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Comeglio P, Guarnieri G, Filippi S, Cellai I, Acciai G, Holyer I, Zetterberg F, Leffler H, Kahl-Knutson B, Sarchielli E, Morelli A, Maggi M, Slack RJ, Vignozzi L. The galectin-3 inhibitor selvigaltin reduces liver inflammation and fibrosis in a high fat diet rabbit model of metabolic-associated steatohepatitis. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1430109. [PMID: 39144627 PMCID: PMC11322497 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1430109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Galectin-3 is a pro-fibrotic β-galactoside binding lectin highly expressed in fibrotic liver and implicated in hepatic fibrosis. Selvigaltin (previously known as GB1211) is a novel orally active galectin-3 small molecule inhibitor that has high affinity for galectin-3 (human KD = 25 nM; rabbit KD = 12 nM) and high oral bioavailability in rabbits and man. In this study the efficacy of selvigaltin was investigated in a high fat diet (HFD) rabbit model of metabolic-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). Methods Male New Zealand White rabbits were individually caged under standard conditions in a temperature and humidity-controlled room on a 12 h light/darkness cycle. After 1 week of regular diet (RD), rabbits were randomly assigned for 8 or 12 weeks to different groups: RD/vehicle, RD/selvigaltin, HFD (8 weeks), HFD/vehicle and HFD/selvigaltin (0.3, 1.0, 5.0 or 30 mg/kg selvigaltin with vehicle/selvigaltin p.o. dosed therapeutically q.d. 5 days per week from week 9 or 12). Liver inflammation, steatosis, ballooning, and fibrosis was measured via blood metabolic markers, histomorphological evaluation [Oil Red O, Giemsa, Masson's trichome, picrosirius red (PSR) and second harmonic generation (SHG)], and mRNA and protein expression. Results Steatosis, inflammation, ballooning, and fibrosis were all increased from RD to HFD/vehicle groups. Selvigaltin demonstrated target engagement by significantly decreasing galectin-3 levels in the liver as measured via immunohistochemistry and mRNA analysis. Selvigaltin dose-dependently reduced biomarkers of liver function (AST, ALT, bilirubin), inflammation (cells foci), and fibrosis (PSR, SHG), as well as decreasing the mRNA and protein expression of several key inflammation and fibrosis biomarkers (e.g., IL6, TGFβ3, SNAI2, collagen). Doses of 1.0 or 5.0 mg/kg demonstrated consistent efficacy across most biological endpoints supporting the current clinical doses of selvigaltin being investigated in liver disease. Discussion Selvigaltin significantly reduced hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in an HFD rabbit model of MASH following therapeutic dosing for 4 weeks in a dose-dependent manner. These data support the human selvigaltin dose of 100 mg b.i.d. that has been shown to reduce key liver biomarkers during a clinical study in liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Comeglio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Guarnieri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sandra Filippi
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cellai
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gabriele Acciai
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Erica Sarchielli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Annamaria Morelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mario Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium “Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi” (INBB), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Linda Vignozzi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium “Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi” (INBB), Rome, Italy
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Thijssen VLJL. Vascular galectins in tumor angiogenesis and cancer immunity. Semin Immunopathol 2024; 46:3. [PMID: 38990363 PMCID: PMC11239785 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-024-01014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Sustained tumor angiogenesis, i.e., the induction and maintenance of blood vessel growth by tumor cells, is one of the hallmarks of cancer. The vascularization of malignant tissues not only facilitates tumor growth and metastasis, but also contributes to immune evasion. Important players in all these processes are the endothelial cells which line the luminal side of blood vessel. In the tumor vasculature, these cells are actively involved in angiogenesis as well in the hampered recruitment of immune cells. This is the result of the abnormal tumor microenvironment which triggers both angiostimulatory and immune inhibitory gene expression profiles in endothelial cells. In recent years, it has become evident that galectins constitute a protein family that is expressed in the tumor endothelium. Moreover, several members of this glycan-binding protein family have been found to facilitate tumor angiogenesis and stimulate immune suppression. All this has identified galectins as potential therapeutic targets to simultaneously hamper tumor angiogenesis and alleviate immune suppression. The current review provides a brief introduction in the human galectin protein family. The current knowledge regarding the expression and regulation of galectins in endothelial cells is summarized. Furthermore, an overview of the role that endothelial galectins play in tumor angiogenesis and tumor immunomodulation is provided. Finally, some outstanding questions are discussed that should be addressed by future research efforts. This will help to fully understand the contribution of endothelial galectins to tumor progression and to exploit endothelial galectins for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor L J L Thijssen
- Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology & Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Syn G, Lee YQ, Lim ZY, Chan GC. Galectin-3: action and clinical utility in chronic kidney disease. Int Urol Nephrol 2024:10.1007/s11255-024-04107-4. [PMID: 38861106 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-024-04107-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In recent years, Galectin-3 has been put forward as a potential biomarker of chronic kidney disease progression. This review aims to assess the clinical utility of Galectin-3 in various pathological processes leading up to chronic kidney disease such as diabetes and lupus nephritis. We conducted a systematic search on PubMed from inception to September 2023, using the search term ("Galectin-3" OR "gal-3") AND ("renal" OR "kidney"). Galectin-3 has been shown to be both pro-fibrotic and protective against renal fibrosis through various mechanisms such as apoptotic body clearance and modulation of the Wnt pathway. Studies have found associations between raised Galectin-3, incidence and progression of chronic kidney disease. In lupus nephritis, Galectin-3 may serve as a biomarker for lupus nephritis activity. Although Galectin-3 inhibits cystogenesis, there is no correlation between total kidney volume and Galectin-3 in polycystic kidney disease. The role of Galectin-3 in staging and prognostication of renal cell carcinoma is yet to be determined. Galectin-3 has potential in predicting chronic kidney disease progression, in combination with other biomarkers. However, more trials are required given that present studies demonstrate conflicting results on the relationship between Galectin-3 and clinical outcomes in chronic kidney disease patients of varying aetiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwyneth Syn
- SingHealth Polyclinics, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yong Qin Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhen Yu Lim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gek Cher Chan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
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Buschmann C, Unverdorben L, Knabl J, Hutter S, Meister S, Beyer S, Burgmann M, Zati Zehni A, Schmoeckel E, Kessler M, Jeschke U, Eggersmann TK, Mahner S, Kolben T, Ganster F. Placental expression of inflammatory Galectin-12 is associated with gestational diabetes. J Reprod Immunol 2024; 163:104240. [PMID: 38492532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2024.104240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a growing health concern. Since members of the galectin-family are identified to play a role in the pathogenesis of GDM, we determined galectin-12 as an essential protein due to its influence in lipolysis and inflammation processes. This study investigates the expression of galectin-12 in the placentas of women with GDM. STUDY DESIGN The study population includes 40 expectant women suffering from GDM and 40 healthy controls. The expression of galectin-12 in the syncytiotrophoblast (SCT) and the extra villous trophoblast (EVT) of the placenta was analyzed by immunohistological staining and double immunofluorescence. Immunoreactivity Score (IRS) was used for evaluation. RESULTS The results demonstrate a significant overexpression of galectin-12 in the nucleus of the SCT and the EVT of placentas with GDM compared to the healthy control group. Additionally, double immunofluorescence visualizes corresponding results with an overexpression of galectin-12 in the extra villous trophoblast of GDM placentas representing maternal cells. CONCLUSION This study identifies galectin-12 to be associated with the process of gestational diabetes mellitus. These findings are in correspondence with the involvement of galectin-12 in inflammatory processes. Maternal BMI and male sex seem to be confounder for the expression of galectin-12 in the nuclear syncytiotrophoblast, but not in other parts of the investigated placental areas. Further investigations are necessary to verify the correlation between gestational diabetes mellitus and the expression of galectin-12 in the placenta and to further elucidate its distinct role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Buschmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Unverdorben
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Knabl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Hutter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Meister
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne Beyer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximiliane Burgmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alaleh Zati Zehni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisa Schmoeckel
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Mirjana Kessler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Udo Jeschke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Tanja K Eggersmann
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Sven Mahner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Kolben
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska Ganster
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Souchak J, Mohammed NBB, Lau LS, Dimitroff CJ. The role of galectins in mediating the adhesion of circulating cells to vascular endothelium. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1395714. [PMID: 38840921 PMCID: PMC11150550 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1395714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular cell adhesion is a complex orchestration of events that commonly feature lectin-ligand interactions between circulating cells, such as immune, stem, and tumor cells, and endothelial cells (ECs) lining post-capillary venules. Characteristically, circulating cell adherence to the vasculature endothelium is initiated through interactions between surface sialo-fucosylated glycoprotein ligands and lectins, specifically platelet (P)- or endothelial (E)-selectin on ECs or between leukocyte (L)-selectin on circulating leukocytes and L-selectin ligands on ECs, culminating in circulating cell extravasation. This lectin-ligand interplay enables the migration of immune cells into specific tissue sites to help maintain effective immunosurveillance and inflammation control, the homing of stem cells to bone marrow or tissues in need of repair, and, unfortunately, in some cases, the dissemination of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) to distant metastatic sites. Interestingly, there is a growing body of evidence showing that the family of β-galactoside-binding lectins, known as galectins, can also play pivotal roles in the adhesion of circulating cells to the vascular endothelium. In this review, we present contemporary knowledge on the significant roles of host- and/or tumor-derived galectin (Gal)-3, -8, and -9 in facilitating the adhesion of circulating cells to the vascular endothelium either directly by acting as bridging molecules or indirectly by triggering signaling pathways to express adhesion molecules on ECs. We also explore strategies for interfering with galectin-mediated adhesion to attenuate inflammation or hinder the metastatic seeding of CTCs, which are often rich in galectins and/or their glycan ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Souchak
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Norhan B. B. Mohammed
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Lee Seng Lau
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Charles J. Dimitroff
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
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Cheng W, Maciej R, Thiele H, Büttner P. Galectin-3 levels and long-term all-cause mortality and hospitalization in heart failure patients: a meta-analysis. ESC Heart Fail 2024. [PMID: 38698741 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.14813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS This meta-analysis investigated the dose-response relationship between circulating galectin-3 levels and adverse outcomes in patients with heart failure (HF). METHODS AND RESULTS PubMed and Embase were screened for studies on galectin-3 and HF. The outcomes of interest were all-cause mortality (ACM), and all-cause mortality or HF-related rehospitalization (ACM/HFR), with a follow-up time of more than 6 months. For categorical variables, comparisons between groups with the highest and lowest galectin-3 levels were pooled. For continuous variables, the risks of ACM and ACM/HFR increase per 1-standard deviation (SD) and 1-unit after logarithmic transformation galectin-3 levels were pooled. A random-effects model was employed to calculate the pooled results, and all pooled results were expressed as hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Besides, a dose-response analysis was performed. Twenty-four cohort studies were included. In HF patients, higher circulating galectin-3 levels were significantly associated with a higher risk of long-term ACM (HR, 1.65; 95% CI 1.28-2.13; I2 = 66%), and 1 ng/mL increase in galectin-3 was associated with a 4% (HR, 1.04; 95% CI 1.02-1.06; P = 0.002) increase in hazard. Similarly, higher circulating galectin-3 levels were significantly associated with a higher risk of long-term ACM/HFR (HR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.15 to 2.00; I2 = 76%), and 1 ng/mL increase in galectin-3 was associated with a 3% (HR, 1.03; 95% CI 1.02-1.04; P < 0.001) increase in hazard. An increase of 1-SD in galectin-3 units was associated with a 29% increased hazard of long-term ACM (HR 1.29; 95% CI 1.13-1.48; I2 = 42%) and a 22% increased hazard of ACM/HFR (HR 1.22; 95% CI 1.07-1.38; I2 = 60%). Similarly, an increase of 1-log in galectin-3 units was associated with a 98% higher hazard of long-term ACM (HR 1.98; 95% CI 1.48-2.65; I2 = 41%) and an 83% higher hazard of ACM/HFR in HF patients (HR 1.83; 95% CI 1.02-3.28; I2 = 7%). Correlation analysis showed a moderate positive correlation between baseline galectin-3 and N terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide levels (r = 0.48, P = 0.045) and a weak negative correlation with eGFR (r = -0.39, P = 0.077). CONCLUSIONS Higher circulating galectin-3 levels after hospitalization of HF patients are linearly and positively associated with the risk of long-term ACM and ACM/HFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenke Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, Strümpellstr. 39, 04289, Leipzig, Germany
- Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rosolowski Maciej
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Holger Thiele
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, Strümpellstr. 39, 04289, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Petra Büttner
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, Strümpellstr. 39, 04289, Leipzig, Germany
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Wu G, Deng W, Chen HY, Cho HJ, Kim J. Galectin 7 leads to a relative reduction in CD4+ T cells, mediated by PD-1. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6625. [PMID: 38503797 PMCID: PMC10951237 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57162-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of glycan-binding proteins as an activator of immune regulatory receptors has gained attention recently. We report that galectin 7 reduced CD4+ T cell percentage in both in vitro culture and mouse tumor models. Immunohistochemical staining of esophageal cancer patient samples showed a lower percentage of CD4+ cells in the galectin 7 high area. The lack of CD4+ T cell depletion by galectin 7 in PD-1 knockout mice supports the role of PD-1 in mediating the effects of galectin 7. The binding assays demonstrate that galectin 7 binds to the N-glycosylation of PD-1 on N74 and N116 sites and leads to the recruitment of SHP-2. NFAT suppressive activity of galectin 7 was abrogated upon overexpression of the dominant negative SHP-2 mutant or inhibition of PD-1 by siRNA. Glycosylation of PD-1 has been reported to play a critical role in surface expression, stability, and interaction with its ligand PD-L1. This report further expands the significance of PD-1 glycosylation and suggests that galectin 7, a glycan-binding protein, interacts with the immune regulatory receptor PD-1 through glycosylation recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojin Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390-9072, USA
| | - Wei Deng
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hsin-Yi Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390-9072, USA
| | - Hye-Jeong Cho
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390-9072, USA
| | - Jaehyup Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390-9072, USA.
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Chen PK, Hsu WF, Peng CY, Liao TL, Chang SH, Chen HH, Chen CH, Chen DY. Significant association of elevated serum galectin-9 levels with the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1347268. [PMID: 38371515 PMCID: PMC10869587 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1347268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is prevalent among rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, but its pathogenesis has rarely been explored. Galectin-9 (Gal-9) interacts with T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-containing-molecule-3 (TIM-3) expressed on hepatocytes and thus regulates T cell proliferation in a murine model of NAFLD. We aimed to examine the pathogenic role of the Gal-9/TIM-3 pathway in RA-NAFLD. Methods Serum levels of Gal-9, soluble TIM-3 (sTIM-3), fatty acid-binding proteins (FABP)1, and FABP4 were determined by ELISA in forty-five RA patients and eleven healthy participants. Using Oil-red O staining and immunoblotting, we examined the effects of Gal-9 and free fatty acid (FFA) on lipid accumulation in human hepatocytes and FABP1 expression. Results Serum Gal-9, sTIM-3 and FABP1 level were significantly higher in RA patients (median 5.02 ng/mL, 3.42 ng/mL, and 5.76 ng/mL, respectively) than in healthy participants (1.86 ng/mL, 0.99 ng/mL, and 0.129 ng/mL, all p < 0.001). They were also significantly higher in patients with moderate-to-severe NAFLD compared with none-to-mild NAFLD (p < 0.01; p < 0.05; and p < 0.01, respectively). Serum Gal-9 levels were positively correlated with sTIM-3, FABP1, FABP4 levels, and ultrasound-fatty liver score, respectively, in RA patients. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that Gal-9 (cut-off>3.30) was a significant predictor of NAFLD development, and Gal-9 and sTIM-3 were predictors of NAFLD severity (both p < 0.05). The cell-based assay showed that Gal-9 and FFA could upregulate FABP1 expression and enhance lipid droplet accumulation in hepatocytes. Conclusion Elevated levels of Gal-9 and sTIM3 in RA patients with NAFLD and their positive correlation with NAFLD severity suggest the pathogenic role of Gal-9 signaling in RA-related NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Ku Chen
- Rheumatology and Immunology Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Translational Medicine Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Fan Hsu
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Center for Digestive Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yuan Peng
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Center for Digestive Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Ling Liao
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine and Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsin Chang
- Rheumatology and Immunology Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine and Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hua Chen
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine and Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, United States
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Der-Yuan Chen
- Rheumatology and Immunology Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Translational Medicine Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine and Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Huang M, Lou X, Tao T, Li H, Guo Y, Yuan Z, Yang S, Fei H. Largemouth bass galectin, MsGal-9: Mediating various functions as a pattern recognition receptor and a potential damage-associated molecular pattern. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 145:109348. [PMID: 38163493 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Galectins are lectins that bind to β-galactose and are widely expressed in immune system tissues, playing pivotal roles in innate immunity through their conserved carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRDs). In this present investigation, a tandem-repeat galectin was discovered in the largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides (designated as MsGal-9). The open reading frame of MsGal-9 encodes two CRDs, each containing two consensus motifs that are essential for ligand binding. MsGal-9 is expressed in various tissues of the largemouth bass, with particularly high expression levels in the liver and spleen. The full-length form of MsGal-9, as well as the N-terminal (MsGal-9-N) and C-terminal (MsGal-9-C) CRDs, were individually recombined. Their ability for nonself recognition was studied. The three recombinant proteins were able to bind to glucan (GLU), peptidoglycan (PGN), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), with MsGal-9 displaying the highest binding activity. Furthermore, rMsGal-9-N exhibited higher binding activity towards GLU in comparison to rMsGal-9-C. Further investigations revealed that the full-length rMsGal-9 could significantly bind to Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi, while rMsGal-9-C specifically bound to Escherichia coli. However, rMsGal-9-N did not exhibit significant binding activity towards any microbes. These findings indicate that MsGal-9 requires both CRDs to cooperate in order to fulfill its nonself recognition function. All three recombinant proteins demonstrated agglutination activity towards various microbes, with MsGal-9 and MsGal-9-N displaying a similar broad binding spectrum, while MsGal-9-C agglutinated three types of bacteria. Moreover, both MsGal-9 and MsGal-9-N were capable of coagulating largemouth bass red blood cells, whereas MsGal-9-C lacked this ability. However, MsGal-9-C played a significant role in enhancing the encapsulation of leukocytes in comparison to MsGal-9-N. All three proteins acted as potential damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), inducing apoptosis in leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Huang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Xiaocong Lou
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Tao Tao
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Haoyuan Li
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yang Guo
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Zhenzhen Yuan
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Shun Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Hui Fei
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
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10
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Jeyachandran S, Radhakrishnan A, Ragavendran C. Harnessing the power of mollusc lectins as immuno-protective biomolecules. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:182. [PMID: 38261113 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The rapid advancement of molecular research on macromolecules has contributed to the discovery of 'Lectin', a carbohydrate-binding protein which specifically interacts with receptors on the surface of glycans and regulates various cellular activities thereby stimulating immunological functions. Considering the wide variety of sources and immunological significance, research has led to the discovery of lectins in invertebrate molluscs. Such lectins in molluscs mediate active immune response as they lack adaptive immunity. Phylum Mollusca is identified with different types of lectins such as C-lectin, Galectin, P-lectin, I-lectin, and H-lectin, along with other immunologically significant lectin molecules such as F- lectin, R-lectin, ficolins, chitinase like lectin etc., all of these with specific ligand binding and structural diversity. Molluscan C-type lectins are the most functional ones that increase the activity of phagocytic cells through specific carbohydrate binding of antigenic ligands and haemocyte adhesion thereby enhancing the immune response. Helix pomatia agglutinin and Helix aspersa agglutinin are the two H-lectins that were identified within molluscs that could even target cancer-progressing cells through specific binding. Also, these lectins identified in molluscs are proven to be efficient in antibacterial and immunomodulatory functions. These insights attract researchers to identify novel lectins in molluscs and their characterization that play a key role in protection against diseases. This review discusses the structural features of mollusc lectins, their specific binding, molecular interactions and their immunological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivakamavalli Jeyachandran
- Lab in Biotechnology & Biosignal Transduction, Department of Orthodontics, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600077, India.
| | - Akshaya Radhakrishnan
- PG & Research Department of Biotechnology & Microbiology, National College Autonomous, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620001, India
| | - Chinnasamy Ragavendran
- Department of Cardiology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600 077, India
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11
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Zhang M, Liu C, Li Y, Li H, Zhang W, Liu J, Wang L, Sun C. Galectin-9 in cancer therapy: from immune checkpoint ligand to promising therapeutic target. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 11:1332205. [PMID: 38264357 PMCID: PMC10803597 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1332205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is a vital member of the galectin family, functioning as a multi-subtype galactose lectin with diverse biological roles. Recent research has revealed that Gal-9's interaction with tumors is an independent factor that influences tumor progression. Furthermore, Gal-9 in the immune microenvironment cross-talks with tumor-associated immune cells, informing the clarification of Gal-9's identity as an immune checkpoint. A thorough investigation into Gal-9's role in various cancer types and its interaction with the immune microenvironment could yield novel strategies for subsequent targeted immunotherapy. This review focuses on the latest advances in understanding the direct and indirect cross-talk between Gal-9 and hematologic malignancies, in addition to solid tumors. In addition, we discuss the prospects of Gal-9 in tumor immunotherapy, including its cross-talk with the ligand TIM-3 and its potential in immune-combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minpu Zhang
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Cun Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Ye Li
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Huayao Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Wenfeng Zhang
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Jingyang Liu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Liquan Wang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Weifang People’s Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Changgang Sun
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, China
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12
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Rodrigues CF, Santos FA, Amorim LAA, da Silva ALC, Marques LGA, Rocha BAM. Galectin-9 is a target for the treatment of cancer: A patent review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127768. [PMID: 38287577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Galectins, which correspond to a group of proteins capable of recognizing and reversibly binding to β-galactoside carbohydrates, have been the subject of innovation and development of technological products. Galectins play biological roles, such as cell proliferation and apoptosis, and some studies showed differences in the concentrations of galectins dispersed in serum of patients with cancer. For this reason, different studies have evaluated the biotechnological potential of these proteins as biomarkers for the prognosis and/or diagnosis of physiological disorders. Thus, this review discusses recent technological advancements in targeting galectins for the treatment of cancer and using galectins for cancer prognosis and diagnosis. Data mining was performed using the search descriptors "Galectin 9* and cancer*" and the ESPACENET and Cortellis Drug Discovery Intelligence (CDDI) databases. PRISMA guidelines were followed as a basis for literature review which aimed to conduct a systematic study of galectin-9 patents related to cancer prognosis, diagnosis and treatment. Results showed the importance of galectin-9 protein patents in furthering biomedical advancements in the global fight against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Alves Santos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - André Luis Coelho da Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil; Post Graduate Program in Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Anderson Matias Rocha
- RENORBIO, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil; Post Graduate Program in Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil.
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13
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Long L, Huang X, Yu S, Fan J, Li X, Xu R, Zhang X, Huang H. The research status and prospects of MUC1 in immunology. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2172278. [PMID: 36744407 PMCID: PMC10012890 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2172278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In immune processes, molecular - molecular interactions are complex. As MUC1 often appears to be an important molecule in inflammation and tumor immunity, it is necessary to summarize the leading countries, authors, journals, and the cooperation among these entities and, most importantly, to determine the main research directions related to MUC1 in this field and the associated research frontiers. A total of 3,397 related studies published from 2012-2021 were retrieved from the Web of Science core database. The search strategy is TS= (MUC1 OR Mucin-1) refined by WEB OF SCIENCE CATEGORY (IMMUNOLOGY) AND [excluding] PUBLICATION YEARS: (2022) AND DOCUMENT TYPES: (ARTICLE OR REVIEW) AND LANGUAGES: (ENGLISH) AND WEB OF SCIENCE INDEX: (Web of Science Core Collection. SCI), with a timespan of 2012 to 2021. Documented bibliometric visual analysis was performed by CiteSpace and VOSviewer. The number of studies has increased every year. There are 1,982 articles and 1,415 reviews from 89 countries and regions, 3,722 organizations, 1,042 journals, and 17,948 authors. The United States, China, and Germany are the major countries producing publications on this issue. The most published author is Finn OJ and the most influential author is June CH. The key words "chimeric antigen receptor" and "T-cell" highlight the current hot spots and future trends in this field. Research on MUC1 in the field of immunology is still evolving. Through the bibliometric analysis of the existing publications, the current research hotspots and future development trends in this field can be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linna Long
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, ChangSha, China
| | - Xueying Huang
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, ChangSha, China
| | - Siying Yu
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, ChangSha, China
| | - Jiahui Fan
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, ChangSha, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, ChangSha, China.,Department of gynaecology, Xinjiang Cancer Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Rong Xu
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, ChangSha, China
| | - Xiaorui Zhang
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, ChangSha, China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, ChangSha, China
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14
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Braß SM, Mazrekaj A, Mulorz J, Ibing W, Krott KJ, Takeuchi K, Cappallo M, Liu HH, Elvers M, Schelzig H, Wagenhäuser MU. Nicotine Potentially Alters Endothelial Inflammation and Cell Adhesion via LGALS9. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 11:6. [PMID: 38248876 PMCID: PMC10816207 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd11010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endothelial cell layer is essential for the maintenance of various blood vessel functions. Major risk factors for endothelial dysfunction that contribute to aortic pathologies such as abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and aortic dissection (AD) include smoking tobacco cigarettes and hypertension. This study explores the effects of nicotine (Nic) and angiotensin II (Ang II) on human aortic endothelial cells (HAoECs) at a transcriptional level. METHODS HAoECs were exposed to 100 nM Nic and/or 100 nM Ang II. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was performed to identify regulated genes following exposure. Results were validated applying RT-qPCR. GeneMANIA was used to perform in silico analysis aiming to identify potential downstream interacting genes in inflammatory, cell-adhesion, endothelial cell proliferation, and coagulation pathways. RESULTS RNA-Seq identified LGALS9 (Galectin-9) as being potentially regulated following Nic exposure, while subsequent RT-qPCR experiments confirmed the transcriptional regulation (p < 0.05). Subsequent in silico analysis identified potential candidate genes for interacting with LGALS9 in different gene sets. Of the top 100 genes potentially interacting with LGALS9, 18 were inflammatory response genes, 28 were involved in cell adhesion, 2 in cell proliferation, and 6 in coagulation. CONCLUSION Nic exposure of HAoECs causes a significant increase in LGALS9 at a transcriptional level. LGALS9 itself may serve as key regulator for essential endothelial cell processes via interfering with various signaling pathways and may thus represent a potentially novel target in the pathogenesis of aortic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sönke Maximilian Braß
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Agnesa Mazrekaj
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Joscha Mulorz
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Wiebke Ibing
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Kim-Jürgen Krott
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Kiku Takeuchi
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Melanie Cappallo
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
- Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
- CURE 3D Lab, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Hsiang-Han Liu
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Margitta Elvers
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Hubert Schelzig
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus Udo Wagenhäuser
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
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15
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Toudic C, Maurer M, St-Pierre G, Xiao Y, Bannert N, Lafond J, Rassart É, Sato S, Barbeau B. Galectin-1 Modulates the Fusogenic Activity of Placental Endogenous Retroviral Envelopes. Viruses 2023; 15:2441. [PMID: 38140682 PMCID: PMC10747188 DOI: 10.3390/v15122441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Syncytin-1 and -2 are glycoproteins encoded by human endogenous retrovirus (hERV) that, through their fusogenic properties, are needed for the formation of the placental syncytiotrophoblast. Previous studies suggested that these proteins, in addition to the EnvP(b) envelope protein, are also involved in other cell fusion events. Since galectin-1 is a β-galactoside-binding protein associated with cytotrophoblast fusion during placental development, we previously tested its effect on Syncytin-mediated cell fusion and showed that this protein differently modulates the fusogenic potential of Syncytin-1 and -2. Herein, we were interested in comparing the impact of galectin-1 on hERV envelope proteins in different cellular contexts. Using a syncytium assay, we first demonstrated that galectin-1 increased the fusion of Syncytin-2- and EnvP(b)-expressing cells. We then tested the infectivity of Syncytin-1 and -2 vs. VSV-G-pseudotyped viruses toward Cos-7 and various human cell lines. In the presence of galectin-1, infection of Syncytin-2-pseudotyped viruses augmented for all cell lines. In contrast, the impact of galectin-1 on the infectivity of Syncytin-1-pseudotyped viruses varied, being cell- and dose-dependent. In this study, we report the functional associations between three hERV envelope proteins and galectin-1, which should provide information on the fusogenic activity of these proteins in the placenta and other biological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Toudic
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre d’excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines-Fondation Courtois, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada; (C.T.); (Y.X.); (J.L.); (É.R.)
| | - Maike Maurer
- Robert-Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.M.); (N.B.)
| | - Guillaume St-Pierre
- Glycobiology and Bioimaging Laboratory, Research Centre for Infectious Diseases and Axe Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (G.S.-P.); (S.S.)
| | - Yong Xiao
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre d’excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines-Fondation Courtois, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada; (C.T.); (Y.X.); (J.L.); (É.R.)
| | - Norbert Bannert
- Robert-Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.M.); (N.B.)
| | - Julie Lafond
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre d’excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines-Fondation Courtois, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada; (C.T.); (Y.X.); (J.L.); (É.R.)
| | - Éric Rassart
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre d’excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines-Fondation Courtois, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada; (C.T.); (Y.X.); (J.L.); (É.R.)
| | - Sachiko Sato
- Glycobiology and Bioimaging Laboratory, Research Centre for Infectious Diseases and Axe Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (G.S.-P.); (S.S.)
| | - Benoit Barbeau
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre d’excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines-Fondation Courtois, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada; (C.T.); (Y.X.); (J.L.); (É.R.)
- Regroupement Intersectoriel de Recherche en Santé de l’Université du Québec, Montréal, QC H2X 1E3, Canada
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16
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Pei X, Zhu J, Wang Y, Zhang F, He Y, Li Y, Si Y. Placental galectins: a subfamily of galectins lose the ability to bind β-galactosides with new structural features†. Biol Reprod 2023; 109:799-811. [PMID: 37672213 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioad114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are a phylogenetically conserved family of soluble β-galactoside binding proteins. There are 16 different of galectins, each with a specific function determined by its distinct distribution and spatial structure. Galectin-13, galectin-14, and galectin-16 are distinct from other galectin members in that they are primarily found in placental tissue. These galectins, also referred to as placental galectins, play critical roles in regulating pregnancy-associated processes, such as placenta formation and maternal immune tolerance to the embedded embryo. The unique structural characteristics and the inability to bind lactose of placental galectins have recently received significant attention. This review primarily examines the novel structural features of placental galectins, which distinguish them from the classic galectins. Furthermore, it explores the correlation between these structural features and the loss of β-galactoside binding ability. In addition, the newly discovered functions of placental galectins in recent years are also summarized in our review. A detailed understanding of the roles of placental galectins may contribute to the discovery of new mechanisms causing numerous pregnancy diseases and enable the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for the treatment of these diseases, ultimately benefiting the health of mothers and offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejing Pei
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
- Xuzhou Tongshan Maocun High School, Xuzhou 221135, China
| | - Jiahui Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Yuchen Wang
- Xuzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Xuzhou 221009, China
| | - Fali Zhang
- Xuzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Xuzhou 221009, China
| | - Yufeng He
- Xuzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Xuzhou 221009, China
| | - Yuchun Li
- Xuzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Xuzhou 221009, China
| | - Yunlong Si
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
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17
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Yang Q, Sun J, Wu W, Xing Z, Yan X, Lv X, Wang L, Song L. A galectin-9 involved in the microbial recognition and haemocyte autophagy in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 149:105063. [PMID: 37730190 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.105063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-9 is a tandem-repeat type member of galectin family participating in various immune responses, such as cell agglutination, phagocytosis, and autophagy. In the present study, a tandem repeat galectin-9 (defined as CgGal-9) was identified from Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, which consisted of two conserved carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) joined by a linker peptide. CgGal-9 was closely clustered with CaGal-9 from C. angulata, and they were assigned into the branch of invertebrate galectin-9s in the phylogenetic tree. The mRNA transcripts of CgGal-9 were detected in all the tested tissues, with the highest expression level in haemocytes. The mRNA expressions of CgGal-9 in haemocytes increased significantly after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Vibrio splendidus stimulation. The recombinant CgGal-9 was able to bind all the examined pathogen-associated molecular patterns (LPS, peptidoglycan, and mannose) and microbes (V. splendidus, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Pichia pastoris), and agglutinated most of them in the presence of Ca2+. In CgGal-9-RNAi oysters, the mRNA expressions of autophagy related genes (CgBeclin1, CgATG5, CgP62 and CgLC3) in haemocytes decreased significantly while that of CgmTOR increased significantly at 3 h after V. splendidus stimulation. The autophagy level and mRNA expressions of autophagy related genes decreased in haemocytes after CgGal-9 was blocked by the corresponding antibody. These results revealed that CgGal-9 was able to bind different microbes and might be involved in haemocyte autophagy in the immune response of oyster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jiejie Sun
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zhen Xing
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xiaoxue Yan
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xiaoqian Lv
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
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18
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Buschmann C, Unverdorben L, Knabl J, Hutter S, Meister S, Beyer S, Burgmann M, Keilmann L, Zati zehni A, Schmoeckel E, Kessler M, Jeschke U, Mahner S, Kolben T, Ganster F, Burges A. Galectin-10 Expression in Placentas of Women with Gestational Diabetes. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:8840-8851. [PMID: 37998731 PMCID: PMC10670440 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45110554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are known to play an important role in immunoregulatory processes and autoimmune diseases. Galectin-10 is a cytoplasmic protein of human eosinophils and is involved in various eosinophilic diseases. Since increased galectin expression is already detected in the placentas of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), this study focuses on the specific role of galectin-10 and hints at consequences for the diagnosis and therapeutic options of GDM. It is hypothesized that the difference in galectin-10 expression will raise the pathophysiological understanding of gestational diabetes. The study population consists of 80 women: 40 healthy mothers and 40 women suffering from gestational diabetes mellitus. The expression of galectin-10 was analyzed in the syncytiotrophoblast (SCT) and the decidua of the placenta via immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence double staining. The immunoreactivity score (IRS) was used for evaluation. The results in this study were significant for an overexpression of galectin-10 in GDM placentas compared with the control group. The syncytiotrophoblast showed overexpression in the nucleus and the cytoplasm, whereas expression of galectin-10 in the decidua was significant in the cytoplasm only. This study identified the expression changes in galectin-10 in placental tissue between healthy and GDM mothers and intensified the understanding of gestational diabetes. Assuming that gestational diabetes mellitus is involved in inflammatory processes, galectin-10 might play a role in the development and maintenance of GDM. Further investigation is required to strengthen these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Buschmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Unverdorben
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Knabl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Hutter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Meister
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne Beyer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Maximiliane Burgmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Lucia Keilmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Alaleh Zati zehni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Elisa Schmoeckel
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Mirjana Kessler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Udo Jeschke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Sven Mahner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Kolben
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska Ganster
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Burges
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
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19
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Luo S, Wu B, Li Q, Li W, Wang Z, Song Q, Han F. Identification of Galectin 9 and its antibacterial function in yellow drum (Nibea albiflora). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 142:109044. [PMID: 37657557 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are a family of evolutionarily conserved lectins that contain carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) specifically recognizing β-galactoside. Galectin-9 plays a crucial role in various biological processes during pathogenic infections. In a previous study, galectin-9 was identified as a candidate gene for resistance to Vibrio harveyi disease in yellow drum using a genome-wide association study (GWAS) analysis. In this study, a galectin-9 gene was identified from Nibea albiflora and named YdGal-9. The mRNA transcripts of YdGal-9 were distributed in all the detected tissues and the highest level was found in the kidney. The subcellular localization of YdGal-9-EGFP proteins was observed in both nucleus and cytoplasm in the kidney cells of N. albiflora. The expression of YdGal-9 in the brain increased significantly after infection with Vibrio harveyi. The red blood cells from rabbits, Larimichthys crocea, and N. albiflora were agglutinated by the purified recombinant YdGal-9 proteins. The results of the agglutination activity of deletion mutants of YdGal-9 proved that the conserved sugar binding motifs (H-NPR and WG-EE-) were critical for YdGal-9's agglutination activity. In addition, YdGal-9 killed some gram-negative bacteria by inducing cell wall destruction including Pseudomonas plecoglossicida, Aeromonas hydrophila, Escherichia coli, V. parahemolyticus, V. harveyi, and V. alginolyticus. Taken together, these results suggested that the YdGal-9 protein of N. albiflora played a vital role in fighting bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Luo
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, Fujian, China; Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Baolan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Qiaoying Li
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Wanbo Li
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Qing Song
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, Fujian, China; Strait Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (SLoFE), Fuzhou, 350117, Fujian, China.
| | - Fang Han
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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20
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Lv Y, Ma X, Ma Y, Du Y, Feng J. A new emerging target in cancer immunotherapy: Galectin-9 (LGALS9). Genes Dis 2023; 10:2366-2382. [PMID: 37554219 PMCID: PMC10404877 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, advances in immunological knowledge have led to the identification of novel immune checkpoints, reinvigorating cancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapy, represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors, has become the leader in the precision treatment of cancer, bringing a new dawn to the treatment of most cancer patients. Galectin-9 (LGALS9), a member of the galectin family, is a widely expressed protein involved in immune regulation and tumor pathogenesis, and affects the prognosis of various types of cancer. Galectin-9 regulates immune homeostasis and tumor cell survival through its interaction with its receptor Tim-3. In the review, based on a brief description of the signaling mechanisms and immunomodulatory activities of galectin-9 and Tim-3, we summarize the targeted expression patterns of galectin-9 in a variety of malignancies and the promising mechanisms of anti-galectin-9 therapy in stimulating anti-tumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lv
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Yuxin Ma
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Yuxin Du
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Jifeng Feng
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
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21
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Luo T, Ren X, Fan L, Guo C, Zhang B, Bi J, Guan S, Ning M. Identification of two galectin-4 proteins (PcGal4-L and PcGal4-L-CRD) and their function in AMP expression in Procambarus clarkii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 141:109040. [PMID: 37648118 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Galectins, a family of lectins that bind to β-galactoside, possess conserved carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) and play a crucial role in recognizing and eliminating pathogens in invertebrates. Two galectin-4 genes (PcGal4) isoforms, named PcGal4-L and PcGal4-L-CRD, were cloned from the cDNA library of Procambarus clarkia in our study. PcGal4-L contains an open reading frame (ORF, 1089 bp), which encodes a protein consisting of 362 amino acids including a single CRD and six low complexity regions. The full-length cDNA of PcGal4-L-CRD contains a 483 bp ORF that encodes a protein of 160 amino acids, with a single CRD and a low-complexity region. The difference between the two PcGal4 isoforms is that PcGal4-L has 202 additional amino acids after the CRD compared to the PcGal4-L-CRD. These two isoforms are grouped together with other galectins from crustaceans through phylogenetic analysis. Further study revealed that total PcGal4 (including PcGal4-L and PcGal4-L-CRD) was primarily expressed in the muscle, gills and intestine. The mRNA levels of total PcGal4 in gills and hemocytes were significantly induced after challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila. Both recombinant PcGal4-L and its spliced isoform, PcGal4-L-CRD, could directly bind to lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycan and five tested microorganisms, inducing a wide spectrum of microbial agglutination. The spliced isoform PcGal4-L-CRD showed a stronger binding ability than PcGal4-L. In addition, when the PcGal4 was knockdown, transcriptions of seven antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) genes (ALF5, ALF6, ALF8, CRU1, CRU2, CRU3 and CRU4) in gills and seven AMPs genes (ALF5, ALF6, ALF8, ALF9, CRU1, CRU3 and CRU4) in hemocytes were significantly decreased. Meanwhile, the survival rate of P. clarkii decreased in the PcGal4-dsRNA group. In summary, these results indicate that PcGal4 can mediate the innate immunity in P. clarkii by bacterial recognition and agglutination, as well as regulating AMP expression, thus recognition and understanding of the functions of galectin in crustaceans in immune resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyi Luo
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jinan), Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China; College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xianfeng Ren
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jinan), Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Lixia Fan
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jinan), Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Changying Guo
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jinan), Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Bingchun Zhang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jinan), Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jingxiu Bi
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jinan), Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Shuai Guan
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jinan), Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Mingxiao Ning
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jinan), Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China.
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22
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Si Y, Cai J, Zhu J, Wang Y, Zhang F, Meng L, Huang J, Shi A. Linker remodels human Galectin-8 structure and regulates its hemagglutination and pro-apoptotic activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125456. [PMID: 37331541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Numerous articles have reported the involvement of linker in regulating bioactivity of tandem-repeat galectins. We hypothesize that linker interacts with N/C-CRDs to regulate the bioactivity of tandem-repeat galectins. To further investigate structural molecular mechanism of linker in regulating bioactivity of Gal-8, Gal-8LC was crystallized. Gal-8LC structure revealed formation of β-strand S1 by Asn174 to Pro176 from linker. S1-strand interacts with C-terminal of C-CRD via hydrogen bond interactions, mutually influencing their spatial structures. Our Gal-8 NL structure have demonstrated that linker region from Ser154 to Gln158 interacts with the N-terminal of Gal-8. Ser154 to Gln158 and Asn174 to Pro176 are likely involved in regulation of Gal-8's biological activity. Our preliminary experiment results revealed different hemagglutination and pro-apoptotic activities between full-length and truncated forms of Gal-8, indicating involvement of linker in regulating these activities. We generated several mutant and truncated forms of Gal-8 (Gal-8 M3, Gal-8 M5, Gal-8TL1, Gal-8TL2, Gal-8LC-M3 and Gal-8_177-317). Ser154 to Gln158 and Asn174 to Pro176 were found to be involved in regulating hemagglutination and pro-apoptotic activities of Gal-8. Ser154 to Gln158 and Asn174 to Pro176 are critical functional regulatory regions within linker. Our study holds significant importance in providing a profound understanding of how linker regulates biological activity of Gal-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Si
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China.
| | - Jun Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Jiahui Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Yuchen Wang
- Xuzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Xuzhou 221009, China
| | - Fali Zhang
- Xuzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Xuzhou 221009, China
| | - Li Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Anqi Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
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23
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Fernandes SRG, Mohajershojai T, Lundsten S, Sarmento B, Tomé JPC, Nestor M, Jha P. Photoactive immunoconjugates for targeted photodynamic therapy of cancer. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2023; 243:112716. [PMID: 37126865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2023.112716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been used as an alternative or as a complement of conventional approaches for cancer treatment. In PDT, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced from the interaction between the photosensitizer (PS), visible light and molecular oxygen, kill malignant cells by triggering a cascade of cytotoxic reactions. In this process, the PS plays an extremely important role in the effectiveness of the therapy. In the present work, a new photoimmunoconjugate (PIC), based on cetuximab and the known third generation PS-glycophthalocyanine ZnPcGal4, was synthesized via reductive amination. The rationale behind this was the simultaneous cancer-associated specific targeting of PIC and photosensitization of targeted receptor positive cells. Varied reaction parameters and photodynamic conditions, such as PS concentrations and both type and intensities of light, were optimized. ZnPcGal4 showed significant photoactivity against EGFR expressing A431, EGFR-transfected HCT116 and HT29 cells when irradiated with white light of stronger intensity (38 mW/cm2). Similarly, the synthesized PICs-T1 and T2 also demonstrated photoactivity with high intensity white light. The best optimized PIC: sample 28 showed no precipitation and aggregation when inspected visually and analyzed through SE-HPLC. Fluorescence excitation of sample 28 and 125I-sample 28 radioconjugate (125I-PIC, 125I-radiolabeling yield ≥95%, determined with ITLC) at 660 nm showed presence of appended ZnPcGal4. In addition, simultaneous fluorescence and radioactivity detection of the 125I-PIC in serum and PBS (pH 7.4) for the longest incubated time point of 72 h, respectively, and superimposed signals thereof demonstrated ≥99% of loading and/or labeling yield, assuring overall stability of the PIC and corresponding PIC-radioconjugate w.r.t. both the appended ZnPcGal4 and bound-125I. Moreover, real-time binding analyses on EGFR-transfected HCT116 cells showed specific binding of 125I-PIC, suggesting no alternation in the binding kinetics of the mAb after appending it with ZnPcGal4. These results suggest dual potential applications of synthesized PICs both for PDT and radio-immunotherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara R G Fernandes
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences & Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
| | - Tabassom Mohajershojai
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
| | - Sara Lundsten
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden; Ridgeview Instruments AB, Uppsala University, Uppsala 752 37, Sweden
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; CESPU, Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal.
| | - João P C Tomé
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences & Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Marika Nestor
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden.
| | - Preeti Jha
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75123, Sweden; Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre, Dallas, TX 75390, United States.
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24
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Tsai HP, Lin CJ, Lieu AS, Chen YT, Tseng TT, Kwan AL, Loh JK. Galectin-3 Mediates Tumor Progression in Astrocytoma by Regulating Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Activity. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:3591-3602. [PMID: 37185758 PMCID: PMC10137203 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45040234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have considered galectin-3 or Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3B) as a potential prognosis marker for various cancers. However, the correlation between the protein expression of galectin-3/GSK3B and the clinical parameters of astrocytoma has not been reported. This study aims to validate the correlation between the clinical outcomes and protein expression of galectin-3/GSK3B in astrocytoma. Immunohistochemistry staining was performed to detect galectin-3/GSK3B protein expression in patients with astrocytoma. The Chi-square test, Kaplan-Meier evaluation, and Cox regression analysis were used to determine the correlation between clinical parameters and galectin-3/GSK3B expression. Cell proliferation, invasion, and migration were compared between a non-siRNA group and a galectin-3/GSK3B siRNA group. Protein expression in galectin-3 or GSK3B siRNA-treated cells was evaluated using western blotting. Galectin-3 and GSK3B protein expression were significantly positively correlated with the World Health Organization (WHO) astrocytoma grade and overall survival time. Multivariate analysis revealed that WHO grade, galectin-3 expression, and GSK3B expression were independent prognostic factors for astrocytoma. Galectin-3 or GSK3B downregulation induced apoptosis and decreased cell numbers, migration, and invasion. siRNA-mediated gene silencing of galectin-3 resulted in the downregulation of Ki-67, cyclin D1, VEGF, GSK3B, p-GSK3B Ser9 (p-GSK3B S9), and β-catenin. In contrast, GSK3B knockdown only decreased Ki-67, VEGF, p-GSK3B S9, and β-catenin protein expression but did not affect cyclin D1 and galectin-3 protein expression. The siRNA results indicated that GSK3B is downstream of the galectin-3 gene. These data support that galectin-3 mediated tumor progression by upregulating GSK3B and β-catenin protein expression in glioblastoma. Therefore, galectin-3 and GSK3B are potential prognostic markers, and their genes may be considered to be anticancer targets for astrocytoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Pei Tsai
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ju Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ann-Shung Lieu
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Chen
- Department of Pathology, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung 427, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ting Tseng
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Aij-Lie Kwan
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Joon-Khim Loh
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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25
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Wu SC, Jan HM, Vallecillo-Zúniga ML, Rathgeber MF, Stowell CS, Murdock KL, Patel KR, Nakahara H, Stowell CJ, Nahm MH, Arthur CM, Cummings RD, Stowell SR. Whole microbe arrays accurately predict interactions and overall antimicrobial activity of galectin-8 toward distinct strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5324. [PMID: 37005394 PMCID: PMC10067959 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27964-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial glycan microarrays (MGMs) populated with purified microbial glycans have been used to define the specificity of host immune factors toward microbes in a high throughput manner. However, a limitation of such arrays is that glycan presentation may not fully recapitulate the natural presentation that exists on microbes. This raises the possibility that interactions observed on the array, while often helpful in predicting actual interactions with intact microbes, may not always accurately ascertain the overall affinity of a host immune factor for a given microbe. Using galectin-8 (Gal-8) as a probe, we compared the specificity and overall affinity observed using a MGM populated with glycans harvested from various strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae to an intact microbe microarray (MMA). Our results demonstrate that while similarities in binding specificity between the MGM and MMA are apparent, Gal-8 binding toward the MMA more accurately predicted interactions with strains of S. pneumoniae, including the overall specificity of Gal-8 antimicrobial activity. Taken together, these results not only demonstrate that Gal-8 possesses antimicrobial activity against distinct strains of S. pneumoniae that utilize molecular mimicry, but that microarray platforms populated with intact microbes present an advantageous strategy when exploring host interactions with microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Chuen Wu
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Hau-Ming Jan
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mary L Vallecillo-Zúniga
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Matthew F Rathgeber
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Caleb S Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kaleb L Murdock
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kashyap R Patel
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Hirotomo Nakahara
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Carter J Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Moon H Nahm
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Connie M Arthur
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Harvard Glycomics Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Romanò C, Bengtsson D, Infantino AS, Oscarson S. Synthesis of fluoro- and seleno-containing D-lactose and D-galactose analogues. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:2545-2555. [PMID: 36877217 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob02299k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic deoxy-fluoro-carbohydrate derivatives and seleno-sugars are useful tools in protein-carbohydrate interaction studies using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy because of the presence of the 19F and 77Se reporter nuclei. Seven saccharides containing both these atoms have been synthesized, three monosaccharides, methyl 6-deoxy-6-fluoro-1-seleno-β-D-galactopyranoside (1) and methyl 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-1-seleno-α/β-D-galactopyranoside (2α and 2β), and four disaccharides, methyl 4-O-(β-D-galactopyranosyl)-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-1-seleno-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), methyl 4-Se-(β-D-galactopyranosyl)-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-4-seleno-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), and methyl 4-Se-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-α/β-D-galactopyranosyl)-4-seleno-β-D-glucopyranoside (5α and 5β), the three latter compounds with an interglycosidic selenium atom. Selenoglycosides 1 and 3 were obtained from the corresponding bromo sugar by treatment with dimethyl selenide and a reducing agent, while compounds 2α/2β, 4, and 5α/5β were synthesized by the coupling of a D-galactosyl selenolate, obtained in situ from the corresponding isoselenouronium salt, with either methyl iodide or a 4-O-trifluoromethanesulfonyl D-galactosyl moiety. While benzyl ether protecting groups were found to be incompatible with the selenide linkage during deprotection, a change to acetyl esters afforded 4 in a 17% overall yield and over 9 steps from peracetylated D-galactosyl bromide. The synthesis of 5 was performed similarly, but the 2-fluoro substituent led to reduced stereoselectivity in the formation of the isoselenouronium salt (α/β ∼ 1 : 2.3). However, the β-anomer of the uronium salt could be obtained almost pure (∼98%) by precipitation from the reaction mixture. The following displacement reaction occurred without anomerisation, affording, after deacetylation, pure 5β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Romanò
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Dennis Bengtsson
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Angela Simona Infantino
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Stefan Oscarson
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Wang R, Li Y, Gao P, Lv J, Cheng Y, Wang H. Piperazine-modified dendrimer achieves efficient intracellular protein delivery via caveolar endocytosis bypassing the endo-lysosomal pathway. Acta Biomater 2023; 158:725-733. [PMID: 36599402 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular protein delivery has been a major challenge due to various physiological barriers including low proteolytic stability and poor membrane permeability of the biologics. Nanoparticles were widely proposed to deliver cargo proteins into cells by endocytosis, however, the materials and complexes with proteins are often entrapped in endosomes and subject to lysosome degradation. In this study, we report a piperazine modified dendrimer for stabilizing the complexes via a combination of electrostatic interaction and hydrophobic interactions. The complexes show rapid cell internalization and the loaded proteins are released into the cytosols as early as half an hour post incubation. Mechanism study suggests that the complexes are endocytosed into cells via caveolae-based pathways, which could be inhibited by inhibitors such as genistein, filipin III, brefeldin A and nystatin. The phenylpiperazine-modified polymer enables the delivery of cargo proteins with reserved bioactivity and show high permeability in three-dimensional cell spheroids. The results prove the beneficial roles of phenylpiperazine ligands in polymer-mediated cytosolic protein delivery systems. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: We synthesized a list of piperazine and derivatives modified dendrimers as cytosolic protein delivery vectors via facile reactions. Phenylpiperazine modification enables the efficient protein binding through the combination of electrostatic, hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Phenylpiperazine modified dendrimers were internalized into the cells via a caveolae-based endo/lysosome-independent path and could release the cargo proteins into the cytosols as early as half an hour post incubation. Phenylpiperazine modified dendrimers delivered cargo proteins with reserved bioactivity and showed high permeability in three-dimensional cell spheroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijue Wang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Yuhan Li
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Peng Gao
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Jia Lv
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China
| | - Yiyun Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China.
| | - Hui Wang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China.
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Na H, Sayed H, Ayala GJ, Wang X, Liu Y, Yu J, Liu T, Mayo KH, Su J. Glutathione disrupts galectin-10 Charcot-Leyden crystal formation to possibly ameliorate eosinophil-based diseases such as asthma. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:613-622. [PMID: 36988350 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Leyden crystals (CLCs) are the hallmark of many eosinophilic-based diseases, such as asthma. Here, we report that reduced glutathione (GSH) disrupts CLCs and inhibits crystallization of human galectin-10 (Gal-10). GSH has no effect on CLCs from monkeys ( Macaca fascicularis or M. mulatta), even though monkey Gal-10s contain Cys29 and Cys32. Interestingly, human Gal-10 contains another cysteine residue (Cys57). Because GSH cannot disrupt CLCs formed by the human Gal-10 variant C57A or inhibit its crystallization, the effects of GSH on human Gal-10 or CLCs most likely occur by chemical modification of Cys57. We further report the crystal structures of Gal-10 from M. fascicularis and M. mulatta, along with their ability to bind to lactose and inhibit erythrocyte agglutination. Structural comparison with human Gal-10 shows that Cys57 and Gln75 within the ligand binding site are responsible for the loss of lactose binding. Pull-down experiments and mass spectrometry show that human Gal-10 interacts with tubulin α-1B, with GSH, GTP and Mg 2+ stabilizing this interaction and colchicine inhibiting it. Overall, this study enhances our understanding of Gal-10 function and CLC formation and suggests that GSH may be used as a pharmaceutical agent to ameliorate CLC-induced diseases.
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Lactose and Galactose Promote the Crystallization of Human Galectin-10. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041979. [PMID: 36838965 PMCID: PMC9966682 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-10 (Gal-10) forms Charcot-Leyden crystals (CLCs), which play a key role in the symptoms of asthma and allergies and some other diseases. Gal-10 has a carbohydrate-binding site; however, neither the Gal-10 dimer nor the CLCs can bind sugars. To investigate the monomer-dimer equilibrium of Gal-10, high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) was employed to separate serial dilutions of Gal-10 with and without carbohydrates. We found that both the dimerization and crystallization of Gal-10 were promoted by lactose/galactose binding. A peak position shift for the monomer was observed after treatment with either lactose or galactose, implying that the polarity of the monomer was reduced by lactose/galactose binding. Further experiments indicated that alkaline conditions of pH 8.8 mimicked the lactose/galactose-binding environment, and the time interval between monomers and dimers in the chromatogram decreased from 0.8 min to 0.4 min. Subsequently, the electrostatic potential of the Gal-10 monomers was computed. After lactose/galactose binding, the top side of the monomer shifted from negatively charged to electrically neutral, allowing it to interact with the carbohydrate-binding site of the opposing subunit during dimerization. Since lactose/galactose promotes the crystallization of Gal-10, our findings implied that dairy-free diets (free of lactose/galactose) might be beneficial to patients with CLC-related diseases.
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Galectin-9 Facilitates Epstein-Barr Virus Latent Infection and Lymphomagenesis in Human B Cells. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0493222. [PMID: 36622166 PMCID: PMC9927364 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04932-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune regulator galectin-9 (Gal-9) is commonly involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, but with various impacts depending on the cell type. Here, we revealed that Gal-9 expression was persistently increased in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected primary B cells from the stage of early infection to the stage of mature lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). This sustained upregulation paralleled that of gene sets related to cell proliferation, such as oxidative phosphorylation, cell cycle activation, and DNA replication. Knocking down or blocking Gal-9 expression obstructed the establishment of latent infection and outgrowth of EBV-infected B cells, while exogenous Gal-9 protein promoted EBV acute and latent infection and outgrowth of EBV-infected B cells at the early infection stage. Mechanically, stimulator of interferon gene (STING) activation or signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) inhibition impeded the outgrowth of EBV-infected B cells and promotion of Gal-9-induced lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) transformation. Accordingly, Gal-9 expression was upregulated by forced EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) expression in 293T cells in vitro. Clinical data showed that Gal-9 expression in B-cell lymphomas (BCLs) correlated positively with EBNA1 and disease stage. Targeting Gal-9 slowed LCL tumor growth and metastasis in xenografted immunodeficient mice. These findings highlight an oncogenic role of Gal-9 in EBV-associated BCLs, indicating that Gal-9 boosts the transformation of EBV-infected B cells. IMPORTANCE The cross talk between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and the host cell transcriptome assumes important roles in the oncogenesis of EBV-associated malignancies. Here, we first observed that endogenous Gal-9 expression was persistently increased along with an overturned V-type change in antivirus signaling during the immortalization of EBV-transformed B cells. Upregulation of Gal-9 promoted the outgrowth and latent infection of EBV-infected B cells, which was linked to B-cell-origin tumors by suppressing STING signaling and subsequently promoting STAT3 phosphorylation. EBV nuclear antigen EBNA1 induced Gal-9 expression and formed a positive feedback loop with Gal-9 in EBV-infected B cells. Tumor Gal-9 levels were positively correlated with disease stage and EBNA1 expression in patients with B-cell lymphomas (BCLs). Targeting Gal-9 slowed the growth and metastases of LCL tumors in immunodeficient mice. Altogether, our findings indicate that Gal-9 is involved in the lymphomagenesis of EBV-positive BCLs through cross talk with EBNA1 and STING signals.
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Targeting galectin-driven regulatory circuits in cancer and fibrosis. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2023; 22:295-316. [PMID: 36759557 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00636-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are a family of endogenous glycan-binding proteins that have crucial roles in a broad range of physiological and pathological processes. As a group, these proteins use both extracellular and intracellular mechanisms as well as glycan-dependent and independent pathways to reprogramme the fate and function of numerous cell types. Given their multifunctional roles in both tissue fibrosis and cancer, galectins have been identified as potential therapeutic targets for these disorders. Here, we focus on the therapeutic relevance of galectins, particularly galectin 1 (GAL1), GAL3 and GAL9 to tumour progression and fibrotic diseases. We consider an array of galectin-targeted strategies, including small-molecule carbohydrate inhibitors, natural polysaccharides and their derivatives, peptides, peptidomimetics and biological agents (notably, neutralizing monoclonal antibodies and truncated galectins) and discuss their mechanisms of action, selectivity and therapeutic potential in preclinical models of fibrosis and cancer. We also review the results of clinical trials that aim to evaluate the efficacy of galectin inhibitors in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and cancer. The rapid pace of glycobiology research, combined with the acute need for drugs to alleviate fibrotic inflammation and overcome resistance to anticancer therapies, will accelerate the translation of anti-galectin therapeutics into clinical practice.
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Al-Maghrabi JA, Khabaz MN. Clinical significance of galectin-3 expression in urinary bladder carcinoma. J Int Med Res 2023; 51:3000605231153323. [PMID: 36748414 PMCID: PMC9909066 DOI: 10.1177/03000605231153323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To uncover the clinical significance of galectin-3 in the evolution of urinary bladder cancer by defining galectin-3 expression and examining the relationship between its expression in a group of urothelial carcinomas versus normal tissues along with clinicopathological factors. METHODS This retrospective study included histopathological reports and archival blocks and slides of all patients with urinary bladder cancer treated at King Abdulaziz University Hospital (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). An anti-galectin-3 monoclonal antibody was used for immunohistochemical staining of tissue microarray slides comprising 128 cases of urothelium carcinoma and 24 specimens of normal bladder mucosa. RESULTS Galectin-3 was downregulated during transformation, with positive expression found in 50 (39%) urinary bladder neoplasms, of which 33 (66%) showed weak immunostaining. All positively-stained malignant tumor and normal bladder mucosa samples showed cytoplasmic staining; a few samples also showed nuclear staining. No correlation was noted between galectin-3 and histotype, grade, stage, muscularis propria invasion, lymph node invasion, vascular invasion, or metastasis. A Cox proportional hazards model and Kaplan-Meier survival curves did not show differences in survival on the basis of galectin-3 expression. CONCLUSION Galectin-3 is down-regulated in bladder cancer but is not a helpful marker for the diagnosis or prognosis of urinary bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaudah Ahmed Al-Maghrabi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamad Nidal Khabaz
- Department of Pathology, Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,Mohamad Nidal Khabaz, Department of Pathology, Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Molecular Cloning and Functional Characterization of Galectin-1 in Yellow Drum ( Nibea albiflora). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043298. [PMID: 36834706 PMCID: PMC9963236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are proteins that are involved in the innate immune response against pathogenic microorganisms. In the present study, the gene expression pattern of galectin-1 (named as NaGal-1) and its function in mediating the defense response to bacterial attack were investigated. The tertiary structure of NaGal-1 protein consists of homodimers and each subunit has one carbohydrate recognition domain. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis indicated that NaGal-1 was ubiquitously distributed in all the detected tissues and highly expressed in the swim-bladder of Nibea albiflora, and its expression could be upregulated by the pathogenic Vibrio harveyi attack in the brain. Expression of NaGal-1 protein in HEK 293T cells was distributed in the cytoplasm as well as in the nucleus. The recombinant NaGal-1 protein by prokaryotic expression could agglutinate red blood cells from rabbit, Larimichthys crocea, and N. albiflora. The agglutination of N. albiflora red blood cells by the recombinant NaGal-1 protein was inhibited by peptidoglycan, lactose, D-galactose, and lipopolysaccharide in certain concentrations. In addition, the recombinant NaGal-1 protein agglutinated and killed some gram-negative bacteria including Edwardsiella tarda, Escherichia coli, Photobacterium phosphoreum, Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Aeromonas veronii. These results set the stage for further studies of NaGal-1 protein in the innate immunity of N. albiflora.
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Kapetanakis NI, Busson P. Galectins as pivotal components in oncogenesis and immune exclusion in human malignancies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1145268. [PMID: 36817445 PMCID: PMC9935586 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1145268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are galactoside-binding proteins, exerting numerous functions inside and outside the cell, particularly conferring adaptation to stress factors. For most of them, aberrant expression profiles have been reported in the context of cancer. Albeit not being oncogenic drivers, galectins can be harnessed to exacerbate the malignant phenotype. Their impact on disease establishment and progression is not limited to making cancer cells resistant to apoptosis, but is prominent in the context of the tumor microenvironment, where it fosters angiogenesis, immune escape and exclusion. This review focuses mainly on Gal-1, Gal-3 and Gal-9 for which the involvement in cancer biology is best known. It presents the types of galectin dysregulations, attempts to explain the mechanisms behind them and analyzes the different ways in which they favor tumour growth. In an era where tumour resistance to immunotherapy appears as a major challenge, we highlight the crucial immunosuppressive roles of galectins and the potential therapeutic benefits of combinatorial approaches including galectin inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikiforos-Ioannis Kapetanakis
- Research & Development (R&D), 4D Lifetec, Cham, Switzerland,*Correspondence: Nikiforos-Ioannis Kapetanakis, ; Pierre Busson,
| | - Pierre Busson
- Host-Tumor Interactions in Head and Neck Carcinoma: Exploration and Therapeutic Modulations, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche(UMR) 9018 - METabolic and SYstemic aspects of oncogenesis for new therapeutic approaches (METSY), Gustave Roussy and Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France,*Correspondence: Nikiforos-Ioannis Kapetanakis, ; Pierre Busson,
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35
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Martínez-Bailén M, Rojo J, Ramos-Soriano J. Multivalent glycosystems for human lectins. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:536-572. [PMID: 36545903 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00736c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human lectins are involved in a wide variety of biological processes, both physiological and pathological, which have attracted the interest of the scientific community working in the glycoscience field. Multivalent glycosystems have been employed as useful tools to understand carbohydrate-lectin binding processes as well as for biomedical applications. The review shows the different scaffolds designed for a multivalent presentation of sugars and their corresponding binding studies to lectins and in some cases, their biological activities. We summarise this research by organizing based on lectin types to highlight the progression in this active field. The paper provides an overall picture of how these contributions have furnished relevant information on this topic to help in understanding and participate in these carbohydrate-lectin interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Martínez-Bailén
- Glycosystems Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC - Universidad de Sevilla, Av. Américo Vespucio 49, Seville 41092, Spain.
| | - Javier Rojo
- Glycosystems Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC - Universidad de Sevilla, Av. Américo Vespucio 49, Seville 41092, Spain.
| | - Javier Ramos-Soriano
- Glycosystems Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC - Universidad de Sevilla, Av. Américo Vespucio 49, Seville 41092, Spain.
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Fang J, Wang X, Xie J, Zhang X, Xiao Y, Li J, Luo G. LGALS1 was related to the prognosis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma identified by weighted correlation gene network analysis combined with differential gene expression analysis. Front Genet 2023; 13:1046164. [PMID: 36712844 PMCID: PMC9878452 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1046164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanism of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is essential for predicting the prognosis and developing new targeted therapies. Our study is to identify hub genes related to ccRCC and to further analyze its prognostic significance. The ccRCC gene expression profiles of GSE46699 from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and datasets from the Cancer Genome Atlas Database The Cancer Genome Atlas were used for the Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) and differential gene expression analysis. We screened out 397 overlapping genes from the four sets of results, and then performed Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG) pathways. In addition, the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of 397 overlapping genes was mapped using the STRING database. We identified ten hub genes (KNG1, TIMP1, ALB, C3, GPC3, VCAN, P4HB, CHGB, LGALS1, EGF) using the CytoHubba plugin of Cytoscape based on the Maximal Clique Centrality (MCC) score. According to Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, higher expression of LGALS1 and TIMP1 was related to poorer overall survival (OS) in patients with ccRCC. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis showed that the expression of LGALS1 was an independent risk factor for poor prognosis. Moreover, the higher the clinical grade and stage of ccRCC, the higher the expression of LGALS1. LGALS1 may play an important role in developing ccRCC and may be potential a biomarker for prognosis and treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Fang
- Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China,Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinjun Wang
- Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China,The school of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jun Xie
- Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yiming Xiao
- Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - JinKun Li
- Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Guangcheng Luo
- Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China,The school of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China,*Correspondence: Guangcheng Luo,
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Lee IG, Joo YH, Jeon H, Jeong R, Kim EH, Chung H, Eyun SI, Kim J, Seo YJ, Hong SH. Galectin-4 increases the ability of M2 macrophages to enhance antiviral CD4+ T-cell responses. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 113:71-83. [PMID: 36822160 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiac008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-4 (Gal-4) is a β-galactoside-binding protein belonging to the galectin family. Although Gal-4 is known to be involved in several physiologic processes of the gastrointestinal tract, its immunomodulatory roles remain unclear. In this study, we investigated whether Gal-4 influences the function of M1 and M2 macrophages. Gal-4 treatment drove more robust changes in the gene expression of M2 macrophages compared to M1 macrophages. Antiviral immune response-related genes were significantly upregulated in Gal-4-treated M2 macrophages. Gal-4 significantly enhanced the immunostimulatory activity of M2 macrophages upon Toll-like receptor 7 stimulation or infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Moreover, the antibody production against LCMV infection and the antiviral CD4+ T-cell responses, but not the antiviral CD8+ T-cell responses, were greatly increased by Gal-4-treated M2 macrophages in vivo. The present results indicate that Gal-4 enhances the ability of M2 macrophages to promote antiviral CD4+ T-cell responses. Thus, Gal-4 could be used to boost antiviral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Gu Lee
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hyun Joo
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoyeon Jeon
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Raehyuk Jeong
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui Ho Kim
- Viral Immunology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, 16 Daewangpangyo-ro 712 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Chung
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Seong-Il Eyun
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongkyu Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Seo
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Hee Hong
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 25 Magokdong-ro 2-gil, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 07804, Republic of Korea
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Highlights on the Role of Galectin-3 in Colorectal Cancer and the Preventive/Therapeutic Potential of Food-Derived Inhibitors. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010052. [PMID: 36612048 PMCID: PMC9817985 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of death worldwide. Despite advances in surgical and therapeutic management, tumor metastases and resistance to therapy still represent major hurdles. CRC risk is highly modifiable by lifestyle factors, including diet, which strongly influences both cancer incidence and related mortality. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a multifaceted protein involved in multiple pathophysiological pathways underlying chronic inflammation and cancer. Its versatility is given by the ability to participate in a wide range of tumor-promoting processes, including cell-cell/cell-matrix interactions, cell growth regulation and apoptosis, and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. This review provides an updated summary of preclinical and observational human studies investigating the pathogenetic role of Gal-3 in intestinal inflammation and CRC, as well as the potential of Gal-3 activity inhibition by plant-source food-derived bioactive compounds to control CRC onset/growth. These studies highlight both direct and immuno-mediated effects of Gal-3 on tumor growth and invasiveness and its potential role as a CRC prognostic biomarker. Substantial evidence indicates natural food-derived Gal-3 inhibitors as promising candidates for CRC prevention and therapy. However, critical issues, such as their bioavailability and efficacy, in controlled human studies need to be addressed to translate research progress into clinical applications.
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Lau LS, Mohammed NBB, Dimitroff CJ. Decoding Strategies to Evade Immunoregulators Galectin-1, -3, and -9 and Their Ligands as Novel Therapeutics in Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:15554. [PMID: 36555198 PMCID: PMC9778980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins are a family of ß-galactoside-binding proteins that play a variety of roles in normal physiology. In cancer, their expression levels are typically elevated and often associated with poor prognosis. They are known to fuel a variety of cancer progression pathways through their glycan-binding interactions with cancer, stromal, and immune cell surfaces. Of the 15 galectins in mammals, galectin (Gal)-1, -3, and -9 are particularly notable for their critical roles in tumor immune escape. While these galectins play integral roles in promoting cancer progression, they are also instrumental in regulating the survival, differentiation, and function of anti-tumor T cells that compromise anti-tumor immunity and weaken novel immunotherapies. To this end, there has been a surge in the development of new strategies to inhibit their pro-malignancy characteristics, particularly in reversing tumor immunosuppression through galectin-glycan ligand-targeting methods. This review examines some new approaches to evading Gal-1, -3, and -9-ligand interactions to interfere with their tumor-promoting and immunoregulating activities. Whether using neutralizing antibodies, synthetic peptides, glyco-metabolic modifiers, competitive inhibitors, vaccines, gene editing, exo-glycan modification, or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells, these methods offer new hope of synergizing their inhibitory effects with current immunotherapeutic methods and yielding highly effective, durable responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Seng Lau
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Norhan B. B. Mohammed
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Charles J. Dimitroff
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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Sarangi N, Shafaq-Zadah M, Berselli GB, Robinson J, Dransart E, Di Cicco A, Lévy D, Johannes L, Keyes TE. Galectin-3 Binding to α 5β 1 Integrin in Pore Suspended Biomembranes. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:10000-10017. [PMID: 36413808 PMCID: PMC9743206 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c05717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal3) is a β-galactoside binding lectin that mediates many physiological functions, including the binding of cells to the extracellular matrix for which the glycoprotein α5β1 integrin is of critical importance. The mechanisms by which Gal3 interacts with membranes have not been widely explored to date due to the complexity of cell membranes and the difficulty of integrin reconstitution within model membranes. Herein, to study their interaction, Gal3 and α5β1 were purified, and the latter reconstituted into pore-suspended lipid bilayers comprised eggPC:eggPA. Using electrochemical impedance and fluorescence lifetime correlation spectroscopy, we found that on incubation with low nanomolar concentrations of wild-type Gal3, the membrane's admittance and fluidity, as well as integrin's lateral diffusivity, were enhanced. These effects were diminished in the following conditions: (i) absence of integrin, (ii) presence of lactose as a competitive inhibitor of glycan-Gal3 interaction, and (iii) use of a Gal3 mutant that lacked the N-terminal oligomerization domain (Gal3ΔNter). These findings indicated that WTGal3 oligomerized on α5β1 integrin in a glycan-dependent manner and that the N-terminal domain interacted directly with membranes in a way that is yet to be fully understood. At concentrations above 10 nM of WTGal3, membrane capacitance started to decrease and very slowly diffusing molecular species appeared, which indicated the formation of protein clusters made from WTGal3-α5β1 integrin assemblies. Overall, our study demonstrates the capacity of WTGal3 to oligomerize in a cargo protein-dependent manner at low nanomolar concentrations. Of note, these WTGal3 oligomers appeared to have membrane active properties that could only be revealed using our sensitive methods. At slightly higher WTGal3 concentrations, the capacity to generate lateral assemblies between cargo proteins was observed. In cells, this could lead to the construction of tubular endocytic pits according to the glycolipid-lectin (GL-Lect) hypothesis or to the formation of galectin lattices, depending on cargo glycoprotein stability at the membrane, the local Gal3 concentration, or plasma membrane intrinsic parameters. The study also demonstrates the utility of microcavity array-suspended lipid bilayers to address the biophysics of transmembrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirod
Kumar Sarangi
- School
of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, DCU Glasnevin Campus, D09 V209Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Massiullah Shafaq-Zadah
- Institut
Curie, PSL Research University, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, Cellular
and Chemical Biology Unit, 75248Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Guilherme B. Berselli
- School
of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, DCU Glasnevin Campus, D09 V209Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Jack Robinson
- School
of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, DCU Glasnevin Campus, D09 V209Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Estelle Dransart
- Institut
Curie, PSL Research University, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, Cellular
and Chemical Biology Unit, 75248Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Aurélie Di Cicco
- Institut
Curie, PSL Research University, UMR 168 CNRS, 75248Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Daniel Lévy
- Institut
Curie, PSL Research University, UMR 168 CNRS, 75248Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Ludger Johannes
- Institut
Curie, PSL Research University, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, Cellular
and Chemical Biology Unit, 75248Paris Cedex 05, France,
| | - Tia E. Keyes
- School
of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, DCU Glasnevin Campus, D09 V209Dublin 9, Ireland,
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Bhuvaragavan S, Sruthi K, Nivetha R, Ramaraj P, Hilda K, Meenakumari M, Janarthanan S. Insect galectin stimulates the human CD4+ T cell proliferation by regulating inflammation (T cell and monocyte) through Th2 immune response. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Godefa TM, Derks S, Thijssen VLJL. Galectins in Esophageal Cancer: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235790. [PMID: 36497271 PMCID: PMC9736038 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is a disease with poor overall survival. Despite advancements in therapeutic options, the treatment outcome of esophageal cancer patients remains dismal with an overall 5-year survival rate of approximately 20 percent. To improve treatment efficacy and patient survival, efforts are being made to identify the factors that underlie disease progression and that contribute to poor therapeutic responses. It has become clear that some of these factors reside in the tumor micro-environment. In particular, the tumor vasculature and the tumor immune micro-environment have been implicated in esophageal cancer progression and treatment response. Interestingly, galectins represent a family of glycan-binding proteins that has been linked to both tumor angiogenesis and tumor immunosuppression. Indeed, in several cancer types, galectins have been identified as diagnostic and/or prognostic markers. However, the role of galectins in esophageal cancer is still poorly understood. Here, we summarize the current literature with regard to the expression and potential functions of galectins in esophageal cancer. In addition, we highlight the gaps in the current knowledge and we propose directions for future research in order to reveal whether galectins contribute to esophageal cancer progression and provide opportunities to improve the treatment and survival of esophageal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfay M. Godefa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology & Immunology, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Jaarbeursplein 6, 3521 AL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Derks
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology & Immunology, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Jaarbeursplein 6, 3521 AL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Victor L. J. L. Thijssen
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology & Immunology, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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Nguyen LTS, Robinson DN. The lectin Discoidin I acts in the cytoplasm to help assemble the contractile machinery. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213504. [PMID: 36165849 PMCID: PMC9523886 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202202063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular functions, such as division and migration, require cells to undergo robust shape changes. Through their contractility machinery, cells also sense, respond, and adapt to their physical surroundings. In the cytoplasm, the contractility machinery organizes into higher order assemblies termed contractility kits (CKs). Using Dictyostelium discoideum, we previously identified Discoidin I (DscI), a classic secreted lectin, as a CK component through its physical interactions with the actin crosslinker Cortexillin I (CortI) and the scaffolding protein IQGAP2. Here, we find that DscI ensures robust cytokinesis through regulating intracellular components of the contractile machinery. Specifically, DscI is necessary for normal cytokinesis, cortical tension, membrane-cortex connections, and cortical distribution and mechanoresponsiveness of CortI. The dscI deletion mutants also have complex genetic epistatic relationships with CK components, acting as a genetic suppressor of cortI and iqgap1, but as an enhancer of iqgap2. This work underscores the fact that proteins like DiscI contribute in diverse ways to the activities necessary for optimal cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ly T S Nguyen
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Douglas N Robinson
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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Niang DGM, Gaba FM, Diouf A, Hendricks J, Diallo RN, Niang MDS, Mbengue B, Dieye A. Galectin-3 as a biomarker in breast neoplasms: Mechanisms and applications in patient care. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1041-1052. [PMID: 36125083 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5mr0822-673r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a member of the lectin family encoded by the LGALS3 gene on chromosome 14. It is secreted by a wide range of immune cells and mammary tumor cells. Through its activity on the tumor microenvironment, in particular on tumor-infiltrating leukocytes, galectin-3 improves the proliferation, survival, and colonizing ability of mammary neoplastic cells. Consequently, galectin-3 expression in the tumor microenvironment could worsen therapeutic outcomes of breast neoplasms and become a biomarker and a therapeutic target in combined immunotherapy in breast neoplasms. There is a limited amount of information that is available on galectin-3 in breast cancer in Africa. In this review, we analyze how galectin-3 influences the tumor microenvironment and its potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target in breast neoplasms. We aim to emphasize the significance of investigating galectin-3 in breast neoplasms in Africa based on the results of studies conducted elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doudou Georges Massar Niang
- Division of Immunology, School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Folly Mawulolo Gaba
- Division of Immunology, School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Adame Diouf
- Division of Immunology, School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Jacobus Hendricks
- Department of Physiology and Environmental Health, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, Limpopo province, South Africa
| | - Rokhaya Ndiaye Diallo
- Division of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Maguette Deme Sylla Niang
- Division of Immunology, School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Babacar Mbengue
- Division of Immunology, School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Alioune Dieye
- Division of Immunology, School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
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Wang X, Liu L, Zhang R, Li H, Zhu H. Involvement of galectin-9 from koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) in the immune response against Aeromonas veronii infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 129:64-73. [PMID: 35940538 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are β-galactoside sugar binding proteins which function as important pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in innate immunity. Here, we identified a galectin-9 gene from koi carp (Cyprinus carpio), named kGal-9. The ORF of kGal-9 is 963 bp in length, which encodes a polypeptide of 320 amino acids without either signal peptide. The predicted molecular weight is 36.25 kDa, and the isoelectric point is 8.3. Multiple sequence alignment showed that the putative kGal-9 contains two carbohydrate recognition domains (CRD), which are conserved in Galectin-9s. The phylogenetic tree showed that kGal-9 clustered to Galectin-9s from other teleosts, and shared the highest identity of 87.5% with Qihe crucian (Carassius auratus). kGal-9 mRNA was abundant in head kidney, gills, and gut, but low in liver and muscle. Further, the expression level of kGal-9 in the head kidney and liver increased significantly after Aeromonas veronii (abbreviated A.v) infection. Unexpectedly, kGal-9 showed a remarkable downregulation in the spleen at various time points post A.v infection. Intramuscular injection of pckGal-9 not merely reduced the bacterial load of spleen tissue, but also improved the survival rate of koi carp post A.v challenge. Besides, administration of pckGal-9 stimulated the expression of several immuno-related genes including proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6), anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10), complement components (C4, C9), with fluctuation in spleen and head kidney. Taken together, the obtained results suggest that kGal-9 occupies an important role in innate immunity and defense against bacterial infection in koi carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology&Fisheries Research Institute, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, PR China; National Freshwater Fisheries Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lili Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology&Fisheries Research Institute, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, PR China; National Freshwater Fisheries Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing, PR China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology&Fisheries Research Institute, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, PR China; National Freshwater Fisheries Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing, PR China
| | - Huijuan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology&Fisheries Research Institute, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, PR China; National Freshwater Fisheries Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology&Fisheries Research Institute, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, PR China; National Freshwater Fisheries Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing, PR China.
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Tomizawa H, Yamada Y, Arima M, Miyabe Y, Fukuchi M, Hikichi H, Melo RCN, Yamada T, Ueki S. Galectin-10 as a Potential Biomarker for Eosinophilic Diseases. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101385. [PMID: 36291593 PMCID: PMC9599181 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-10 is a member of the lectin family and one of the most abundant cytoplasmic proteins in human eosinophils. Except for some myeloid leukemia cells, basophils, and minor T cell populations, galectin-10 is exclusively present in eosinophils in the human body. Galectin-10 forms Charcot–Leyden crystals, which are observed in various eosinophilic diseases. Accumulating studies have indicated that galectin-10 acts as a new biomarker for disease activity, diagnosis, and treatment effectiveness in asthma, eosinophilic esophagitis, rhinitis, sinusitis, atopic dermatitis, and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis. The extracellular release of galectin-10 is not mediated through conventional secretory processes (piecemeal degranulation or exocytosis), but rather by extracellular trap cell death (ETosis), which is an active cell death program. Eosinophils undergoing ETosis rapidly disintegrate their plasma membranes to release the majority of galectin-10. Therefore, elevated galectin-10 levels in serum and tissue suggest a high degree of eosinophil ETosis. To date, several studies have shown that galectin-10/Charcot–Leyden crystals are more than just markers for eosinophilic inflammation, but play functional roles in immunity. In this review, we focus on the close relationship between eosinophils and galectin-10, highlighting this protein as a potential new biomarker in eosinophilic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Tomizawa
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Department of General Internal Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Yamada
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara 259-1193, Japan
| | - Misaki Arima
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Department of General Internal Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yui Miyabe
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Department of General Internal Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Mineyo Fukuchi
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Department of General Internal Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Haruka Hikichi
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Department of General Internal Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Rossana C. N. Melo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Takechiyo Yamada
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Ueki
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Department of General Internal Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +81-18-884-6209
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Galectins—Potential Therapeutic Targets for Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911012. [PMID: 36232314 PMCID: PMC9569834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancements in medicine have increased the longevity of humans, resulting in a higher incidence of chronic diseases. Due to the rise in the elderly population, age-dependent neurodegenerative disorders are becoming increasingly prevalent. The available treatment options only provide symptomatic relief and do not cure the underlying cause of the disease. Therefore, it has become imperative to discover new markers and therapies to modulate the course of disease progression and develop better treatment options for the affected individuals. Growing evidence indicates that neuroinflammation is a common factor and one of the main inducers of neuronal damage and degeneration. Galectins (Gals) are a class of β-galactoside-binding proteins (lectins) ubiquitously expressed in almost all vital organs. Gals modulate various cellular responses and regulate significant biological functions, including immune response, proliferation, differentiation, migration, and cell growth, through their interaction with glycoproteins and glycolipids. In recent years, extensive research has been conducted on the Gal superfamily, with Gal-1, Gal-3, and Gal-9 in prime focus. Their roles have been described in modulating neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative processes. In this review, we discuss the role of Gals in the causation and progression of neurodegenerative disorders. We describe the role of Gals in microglia and astrocyte modulation, along with their pro- and anti-inflammatory functions. In addition, we discuss the potential use of Gals as a novel therapeutic target for neuroinflammation and restoring tissue damage in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Assessment of galectins -1, -3, -4, -8, and -9 expression in ovarian carcinoma patients with clinical implications. World J Surg Oncol 2022; 20:276. [PMID: 36050693 PMCID: PMC9434928 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-022-02738-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Galectins have been recently tackled by many researchers in the field of cancer due to their role in tumorigenesis, disease progression, and metastasis. Thus, they are currently involved in biomarkers research on several types of cancer. In ovarian cancers, few studies were carried out to evaluate galectins expression profiling. Hence, our present study was executed to evaluate the mRNA expression of galectins -1, -3, -4, -8, and -9 in epithelial ovarian cancers. Methods Fifty-six tumor samples of ovarian carcinomas were analyzed for mRNA expression using qRT-PCR, and fold-changes were calculated in comparison to tissue samples of 26 women with normal ovaries. Results The results of the present paper emphasize the importance of galectins as predictors for targeted therapy. LGALS1, LGALS3, LGALS4, LGALS8, and LGALS9 were found to be mostly overexpressed in ovarian carcinoma patients with the following percentage: 78.6%, 92.9%, 66.1%, 87.5%, and 85.7% respectively. Moreover, galectins -3 and -9 were found to be significantly elevated with lymph node metastasis (p = 0.044 and p = 0.011). Also, upregulation of galectin-1 and -9 were statistically significant in stages IIB, IIC, and IIIB (p = 0.002) in FIGO staging. CA19.9 is positively correlated to galectin-4 expression (p = 0.039). Conclusion Our findings strengthen the role of galectins in carcinogenesis, disease progression, and lymphnode metastasis in ovarian carcinomas. And since these galectins are mostly overexpressed, they could be promising markers for targeted therapy to reduce disease progression and metastasis process. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12957-022-02738-4.
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Loghry HJ, Sondjaja NA, Minkler SJ, Kimber MJ. Secreted filarial nematode galectins modulate host immune cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:952104. [PMID: 36032131 PMCID: PMC9402972 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.952104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a mosquito-borne disease caused by filarial nematodes including Brugia malayi. Over 860 million people worldwide are infected or at risk of infection in 72 endemic countries. The absence of a protective vaccine means that current control strategies rely on mass drug administration programs that utilize inadequate drugs that cannot effectively kill adult parasites, thus established infections are incurable. Progress to address deficiencies in the approach to LF control is hindered by a poor mechanistic understanding of host-parasite interactions, including mechanisms of host immunomodulation by the parasite, a critical adaptation for establishing and maintaining infections. The canonical type 2 host response to helminth infection characterized by anti-inflammatory and regulatory immune phenotypes is modified by filarial nematodes during chronic LF. Current efforts at identifying parasite-derived factors driving this modification focus on parasite excretory-secretory products (ESP), including extracellular vesicles (EVs). We have previously profiled the cargo of B. malayi EVs and identified B. malayi galectin-1 and galectin-2 as among the most abundant EV proteins. In this study we further investigated the function of these proteins. Sequence analysis of the parasite galectins revealed highest homology to mammalian galectin-9 and functional characterization identified similar substrate affinities consistent with this designation. Immunological assays showed that Bma-LEC-2 is a bioactive protein that can polarize macrophages to an alternatively activated phenotype and selectively induce apoptosis in Th1 cells. Our data shows that an abundantly secreted parasite galectin is immunomodulatory and induces phenotypes consistent with the modified type 2 response characteristic of chronic LF infection.
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Mariacarmela G, Milena E, Sveinbjorn G, Daniel H, Maurizio M. Placental protein 13 dilation of pregnant rat uterine vein is endothelium dependent and involves nitric oxide/calcium activated potassium channels signals. Placenta 2022; 126:233-238. [PMID: 35872513 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accumulating evidence demonstrates the importance of the galectin protein Placental Protein 13 (PP13) in predicting Preeclampsia (PE), a gestational disorder that has no cure and is associated with a compromised uterine vascular adaptation to pregnancy. Uterine vasculature undergoes significant remodeling (growth in length and in circumference) during normal pregnancy to accommodate the increased blood volume to the feto-placental unit. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the role of PP13 on the uterine veins (UVs). METHODS PP13 was tested on UVs isolated from rat by using a pressurized myograph. The PP13 investigation was carried out in the presence of: a) nitric oxide synthases inhibitors (l-NAME + L-NNA, 2 x 10-4 M); b) small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (SKca) inhibitor (Apamin, 10-7 M); c) intermediate conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (IKca) inhibitor (TRAM-34, 10-5 M); d) big conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (BKca) inhibitor (Paxilline, 10-5 M) and in the absence of endothelium. RESULTS Our results showed that in late pregnancy, PP13 induced a significant dilation of UVs that is endothelium dependent. Further, PP13-dilation is mediated by the SKca - NO - BKca pathway. DISCUSSION For the first time, this study provides evidence that in pregnancy, the UVs are dilated by PP13 and suggests SKCa as a potential target for treatments aimed at restoring pregnancy complication associated with deficiency in uterine adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gatto Mariacarmela
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Rende, Italy
| | - Esposito Milena
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Rende, Italy
| | - Gizurarson Sveinbjorn
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, 107, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Henrion Daniel
- MitoVasc Institute, UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, University of Angers, France
| | - Mandalà Maurizio
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Rende, Italy.
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