain–behavioral relationships, the detected connections showing significant drug effects also demonstrated significant correlations with 3‐month behavioral outcomes. Further mediation analyses supported a mediation role of the detected brain FCs between PDE status and cognitive/language outcomes. Our findings of widespread, and spatially biased PDE effect patterns coupled with significant behavioral implications may hopefully stimulate more human‐based studies into effects of PDE on long‐term developmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Salzwedel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Imaging, and Biomedical Imaging Research Institute (BIRI), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Gang Chen
- Scientific and Statistical Computing Core, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Imaging, and Biomedical Imaging Research Institute (BIRI), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Karen Grewen
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, and Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Imaging, and Biomedical Imaging Research Institute (BIRI), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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15
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Bush NR, Wakschlag LS, LeWinn KZ, Hertz-Picciotto I, Nozadi SS, Pieper S, Lewis J, Biezonski D, Blair C, Deardorff J, Neiderhiser JM, Leve LD, Elliott AJ, Duarte CS, Lugo-Candelas C, O’Shea TM, Avalos LA, Page GP, Posner J. Family Environment, Neurodevelopmental Risk, and the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Initiative: Looking Back and Moving Forward. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:547. [PMID: 32636769 PMCID: PMC7318113 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The family environment, with all its complexity and diverse components, plays a critical role in shaping neurodevelopmental outcomes in children. Herein we review several domains of the family environment (family socioeconomic status, family composition and home environment, parenting behaviors and interaction styles, parental mental health and functioning, and parental substance use) and discuss how these domains influence neurodevelopment, with particular emphasis on mental health outcomes. We also highlight a new initiative launched by the National Institutes of Health, the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) program. We discuss the role that ECHO will play in advancing our understanding of the impact of the family environment on children's risk for psychiatric outcomes. Lastly, we conclude with important unanswered questions and controversies in this area of research, highlighting how ECHO will contribute to resolving these gaps in our understanding, clarifying relationships between the family environment and children's mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R. Bush
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Lauren S. Wakschlag
- Department of Medical Social Sciences and Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Il, United States
| | - Kaja Z. LeWinn
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Irva Hertz-Picciotto
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sara S. Nozadi
- Community Environmental Health Program, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Sarah Pieper
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Johnnye Lewis
- Community Environmental Health Program, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Dominik Biezonski
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Clancy Blair
- Department of Population Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Julianna Deardorff
- Community Health Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jenae M. Neiderhiser
- Department of Psychology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Leslie D. Leve
- Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Amy J. Elliott
- Center for Pediatric and Community Research, Avera Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - Cristiane S. Duarte
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Claudia Lugo-Candelas
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - T. Michael O’Shea
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Lyndsay A. Avalos
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, United States
| | - Grier P. Page
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, RTI, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jonathan Posner
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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16
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Miller JS, Anderson JG, Lindley LC. Behavioral development in children with prenatal substance exposure and neonatal abstinence syndrome: Associated factors and implications. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRIC NURSING 2020; 33:67-76. [PMID: 32275115 DOI: 10.1111/jcap.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PROBLEM Prenatal substance exposure and neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) are risk factors for adverse behavioral outcomes in children at 24 months of age. METHODS The purpose of this study was to examine factors associated with abnormal behavioral development in children with prenatal substance exposure or NAS through 10 years of age. A retrospective, nonexperimental, longitudinal design to examine the effects of prenatal substance exposure and NAS on behavioral development at 1, 5, and 10 years of age, while controlling for intrapersonal, interpersonal, community, organizational, and public policy characteristics. A hierarchical multivariate logistic regression model was used to evaluate the influence of substance exposure and NAS on behavioral outcomes. FINDINGS Abnormal behavioral development was predicted at 10 years of age with polysubstance exposure to three substances (odds ratio [OR] = 2.711, p < 0.01) and NAS (OR = 2.077, p < .001). CONCLUSION Psychiatric nursing care for children with prenatal substance exposure and NAS should include implementation of early and continued behavioral evaluation and childhood trauma and adversity surveillance in children through middle childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Miller
- The University of Tennessee, College of Nursing, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Joel G Anderson
- The University of Tennessee, College of Nursing, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Lisa C Lindley
- The University of Tennessee, College of Nursing, Knoxville, Tennessee
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17
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Roos A, Fouche J, Toit S, Plessis S, Stein DJ, Donald KA. Structural brain network development in children following prenatal methamphetamine exposure. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:1856-1863. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annerine Roos
- Department Psychiatry, SU/UCT MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of PsychiatryStellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa
- Division of Developmental PediatricsRed Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
| | - Jean‐Paul Fouche
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental HealthUniversity of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
| | - Stefani Toit
- Department Psychiatry, SU/UCT MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of PsychiatryStellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa
| | - Stefan Plessis
- Department of PsychiatryStellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa
| | - Dan J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental HealthUniversity of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
| | - Kirsten A Donald
- Division of Developmental PediatricsRed Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
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18
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Li Z, Lei K, Coles CD, Lynch ME, Hu X. Longitudinal changes of amygdala functional connectivity in adolescents prenatally exposed to cocaine. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 200:50-58. [PMID: 31085378 PMCID: PMC6607904 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) is associated with arousal dysregulation, but interactions between exposure and age are rarely investigated directly with longitudinal study designs. Our previous study had examined task-elicited emotional arousal and noted persistently high amygdala activations in the development of adolescents with PCE. However, while externally imposed emotional arousal could be considered a "state" effect depending on specific task stimuli, it is still unclear whether similar developmental alterations extend to intrinsic functional connectivity (FC), reflecting more of a "trait" effect. METHODS We used a longitudinal design and analyzed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data acquired twice from 25 adolescents with PCE and 16 non-exposed controls. Both groups were each scanned first at the mean age of 14.3 and then again at 16.6 years. Seeding in bilateral amygdalae and comparing the 2nd scan with the 1st, we examined the interaction effect between PCE and age on FCs in the emotional network. RESULTS Compared with the younger age, we observed a generally decreased FC in the emotional network of the control group at the older age, but these FCs were generally increased at the older age in this same network of the PCE group. Additionally, this interaction effect of exposure by age in the right fusiform was positively correlated with the emotional interference imposed by external task stimuli. CONCLUSIONS These results provided additional data directly characterizing developmental changes in the emotional network of adolescents with PCE, complementing and extending the notion of a PCE-associated long-term teratogenic effect on arousal regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Li
- School of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, PR China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, PR China; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Kaikai Lei
- School of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, PR China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Claire D Coles
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mary Ellen Lynch
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
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19
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Koenraads SPC, El Marroun H, Muetzel RL, Chang SE, Vernooij MW, Baatenburg de Jong RJ, White T, Franken MC, van der Schroeff MP. Stuttering and gray matter morphometry: A population-based neuroimaging study in young children. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2019; 194:121-131. [PMID: 31085031 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Stuttering is a developmental speech disorder originating in early childhood. We aimed to replicate the association of stuttering and structural morphometry using a large, population-based prospective cohort, the Generation R Study, and explore the neurobiological mechanism of stuttering in children. Twenty-six children with a history of stuttering and 489 fluent speaking peers (ages 6-9) were included in the MRI sub-study. Cortical and subcortical regions of interest were analyzed using linear regression models. Compared to fluent speakers, children with a history of stuttering had less gray matter volume in the left inferior frontal gyrus and supplementary motor area. Exploratory surface-based brain analysis showed thinner cortex in the left inferior frontal gyrus, and in bilateral frontal and parietal areas. These findings corroborate previous studies that reported aberrant brain morphometry in speech motor and auditory regions in children who stutter. Future research is needed to explore the causal nature of this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P C Koenraads
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - H El Marroun
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R L Muetzel
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S E Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - M W Vernooij
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R J Baatenburg de Jong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - T White
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M C Franken
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M P van der Schroeff
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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20
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Hallit S, Haddad C, Zeidan RK, Obeid S, Kheir N, Khatchadourian T, Salameh P. Cognitive function among schoolchildren in Lebanon: association with maternal alcohol drinking and smoking during pregnancy and domestic use of detergents and pesticides during childhood. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:14373-14381. [PMID: 30868458 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04797-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the relation between caregiver exposure to toxics during pregnancy and childhood and the child's cognitive function in Lebanese children. This was a cross-sectional study conducted on Lebanese students in public and private schools from November 2017 to May 2018, enrolling 464 children. A first linear regression, taking the Cattell total score as the dependent variable and taking sociodemographic characteristics and the family history of the child as independent variables, showed that higher age (Beta = 1.65) was significantly associated with higher cognition, whereas a history of eczema in any of the parents (Beta = -7.32) was significantly associated with lower cognition in the child. A second linear regression, taking the Cattell total score as the dependent variable and taking sociodemographic characteristics and the family history of the child, and the exposure to toxics as independent variables, showed that maternal alcohol intake during pregnancy (Beta = -1.07) and detergent mixing (Beta = -1.48) were significantly associated with lower cognition in the child. A third linear regression, taking the Cattell total score as the dependent variable and taking sociodemographic characteristics and the family history of the child, the exposure to toxics and the diseases in the child as independent variables, showed that maternal alcohol intake during pregnancy (Beta = -1.07) and detergent mixing (Beta = -1.45) were significantly associated with lower cognition in the child, whereas a history of eczema in the child before the age of 2 years (Beta = 8.72) was significantly associated with higher cognition in the child. This study is the first to examine the association of a child's prenatal exposure and their exposure during childhood to environmental toxicants with their cognitive function in Lebanon. We consider this study to be important as it shows the possible effect of cleaning products mixing and maternal alcohol consumption on cognitive functions among children in Lebanon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souheil Hallit
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon.
- INSPECT-LB:, Institut National de Sante Publique, Epidemiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Chadia Haddad
- Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, 60096, Lebanon
| | - Rouba Karen Zeidan
- INSPECT-LB:, Institut National de Sante Publique, Epidemiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon
| | - Sahar Obeid
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
- Faculty of Philosophy and Human Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
- Faculty of Pedagogy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nelly Kheir
- Faculty of Pedagogy, Université de la Sainte Famille, Batroun, Lebanon
| | | | - Pascale Salameh
- INSPECT-LB:, Institut National de Sante Publique, Epidemiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
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21
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Morie KP, Crowley MJ, Mayes LC, Potenza MN. Prenatal drug exposure from infancy through emerging adulthood: Results from neuroimaging. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 198:39-53. [PMID: 30878766 PMCID: PMC6688747 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal drug exposure may have important repercussions across the lifespan for cognition and behavior. While alcohol is a recognized teratogen, the influences of other substances may also be substantial. The neural underpinnings of the influences of prenatal drug exposure have been examined using longitudinal approaches and multiple imaging techniques. Here we review the existing literature on the neural correlates of prenatal drug exposure. We focused the review on studies that have employed functional neuroimaging and electroencephalography and on substances other than alcohol. We also framed the review through the lens of four developmental life stages (infancy, childhood, adolescence and emerging adulthood). We included papers that have examined any drug use, including tobacco, opiates, cocaine, marijuana, methamphetamines, or polysubstance use. Data suggest that prenatal drug exposure has long-lasting, deleterious influences on cognition and reward processing in infancy and childhood that persist into adolescence and emerging adulthood and may underlie some behavioral tendencies, such as increased externalizing and risk-taking behaviors, seen in these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen P. Morie
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA,Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA,Corresponding author at: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George St., #901, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA. (K.P. Morie)
| | - Michael J. Crowley
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA,Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Linda C. Mayes
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA,Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA,Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA,Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA,Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, 06109, USA
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22
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Gao W, Grewen K, Knickmeyer RC, Qiu A, Salzwedel A, Lin W, Gilmore JH. A review on neuroimaging studies of genetic and environmental influences on early brain development. Neuroimage 2019; 185:802-812. [PMID: 29673965 PMCID: PMC6191379 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decades witnessed a surge of interest in neuroimaging study of normal and abnormal early brain development. Structural and functional studies of normal early brain development revealed massive structural maturation as well as sequential, coordinated, and hierarchical emergence of functional networks during the infancy period, providing a great foundation for the investigation of abnormal early brain development mechanisms. Indeed, studies of altered brain development associated with either genetic or environmental risks emerged and thrived. In this paper, we will review selected studies of genetic and environmental risks that have been relatively more extensively investigated-familial risks, candidate risk genes, and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on the genetic side; maternal mood disorders and prenatal drug exposures on the environmental side. Emerging studies on environment-gene interactions will also be reviewed. Our goal was not to perform an exhaustive review of all studies in the field but to leverage some representative ones to summarize the current state, point out potential limitations, and elicit discussions on important future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute (BIRI), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Karen Grewen
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, and Psychology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Rebecca C Knickmeyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, N.C, United States
| | - Anqi Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andrew Salzwedel
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute (BIRI), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, CA, United States
| | - Weili Lin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - John H Gilmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, N.C, United States
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23
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Dovjak GO, Brugger PC, Gruber GM, Song JW, Weber M, Langs G, Bettelheim D, Prayer D, Kasprian G. Prenatal assessment of cerebellar vermian lobulation: fetal MRI with 3-Tesla postmortem validation. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2018; 52:623-630. [PMID: 28782259 DOI: 10.1002/uog.18826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To optimize the imaging assessment of fetal hindbrain malformations, this observational magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study aimed to assess whether fetal vermian lobulation can be quantified accurately and whether the relative growth of vermian lobules is uniform. METHODS This retrospective study included singleton fetuses which underwent T2-weighted MRI in vivo with a 1.5-Tesla (T) scanner or within 24 h postmortem with a 3-T scanner between January 2007 and November 2016 at the Medical University of Vienna. We included only those showing normal structural brain development on ultrasound and MRI and which had image quality appropriate for quantitative analysis, i.e. good image quality and a precise midsagittal slice. Fetal brains were segmented and, for all discernible vermian lobules, we determined the mean relative area contribution (MRAC, the proportion of the lobule relative to the total vermian area, in terms of number of voxels). Inter- and intrarater measurement variability of a representative selection (21 cases) was determined by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for voxel-based differences. A linear regression model was used to assess the correlation between the relative size of each vermian lobule (i.e. MRAC) and gestational age. RESULTS A total of 78 fetuses scanned in vivo aged 18-32 gestational weeks and seven fetuses scanned postmortem aged 16-30 weeks had a precise midsagittal slice and image quality sufficient for quantitative analysis. After 22 weeks of gestation, seven of the nine known vermian lobules could be discriminated reliably. The MRAC showed a mean ± SD difference of only 2.89 ± 3.01% between in-vivo and postmortem measurements. The ICC of voxel-based interrater differences was mean ± SD, 0.91 ± 0.05 and the intrarater ICC was 0.95 ± 0.03. Growth of cerebellar lobules was non-uniform: the MRAC of culmen and DFT (declive + folium + tuber) increased with gestational age, whereas that of lingula, centralis, pyramis and nodulus decreased. The growth of the uvula showed no significant correlation with gestational age. CONCLUSIONS Fetal vermian lobulation can be assessed accurately and reliably after 22 weeks on precise midsagittal sequences with 1.5-T T2-weighted MRI. Fetal vermian lobules show non-uniform growth, with expansion of DFT and culmen at the expense of the other vermian lobules. Evaluation and elucidation of vermian lobulation in normal fetuses should enable better characterization of fetuses with hindbrain malformations. Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- G O Dovjak
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - P C Brugger
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - G M Gruber
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - J W Song
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - M Weber
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - G Langs
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - D Bettelheim
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetomaternal Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - D Prayer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - G Kasprian
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Willford JA, Singhabahu D, Herat A, Richardson GA. An examination of the association between prenatal cocaine exposure and brain activation measures of arousal and attention in young adults: An fMRI study using the Attention Network Task. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2018; 69:1-10. [PMID: 29953942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal drug exposure, including cocaine, alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco, is associated with deficits in behavioral regulation and attention. Using fMRI, the objective of this study was to characterize the association between prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) and the underlying neural substrates associated with behavioral outcomes of attention. Forty-seven young adults were recruited for this study from the ongoing Maternal Health Practices and Child Development (MHPCD) Project, a longitudinal study of the effects of PCE on growth, behavior, and cognitive function. Three groups were compared: 1) prenatal exposure to cocaine, alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco (CAMT, n = 15), 2) prenatal exposure to alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco (AMT, n = 17), and 3) no prenatal exposure to drugs (Controls, n = 15). Subjects were frequency matched on gender, race, handedness, and 15-year IQ. This study used the theoretical model proposed by Posner and Peterson (1990), which posits three dissociable components of attention: alerting, orienting, and executive attention. Subjects completed a functional MRI (fMRI) scan while performing the Attention Network Task, a validated neuroimaging measure of the 3-network model of attention. Behavioral and fMRI data revealed no associations between PCE and task accuracy, speed of processing, or activation in key brain regions associated with each of the attention networks. The results of this study show that any subtle differences in brain function associated with PCE are not detectable using the ANT task and fMRI. These results should be interpreted in the context of other studies that have found associations between PCE and arousal with emotionally arousing stimuli, compared to this study that found no associations using emotionally neutral stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Willford
- Department of Psychology, Slippery Rock University, 1 Morrow Way, Slippery Rock, PA 16057, United States of America.
| | - Dil Singhabahu
- Department of Mathematics, Slippery Rock University, 1 Morrow Way, Slippery Rock, PA 16057, United States of America.
| | - Athula Herat
- Department of Physics, Slippery Rock University, 1 Morrow Way, Slippery Rock, PA 16057, United States of America.
| | - Gale A Richardson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America.
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Gilmore JH, Knickmeyer RC, Gao W. Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood. Nat Rev Neurosci 2018; 19:123-137. [PMID: 29449712 PMCID: PMC5987539 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2018.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 460] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In humans, the period from term birth to ∼2 years of age is characterized by rapid and dynamic brain development and plays an important role in cognitive development and risk of disorders such as autism and schizophrenia. Recent imaging studies have begun to delineate the growth trajectories of brain structure and function in the first years after birth and their relationship to cognition and risk of neuropsychiatric disorders. This Review discusses the development of grey and white matter and structural and functional networks, as well as genetic and environmental influences on early-childhood brain development. We also discuss initial evidence regarding the usefulness of early imaging biomarkers for predicting cognitive outcomes and risk of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Gilmore
- Department of Psychiatry, CB# 7160, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rebecca C Knickmeyer
- Department of Psychiatry, CB# 7160, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Sirnes E, Griffiths ST, Aukland SM, Eide GE, Elgen IB, Gundersen H. Functional MRI in prenatally opioid-exposed children during a working memory-selective attention task. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2018; 66:46-54. [PMID: 29408607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opioid induced cerebral changes may contribute to neuropsychological difficulties, like attention problems, frequently reported in prenatally opioid-exposed children. Reduced regional brain volumes have been shown after prenatal opioid exposure, but no study to date has explored the possible impact of prenatal opioids on brain activation patterns. MATERIALS AND METHODS A hospital-based sample of prenatally opioid-exposed school-aged children (n = 11) and unexposed controls (n = 12) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a combined working memory-selective attention task. Within-group- and between-group analyses of blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) activation were performed using the SPM12 software package and group differences in task performance were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards modeling. RESULTS Overall, similar patterns of task related parietal and prefrontal BOLD activations were found in both groups. The opioid-exposed group showed impaired task performance, and during the most cognitive demanding versions of the working memory-selective attention task, increased activation in prefrontal cortical areas was found in the opioid-exposed group compared to controls. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that prenatal opioids affect later brain function, visible through changes in BOLD activation patterns. However, results should be considered preliminary until replicated in larger samples better suited to control for potential confounding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eivind Sirnes
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Silja T Griffiths
- Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stein Magnus Aukland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Geir Egil Eide
- Centre for Clinical Research, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Irene B Elgen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hilde Gundersen
- Department of Sport and Physical Education, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
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Morphometry and Development: Changes in Brain Structure from Birth to Adult Age. NEUROMETHODS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7647-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Cognitive outcomes in prenatal methamphetamine exposed children aged six to seven years. Compr Psychiatry 2018; 80:24-33. [PMID: 28950153 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methamphetamine use among pregnant women has become a significant problem. Research delineating the cognitive outcomes of prenatal methamphetamine exposure (PME) in early childhood is limited, however. The aim of this study was to examine effects of PME on cognition in six-to-seven-year-old children. METHODS PME children (n=23) and unexposed controls (n=22) completed a battery of neurocognitive tests, which included the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, Boston Naming Test, Beery Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration, and Grooved Pegboard Test. RESULTS Independent samples t-tests revealed that PME children scored significantly worse than controls on the measures of IQ, learning and memory, confrontation naming, visual-motor integration, and fine motor coordination. Hierarchical regression analyses that included potential confounding sociodemographic, co-exposure and anthropometric variables confirmed that PME impacts negatively on cognitive performance. CONCLUSIONS The study confirms that PME has deleterious effects on cognition in several broad cognitive domains, likely by altering underlying brain circuitry in development. These effects may be particularly pronounced at the time when children enter formal schooling. Extended follow-ups into late childhood might help elucidate the developmental trajectory of cognitive dysfunction in PME, and subsequent effects on everyday functioning.
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Kolb B, Harker A, Gibb R. Principles of plasticity in the developing brain. Dev Med Child Neurol 2017; 59:1218-1223. [PMID: 28901550 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.13546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The developing brain is especially sensitive to a wide range of experiences, showing a remarkable capacity for plastic changes that influence behavioural outcomes throughout the lifetime. We review the principles that regulate this plasticity in development and consider the factors that modulate the developing brain. These include early sensory, motor, and language experience, early stress, caregiver interactions, peer interactions, psychoactive drugs, diet, microbiome, and the immune system. Emphasis is given to changes in behaviour, epigenetics, and neuronal morphology. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS A discussion of the surprising range of factors influencing brain development Life experiences interact resulting in a phenomenon called metaplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Kolb
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.,Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Allonna Harker
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Robbin Gibb
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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30
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Hehar H, Ma I, Mychasiuk R. Intergenerational Transmission of Paternal Epigenetic Marks: Mechanisms Influencing Susceptibility to Post-Concussion Symptomology in a Rodent Model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7171. [PMID: 28769086 PMCID: PMC5541091 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07784-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic transmission of phenotypic variance has been linked to paternal experiences prior to conception and during perinatal development. Previous reports indicate that paternal experiences increase phenotypic heterogeneity and may contribute to offspring susceptibility to post-concussive symptomology. This study sought to determine if epigenetic tags, specifically DNA methylation of promoter regions, are transmitted from rodent fathers to their sons. Using MethyLight, promoter methylation of specific genes involved in recovery from concussion and brain plasticity were analyzed in sperm and brain tissue. Promoter methylation in sperm differed based on paternal experience. Differences in methylation were often identified in both the sperm and brain tissue obtained from their sons, demonstrating transmission of epigenetic tags. For certain genes, methylation in the sperm was altered following a concussion suggesting that a history of brain injury may influence paternal transmission of traits. As telomere length is paternally inherited and linked to neurological health, this study examined paternally derived differences in telomere length, in both sperm and brain. Telomere length was consistent between fathers and their sons, and between brain and sperm, with the exception of the older fathers. Older fathers exhibited increased sperm telomere length, which was not evident in sperm or brain of their sons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harleen Hehar
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Department of Psychology, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Irene Ma
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Department of Psychology, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Department of Psychology, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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31
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Paradis AD, Shenassa ED, Papandonatos GD, Rogers ML, Buka SL. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring antisocial behaviour: findings from a longitudinal investigation of discordant siblings. J Epidemiol Community Health 2017; 71:889-896. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2016-208511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Sirnes E, Elgen IB, Chong WK, Griffiths ST, Aukland SM. Cerebral Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Children With Prenatal Drug Exposure. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2017; 56:326-332. [PMID: 27356632 DOI: 10.1177/0009922816657154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of children with prenatal drug exposure in a clinical context. A hospital-based cohort of 10- to 14-year-old children, prenatally exposed to alcohol, opioids, and polysubstances, and a group of sex- and age-matched controls were examined with cerebral MRI. Scans obtained from 34 exposed children and 40 controls were scored based on the presence and degree of pathology by an experienced pediatric neuroradiologist blinded to the participants' background. Overall visual detectable MRI pathology was found in 35% of the exposed children and 33% of the controls (odds ratio = 1.08; 95% confidence interval = 0.36-3.25). No specific imaging pattern following prenatal drug exposure was seen by the means of simple visual analysis of cerebral MRI scans. Although cerebral MRI is feasible, it is probably of limited value in the clinical assessment of children with prenatal drug exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eivind Sirnes
- 1 Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,2 University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Irene B Elgen
- 1 Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,2 University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - W K Chong
- 3 Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | | | - Stein Magnus Aukland
- 1 Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,2 University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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van der Meer D, Hartman CA, van Rooij D, Franke B, Heslenfeld DJ, Oosterlaan J, Faraone SV, Buitelaar JK, Hoekstra PJ. Effects of dopaminergic genes, prenatal adversities, and their interaction on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and neural correlates of response inhibition. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2017; 42:113-121. [PMID: 28234207 PMCID: PMC5373700 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.150350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is often accompanied by impaired response inhibition; both have been associated with aberrant dopamine signalling. Given that prenatal exposure to alcohol or smoking is known to affect dopamine-rich brain regions, we hypothesized that individuals carrying the ADHD risk alleles of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) and dopamine transporter (DAT1) genes may be especially sensitive to their effects. METHODS Functional MRI data, information on prenatal adversities and genetic data were available for 239 adolescents and young adults participating in the multicentre ADHD cohort study NeuroIMAGE (average age 17.3 yr). We analyzed the effects of DRD4 and DAT1, prenatal exposure to alcohol and smoking and their interactions on ADHD severity, response inhibition and neural activity. RESULTS We found no significant gene × environment interaction effects. We did find that the DRD4 7-repeat allele was associated with less superior frontal and parietal brain activity and with greater activity in the frontal pole and occipital cortex. Prenatal exposure to smoking was also associated with lower superior frontal activity, but with greater activity in the parietal lobe. Further, those exposed to alcohol had more activity in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex, and the DAT1 risk variant was associated with lower cerebellar activity. LIMITATIONS Retrospective reports of maternal substance use and the cross-sectional study design restrict causal inference. CONCLUSION While we found no evidence of gene × environment interactions, the risk factors under investigation influenced activity of brain regions associated with response inhibition, suggesting they may add to problems with inhibiting behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis van der Meer
- Correspondence to: D. van der Meer, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands;
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Brain morphology in school-aged children with prenatal opioid exposure: A structural MRI study. Early Hum Dev 2017; 106-107:33-39. [PMID: 28187337 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both animal and human studies have suggested that prenatal opioid exposure may be detrimental to the developing fetal brain. However, results are somewhat conflicting. Structural brain changes in children with prenatal opioid exposure have been reported in a few studies, and such changes may contribute to neuropsychological impairments observed in exposed children. AIM To investigate the association between prenatal opioid exposure and brain morphology in school-aged children. STUDY DESIGN A cross-sectional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of prenatally opioid-exposed children and matched controls. SUBJECTS A hospital-based sample (n=16) of children aged 10-14years with prenatal exposure to opioids and 1:1 sex- and age-matched unexposed controls. OUTCOME MEASURES Automated brain volume measures obtained from T1-weighted MRI scans using FreeSurfer. RESULTS Volumes of the basal ganglia, thalamus, and cerebellar white matter were reduced in the opioid-exposed group, whereas there were no statistically significant differences in global brain measures (total brain, cerebral cortex, and cerebral white matter volumes). CONCLUSIONS In line with the limited findings reported in the literature to date, our study showed an association between prenatal opioid exposure and reduced regional brain volumes. Adverse effects of opioids on the developing fetal brain may explain this association. However, further research is needed to explore the causal nature and functional consequences of these findings.
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Effects of Neonatal Methamphetamine and Stress on Brain Monoamines and Corticosterone in Preweanling Rats. Neurotox Res 2016; 31:269-282. [PMID: 27817108 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9680-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal exposure to methamphetamine (MA) and developmental chronic stress significantly alter neurodevelopmental profiles that show a variety of long-term physiological and behavioral effects. In the current experiment, Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to one of two housing conditions along with MA. Rats were given 0 (saline), 5, or 7.5 mg/kg MA, four times per day from postnatal day (P)11 to 15 or P11 to 20. Half of the litters were reared in cages with standard bedding and half with no bedding. Separate litters were assessed at P15 or P20 for organ weights (adrenals, spleen, thymus); corticosterone; and monoamine assessments (dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine) and their metabolites within the neostriatum, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex. Findings show neonatal MA altered monoamines, corticosterone, and organ characteristics alone, and as a function of developmental age and stress compared with controls. These alterations may in part be responsible for MA and early life stress-induced long-term learning and memory deficits.
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Abbott CW, Kozanian OO, Kanaan J, Wendel KM, Huffman KJ. The Impact of Prenatal Ethanol Exposure on Neuroanatomical and Behavioral Development in Mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:122-33. [PMID: 26727530 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In utero alcohol, or ethanol (EtOH), exposure produces developmental abnormalities in the brain of the fetus, which can result in lifelong behavioral abnormalities. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) is a term used to describe a range of adverse developmental conditions caused by EtOH exposure during gestation. Children diagnosed with FASD potentially exhibit a host of phenotypes including growth retardation, facial dysmorphology, central nervous system anomalies, abnormal behavior, and cognitive deficits. Previous research suggests that abnormal gene expression and circuitry in the neocortex may underlie reported disabilities of learning, memory, and behavior resulting from early exposure to alcohol (J Neurosci, 33, 2013, 18893). METHODS Here, we utilize a mouse model of FASD to examine effects of prenatal EtOH exposure (PrEE), on brain anatomy in newborn (postnatal day [P]0), weanling (P20), and early adult (P50) mice. We correlate abnormal cortical and subcortical anatomy with atypical behavior in adult P50 PrEE mice. In this model, experimental dams self-administered a 25% EtOH solution throughout gestation (gestational days 0 to 19, day of birth), generating the exposure to the offspring. RESULTS Results from these experiments reveal long-term alterations to cortical anatomy, including atypical developmental cortical thinning, and abnormal subcortical development as a result of in utero EtOH exposure. Furthermore, offspring exposed to EtOH during the prenatal period performed poorly on behavioral tasks measuring sensorimotor integration and anxiety. CONCLUSIONS Insight from this study will help provide new information on developmental trajectories of PrEE and the biological etiologies of abnormal behavior in people diagnosed with FASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W Abbott
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Olga O Kozanian
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Joseph Kanaan
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Kara M Wendel
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Kelly J Huffman
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California
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El Marroun H, Tiemeier H, Franken IHA, Jaddoe VWV, van der Lugt A, Verhulst FC, Lahey BB, White T. Prenatal Cannabis and Tobacco Exposure in Relation to Brain Morphology: A Prospective Neuroimaging Study in Young Children. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 79:971-9. [PMID: 26422004 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis use during pregnancy has been associated with negative behavioral outcomes and psychopathology in offspring. However, there has been little research evaluating alterations in brain structure as a result of maternal cannabis use. In this prospective study, we investigated the association between prenatal cannabis exposure and brain morphology in young children. METHODS We matched 96 children prenatally exposed to tobacco only (without cannabis) with 113 unexposed control subjects on the basis of age and gender and subsequently selected 54 children exposed to prenatal cannabis (mostly combined with tobacco exposure). These children (aged 6 to 8 years) were part of a population-based study in the Netherlands, the Generation R Study, and were followed from pregnancy onward. We assessed brain volumetric measures and cortical thickness in magnetic resonance imaging scans using FreeSurfer. We performed vertexwise analyses in FreeSurfer and linear regression analyses adjusting for relevant covariates using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. RESULTS Prenatal cannabis exposure was not associated with global brain volumes, such as total brain volume, gray matter volume, or white matter volume. However, prenatal cannabis exposure was associated with differences in cortical thickness: compared with nonexposed control subjects, cannabis-exposed children had thicker frontal cortices. Prenatal tobacco exposure compared with nonexposed control subjects was associated with cortical thinning, primarily in the superior frontal and superior parietal cortices. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest an association between prenatal cannabis exposure and cortical thickness in children. Further research is needed to explore the causal nature of this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan El Marroun
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Generation R Study Group, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingmar H A Franken
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Institute of Psychology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- Generation R Study Group, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Pediatrics, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aad van der Lugt
- Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank C Verhulst
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin B Lahey
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tonya White
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Pediatrics, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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38
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Mechanisms involved in the neurotoxic and cognitive effects of developmental methamphetamine exposure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 108:131-41. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Roos LE, Beauchamp KG, Pears KC, Fisher PA, Berkman ET, Capaldi D. Effects of prenatal substance exposure on neurocognitive correlates of inhibitory control success and failure. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-CHILD 2016; 6:269-280. [PMID: 27261058 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2016.1159561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents with prenatal substance (drug and alcohol) exposure exhibit inhibitory control (IC) deficits and aberrations in associated neural function. Nearly all research to date examines exposure to individual substances, and a minimal amount is known about the effects of heterogeneous exposure-which is more representative of population exposure levels. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we investigated IC (Go/NoGo) in heterogeneously exposed (n = 7) vs. control (n = 7) at-risk adolescents (ages 13-17). The fMRI results indicated multiple IC processing differences consistent with a more immature developmental profile for exposed adolescents (Exposed > Nonexposed: NoGo > Go: right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, right cuneus, and left inferior parietal lobe; NoGo > false alarm: occipital lobe; Go > false alarm: right anterior prefrontal cortex). Simple effects suggest exposed adolescents exhibited exaggerated correct trial but decreased incorrect trial activation. Results provide initial evidence that prenatal exposure across substances creates similar patterns of atypical brain activation to IC success and failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie E Roos
- a Department of Psychology , University of Oregon , Eugene , Oregon.,b Oregon Social Learning Center , Eugene , Oregon
| | | | | | - Philip A Fisher
- a Department of Psychology , University of Oregon , Eugene , Oregon
| | - Elliot T Berkman
- a Department of Psychology , University of Oregon , Eugene , Oregon
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Li Z, Coles CD, Lynch ME, Luo Y, Hu X. Longitudinal changes of amygdala and default mode activation in adolescents prenatally exposed to cocaine. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2015; 53:24-32. [PMID: 26577285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) is associated with long-term and negative effect on arousal regulation. Recent neuroimaging studies have examined brain mechanisms related to arousal dysregulation with cross-sectional experimental designs; but longitudinal changes in the brain, reflecting group differences in neurodevelopment, have never been directly examined. To directly assess the interaction of PCE and neurodevelopment, the present study used a longitudinal design to analyze functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data collected from 33 adolescents (21 with PCE and 12 non-exposed controls) while they performed the same working memory task with emotional distracters at two points in time. The mean age of participants was 14.3 years at time_1 and 16.7 years at time_2. With confounding factors statistically controlled, the fMRI data revealed significant exposure-by-time interaction in the activations of the amygdala and default mode network (DMN). For the control adolescents, brain activations associated with emotional arousal (amygdala) and cognitive effort (DMN) were both reduced at time_2 as compared to that at time_1. However, these activation reductions were not observed in the PCE group, indicating persistently high levels of emotional arousal and cognitive effort. In addition, correlations between longitudinal changes in the brain and in behavior have shown that adolescents with persistently high emotional arousal were more likely in need of high cognitive effort; and their cognitive performance was more likely to be affected by distractive challenges. The present results complement and extend previous findings from cross-sectional studies with further evidence supporting the view of PCE associated long-term teratogenic effects on arousal regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Li
- Institute of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, PR China; Biomedical Imaging Technology Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University & Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30322, GA, USA.
| | - Claire D Coles
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, GA, USA
| | - Mary Ellen Lynch
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, GA, USA
| | - Yuejia Luo
- Institute of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- Biomedical Imaging Technology Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University & Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30322, GA, USA.
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Konijnenberg C. Methodological Issues in Assessing the Impact of Prenatal Drug Exposure. SUBSTANCE ABUSE-RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2015; 9:39-44. [PMID: 26604776 PMCID: PMC4640424 DOI: 10.4137/sart.s23544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal drug exposure is a common public health concern that can result in perinatal complications, birth defects, and developmental disorders. The growing literature regarding the effects of prenatal exposure to specific drugs such as tobacco, alcohol, cocaine, and heroin is often conflicting and constantly changing. This review discusses several reasons why the effects of prenatal drug exposure are so difficult to determine, including variations in dose, timing, duration of exposure, polydrug use, unreliable measures of drug exposure, latent or “sleeper” effects, genetic factors, and socioenvironmental influences. In addition to providing research guidelines, this review also aims to help clinicians and policy makers to identify the strengths and weaknesses in studies investigating the effects of prenatal drug exposure. This knowledge may be used to make better informed decisions regarding the appropriate treatment for pregnant, drug-dependent women and their children.
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Gold MS, Badgaiyan RD, Blum K. A Shared Molecular and Genetic Basis for Food and Drug Addiction: Overcoming Hypodopaminergic Trait/State by Incorporating Dopamine Agonistic Therapy in Psychiatry. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2015; 38:419-62. [PMID: 26300032 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This article focuses on the shared molecular and neurogenetics of food and drug addiction tied to the understanding of reward deficiency syndrome. Reward deficiency syndrome describes a hypodopaminergic trait/state that provides a rationale for commonality in approaches for treating long-term reduced dopamine function across the reward brain regions. The identification of the role of DNA polymorphic associations with reward circuitry has resulted in new understanding of all addictive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Gold
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1975 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Rivermend Health Scientific Advisory Board, 2300 Windy Ridge Parkway South East, Suite 210S, Atlanta, GA 30339, USA; Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Educational Foundation, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Rajendra D Badgaiyan
- Laboratory of Advanced Radiochemistry and Molecular and Functioning Imaging, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Center for Clinical & Translational Science, Community Mental Health Institute, University of Vermont College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA; Division of Applied Clinical Research, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, 211 Circuit Drive, North Kingstown, RI 02852, USA; Rivermend Health Scientific Advisory Board, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Abstract
Prenatal drug exposure, particularly prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE), incurs great public and scientific interest because of its associated neurodevelopmental consequences. However, the neural underpinnings of PCE remain essentially uncharted, and existing studies in school-aged children and adolescents are confounded greatly by postnatal environmental factors. In this study, leveraging a large neonate sample (N = 152) and non-invasive resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, we compared human infants with PCE comorbid with other drugs (such as nicotine, alcohol, marijuana, and antidepressant) with infants with similar non-cocaine poly drug exposure and drug-free controls. We aimed to characterize the neural correlates of PCE based on functional connectivity measurements of the amygdala and insula at the earliest stage of development. Our results revealed common drug exposure-related connectivity disruptions within the amygdala-frontal, insula-frontal, and insula-sensorimotor circuits. Moreover, a cocaine-specific effect was detected within a subregion of the amygdala-frontal network. This pathway is thought to play an important role in arousal regulation, which has been shown to be irregular in PCE infants and adolescents. These novel results provide the earliest human-based functional delineations of the neural-developmental consequences of prenatal drug exposure and thus open a new window for the advancement of effective strategies aimed at early risk identification and intervention.
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Higuera-Matas A, Ucha M, Ambrosio E. Long-term consequences of perinatal and adolescent cannabinoid exposure on neural and psychological processes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 55:119-46. [PMID: 25960036 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Marihuana is the most widely consumed illicit drug, even among adolescents and pregnant women. Given the critical developmental processes that occur in the adolescent and fetal nervous system, marihuana consumption during these stages may have permanent consequences on several brain functions in later adult life. Here, we review what is currently known about the long-term consequences of perinatal and adolescent cannabinoid exposure. The most consistent findings point to long-term impairments in cognitive function that are associated with structural alterations and disturbed synaptic plasticity. In addition, several neurochemical modifications are also evident after prenatal or adolescent cannabinoid exposure, especially in the endocannabinoid, glutamatergic, dopaminergic and opioidergic systems. Important sexual dimorphisms are also evident in terms of the long-lasting effects of cannabinoid consumption during pregnancy and adolescence, and cannabinoids possibly have a protective effect in adolescents who have suffered traumatic life challenges, such as maternal separation or intense stress. Finally, we suggest some future research directions that may encourage further advances in this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Higuera-Matas
- Department of Psychobiology, School of Psychology, National University of Distance Learning (UNED), C/ Juan del Rosal 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marcos Ucha
- Department of Psychobiology, School of Psychology, National University of Distance Learning (UNED), C/ Juan del Rosal 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Ambrosio
- Department of Psychobiology, School of Psychology, National University of Distance Learning (UNED), C/ Juan del Rosal 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders" is a nondiagnostic umbrella term encompassing the wide variations in clinical presentation among individuals that are prenatally exposed to alcohol. This article discusses brain development and central nervous system abnormalities and reviews prevention and interventions for these neurologic manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Roszel
- Elizabeth L. Roszel is a primary care PNP at Suncoast Community Health Center, Wimauma, Fla
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Abstract
Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome is common due to the current opioid addiction epidemic. Infants born to women covertly abusing prescription opioids may not be identified as at risk until withdrawal signs present. Buprenorphine is a newer treatment for maternal opioid addiction and appears to result in a milder withdrawal syndrome than methadone. Initial treatment is with nonpharmacological measures including decreasing stimuli, however pharmacological treatment is commonly required. Opioid monotherapy is preferred, with phenobarbital or clonidine uncommonly needed as adjunctive therapy. Rooming-in and breastfeeding may decease the severity of withdrawal. Limited evidence is available regarding long-term effects of perinatal opioid exposure.
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Bjørnebekk A, Siqveland TS, Haabrekke K, Moe V, Slinning K, Fjell AM, Walhovd KB. Development of children born to mothers with mental health problems: subcortical volumes and cognitive performance at 4½ years. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2015; 24:115-8. [PMID: 25304292 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-014-0625-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In a prospective longitudinal study, we investigated the outcomes of children born to mothers clinically referred for mental health problems during pregnancy (risk group, n = 17) relative to a control group (n = 31). Child cognitive functioning, and for subgroups (n = 10 + 17), brain morphometry as derived from Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), was measured at 4½ years. Cognitive data included abstract visuospatial reasoning/problem solving and verbal scores. Subcortical regions of interest included the amygdala, accumbens area, hippocampus, caudate and putamen, chosen because their development seems potentially sensitive to an adverse intrauterine milieu and environmental experiences, and also due to their implication in cognitive and emotional processes. The risk group exhibited poorer abstract reasoning scores than the control group. No differences were found for verbal scores. MRI revealed smaller putamen volume in children in the risk group. Irrespective of group, putamen volume was positively related to visuospatial reasoning performance. Our results suggest that maternal psychopathology may be associated with child putamen development, nonverbal reasoning and problem solving skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Bjørnebekk
- Department of Psychology, Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,
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Abstract
Intrauterine methamphetamine exposure adversely affects the neurofunctional profile of exposed children, leading to a variety of higher order cognitive deficits, such as decreased attention, reduced working-memory capability, behavioral dysregulation, and spatial memory impairments (Kiblawi et al. in J Dev Behav Pediatr 34:31-37, 2013; Piper et al. in Pharmacol Biochem Behav 98:432-439 2011; Roussotte et al. in Neuroimage 54:3067-3075, 2011; Twomey et al. in Am J Orthopsychiatry 83:64-72, 2013). In animal models of developmental methamphetamine, both neuroanatomical and behavioral outcomes critically depend on the timing of methamphetamine administration. Methamphetamine exposure during the third trimester human equivalent period of brain development results in well-defined and persistent wayfinding and spatial navigation deficits in rodents (Vorhees et al. in Neurotoxicol Teratol 27:117-134, 2005, Vorhees et al. in Int J Dev Neurosci 26:599-610, 2008; Vorhees et al. in Int J Dev Neurosci 27:289-298, 2009; Williams et al. in Psychopharmacology (Berl) 168:329-338, 2003b), whereas drug delivery during the first and second trimester equivalents produces no such effect (Acuff-Smith et al. in Neurotoxicol Teratol 18:199-215, 1996; Schutova et al. in Physiol Res 58:741-750, 2009a; Slamberova et al. in Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 380:109-114, 2009, Slamberova et al. in Physiol Res 63:S547-S558, 2014b). In this review, we examine the impact of developmental methamphetamine on emerging neural circuitry, neurotransmission, receptor changes, and behavioral outcomes in animal models. The review is organized by type of effects and timing of drug exposure (prenatal only, pre- and neonatal, and neonatal only). The findings elucidate functional patterns of interconnected brain structures (e.g., frontal cortex and striatum) and neurotransmitters (e.g., dopamine and serotonin) involved in methamphetamine-induced developmental neurotoxicity.
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49
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McMurray MS, Oguz I, Rumple AM, Paniagua B, Styner MA, Johns JM. Effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on early postnatal rodent brain structure and diffusion properties. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2014; 47:80-8. [PMID: 25459688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal cocaine exposure has been associated with numerous behavioral phenotypes in clinical populations, including impulsivity, reduced attention, alterations in social behaviors, and delayed language and sensory-motor development. Detecting associated changes in brain structure in these populations has proven difficult, and results have been inconclusive and inconsistent. Due to their more controlled designs, animal models may shed light on the neuroanatomical changes caused by prenatal cocaine; however, to maximize clinical relevance, data must be carefully collected using translational methods. The goal of this study was two-fold: (1) to determine if prenatal cocaine alters developmental neuroanatomy using methods that are available to human researchers, specifically structural MRI and diffusion tensor imaging, and (2) to determine the feasibility of rodent in vivo neuroimaging for usage in longitudinal studies of developmental disorders. Cocaine-exposed (prenatal days 1-20, 30mg/kg/day) rat pups were sedated and imaged live using diffusion tensor imaging and postmortem (fixed) using magnetic resonance histology on postnatal day 14. Volume and diffusion properties in whole brain as well as specific regions of interest were then assessed from the resulting images. Whole brain analyses revealed that cocaine-exposed animals showed no change in whole brain volume. Additionally, we found alterations in fractional anisotropy across regions associated with reward processing and emotional regulation, especially in the thalamus and globus pallidus, as well as sex-dependent effects of cocaine in the right cortex. Reductions in fractional anisotropy were paired with reductions only in axial diffusivity, which preliminarily suggests that the changes observed here may be due to axonal damage, as opposed to reductions in myelination of the affected regions/pathways. Our data indicate that prenatal cocaine may target a number of developing brain structures but does not result in overt changes to brain volumes. These results highlight not only the brain alterations that result from prenatal cocaine but also the advancements in live imaging that allow longitudinal study designs in other models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S McMurray
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60647, USA.
| | - Ipek Oguz
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA 52242, USA
| | - Ashley M Rumple
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Beatriz Paniagua
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Martin A Styner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Josephine M Johns
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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50
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Roos A, Kwiatkowski MA, Fouche JP, Narr KL, Thomas KGF, Stein DJ, Donald KA. White matter integrity and cognitive performance in children with prenatal methamphetamine exposure. Behav Brain Res 2014; 279:62-7. [PMID: 25446763 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is emerging evidence on the harmful effects of prenatal methamphetamine (MA) exposure on the structure and function of the developing brain. However, few studies have assessed white matter structural integrity in the presence of prenatal MA exposure, and results are inconsistent. This investigation thus used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to investigate white matter microstructure and cognitive performance in a group of prenatal MA exposed (or MA) children and controls of similar age. Seventeen MA children and 15 healthy controls (aged 6-7 years) underwent DTI and assessment of motor function and general cognitive ability. Whole brain analyses of white matter structure were performed using FSL's tract-based spatial statistics comparing fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), radial diffusivity (RD) and axial diffusivity (AD). Mean diffusion values were extracted from white matter regions shown to differ across groups to determine whether variations in FA predicted cognitive performance. Analyses were controlled for maternal nicotine use. MA children showed significantly lower FA as well as higher MD, RD and AD in tracts that traverse striatal, limbic and frontal regions. Abnormal FA levels in MA children were significantly associated with poorer motor coordination and general cognitive ability sub-items that relate to aspects of executive function. Our findings suggest that, consistent with previous studies in older children, there are disruptions of white matter microstructural integrity in striatal, limbic and frontal regions of young MA exposed children, with prominent cognitive implications. Future longitudinal studies may clarify how prenatal MA exposure affects white matter structural connectivity at different stages of brain maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annerine Roos
- SU/UCT MRC Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
| | | | | | - Katherine L Narr
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Neurology, Los Angeles, United States
| | | | - Dan J Stein
- University of Cape Town, Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health, South Africa
| | - Kirsty A Donald
- University of Cape Town, Division of Developmental Paediatrics, South Africa
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