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Huang L, Bon H, Maamra M, Holmes T, Atkinson J, Cain K, Kennedy J, Kettleborough C, Matthews D, Twomey B, Ni J, Song Z, Watson PF, Johnson TS. The effect of TG2-inhibitory monoclonal antibody zampilimab on tissue fibrosis in human in vitro and primate in vivo models of chronic kidney disease. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298864. [PMID: 38753630 PMCID: PMC11098434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibrotic remodeling is the primary driver of functional loss in chronic kidney disease, with no specific anti-fibrotic agent available for clinical use. Transglutaminase 2 (TG2), a wound response enzyme that irreversibly crosslinks extracellular matrix proteins causing dysregulation of extracellular matrix turnover, is a well-characterized anti-fibrotic target in the kidney. We describe the humanization and characterization of two anti-TG2 monoclonal antibodies (zampilimab [hDC1/UCB7858] and BB7) that inhibit crosslinking by TG2 in human in vitro and rabbit/cynomolgus monkey in vivo models of chronic kidney disease. Determination of zampilimab half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) against recombinant human TG2 was undertaken using the KxD assay and determination of dissociation constant (Kd) by surface plasmon resonance. Efficacy in vitro was established using a primary human renal epithelial cell model of tubulointerstitial fibrosis, to assess mature deposited extracellular matrix proteins. Proof of concept in vivo used a cynomolgus monkey unilateral ureteral obstruction model of chronic kidney disease. Zampilimab inhibited TG2 crosslinking transamidation activity with an IC50 of 0.25 nM and Kd of <50 pM. In cell culture, zampilimab inhibited extracellular TG2 activity (IC50 119 nM) and dramatically reduced transforming growth factor-β1-driven accumulation of multiple extracellular matrix proteins including collagens I, III, IV, V, and fibronectin. Intravenous administration of BB7 in rabbits resulted in a 68% reduction in fibrotic index at Day 25 post-unilateral ureteral obstruction. Weekly intravenous administration of zampilimab in cynomolgus monkeys with unilateral ureteral obstruction reduced fibrosis at 4 weeks by >50%, with no safety signals. Our data support the clinical investigation of zampilimab for the treatment of kidney fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghong Huang
- Immunology Therapeutic Area, UCB Pharma, Slough, United Kingdom
- UCB Pharma, Slough, United Kingdom
| | - Helene Bon
- Immunology Therapeutic Area, UCB Pharma, Slough, United Kingdom
| | - Mabrouka Maamra
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Toby Holmes
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - John Atkinson
- Immunology Therapeutic Area, UCB Pharma, Slough, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine Cain
- Immunology Therapeutic Area, UCB Pharma, Slough, United Kingdom
- UCB Pharma, Slough, United Kingdom
| | - Jeff Kennedy
- Immunology Therapeutic Area, UCB Pharma, Slough, United Kingdom
| | | | - David Matthews
- Drug Discovery Biology, LifeArc, Stevenage, United Kingdom
- Immunology and Ophthalmology, Mogrify Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Breda Twomey
- Immunology Therapeutic Area, UCB Pharma, Slough, United Kingdom
| | - Jia Ni
- Research and Development, Prisys Biotechnologies, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhizhan Song
- Research and Development, Prisys Biotechnologies, Shanghai, China
| | - Philip F. Watson
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy S. Johnson
- Immunology Therapeutic Area, UCB Pharma, Slough, United Kingdom
- UCB Pharma, Slough, United Kingdom
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Peng Z, Wang H, Zheng J, Wang J, Xiang Y, Liu C, Ji M, Liu H, Pan L, Qin X, Qu X. Is the proximal tubule the focus of tubulointerstitial fibrosis? Heliyon 2023; 9:e13508. [PMID: 36846656 PMCID: PMC9950842 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF), a common end result of almost all progressive chronic kidney diseases (CKD), is also the best predictor of kidney survival. Almost all cells in the kidney are involved in the progression of TIF. Myofibroblasts, the primary producers of extracellular matrix, have previously received a great deal of attention; however, a large body of emerging evidence reveals that proximal tubule (PT) plays a central role in TIF progression. In response to injury, renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) transform into inflammatory and fibroblastic cells, producing various bioactive molecules that drive interstitial inflammation and fibrosis. Here we reviewed the increasing evidence for the key role of the PT in promoting TIF in tubulointerstitial and glomerular injury and discussed the therapeutic targets and carrier systems involving the PT that holds particular promise for treating patients with fibrotic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Peng
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Jiaoyun Zheng
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yang Xiang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Chi Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Ji
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Huijun Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Lang Pan
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoqun Qin
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangping Qu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China,Corresponding author.
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Chan MKK, Chan ELY, Ji ZZ, Chan ASW, Li C, Leung KT, To KF, Tang PMK. Transforming growth factor-β signaling: from tumor microenvironment to anticancer therapy. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2023; 4:316-343. [PMID: 37205317 PMCID: PMC10185444 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2023.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling is an important pathway for promoting the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, including cancer. The roles of TGF-β signaling are heterogeneous and versatile in cancer development and progression, both anticancer and protumoral actions are reported. Interestingly, increasing evidence suggests that TGF-β enhances disease progression and drug resistance via immune-modulatory actions in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of solid tumors. A better understanding of its regulatory mechanisms in the TME at the molecular level can facilitate the development of precision medicine to block the protumoral actions of TGF-β in the TME. Here, the latest information about the regulatory mechanisms and translational research of TGF-β signaling in the TME for therapeutic development had been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Kam-Kwan Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Emily Lok-Yiu Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Zoey Zeyuan Ji
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Alex Siu-Wing Chan
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Chunjie Li
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Kam-Tong Leung
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ka-Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Patrick Ming-Kuen Tang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Correspondence: Patrick Ming-Kuen Tang, Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
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Higgins CE, Tang J, Higgins SP, Gifford CC, Mian BM, Jones DM, Zhang W, Costello A, Conti DJ, Samarakoon R, Higgins PJ. The Genomic Response to TGF-β1 Dictates Failed Repair and Progression of Fibrotic Disease in the Obstructed Kidney. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:678524. [PMID: 34277620 PMCID: PMC8284093 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.678524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubulointerstitial fibrosis is a common and diagnostic hallmark of a spectrum of chronic renal disorders. While the etiology varies as to the causative nature of the underlying pathology, persistent TGF-β1 signaling drives the relentless progression of renal fibrotic disease. TGF-β1 orchestrates the multifaceted program of kidney fibrogenesis involving proximal tubular dysfunction, failed epithelial recovery or re-differentiation, capillary collapse and subsequent interstitial fibrosis eventually leading to chronic and ultimately end-stage disease. An increasing complement of non-canonical elements function as co-factors in TGF-β1 signaling. p53 is a particularly prominent transcriptional co-regulator of several TGF-β1 fibrotic-response genes by complexing with TGF-β1 receptor-activated SMADs. This cooperative p53/TGF-β1 genomic cluster includes genes involved in cellular proliferative control, survival, apoptosis, senescence, and ECM remodeling. While the molecular basis for this co-dependency remains to be determined, a subset of TGF-β1-regulated genes possess both p53- and SMAD-binding motifs. Increases in p53 expression and phosphorylation, moreover, are evident in various forms of renal injury as well as kidney allograft rejection. Targeted reduction of p53 levels by pharmacologic and genetic approaches attenuates expression of the involved genes and mitigates the fibrotic response confirming a key role for p53 in renal disorders. This review focuses on mechanisms underlying TGF-β1-induced renal fibrosis largely in the context of ureteral obstruction, which mimics the pathophysiology of pediatric unilateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction, and the role of p53 as a transcriptional regulator within the TGF-β1 repertoire of fibrosis-promoting genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig E. Higgins
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Jiaqi Tang
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Stephen P. Higgins
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Cody C. Gifford
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Badar M. Mian
- The Urological Institute of Northeastern New York, Albany, NY, United States
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - David M. Jones
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Wenzheng Zhang
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Angelica Costello
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - David J. Conti
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Rohan Samarakoon
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Paul J. Higgins
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
- The Urological Institute of Northeastern New York, Albany, NY, United States
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
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5
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Kim J, Jeon S, Kang SJ, Kim KR, Thai HBD, Lee S, Kim S, Lee YS, Ahn DR. Lung-targeted delivery of TGF-β antisense oligonucleotides to treat pulmonary fibrosis. J Control Release 2020; 322:108-121. [PMID: 32179111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a serious respiratory disease, with limited therapeutic options. Since TGF-β is a critical factor in the fibrotic process, downregulation of this cytokine has been considered a potential approach for disease treatment. Herein, we designed a new lung-targeted delivery technology based on the complexation of polymeric antisense oligonucleotides (pASO) and dimeric human β-defensin 23 (DhBD23). Antisense oligonucleotides targeting TGF-β mRNA were polymerized by rolling circle amplification and complexed with DhBD23. After complexation with DhBD23, pASO showed improved serum stability and enhanced uptake by fibroblasts in vitro and lung-specific accumulation upon intravenous injection in vivo. The pASO/DhBD23 complex delivered into the lung downregulated target mRNA, and subsequently alleviated lung fibrosis in mice, as demonstrated by western blotting, quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR), immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence imaging. Moreover, as the complex was prepared only with highly biocompatible materials such as DNA and human-derived peptides, no systemic toxicity was observed in major organs. Therefore, the pASO/DhBD23 complex is a promising gene therapy platform with lung-targeting ability to treat various pulmonary diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis, with low side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Kim
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seulgi Jeon
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Ewhayeodae-gil 52, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Jae Kang
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ran Kim
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hien Bao Dieu Thai
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokyung Lee
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehoon Kim
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Sil Lee
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Ewhayeodae-gil 52, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dae-Ro Ahn
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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6
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The effectiveness of chitosan-mediated silencing of PDGF-B and PDGFR-β in the mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis therapy. Exp Mol Pathol 2019; 110:104280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2019.104280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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7
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WareJoncas Z, Campbell JM, Martínez-Gálvez G, Gendron WAC, Barry MA, Harris PC, Sussman CR, Ekker SC. Precision gene editing technology and applications in nephrology. Nat Rev Nephrol 2018; 14:663-677. [PMID: 30089813 PMCID: PMC6591726 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-018-0047-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The expanding field of precision gene editing is empowering researchers to directly modify DNA. Gene editing is made possible using synonymous technologies: a DNA-binding platform to molecularly locate user-selected genomic sequences and an associated biochemical activity that serves as a functional editor. The advent of accessible DNA-targeting molecular systems, such as zinc-finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) and CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing systems, has unlocked the ability to target nearly any DNA sequence with nucleotide-level precision. Progress has also been made in harnessing endogenous DNA repair machineries, such as non-homologous end joining, homology-directed repair and microhomology-mediated end joining, to functionally manipulate genetic sequences. As understanding of how DNA damage results in deletions, insertions and modifications increases, the genome becomes more predictably mutable. DNA-binding platforms such as TALEs and CRISPR can also be used to make locus-specific epigenetic changes and to transcriptionally enhance or suppress genes. Although many challenges remain, the application of precision gene editing technology in the field of nephrology has enabled the generation of new animal models of disease as well as advances in the development of novel therapeutic approaches such as gene therapy and xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary WareJoncas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jarryd M Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - William A C Gendron
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michael A Barry
- Translational Polycystic Kidney Disease Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Peter C Harris
- Translational Polycystic Kidney Disease Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Caroline R Sussman
- Translational Polycystic Kidney Disease Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephen C Ekker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Translational Polycystic Kidney Disease Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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8
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Effects of Periostracum Cicadae on Cytokines and Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins in an IgA Nephropathy Rat Model. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061599. [PMID: 29844269 PMCID: PMC6032130 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Periostracum cicadae, the cast-off shell of the cicada Cryptotympana pustulata Fabricius, is used in traditional Chinese medicine for its diaphoretic, anticonvulsive, sedative, antipyretic, and antiallergic effects. However, the exact pathogenesis of immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) remains unclear, thereby hindering investigations to identify novel therapeutic agents. A rat IgAN model was established by administration of bovine serum albumin, lipopolysaccharide, and carbon tetrachloride, which simultaneously established blood stasis and a heat syndrome model. The animals were sacrificed to detect changes in protein levels in urine and blood. Immunofluorescence was performed to assess IgA deposition in the glomeruli. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Hematology and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, TUNEL (TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling), and immunohistochemical staining were performed to evaluate histopathological changes in kidney tissues. Additionally, target-related proteins were measured by Western blotting. Periostracum cicadae resulted in a reduction in blood and urine protein levels. Serum TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels significantly decreased in the periostracum cicadae-treated groups compared to the IgAN group. Furthermore, a reduction in MCP-1 (Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1), TLR4 ((Toll-Like Receptor 4)), and IgA expression levels and a dose-dependent increase in caspase 3 expression were observed in response to periostracum cicadae treatment. TGF-β1(Transforming Growth Factor-β) levels decreased, whereas that of Fas increased in the kidney tissues of the periostracum cicadae-treated groups. The findings of the present study indicate that periostracum cicadae induces apoptosis and improves kidney inflammation and fibrosis in IgA nephropathy rat models.
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9
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Higgins SP, Tang Y, Higgins CE, Mian B, Zhang W, Czekay RP, Samarakoon R, Conti DJ, Higgins PJ. TGF-β1/p53 signaling in renal fibrogenesis. Cell Signal 2017; 43:1-10. [PMID: 29191563 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Fibrotic disorders of the renal, pulmonary, cardiac, and hepatic systems are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Effective therapies to prevent or curtail the advancement to organ failure, however, remain a major clinical challenge. Chronic kidney disease, in particular, constitutes an increasing medical burden affecting >15% of the US population. Regardless of etiology (diabetes, hypertension, ischemia, acute injury, urologic obstruction), persistently elevated TGF-β1 levels are causatively linked to the activation of profibrotic signaling networks and disease progression. TGF-β1 is the principal driver of renal fibrogenesis, a dynamic pathophysiologic process that involves tubular cell injury/apoptosis, infiltration of inflammatory cells, interstitial fibroblast activation and excess extracellular matrix synthesis/deposition leading to impaired kidney function and, eventually, to chronic and end-stage disease. TGF-β1 activates the ALK5 type I receptor (which phosphorylates SMAD2/3) as well as non-canonical (e.g., src kinase, EGFR, JAK/STAT, p53) pathways that collectively drive the fibrotic genomic program. Such multiplexed signal integration has pathophysiological consequences. Indeed, TGF-β1 stimulates the activation and assembly of p53-SMAD3 complexes required for transcription of the renal fibrotic genes plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, connective tissue growth factor and TGF-β1. Tubular-specific ablation of p53 in mice or pifithrin-α-mediated inactivation of p53 prevents epithelial G2/M arrest, reduces the secretion of fibrotic effectors and attenuates the transition from acute to chronic renal injury, further supporting the involvement of p53 in disease progression. This review focuses on the pathophysiology of TGF-β1-initiated renal fibrogenesis and the role of p53 as a regulator of profibrotic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Higgins
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Craig E Higgins
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Badar Mian
- Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States; The Urological Institute of Northeastern New York, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Wenzheng Zhang
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Ralf-Peter Czekay
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Rohan Samarakoon
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - David J Conti
- Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States; Division of Transplantation Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Paul J Higgins
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States; Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States; The Urological Institute of Northeastern New York, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
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10
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Zhou SX, Huo DM, He XY, Yu P, Xiao YH, Ou CL, Jiang RM, Li D, Li H. High glucose/lysophosphatidylcholine levels stimulate extracellular matrix deposition in diabetic nephropathy via platelet‑activating factor receptor. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:2366-2372. [PMID: 29207067 PMCID: PMC5783481 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF), protein kinase C (PKC)βI, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and aberrant extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition have been associated with diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, the mechanistic basis underlying this association remains to be elucidated. The present study investigated the association among the aforementioned factors in a DN model consisting of human mesangial cells (HMCs) exposed to high glucose (HG) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) treatments. HMCs were divided into the following treatment groups: Control; PAF; PAF+PKCβI inhibitor LY333531; HG + LPC; PAF + HG + LPC; and PAF + HG + LPC + LY333531. Cells were cultured for 24 h, and PKCβI and TGF-β1 expression was determined using the reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. The expression levels of the ECM-associated molecules collagen IV and fibronectin in the supernatant were detected using ELISA analysis. Subcellular localization of PKCβI was assessed using immunocytochemistry. PKCβI and TGF-β1 expression was increased in the PAF + HG + LPC group compared with the other groups (P<0.05); however, this effect was abolished in the presence of LY333531 (P<0.05). Supernatant fibronectin and collagen IV levels were increased in the PAF + HG + LPC group compared with the others (P<0.05); this was reversed by treatment with LY333531 (P<0.05). In cells treated with PAF, HG and LPC, PKCβI was translocated from the cytosol to the nucleus, an effect which was blocked when PKCβI expression was inhibited (P<0.05). The findings of the present study demonstrated that PAF stimulated ECM deposition in HMCs via activation of the PKC-TGF-β1 axis in a DN model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Xian Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Mei Huo
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yun He
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Ping Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Hua Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Lin Ou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Ren-Mei Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
| | - Dan Li
- Heibei Software Institute, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, P.R. China
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11
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RACK1 silencing attenuates renal fibrosis by inhibiting TGF-β signaling. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:1965-1970. [PMID: 29039466 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor for activated C-kinase 1 (RACK1) is a member of the WD40-repeat family of proteins and has been reported to be implicated in the development of liver fibrosis. However, the role of RACK1 in renal fibrosis remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of RACK1 on transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-treated human proximal tubular epithelial cells and aimed to elucidate the possible mechanisms responsible for its anti-fibrotic effects. Our results revealed that RACK1 was highly expressed in the renal fibrotic tissues and TGF-β1-treated HK-2 cells. RACK1 silencing inhibited TGF-β1‑induced α-smooth muscle actin and connective tissue growth factor expression in the HK-2 cells. Furthermore, RACK1 silencing inhibited the expression of phosphorylated Smad3 in the TGF-β1-treated HK-2 cells. To the best of our knowledge, these data demonstrate for the first time the role of RACK1 in renal fibrosis. The present findings indicate that RACK1 silencing attenuates renal fibrosis by suppressing the activation of TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway in HK-2 cells. Thus, RACK1 may serve as a novel regulator of renal fibrosis.
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12
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Chen S, Wang Y, Wan Y. Urotensin II enhances transforming growth factor-β1 expression and secretion in the kidney during aristolochic acid nephropathy. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:6904-6909. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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13
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Park JH, Choi BH, Ku SK, Kim DH, Jung KA, Oh E, Kwak MK. Amelioration of high fat diet-induced nephropathy by cilostazol and rosuvastatin. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:391-402. [PMID: 28084586 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0889-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple comorbidities of metabolic disorders are associated with facilitated chronic kidney disease progression. Anti-platelet cilostazol is used for the treatment of peripheral artery disease. In this study, we investigated the potential beneficial effects of cilostazol and rosuvastatin on metabolic disorder-induced renal dysfunctions. C57BL/6 mice that received high fat diet (HFD) for 22 weeks and a low dose of streptozotocin (STZ, 40 mg/kg) developed albuminuria and had increased urinary cystatin C excretion, and cilostazol treatment (13 weeks) improved these markers. Histopathological changes, including glomerular mesangial expansion, tubular vacuolization, apoptosis, and lipid accumulation were ameliorated by cilostazol treatment. Tubulointerstitial fibrosis that was indicated by the increases in collagen and transforming growth factor-β1 subsided by cilostazol. Renoprotective effects were also observed in rosuvastatin-treated mice, and combinatorial treatment with cilostazol and rosuvastatin demonstrated enhanced ameliorative effects in histopathological evaluations. Notably, repressed renal heme oxygenase-1 (Ho-1) level in HFD/STZ mice was restored in cilostazol group. Further, we demonstrated that cilostazol enhanced Nrf2/Ho-1 signaling in cultured proximal tubular epithelial cells. Collectively, these results suggest the potential advantageous use of cilostazol as an adjunctive therapy with statins for the amelioration of metabolic disorder-associated renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hyeon Park
- Department of Pharmacy, Graduate School of The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 420-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Hyun Choi
- Department of Pharmacy, Graduate School of The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 420-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae-Kwang Ku
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Hannydae-ro 1, Gyeongsan, Gyeonsangbuk-do, 712-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Graduate School of The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 420-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Ah Jung
- Department of Pharmacy, Graduate School of The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 420-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Euichaul Oh
- Department of Pharmacy, Graduate School of The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 420-743, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 420-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyoung Kwak
- Department of Pharmacy, Graduate School of The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 420-743, Republic of Korea. .,College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 420-743, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Xiao Y, Liu J, Peng Y, Xiong X, Huang L, Yang H, Zhang J, Tao L. GSTA3 Attenuates Renal Interstitial Fibrosis by Inhibiting TGF-Beta-Induced Tubular Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Fibronectin Expression. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160855. [PMID: 27602565 PMCID: PMC5014405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tubular epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been widely accepted as the underlying mechanisms of renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF). The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a vital role in tubular EMT process. The purpose of this study was to investigate the involved molecular mechanisms in TGF-beta-induced EMT and identify the potential role of glutathione S-transferase alpha 3 (GSTA3) in this process. The iTRAQ screening was performed to identify protein alterations of the rats underwent unilateral-ureteral obstruction (UUO). Protein expression of GSTA3 in patients with obstructive nephropathy and UUO rats was detected by immunohistochemistry. Protein and mRNA expression of GSTA3 in UUO rats and NRK-52E cells were determined by Western blot and RT-PCR. siRNA and overexpression plasmid were transfected specifically to assess the role of GSTA3 in RIF. The generation of ROS was measured by dichlorofluorescein fluorescence analysis. GSTA3 protein and mRNA expression was significantly reduced in UUO rats. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that GSTA3 expression was reduced in renal cortex in UUO rats and patients with obstructive nephropathy. Treating with TGF-β1 down-regulated GSTA3 expression in NRK-52E cells, which have been found to be correlated with the decreased expression in E-cadherin and megalin and increased expression in α-smooth muscle actin. Furthermore, knocking down GSTA3 in NRK-52 cells led to increased production of ROS and tubular EMT, whereas overexpressing GSTA3 ameliorated ROS production and prevented the occurrence of tubular EMT. GSTA3 plays a protective role against tubular EMT in renal fibrosis, suggesting GSTA3 is a potential therapeutic target for RIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xiao
- Division of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China, 410078.,Division of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China, 510120
| | - Jishi Liu
- Division of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China, 410078
| | - Yu Peng
- Division of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China, 410078
| | - Xuan Xiong
- Division of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China, 410078
| | - Ling Huang
- Division of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China, 410078
| | - Huixiang Yang
- Division of Digestive Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China, 410078
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Lijian Tao
- Division of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China, 410078.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of China, Central South University, Changsha, China, 410078
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15
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Wu Z, Yu Y, Niu L, Fei A, Pan S. IGF-1 protects tubular epithelial cells during injury via activation of ERK/MAPK signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28066. [PMID: 27301852 PMCID: PMC4908659 DOI: 10.1038/srep28066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Injury of renal tubular epithelial cells can induce acute renal failure and obstructive nephropathy. Previous studies have shown that administration of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) ameliorates the renal injury in a mouse unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model, whereas the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. Here, we addressed this question. We found that the administration of IGF-1 significantly reduced the severity of the renal fibrosis in UUO. By analyzing purified renal epithelial cells, we found that IGF-1 significantly reduced the apoptotic cell death of renal epithelial cells, seemingly through upregulation of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, at protein but not mRNA level. Bioinformatics analyses and luciferase-reporter assay showed that miR-429 targeted the 3'-UTR of Bcl-2 mRNA to inhibit its protein translation in renal epithelial cells. Moreover, IGF-1 suppressed miR-429 to increase Bcl-2 in renal epithelial cells to improve survival after UUO. Furthermore, inhibition of ERK/MAPK signaling pathway in renal epithelial cells abolished the suppressive effects of IGF-1 on miR-429 activation, and then the enhanced effects on Bcl-2 in UUO. Thus, our data suggest that IGF-1 may protect renal tubular epithelial cells via activation of ERK/MAPK signaling pathway during renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengbin Wu
- Department of Emergency, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University Medical College, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Emergency, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University Medical College, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lei Niu
- Department of Emergency, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University Medical College, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Aihua Fei
- Department of Emergency, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University Medical College, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shuming Pan
- Department of Emergency, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University Medical College, Shanghai 200092, China
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16
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Niu NK, Yin JJ, Yang YX, Wang ZL, Zhou ZW, He ZX, Chen XW, Zhang X, Duan W, Yang T, Zhou SF. Novel targeting of PEGylated liposomes for codelivery of TGF-β1 siRNA and four antitubercular drugs to human macrophages for the treatment of mycobacterial infection: a quantitative proteomic study. Drug Des Devel Ther 2015; 9:4441-70. [PMID: 26300629 PMCID: PMC4535548 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s79369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is still a major public health issue in developing countries, and its chemotherapy is compromised by poor drug compliance and severe side effects. This study aimed to synthesize and characterize new multimodal PEGylated liposomes encapsulated with clinically commonly used anti-TB drugs with linkage to small interfering RNA (siRNA) against transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). The novel NP-siRNA liposomes could target THP-1-derived human macrophages that were the host cells of mycobacterium infection. The biological effects of the NP-siRNA liposomes were evaluated on cell cycle distribution, apoptosis, autophagy, and the gene silencing efficiency of TGF-β1 siRNA in human macrophages. We also explored the proteomic responses to the newly synthesized NP-siRNA liposomes using the stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture approach. The results showed that the multifunctional PEGylated liposomes were successfully synthesized and chemically characterized with a mean size of 265.1 nm. The novel NP-siRNA liposomes functionalized with the anti-TB drugs and TGF-β1 siRNA were endocytosed efficiently by human macrophages as visualized by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, the liposomes showed a low cytotoxicity toward human macrophages. There was no significant effect on cell cycle distribution and apoptosis in THP-1-derived macrophages after drug exposure at concentrations ranging from 2.5 to 62.5 μg/mL. Notably, there was a 6.4-fold increase in the autophagy of human macrophages when treated with the NP-siRNA liposomes at 62.5 μg/mL. In addition, the TGF-β1 and nuclear factor-κB expression levels were downregulated by the NP-siRNA liposomes in THP-1-derived macrophages. The Ingenuity Pathway Analysis data showed that there were over 40 signaling pathways involved in the proteomic responses to NP-siRNA liposome exposure in human macrophages, with 160 proteins mapped. The top five canonical signaling pathways were eukaryotic initiation factor 2 signaling, actin cytoskeleton signaling, remodeling of epithelial adherens junctions, epithelial adherens junction signaling, and Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor signaling pathways. Collectively, the novel synthetic targeting liposomes represent a promising delivery system for anti-TB drugs to human macrophages with good selectivity and minimal cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Kui Niu
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Spinal Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Juan-Juan Yin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Yin-Xue Yang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zi-Li Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Zhi-Xu He
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center and Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Wu Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Shunde Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Shunde, Foshan, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Duan
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
| | - Tianxin Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Salt Lake Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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17
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Lv XG, Feng C, Fu Q, Xie H, Wang Y, Huang JW, Xie MK, Atala A, Xu YM, Zhao WX. Comparative study of different seeding methods based on a multilayer SIS scaffold: Which is the optimal procedure for urethral tissue engineering? J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2015; 104:1098-108. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Guo Lv
- Department of Urology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Feng
- Department of Urology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Urology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Xie
- Department of Urology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Urology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Wen Huang
- Department of Urology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Min-Kai Xie
- Department of Urology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University; Winston-Salem North Carolina
| | - Yue-Min Xu
- Department of Urology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Xin Zhao
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University; Winston-Salem North Carolina
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18
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Glebova K, Reznik ON, Reznik AO, Mehta R, Galkin A, Baranova A, Skoblov M. siRNA technology in kidney transplantation: current status and future potential. BioDrugs 2015; 28:345-61. [PMID: 24573958 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-014-0087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Kidney transplantation is one of the most common transplantation operations in the world, accounting for up to 50 % of all transplantation surgeries. To curtail the damage to transplanted organs that is caused by ischemia-reperfusion injury and the recipient's immune system, small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology is being explored. Importantly, the kidney as a whole is a preferential site for non-specific systemic delivery of siRNA. To date, most attempts at siRNA-based therapy for transplantation-related conditions have remained at the in vitro stage, with only a few of them being advanced into animal models. Hydrodynamic intravenous injection of naked or carrier-bound siRNAs is currently the most common route for delivery of therapeutic constructs. To our knowledge, no systematic screens for siRNA targets most relevant for kidney transplantation have been attempted so far. A majority of researchers have arrived at one or another target of interest by analyzing current literature that dissects pathological processes taking place in transplanted organs. A majority of the genes that make up the list of 53 siRNA targets that have been tested in transplantation-related models so far belong to either apoptosis- or immune rejection-centered networks. There is an opportunity for therapeutic siRNA combinations that may be delivered within the same delivery vector or injected at the same time and, by targeting more than one pathway, or by hitting the same pathways within two different key points, will augment the effects of each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Glebova
- Research Center for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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19
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Youn SW, Park KK. Small-nucleic-acid-based therapeutic strategy targeting the transcription factors regulating the vascular inflammation, remodeling and fibrosis in atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:11804-33. [PMID: 26006249 PMCID: PMC4463731 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160511804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis arises when injury to the arterial wall induces an inflammatory cascade that is sustained by a complex network of cytokines, together with accumulation of lipids and fibrous material. Inflammatory cascades involve leukocyte adherence and chemotaxis, which are coordinated by the local secretion of adhesion molecules, chemotactic factors, and cytokines. Transcription factors are critical to the integration of the various steps of the cascade response to mediators of vascular injury, and are induced in a stimulus-dependent and cell-type-specific manner. Several small-nucleic-acid-based therapeutic strategies have recently been developed to target transcription factors: antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, RNA interference, microRNA, and decoy oligodeoxynucleotides. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of these particular targeted therapeutic strategies, toward regulation of the vascular inflammation, remodeling and fibrosis associated with atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Won Youn
- Department of Radiology, Catholic University of Daegu Medical Center, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 705-718, Korea.
| | - Kwan-Kyu Park
- Department of Pathology, Catholic University of Daegu Medical Center, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 705-718, Korea.
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20
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Progress of targeting transforming growth factor-β1 small interfering RNA in liver fibrosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 29:231-5. [PMID: 25429748 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-9294(14)60076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a common pathological consequence of a variety of chronic stimuli, including viral, autoimmune, drug-induced, cholestatic and metabolic diseases. Fibrosis is driven by a dynamic process involving increased synthesis of matrix components and a failure of physiological mechanisms of matrix turnover. Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) remains a central event in fibrosis. HSCs are the main source of extracellular matrix (ECM). Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-Β), which is the fibrogenic master cytokine, can induce the activation of HSCs to produce a large amount of ECM, and is capable of inducing apoptosis of liver cells. RNA interference (RNAi) is a novel gene disruption technology. Studies have shown that small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting TGF-Β1 may inhibit the activation and proliferation of HSCs, suppress ECM synthesis and block liver fibrosis. TGF-Β1 siRNA-mediated gene silencing therapy provides a new avenue for liver fibrosis. This review summarizes recent progresses in research on HSCs, TGF-Β1 and TGF-Β1 siRNA in liver fibrosis.
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21
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Jung GS, Jeon JH, Jung YA, Choi YK, Kim HS, Kim JG, Park KG, Kim MK, Lee IK. Clusterin/apolipoprotein J attenuates angiotensin II-induced renal fibrosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105635. [PMID: 25148511 PMCID: PMC4141810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The blockade of angiotensin II (Ang II) is a major therapeutic strategy for diabetic nephropathy. The main roles of Ang II in renal disease are mediated via the Ang type 1 receptor (AT1R). Upregulation of clusterin/apolipoprotein J has been reported in nephropathy models, suggesting it has a protective role in nephropathogenesis. Here, we studied how clusterin acts against Ang II-induced renal fibrosis. Levels of AT1R and fibrotic markers in clusterin-/- mice and Ang II infused rats transfected with an adenovirus encoding clusterin were evaluated by immunoblot analysis, real time RT-PCR, and immunohistochemical staining. The effect of clusterin on renal fibrosis was evaluated in NRK-52E cells, a cultured renal tubular epithelial cell line, using immunoblot analysis and real time RT-PCR. Nuclear localization of NF-κB was evaluated using immunofluorecence and co-immunoprecipitation. Renal fibrosis and expression of AT1R was higher in the kidneys of clusterin-/- mice than in those of wild-type mice. Furthermore, loss of clusterin accelerated Ang II-stimulated renal fibrosis and AT1R expression. Overexpression of clusterin in proximal tubular epithelial cells decreased the levels of Ang II-stimulated fibrotic markers and AT1R. Moreover, intrarenal delivery of clusterin attenuated Ang II-mediated expression of fibrotic markers and AT1R in rats. Fluorescence microscopy and co-immunoprecipitation in conjunction with western blot revealed that clusterin inhibited Ang II-stimulated nuclear localization of p-NF-κB via a direct physical interaction and subsequently decreased the AT1R level in proximal tubular epithelial cells. These data suggest that clusterin attenuates Ang II-induced renal fibrosis by inhibition of NF-κB activation and subsequent downregulation of AT1R. This study raises the possibility that clusterin could be used as a therapeutic target for Ang II-induced renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwon-Soo Jung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Han Jeon
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-A Jung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Kyung Choi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Soon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Guk Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Gyu Park
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (IKL); (MKK)
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (IKL); (MKK)
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22
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Chuang ST, Kuo YH, Su MJ. Antifibrotic effects of KS370G, a caffeamide derivative, in renal ischemia-reperfusion injured mice and renal tubular epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5814. [PMID: 25056456 PMCID: PMC4108915 DOI: 10.1038/srep05814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis is a main cause of end-stage renal disease. Clinically, there are no beneficial treatments that can effectively reverse the progressive loss of renal functions. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester is a natural phenolic antifibrotic agent, but rapid decomposition by an esterase leads to its low bioavailability. In this study, we evaluated the effects of KS370G, a caffeic acid phenylethyl amide, on murine renal fibrosis induced by unilateral renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and in TGF-β1 stimulated renal tubular epithelial cells (NRK52E and HK-2). In the animal model, renal fibrosis was evaluated at 14 days post-operation. Immediately following the operation, KS370G (10 mg/kg) was administered by oral gavage once a day. Our results show that KS370G markedly attenuates collagen deposition and inhibits an IRI-induced increase of fibronectin, vimentin, α-SMA and TGF-β1 expression and plasma TGF-β1 levels in the mouse kidney. Furthermore, KS370G reverses TGF-β1-induced downregulation of E-cadherin and upregulation of α-SMA and also decreases the expression of fibronectin, collagen I and PAI-1 and inhibits TGF-β1-induced phosphorylation of Smad2/3. These findings show the beneficial effects of KS370G on renal fibrosis in vivo and in vitro with the possible mechanism being the inhibition of the Smad2/3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Ting Chuang
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Hsiung Kuo
- 1] Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan [2] Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jai Su
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
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Shen B, Liu X, Fan Y, Qiu J. Macrophages Regulate Renal Fibrosis Through Modulating TGFβ Superfamily Signaling. Inflammation 2014; 37:2076-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-9941-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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24
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Involvement of Nrf2-GSH signaling in TGFβ1-stimulated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition changes in rat renal tubular cells. Arch Pharm Res 2014; 38:272-81. [PMID: 24849033 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-014-0380-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1) induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cultured renal tubular epithelial cells. This phenotypic transition has been known to be involved in the development of chronic kidney diseases by activating profibrotic gene expression. Since oxidative stress has been recognized as one of the contributors to this TGFβ1-mediated pathology, we investigated the potential involvement of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), which is a key transcription factor for the regulation of multiple antioxidant genes, in TGFβ1-stimulated EMT gene changes using the rat proximal tubular epithelial cell line NRK52E. The treatment of NRK52E with TGFβ1 led to changes in EMT gene expression, including increased α-Sma and decreased E-cadherin expression. In these cells, the TGFβ1 treatment decreased the transcript level of the catalytic subunit of γ-glutamate cysteine ligase (Gclc), a glutathione (GSH) biosynthetic enzyme, and reduced the total GSH content with a concomitant decrease in Nrf2 transcription activity. Accordantly, pre-incubation with the GSH precursor N-acetylcysteine attenuated TGFβ1-stimulated EMT gene changes. The involvement of Nrf2 in EMT gene changes has been demonstrated using NRK52E cells with nrf2 knockdown or pharmacological activation. When the expression of Nrf2 was stably silenced in NRK52E cells using interfering RNA administration, Gclc expression was significantly reduced and the increase in the levels of α-Sma and fibronectin-1 by TGFβ1 was greater than those in the nonspecific RNA control group. Conversely, Nrf2 activation and subsequent Gclc increase by Nrf2-activating sulforaphane alleviated the TGFβ1-stimulated α-Sma increase and E-cadherin decrease. Collectively, these results indicate that Nrf2-GSH signaling can modulate TGFβ1-stimulated EMT gene changes and further suggest a beneficial role of Nrf2 inducers in renal pathogenesis.
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Correa-Costa M, Andrade-Oliveira V, Braga TT, Castoldi A, Aguiar CF, Origassa CST, Rodas ACD, Hiyane MI, Malheiros DMAC, Rios FJO, Jancar S, Câmara NOS. Activation of platelet-activating factor receptor exacerbates renal inflammation and promotes fibrosis. J Transl Med 2014; 94:455-66. [PMID: 24492283 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2013.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a lipid mediator with important pro-inflammatory effects, being synthesized by several cell types including kidney cells. Although there is evidence of its involvement in acute renal dysfunction, its role in progressive kidney injury is not completely known. In the present study, we investigated the role of PAF receptor (PAFR) in an experimental model of chronic renal disease. Wild-type (WT) and PAFR knockout (KO) mice underwent unilateral ureter obstruction (UUO), and at kill time, urine and kidney tissue was collected. PAFR KO animals compared with WT mice present: (a) less renal dysfunction, evaluated by urine protein/creatinine ratio; (b) less fibrosis evaluated by collagen deposition, type I collagen, Lysyl Oxidase-1 (LOX-1) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) gene expression, and higher expression of bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7) (3.3-fold lower TGF-β/BMP-7 ratio); (c) downregulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) and adhesion molecule-related machinery genes; and (d) lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These indicate that PAFR engagement by PAF or PAF-like molecules generated during UUO potentiates renal dysfunction and fibrosis and might promote epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Also, early blockade of PAFR after UUO leads to a protective effect, with less fibrosis deposition. In conclusion, PAFR signaling contributes to a pro-inflammatory environment in the model of obstructive nephropathy, favoring the fibrotic process, which lately will generate renal dysfunction and progressive organ failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Correa-Costa
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Andrade-Oliveira
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tarcio T Braga
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angela Castoldi
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristhiane F Aguiar
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Andrea C D Rodas
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Meire I Hiyane
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Francisco J O Rios
- 1] Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil [2] British Heart Foundation, Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sonia Jancar
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels O S Câmara
- 1] Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil [2] Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ryoo IG, Ha H, Kwak MK. Inhibitory role of the KEAP1-NRF2 pathway in TGFβ1-stimulated renal epithelial transition to fibroblastic cells: a modulatory effect on SMAD signaling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93265. [PMID: 24691097 PMCID: PMC3972195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) is a potent stimulator of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and has been associated with chronic kidney diseases by activating profibrotic gene expression. In this study, we investigated the role of the KEAP1-NRF2 pathway, which is a master regulator of the cellular antioxidant system, in TGFβ1-stimulated EMT gene changes using human renal tubular epithelial HK2. Treatment with TGFβ1 enhanced the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and TGFβ1-stimulated EMT gene changes, including an increase in profibrotic fibronectin-1 and collagen 1A1, were diminished by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. In HK2, TGFβ1 suppressed NRF2 activity and thereby reduced the expression of GSH synthesizing enzyme through the elevation of ATF3 level. Therefore, the activation of NRF2 signaling with sulforaphane effectively attenuated the TGFβ1-stimulated increase in fibronectin-1 and collagen 1A1. Conversely, the TGFβ1-EMT gene changes were further enhanced by NRF2 knockdown compared to the control cells. The relationship of NRF2 signaling and TGFβ1-EMT changes was further confirmed in a stable KEAP1-knockdown HK2, which is a model of pure activation of NRF2. The TGFβ1-mediated increase of collagen 1A1 and fibronectin-1 in KEAP1 knockdown HK2 was suppressed. In particular, TGFβ1-SMAD signaling was modulated in KEAP1 knockdown HK2: the TGFβ1-stimulated SMAD2/3 phosphorylation and SMAD transcriptional activity were repressed. Additionally, the protein level of SMAD7, an inhibitor of SMAD signaling, was elevated and the level of SMURF1, an E3 ubiquitin ligase for SMAD7 protein, was diminished in KEAP1 knockdown HK2. Finally, the inhibition of SMAD7 expression in KEAP1 knockdown HK2 restored TGFβ1 response, indicating that SMURF1-SMAD7 may be a molecular signaling linking the NRF2-GSH pathway to TGFβ1-EMT changes. Collectively, these results indicate that the KEAP1-NRF2 antioxidant system can be an effective modulator of TGFβ1-stimulated renal epithelial transition to fibroblastic cells through the SMUR1-SMAD7 signaling, and further implies the beneficial role of NRF2 in chronic renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-geun Ryoo
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hunjoo Ha
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyoung Kwak
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Sakuraya K, Endo A, Someya T, Hirano D, Murano Y, Fujinaga S, Ohtomo Y, Shimizu T. The Synergistic Effect of Mizoribine and a Direct Renin Inhibitor, Aliskiren, on Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction Induced Renal Fibrosis in Rats. J Urol 2014; 191:1139-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2013.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Sakuraya
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Amane Endo
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonosuke Someya
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daishi Hirano
- Department of Pediatrics, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yayoi Murano
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Fujinaga
- Division of Nephrology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Ohtomo
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Zhao T, Zhao W, Meng W, Liu C, Chen Y, Sun Y. Vascular endothelial growth factor-C: its unrevealed role in fibrogenesis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 306:H789-96. [PMID: 24464750 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00559.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C is a key mediator of lymphangiogenesis. Our recent study shows that VEGF-C/VEGF receptors (VEGFR)-3 are significantly increased in the infarcted rat myocardium, where VEGFR-3 is expressed not only in lymph ducts but also in myofibroblasts, indicating that VEGF-C has an unrevealed role in fibrogenesis during cardiac repair. The current study is to explore the regulation and molecular mechanisms of VEGF-C in fibrogenesis. The potential regulation of VEGF-C on myofibroblast differentiation/growth/migration, collagen degradation/synthesis, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and ERK pathways was detected in cultured cardiac myofibroblasts. Our results showed that VEGF-C significantly increased myofibroblast proliferation, migration, and type I/III collagen production. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 were significantly elevated in the medium of VEGF-C-treated cells, coincident with increased tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2. Furthermore, VEGF-C activated the TGF-β1 pathway and ERK phosphorylation, which was significantly suppressed by TGF-β or ERK blockade. This is the first study indicating that in addition to lymphangiogenesis, VEGF-C is also involved in fibrogenesis through stimulation of myofibroblast proliferation, migration, and collagen synthesis, via activation of the TGF-β1 and ERK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tieqiang Zhao
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; and
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Abstract
Fibrosis is defined as increased fibroblast proliferation and deposition of extracellular matrix components with potential clinical ramifications including organ dysfunction and failure. Fibrosis is a characteristic finding of various skin diseases which can have life-threatening consequences. These implications call for research into this topic as only a few treatments targeting fibrosis are available. In this review, we discuss oxidative stress and its role in skin fibrosis. Recent studies have implicated the importance of oxidative stress in a variety of cellular pathways directly and indirectly involved in the pathogenesis of skin fibrosis. The cellular pathways by which oxidative stress affects specific fibrotic skin disorders are also reviewed. Finally, we also describe various therapeutic approaches specifically targeting oxidative stress to prevent skin fibrosis. We believe oxidative stress is a relevant target, and understanding the role of oxidative stress in skin fibrosis will enhance knowledge of fibrotic skin diseases and potentially produce targeted therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Shroff
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Clinical Research – Dermatology, 5 East 98th Street- 5th floor, Box 1048, New York, NY USA
| | - Andrew Mamalis
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA
- Dermatology Service, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Mather, CA USA
| | - Jared Jagdeo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA
- Dermatology Service, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Mather, CA USA
- Department of Dermatology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA
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Constitutional Nephrin Deficiency in Conditionally Immortalized Human Podocytes Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition, Supported by β-Catenin/NF-kappa B Activation: A Consequence of Cell Junction Impairment? Int J Nephrol 2013; 2013:457490. [PMID: 24392227 PMCID: PMC3874297 DOI: 10.1155/2013/457490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The kidney glomerular podocytes are the cellular target of many chronic nephropathies both determined and acquired genetically. Mutations that affected the expression and/or the function of nephrin, a key component of the slit-diaphragm, are often causes of these pathologies. Recent findings showed that murine podocytes could undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT), suggesting new hypotheses about the pathogenesis of glomerular fibrosis. Here, we show that also human podocytes can undergo EMT, but more importantly nephrin ablation itself can trigger this phenotypic transformation. In fact, a model of human podocyte with engineered nephrin deficiency constitutionally expressed high levels of α-SMA, vimentin, fibronectin, and other hallmarks of EMT. Since it is known that cell contact abrogation is one of the triggers of EMT, we reasoned that nephrin loss could account for such cell junction disruption and cause the EMT. Therefore, we demonstrated that also normal podocytes could spontaneously undergo EMT if grown in Ca2+-free medium, which is known to impair cell contacts. The analysis of the main intracellular signal transduction pathways evidenced some major anomalies consequent with the nephrin abrogation. The most intriguing was the activation of β-catenin pathway, which plays a critical role in podocyte ontogenesis as well as in the nephrin expression and EMT regulation. Also other important signaling proteins, like NF-κB, p53, and retinoblastoma protein (RB), showed important activity modifications. Interestingly, most of the above indicated signaling pathway alterations were again reproducible by cell junction rupture, induced by Ca2+ deprivation. Finally, immunofluorescence analysis on kidney sections of patients with NS of Finnish type confirmed the constitutive expression of α-SMA.
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Huang C, Shen S, Ma Q, Gill A, Pollock CA, Chen XM. KCa3.1 mediates activation of fibroblasts in diabetic renal interstitial fibrosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 29:313-24. [PMID: 24166472 PMCID: PMC3910344 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast activation plays a critical role in diabetic nephropathy (DN). The Ca2+-activated K+ channel KCa3.1 mediates cellular proliferation of many cell types including fibroblasts. KCa3.1 has been reported to be a potential molecular target for pharmacological intervention in a diverse array of clinical conditions. However, the role of KCa3.1 in the activation of myofibroblasts in DN is unknown. These studies assessed the effect of KCa3.1 blockade on renal injury in experimental diabetes. METHODS As TGF-β1 plays a central role in the activation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts in renal interstitial fibrosis, human primary renal interstitial fibroblasts were incubated with TGF-β1+/- the selective inhibitor of KCa3.1, TRAM34, for 48 h. Two streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse models were used in this study: wild-type KCa3.1+/+ and KCa3.1-/- mice, and secondly eNOS-/- mice treated with or without a selective inhibitor of KCa3.1 (TRAM34). Then, markers of fibroblast activation and fibrosis were determined. RESULTS Blockade of KCa3.1 inhibited the upregulation of type I collagen, fibronectin, α-smooth muscle actin, vimentin and fibroblast-specific protein-1 in renal fibroblasts exposed to TGF-β1 and in kidneys from diabetic mice. TRAM34 reduced TGF-β1-induced phosphorylation of Smad2/3 and ERK1/2 but not P38 and JNK MAPK in interstitial fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that blockade of KCa3.1 attenuates diabetic renal interstitial fibrogenesis through inhibiting activation of fibroblasts and phosphorylation of Smad2/3 and ERK1/2. Therefore, therapeutic interventions to prevent or ameliorate DN through targeted inhibition of KCa3.1 deserve further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Huang
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney medical school and University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Zhao T, Zhao W, Chen Y, Li VS, Meng W, Sun Y. Platelet-derived growth factor-D promotes fibrogenesis of cardiac fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 304:H1719-26. [PMID: 23585135 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00130.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-D is a newly recognized member of the PDGF family with its role just now being understood. Our previous study shows that PDGF-D and its receptors (PDGFR-β) are significantly increased in the infarcted heart, where PDGFR-β is primarily expressed by fibroblasts, indicating the involvement of PDGF-D in the development of cardiac fibrosis. In continuing with these findings, the current study explored the molecular basis of PDGF-D on fibrogenesis. Rat cardiac fibroblasts were isolated and treated with PDGF-D (200 ng/ml medium). The potential regulation of PDGF-D on fibroblast growth, phenotype change, collagen turnover, and the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β pathway were explored. We found: 1) PDGF-D significantly elevated cardiac fibroblast proliferation, myofibroblast (myoFb) differentiation, and type I collagen secretion; 2) matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9 protein levels were significantly elevated in PDGF-D-treated cells, which were coincident with increased expressions of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2; 3) PDGF-D significantly enhanced TGF-β1 synthesis, which was eliminated by TGF-β blockade with small-interfering RNA (siRNA); 4) the stimulatory role of PDGF-D on fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis was abolished by TGF-β blockade; and 5) TGF-β siRNA treatment significantly suppressed PDGF-D synthesis in fibroblasts. These observations indicate that PDGF-D promotes fibrogenesis through multiple mechanisms. Coelevations of TIMPs and MMPs counterbalance collagen degradation. The profibrogenic role of PDGF-D is mediated through activation of the TGF-β1 pathway. TGF-β1 exerts positive feedback on PDGF-D synthesis. These findings suggest the potential therapeutic effect of PDGFR blockade on interstitial fibrosis in the infarcted heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tieqiang Zhao
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Oliveira FAM, Moraes ACM, Paiva AP, Schinzel V, Correa-Costa M, Semedo P, Castoldi A, Cenedeze MA, Oliveira RSMF, Bastos MG, Câmara NOS, Sanders-Pinheiro H. Low-level laser therapy decreases renal interstitial fibrosis. Photomed Laser Surg 2012; 30:705-13. [PMID: 23134313 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2012.3272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on chronic kidney disease (CKD) in a model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). BACKGROUND DATA Regardless of the etiology, CKD involves progressive widespread tissue fibrosis, tubular atrophy, and loss of kidney function. This process also occurs in kidney allograft. At present, effective therapies for this condition are lacking. We investigated the effects of LLLT on the interstitial fibrosis that occurs after experimental UUO in rats. METHODS The occluded kidney of half of the 32 Wistar rats that underwent UUO received a single intraoperative dose of LLLT (AlGaAs laser, 780 nm, 22.5 J/cm(2), 30 mW, 0.75 W/cm(2), 30 sec on each of nine points). After 14 days, renal fibrosis was assessed by Sirius red staining under polarized light. Immunohistochemical analyses quantitated the renal tissue cells that expressed fibroblast (FSP-1) and myofibroblast (α-SMA) markers. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to determine the mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-6, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and Smad3. RESULTS The UUO and LLLT animals had less fibrosis than the UUO animals, as well having decreased expression inflammatory and pro-fibrotic markers. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, we showed that LLLT had a protective effect regarding renal interstitial fibrosis. It is conceivable that by attenuating inflammation, LLLT can prevent tubular activation and transdifferentiation, which are the two processes that mainly drive the renal fibrosis of the UUO model.
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Hung TJ, Chen WM, Liu SF, Liao TN, Lee TC, Chuang LY, Guh JY, Hung CY, Hung YJ, Chen PY, Hsieh PF, Yang YL. 20-Hydroxyecdysone attenuates TGF-β1-induced renal cellular fibrosis in proximal tubule cells. J Diabetes Complications 2012; 26:463-9. [PMID: 22858168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2012.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Renal fibrosis progresses to end stage of diabetes kidney disease, which causes irreversible progressive proximal tubular injury. In a previous study, 20-hydroxyecdysterone (20-HE), a phytoecdysteroid, attenuated renal injury in diabetes models. However, the fibrosis regulatory role remains to be investigated. METHODS The proximal tubular epithelial cells (designated as HK-2) were treated for 48 h with TGF-β1 (5 ng/ml) in different concentrations of 20-HE (0 to 500 nM/ml) in the last 24 h of culture. The extracellular fibronectin was measured by ELISA assay. Western blot and immunofluorescence were used to evaluate the expression of TGF-β1/Smads transducer (including Smad2/3, 4, and 7), epithelial and mesenchymal markers (e.g. E-cadherin and α-smooth muscle actin) and Snail (transcriptional regulators for EMT). RESULTS 20-HE reverses TGF-β1-induced increase in fibronectin (both intracellular and extracellular fibronectin). Simultaneously, 20-HE reverses TGF-β1-induced down-regulation of Smad7. In addition, 20-HE significantly attenuates TGF-β1-induced upregulation of Smad2/3 and pSmad2/3, and downregulation of E-Cadherin. Moreover, 20-HE dramatically suppresses TGF-β1-induced increases in the expression of Snail. CONCLUSION We propose that 20-HE is a potential fibrosis antagonist for renal proximal tubule cells. 20-HE might act through suppressing post-receptor signaling of TGF-β1 and restoring tubule epithelial character by blocking the expression of Snail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Jen Hung
- Department of Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
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Jenkin KA, Verty AN, McAinch AJ, Hryciw DH. Endocannabinoids and the renal proximal tubule: An emerging role in diabetic nephropathy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:2028-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Samarakoon R, Overstreet JM, Higgins PJ. TGF-β signaling in tissue fibrosis: redox controls, target genes and therapeutic opportunities. Cell Signal 2012; 25:264-8. [PMID: 23063463 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
During development of TGF-β1-initiated fibroproliferative disorders, NADPH oxidases (NOX family members) generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting in downstream transcription of a subset genes encoding matrix structural elements and profibrotic factors. Prominent among the repertoire of disease-implicated genes is the TGF-β1 target gene encoding the potent profibrotic matricellular protein plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1 or SERPINE1). PAI-1 is the major physiologic inhibitor of the plasmin-based pericellular cascade and a causative factor in the development of vascular thrombotic and fibroproliferative disorders. ROS generation in response to TGF-β1 stimulation is rapid and precedes PAI-1 induction; engagement of non-SMAD (e.g., EGFR, Src kinase, MAP kinases, p53) and SMAD2/3 pathways are both required for PAI-1 expression and are ROS-dependent. Recent findings suggest a novel role for p53 in TGF-β1-induced PAI-1 transcription that involves ROS generation and p53/SMAD interactions. Targeting ROS and ROS-activated cellular events is likely to have therapeutic implications in the management of fibrotic disorders, particularly in the context of prolonged TGF-β1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Samarakoon
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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Dimethylfumarate attenuates renal fibrosis via NF-E2-related factor 2-mediated inhibition of transforming growth factor-β/Smad signaling. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45870. [PMID: 23056222 PMCID: PMC3466265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β plays a key role in the development of renal fibrosis. Suppressing the TGF-β signaling pathway is a possible therapeutic approach for preventing this disease, and reports have suggested that Nrf2 protects against renal fibrosis by inhibiting TGF-β signaling. This study examines whether dimethylfumarate (DMF), which stimulates Nrf2, prevents renal fibrosis via the Nrf2-mediated suppression of TGF-β signaling. Results showed that DMF increased nuclear levels of Nrf2, and both DMF and adenovirus-mediated overexpression of Nrf2 (Ad-Nrf2) decreased PAI-1, alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibronectin and type 1 collagen expression in TGF-β-treated rat mesangial cells (RMCs) and renal fibroblast cells (NRK-49F). Additionally, DMF and Ad-Nrf2 repressed TGF-β-stimulated Smad3 activity by inhibiting Smad3 phosphorylation, which was restored by siRNA-mediated knockdown of Nrf2 expression. However, downregulation of the antioxidant response element (ARE)-driven Nrf2 target genes such as NQO1, HO-1 and glutathione S-transferase (GST) did not reverse the inhibitory effect of DMF on TGF-β-induced upregulation of profibrotic genes or extracellular matrix proteins, suggesting an ARE-independent anti-fibrotic activity of DMF. Finally, DMF suppressed unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced renal fibrosis and α-SMA, fibronectin and type 1 collagen expression in the obstructed kidneys from UUO mice, along with increased and decreased expression of Nrf2 and phospho-Smad3, respectively. In summary, DMF attenuated renal fibrosis via the Nrf2-mediated inhibition of TGF-β/Smad3 signaling in an ARE-independent manner, suggesting that DMF could be used to treat renal fibrosis.
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Samarakoon R, Overstreet JM, Higgins SP, Higgins PJ. TGF-β1 → SMAD/p53/USF2 → PAI-1 transcriptional axis in ureteral obstruction-induced renal fibrosis. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 347:117-28. [PMID: 21638209 PMCID: PMC3188682 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1181-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease constitutes an increasing medical burden affecting 26 million people in the United States alone. Diabetes, hypertension, ischemia, acute injury, and urological obstruction contribute to renal fibrosis, a common pathological hallmark of chronic kidney disease. Regardless of etiology, elevated TGF-β1 levels are causatively linked to the activation of profibrotic signaling pathways initiated by angiotensin, glucose, and oxidative stress. Unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) is a useful and accessible model to identify mechanisms underlying the progression of renal fibrosis. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), a major effector and downstream target of TGF-β1 in the progression of several clinically important fibrotic disorders, is highly up-regulated in UUO and causatively linked to disease severity. SMAD and non-SMAD pathways (pp60(c-src), epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR], mitogen-activated protein kinase, p53) are required for PAI-1 induction by TGF-β1. SMAD2/3, pp60(c-src), EGFR, and p53 activation are each increased in the obstructed kidney. This review summarizes the molecular basis and translational significance of TGF-β1-stimulated PAI-1 expression in the progression of kidney disease induced by ureteral obstruction. Mechanisms discussed here appear to be operative in other renal fibrotic disorders and are relevant to the global issue of tissue fibrosis, regardless of organ site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Samarakoon
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research (MC-165), Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany NY 12208, USA
| | - Jessica M. Overstreet
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research (MC-165), Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany NY 12208, USA
| | - Stephen P. Higgins
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research (MC-165), Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany NY 12208, USA
| | - Paul J. Higgins
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research (MC-165), Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany NY 12208, USA
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Jia Y, Guan Q, Guo Y, Du C. Echinacoside Stimulates Cell Proliferation and Prevents Cell Apoptosis in Intestinal Epithelial MODE-K Cells by Up-Regulation of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 Expression. J Pharmacol Sci 2012; 118:99-108. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.11186fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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Jung GS, Kim MK, Jung YA, Kim HS, Park IS, Min BH, Lee KU, Kim JG, Park KG, Lee IK. Clusterin attenuates the development of renal fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 23:73-85. [PMID: 22052058 PMCID: PMC3269926 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2011010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Upregulation of clusterin occurs in several renal diseases and models of nephrotoxicity, but whether this promotes injury or is a protective reaction to injury is unknown. Here, in the mouse unilateral ureteral obstruction model, obstruction markedly increased the expression of clusterin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), type I collagen, and fibronectin. Compared with wild-type mice, clusterin-deficient mice exhibited higher levels of PAI-1, type I collagen, and fibronectin and accelerated renal fibrosis in response to obstruction. In cultured rat tubular epithelium-like cells, adenovirus-mediated overexpression of clusterin inhibited the expression of TGF-β-stimulated PAI-1, type I collagen, and fibronectin. Clusterin inhibited TGF-β-stimulated Smad3 activity via inhibition of Smad3 phosphorylation and its nuclear translocation. Moreover, intrarenal delivery of adenovirus-expressing clusterin upregulated expression of clusterin in tubular epithelium-like cells and attenuated obstruction-induced renal fibrosis. In conclusion, clusterin attenuates renal fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy. These results suggest that upregulation of clusterin during renal injury is a protective response against the development of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwon-Soo Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Yun-A Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hye-Soon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - In-Sun Park
- Department of Anatomy and Center for Advanced Medical Education by BK21 project, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Bon-Hong Min
- Department of Pharmacology and BK21 Program for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki-Up Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; and
| | - Jung-Guk Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Keun-Gyu Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
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Sun D, Ma Y, Han H, Yin Z, Liu C, Feng J, Zhou X, Li X, Xiao A, Yu R. Thrombospondin-1 short hairpin RNA suppresses tubulointerstitial fibrosis in the kidney of ureteral obstruction by ameliorating peritubular capillary injury. Kidney Blood Press Res 2011; 35:35-47. [PMID: 21860248 DOI: 10.1159/000330718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), a naturally occurring inhibitor of angiogenesis, is an important mediator of renal fibrosis in clinical and experimental kidney disease. Increasing evidence shows that the microvasculature plays a critical role in progressive renal disease. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether interstitial fibrosis could be prevented by abolishing TSP-1 function in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced renal fibrosis. METHODS AND RESULTS A short hairpin RNA vector, designated Thbs-1, significantly suppressed TSP-1 in both transcriptional and translational levels in in vitro-cultured cells and in vivo fibrosis-induced mouse kidney. Furthermore, TSP-1 RNA interference increased the protein level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the density of peritubular capillaries (PTCs), reduced the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in tubulointerstitial cells, and collagen III and the connective tissue growth factor expression were markedly reduced from day 7 after UUO-induced fibrosis, but un- or vector-treated mice maintained their expression. TSP-1 shRNA suppressed the protein level of TSP-1, increased VEGF expression and PTC density and alleviated the development of renal interstitial fibrosis in UUO mice. CONCLUSION These data suggest that inhibition of TSP-1 expression prevented tubulointerstitial fibrosis through ameliorating PTC injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, PR China.
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Yuan Q, Wang R, Peng Y, Fu X, Wang W, Wang L, Zhang F, Peng Z, Ning W, Hu G, Wang Z, Tao L. Fluorofenidone attenuates tubulointerstitial fibrosis by inhibiting TGF-β(1)-induced fibroblast activation. Am J Nephrol 2011; 34:181-94. [PMID: 21791914 DOI: 10.1159/000329080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel therapeutic agents are urgently needed to combat renal fibrosis. The purpose of this study was to assess, using complete unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) in rats, whether fluorofenidone (AKF-PD) [1-(3-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-2-(1H)-pyridone] inhibits renal fibrosis, and to determine whether it exerts its inhibitory function on renal fibroblast activation. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: sham operation, UUO and UUO/AKF-PD (500 mg/kg/day). Renal function, tubulointerstitium damage index score, extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, and the expressions of TGF-β(1), collagen III, α-SMA, p-Smad2, p-Smad3, p-ERK1/2, p-JNK and p-p38 were measured. In addition, the expressions of α-SMA, fibronectin, CTGF, p-Smad2/3, p-ERK1/2, p-p38 and p-JNK were measured in TGF-β(1)-stimulated normal rat renal fibroblasts (NRK-49F). RESULTS AKF-PD treatment significantly attenuated tubulointerstitium damage, ECM deposition, the expressions of TGF-β(1), collagen III, α-SMA, p-ERK1/2, p-p38 and p-JNK in vivo. In vitro, AKF-PD dose-dependently inhibited expressions of α-SMA, fibronectin and CTGF. Furthermore, AKF-PD did not inhibit Smad2/3 phosphorylation or nuclear accumulation, but rather attenuated ERK, p38 and JNK activation. CONCLUSION AKF-PD treatment inhibits the progression of renal interstitial fibrosis in obstructed kidneys; this is potentially achieved by suppressing fibroblast activation. Therefore, AKF-PD is a special candidate for the treatment of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongjing Yuan
- Division of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Choi DE, Jeong JY, Lim BJ, Chang YK, Na KR, Shin YT, Lee KW. Aliskiren ameliorates renal inflammation and fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction in mice. J Urol 2011; 186:694-701. [PMID: 21683401 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.03.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Renin-angiotensin system activation is involved in inflammation and fibrosis in the kidney. Aliskiren, a direct renin inhibitor, decreases renin-angiotensin system activation, including plasma renin activity and angiotensin II, but increases the prorenin level, which may promote inflammation and fibrosis in renal tissue. Thus, we evaluated whether inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system by aliskiren would decrease renal inflammation and fibrosis in a mouse model of unilateral ureteral obstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten-week-old male C57BL/6 mice (Samtako, Kyoung Gi-Do, Korea) weighing 30 to 33 gm were divided into 4 groups, including vehicle or aliskiren treated sham operated and vehicle or aliskiren treated unilateral ureteral obstruction groups. We evaluated plasma renin activity, and plasma renin and renal mRNA expression levels of renin and (pro)renin receptor. To evaluate inflammation and fibrosis renal mRNA expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1, osteopontin and transforming growth factor-β was measured. Hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome staining, and immunohistochemical staining for CD68, transforming growth factor-β and α-smooth muscle actin were performed. RESULTS Plasma renin activity was significantly lower in the aliskiren treated obstruction group than in the vehicle treated obstruction group. Aliskiren treatment increased renal mRNA expression of renin. The number of CD68 positive cells, and renal monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and osteopontin mRNA levels were significantly higher in mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction than in sham operated mice. Aliskiren decreased the increased levels of these inflammation markers. Aliskiren also decreased renal transforming growth factor-β mRNA expression, transforming growth factor-β and α-smooth muscle actin immunostaining, and Masson's trichrome stained areas of unilateral ureteral obstruction kidneys. CONCLUSIONS Aliskiren has anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects in an experimental unilateral ureteral obstruction mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Eun Choi
- Department of Nephrology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea
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Correa-Costa M, Semedo P, Monteiro APFS, Silva RC, Pereira RL, Gonçalves GM, Marques GDM, Cenedeze MA, Faleiros ACG, Keller AC, Shimizu MHM, Seguro AC, Reis MA, Pacheco-Silva A, Câmara NOS. Induction of heme oxygenase-1 can halt and even reverse renal tubule-interstitial fibrosis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14298. [PMID: 21179206 PMCID: PMC3001459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The tubule-interstitial fibrosis is the hallmark of progressive renal disease and is strongly associated with inflammation of this compartment. Heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a cytoprotective molecule that has been shown to be beneficial in various models of renal injury. However, the role of HO-1 in reversing an established renal scar has not yet been addressed. Aim We explored the ability of HO-1 to halt and reverse the establishment of fibrosis in an experimental model of chronic renal disease. Methods Sprague-Dawley male rats were subjected to unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and divided into two groups: non-treated and Hemin-treated. To study the prevention of fibrosis, animals were pre-treated with Hemin at days -2 and -1 prior to UUO. To investigate whether HO-1 could reverse established fibrosis, Hemin therapy was given at days 6 and 7 post-surgery. After 7 and/or 14 days, animals were sacrificed and blood, urine and kidney tissue samples were collected for analyses. Renal function was determined by assessing the serum creatinine, inulin clearance, proteinuria/creatininuria ratio and extent of albuminuria. Arterial blood pressure was measured and fibrosis was quantified by Picrosirius staining. Gene and protein expression of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic molecules, as well as HO-1 were performed. Results Pre-treatment with Hemin upregulated HO-1 expression and significantly reduced proteinuria, albuminuria, inflammation and pro-fibrotic protein and gene expressions in animals subjected to UUO. Interestingly, the delayed treatment with Hemin was also able to reduce renal dysfunction and to decrease the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules, all in association with significantly reduced levels of fibrosis-related molecules and collagen deposition. Finally, TGF-β protein production was significantly lower in Hemin-treated animals. Conclusion Treatment with Hemin was able both to prevent the progression of fibrosis and to reverse an established renal scar. Modulation of inflammation appears to be the major mechanism behind HO-1 cytoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Correa-Costa
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Semedo
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula F. S. Monteiro
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo C. Silva
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael L. Pereira
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giselle M. Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Georgia Daniela Marcusso Marques
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos A. Cenedeze
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana C. G. Faleiros
- Pathology Division, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Alexandre C. Keller
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria H. M. Shimizu
- Nephrology Department, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio C. Seguro
- Nephrology Department, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marlene A. Reis
- Pathology Division, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Alvaro Pacheco-Silva
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels O. S. Câmara
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Lentiviral-mediated RNA interference against TGF-beta receptor type II in renal epithelial and fibroblast cell populations in vitro demonstrates regulated renal fibrogenesis that is more efficient than a nonlentiviral vector. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:859240. [PMID: 21151672 PMCID: PMC2997515 DOI: 10.1155/2010/859240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Lentiviral constructs reportedly can integrate into the genome of non-dividing, terminally differentiated cells and dividing cells, for long-term gene expression. This investigation tested whether a third generation lentiviral-mediated small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivered into renal epithelial and fibroblast cells against type II transforming growth factor-beta receptor (siRNA-TBRII) could better attenuate renal fibrogenesis in comparison with a non-lentiviral construct. Methods. HIV-derived lentiviral and non-lentiviral constructs were used to transfect cells with siRNA-TBRII or siRNA-EGFP control. Human embryonic kidney (HEK-293T), renal epithelial cells (NRK-52E) and renal fibroblasts (NRK-49F) were transfected and gene silencing quantified (fluorescence microscopy, Western blotting, fluorescence-activated cell sorting). Renal fibrogenesis was assessed using extracellular matrix protein synthesis (fibronectin and collagen-III; Western immunoblot), and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was analysed as a marker of fibroblast activation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transdifferentiation (EMT). Results. Lentiviral-mediated siRNA-TBRII significantly suppressed TBRII expression in all cell lines, and also significantly suppressed renal fibrogenesis. In comparison with the non-lentiviral construct, lentiviral-mediated siRNA-TBRII produced stronger and more persistent inhibition of collagen-III in NRK-49F cells, fibronectin in all renal cell lines, and α-SMA in renal epithelial cells. Conclusions. Lentiviral vector systems against TBRII can be delivered into renal cells to efficiently limit renal fibrogenesis by sequence-specific gene silencing.
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Gene expression profile of the fibrotic response in the peritoneal cavity. Differentiation 2010; 79:232-43. [PMID: 20395036 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The cellular response to materials implanted in the peritoneal cavity has been utilised to produce tissue for grafting to hollow smooth muscle organs (blood vessels, bladder, uterus and vas deferens). To gain insight into the regulatory mechanisms involved in encapsulation of a foreign object, and subsequent differentiation of encapsulating cells, the present study used microarray technology and real-time RT-PCR to identify the temporal changes in gene expression associated with tissue development. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that 3-7 days post-implantation of foreign objects (cubes of boiled egg white) into rats, they were encapsulated by tissue comprised primarily of haemopoietic (CD45(+)) cells, mainly macrophages (CD68(+), CCR1(+)). By day 14, tissue capsule cells no longer expressed CD68, but were positive for myofibroblast markers alpha-smooth muscle (SM) actin and SM22. In accordance with these results, gene expression data showed that early capsule (days 3-7) development was dominated by the expression of monocyte/macrophage-specific genes (CD14, CSF-1, CSF-1R, MCP-1) and pro-inflammatory mediators such as transforming growth factor (TGF-beta). As tissue capsule development progressed (days 14-21), myofibroblast-associated and pro-fibrotic genes (associated with TGF-beta and Wnt/beta-catenin signalling pathways, including Wnt 4, TGFbetaRII, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), SMADs-1, -2, -4 and collagen-1 subunits) were significantly up-regulated. The up-regulation of genes associated with Cardiovascular and Skeletal and Muscular System Development at later time-points suggests the capacity of cells within the tissue capsule for further differentiation to smooth muscle, and possibly other cell types. The identification of key regulatory pathways and molecules associated with the fibrotic response to implanted materials has important applications not only for optimising tissue engineering strategies, but also to control deleterious fibrotic responses.
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Ke B, Shen XD, Gao F, Qiao B, Ji H, Busuttil RW, Volk HD, Kupiec-Weglinski JW. Small interfering RNA targeting heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) reinforces liver apoptosis induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice: HO-1 is necessary for cytoprotection. Hum Gene Ther 2010; 20:1133-42. [PMID: 19534599 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2009.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown that overexpression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) prevents the liver inflammation response leading to ischemia and reperfusion injury (IRI). This study was designed to explore the precise function and mechanism of HO-1 cytoprotection in liver IRI by employing a small interfering RNA (siRNA) that effectively suppresses HO-1 expression both in vitro and in vivo. Using a partial lobar liver warm ischemia model, mice were injected with HO-1 siRNA/nonspecific control siRNA or Ad-HO-1/Ad-beta-gal. Those treated with HO-1 siRNA showed increased serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase levels, significant liver edema, sinusoidal congestion/cytoplasmic vacuolization, and severe hepatocellular necrosis. In contrast, Ad-HO-1-pretreated animals revealed only minimal sinusoidal congestion without edema/vacuolization or necrosis. Administration of HO-1 siRNA significantly increased local neutrophil accumulation and the frequency of apoptotic cells. Mice treated with HO-1 siRNA were characterized by increased caspase-3 activity and reduced HO-1 expression, whereas those given Ad-HO-1 showed decreased caspase-3 activity and increased HO-1/Bcl-2/Bcl-x(L), data confirmed by use of an in vitro cell culture system. Thus, by using an siRNA approach this study confirms that HO-1 provides potent cytoprotection against hepatic IRI and regulates liver apoptosis. Indeed, siRNA provides a powerful tool with which to study gene function in a wide range of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibo Ke
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Jung GS, Kim MK, Choe MS, Lee KM, Kim HS, Park YJ, Choi HS, Lee KU, Park KG, Lee IK. The orphan nuclear receptor SHP attenuates renal fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20:2162-70. [PMID: 19643931 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2008121232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins is a common feature of fibrotic kidney diseases. Accumulating evidence suggests that TGF-beta and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) promote the development of renal fibrosis by stimulating the generation and inhibiting the removal of matrix proteins. The small heterodimer partner (SHP) represses PAI-1 expression in the liver by inhibiting TGF-beta signaling, but whether SHP inhibits renal fibrosis is unknown. Here, unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) markedly increased the expression of PAI-1, type I collagen, and fibronectin but decreased SHP gene expression. Moreover, in kidneys of SHP-/- mice, the expression of PAI-1, type I collagen, fibronectin and alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) were higher compared with those in kidneys of wild-type mice. In addition, loss of SHP accelerated renal fibrosis after UUO. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of SHP in cultured rat mesangial cells and renal tubular epithelial cells inhibited TGF-beta-stimulated expression of PAI-1, type I collagen, and fibronectin. SHP inhibited TGF-beta- and Smad3-stimulated PAI-1 promoter activities as well as TGF-beta-stimulated binding of Smad3 to its consensus response element on the PAI-1 promoter. Similarly, in vivo, adenovirus-mediated overexpression of SHP in the kidney inhibited the expression of UUO-induced PAI-1, type I collagen, fibronectin, and alpha-SMA. In summary, SHP attenuates renal fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy, making its pathway a possible therapeutic target for chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwon-Soo Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
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Efrati S, Berman S, Chachashvili A, Cohen N, Siman-Tov Y, Averbukh Z, Weissgarten J. Rosiglitazone treatment attenuates renal tissue inflammation generated by urinary tract obstruction. Nephrology (Carlton) 2009; 14:189-97. [PMID: 19143945 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2008.01032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma activation by rosiglitazone decreases manifestation of intrarenal inflammatory hallmarks. Inflammation significantly aggravates renal injury following urinary tract obstruction. The effect of rosiglitazone on renal inflammation following unilateral ureteral obstruction was investigated. METHODS Ninety-six Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to unilateral ureteral ligation, or to sham operation. Half of each group received rosiglitazone, 5 mg/kg bodyweight per day. The animals were killed and their kidneys allocated following 1 h, 24 h or 2 weeks, for pathological examination or for intrarenal transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-10 and nitric oxide (NO) assessment by specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Apoptosis rates, extracellular matrix deposition, PPAR-gamma, alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) expression and macrophage infiltration were assessed by specific immunohistological stainings. RESULTS PPAR-gamma receptor expression was downregulated, and infiltration of macrophages decreased, in all rosiglitazone-treated kidneys. Rosiglitazone significantly decreased apoptosis, TGF-beta, IL-6, alpha-SMA expression and NO availability in obstructed kidneys. Synthesis of IL-10 was unaltered, while IL-4 augmented by Rosiglitazone. Rosiglitazone also affected NO and IL-4 production in sham-operated controls. CONCLUSION (i) Rosiglitazone attenuates profibrotic and pro-inflammatory responses in a rat model of ureteral obstruction-induced renal inflammation; (ii) rosiglitazone stimulates counteractive anti-inflammatory responses in the damaged kidneys; (iii) in part, rosiglitazone exerts comparable anti-inflammatory effects on obstructed kidneys and unobstructed healthy controls. Taken together, this ascertains the importance of the anti-inflammatory role of rosiglitazone treatment in amelioration of ureteral obstruction-induced renal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Efrati
- Nephrology Division, Assaf-Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
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Xie XS, Liu HC, Yang M, Zuo C, Deng Y, Fan JM. Ginsenoside Rb1, a panoxadiol saponin against oxidative damage and renal interstitial fibrosis in rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction. Chin J Integr Med 2009; 15:133-40. [PMID: 19407952 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-009-0133-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the possible protective effect and mechanism of ginsenoside Rb1 against oxidative damage and renal interstitial fibrosis on rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). METHODS In total, 80 male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups, 20 in each group: the sham operated group (SOR), UUO group, UUO with ginsenoside Rb1 treatment group (treated with intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/ kg daily) and UUO with Losartan treatment group (as the positive control, treated with 20 mg/kg by gastrogavage per day). The rats were randomly sacrificed on day 3, 7 and 14 after surgery, respectively. The histopathologic changes of renal interstitial tissues were observed with Masson staining. The mRNA of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1), collagen I and fibronectin were reversed transcribed and quantified by Real-time PCR. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to quantitatively detect TGF-beta 1 and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels. P47phox protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. RESULTS In the UUO model, the obstructed kidney showed typical features of progressive renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and the levels of TGF-beta1, collagen I and fibronectin increased (P<0.05). As compared with the UUO group, ginsennoside Rb1 significantly inhibited the interstitial fibrosis including tubular injury and collagen deposition, and decreased the levels of TGF-beta1 (P<0.05). Ginsenoside Rb1 also inhibited the heme oxygenase (HO-1) and 8-OHdG, two markers of oxidative stress (P<0.05). Moreover, ginsenoside Rb1 suppressed the expression of p47phox, a subunit of nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Ginsenoside Rb1 can obviously inhibit renal interstitial fibrosis in rats with UUO, its mechanism possibly via against the oxidative damage and suppressing TGF-beta1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-sheng Xie
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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