Biosynthesis, natural sources, dietary intake, pharmacokinetic properties, and biological activities of hydroxycinnamic acids

Hydroxycinnamic Acids Activate RpfB-Dependent Quorum Sensing Signal Turnover in Phytopathogen Xanthomonas campestris

Phytopathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris (Xcc) uses various mechanisms, including the quorum sensing (QS) system, to regulate infection and colonize cruciferous host plants. Hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs) are widely distributed in the plant kingdom, but their effect on the diffusible signaling factor family QS signal of Xcc remains unknown. In this study, we report that HCAs activate RpfB-dependent QS signal turnover via the sensor protein HepR, which in turn activates the HepABCD resistance-nodulation-division efflux pump to remove HCAs in Xcc. Exogenous addition of three HCAs induced DSF signal turnover during the late growth phase of Xcc in XYS medium. Furthermore, HCAs-induced DSF turnover was dependent on the DSF-degrading enzyme RpfB and the sensor HepR. Additionally, Xcc pumps HCAs through the HepABCD efflux pump. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay demonstrated that HCAs interfere with the binding of HepR to the Phep promoter. This work provides insight into the molecular interactions between Xcc and cruciferous plants.

(Poly)phenols and Multiple Sclerosis: Results from an Observational Cross-Sectional Study

(Poly)phenols are a wide and heterogeneous class of substances with several potential health benefits. Their role in neuroprotection and cognition is still questionable. This study's scope is to examine the possible association between total and individual (poly)phenol intake, major dietary sources, and the severity of multiple sclerosis (MS) in a cohort of MS patients. Participants' demographics, physical activity, smoking, and dietary information were collected, alongside clinical parameters including the Expanded Disability Status Score (EDSS), Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score (MSSS), MS phenotype, and current therapy. A validated 110-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess participants' habits. The (poly)phenol content of foods was estimated using the Phenol-Explorer database. Data from 106 participants were analyzed. A high intake of vegetables was associated with a 4.6-fold higher probability of mild MS (95% CI: 1.49, 14.28), whereas no association was found for other food and beverage sources. Hydroxycinnamic acids were significantly related to MSSS (OR: 6.55, 95% CI: 2.15, 19.92). Although coffee intake differed significantly between patients with mild and severe MS (90.5 ± 53.9 vs. 59.4 ± 40.8 mL/d, respectively), linear regression analysis did not confirm an association with MSSS. A higher intake of hydroxycinnamic acids and vegetables may impact MS severity. Coffee's role remains unclear and needs to be further investigated.

p-Hydroxycinnamic Acids: Advancements in Synthetic Biology, Emerging Regulatory Targets in Gut Microbiota Interactions, and Implications for Animal Health

p-hydroxycinnamic acids (p-HCAs), a class of natural phenolic acid compounds extracted from plant resources and widely distributed, feature a C6-C3 phenylpropanoid structure. Their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities have shown great potential for applications in food and animal feed. The interactions between p-HCAs and the gut microbiota, as well as their subsequent effects on animal health, have increasingly attracted the attention of researchers. In the context of a greener and safer future, the progress and innovation in biosynthetic technology have occupied a central position in ensuring the safety of food and feed. This review emphasizes the complex mechanisms underlying the interactions between p-HCAs and the gut microbiota, providing a solid explanation for the remarkable bioactivities of p-HCAs and their subsequent impact on animal health. Furthermore, it explores the advancements in the synthetic biology of p-HCAs. This review could aid in a basis for better understanding the underlying interactions between p-HCAs and gut microbiota and animal health.

Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects of Ferulic Acid and Quinic Acid on Acetic Acid-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Rats

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by oxidative stress and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Ferulic acid and quinic acid, two phenolic compounds, are thought to have potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of ferulic acid and quinic acid in rats with acetic acid (AA)-induced ulcerative colitis. To this end, 64 Wistar rats were randomly divided into eight groups, each consisting of eight rats. AA was administered intrarectally to induce ulcerative colitis. Ferulic acid (20, 40, and 60 mg/kg), quinic acid (10, 30, 60, and 100 mg/kg), and dexamethasone (2 mg/kg) were received daily for five consecutive days. Then, the macroscopic and histopathological changes in the colon tissue were examined. Finally, the tissue levels of heme oxygenase 1 (HO1), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), and NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1) mRNA expression and pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) were measured using the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods, respectively. AA-induced ulcerative colitis in rats was associated with edema and severe damage to the epithelium, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and the presence of ulcers in the colon tissue. The results showed that rats who were administered AA showed a decrease in the expression of HO-1, Nrf2, and NQO1 and increased protein levels of TNF-α and IL-1β than the control group. Rats were administered ferulic acid, quinic acid and, dexamethasone significantly improved histopathological indices. The expression of HO-1, Nrf2, and NQO1 were upregulated by 60 mg/kg of ferulic acid, 60 and100 mg/kg of quinic acid and, 2 mg/kg of dexamethasone treatment compared to the ulcerative colitis group. The protein levels of TNF-α and IL-1β dose-dependently decreased by ferulic acid and quinic acid treatment compared to the ulcerative colitis group. Ferulic acid and quinic acid effectively reduce inflammation and mucosal damage in rats with ulcerative colitis, especially when administered in high doses. The possible mechanism of anti-inflammatory response by ferulic acid and quinic acid may involve the activating of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

Analysis of the spatial distribution of metabolites in Aloe vera leaves by mass spectrometry imaging and UHPLC-UHRMS

This study presents an investigation of the chemical composition of Aloe vera leaf tissue with a focus on the spatial distribution of compounds. The composition was studied using two mass spectrometry imaging techniques: silver-109 nanoparticles assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (109AgNPs-LDI-MSI) and laser ablation-remote atmospheric pressure photoionization/chemical ionization mass spectrometry imaging (LARAPPI/CI-MSI) and the identification was aided by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-UHRMS) analysis. The results showed an abundance of phenolic compounds with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a beneficial food additive and food packaging material. Analysis of the results of mass spectrometry imaging provided information about the potential changes in metabolic pathway expression in different regions of the leaf.

Protective Role of Dietary Polyphenols in the Management and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a serious metabolic disorder, is a worldwide health problem due to the alarming rise in prevalence and elevated morbidity and mortality. Chronic hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and ineffective insulin effect and secretion are hallmarks of T2DM, leading to many serious secondary complications. These include, in particular, cardiovascular disorders, diabetic neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy, diabetic foot, osteoporosis, liver damage, susceptibility to infections and some cancers. Polyphenols such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, stilbenes, tannins, and lignans constitute an extensive and heterogeneous group of phytochemicals in fresh fruits, vegetables and their products. Various in vitro studies, animal model studies and available clinical trials revealed that flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, kaempferol, rutin, epicatechin, genistein, daidzein, anthocyanins), phenolic acids (e.g., chlorogenic, caffeic, ellagic, gallic acids, curcumin), stilbenes (e.g., resveratrol), tannins (e.g., procyanidin B2, seaweed phlorotannins), lignans (e.g., pinoresinol) have the ability to lower hyperglycemia, enhance insulin sensitivity and improve insulin secretion, scavenge reactive oxygen species, reduce chronic inflammation, modulate gut microbiota, and alleviate secondary complications of T2DM. The interaction between polyphenols and conventional antidiabetic drugs offers a promising strategy in the management and treatment of T2DM, especially in advanced disease stages. Synergistic effects of polyphenols with antidiabetic drugs have been documented, but also antagonistic interactions that may impair drug efficacy. Therefore, additional research is required to clarify mutual interactions in order to use the knowledge in clinical applications. Nevertheless, dietary polyphenols can be successfully applied as part of supportive treatment for T2DM, as they reduce both obvious clinical symptoms and secondary complications.

Sustainable Immunomodulatory via Macrophage P2Y12 Inhibition Mediated Bioactive Patche for Peritendinous Antiadhesion

Persistent anti-inflammatory responses are critical for the prevention of peritendinous adhesion. Although modified anti-adhesion barriers have been studied extensively, the immune response induced by the implants and the unclear mechanism limits their application. In this research, the advantage of the multi-functionalities of CA (caffeic acid) is taken to synthesize biodegradable poly (ester urethane) urea elastomers with ester- and carbamate-bonded CA (PEUU-CA). PEUU-CA is electrospun into bioactive patches that can uniquely present a sustained CA niche, referred to as BPSN. In the early stage of degradation, the breakage of the ester bond from BPSN is the dominant factor contributing to the early release of CA. In the later stage of BPSN degradation, the breakage of the ester and carbamate bonds contributes to the sustained release of CA. In vitro experiments showed that CA, when specifically bound to the P2Y12 receptor, down-regulated the expression and function of active P2Y12, effectively inhibiting the aberrant activation of macrophages and the secretion of inflammatory chemokines. BPSN addresses the foreign body reaction induced by macrophage-dominated biomaterial implantation and the issue of the short-term release of drugs at later stages of adhesion, providing a feasible strategy for the prevention and treatment of tissue adhesion, and more broadly, the well-known implant-derived inflammatory responses.

Anticancer potential of hydroxycinnamic acids: mechanisms, bioavailability, and therapeutic applications

Hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs) are plant compounds with anticancer potential due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, apoptosis-inducing, and proliferation-inhibiting effects. This review aims to consolidate and analyze current knowledge on the anticancer effects of HCAs, exploring their mechanisms of action, bioavailability challenges, and potential therapeutic applications. A comprehensive literature search on PubMed/MedLine, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar focused on the anticancer properties, mechanisms, bioavailability, and safety profiles of HCAs. Studies have shown that HCAs, such as caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and sinapic acid, inhibit the growth of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo and sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. These effects are mediated by mechanisms including the inhibition of cell survival pathways, modulation of gene expression, and induction of oxidative stress and DNA damage. Additionally, several studies have demonstrated that HCAs exhibit selective toxicity, with a higher propensity to induce cell death in cancerous cells compared to normal cells. However, the toxicity profile of HCAs can vary depending on the specific compound, dosage, and experimental conditions. The anticancer properties of HCAs suggest potential applications in cancer prevention and treatment. However, it is essential to distinguish between their use as dietary supplements and therapeutic agents, as the dosage and formulation suitable for dietary supplements may be insufficient for therapeutic purposes. The regulatory and practical implications of using HCAs in these different contexts require careful consideration. Further research is needed to determine appropriate dosages, formulations, long-term effects, and regulatory frameworks for HCAs as both dietary supplements and therapeutic agents.

The Effect of Temperature and UV Manipulation on Anthocyanins, Flavonols, and Hydroxycinnamoyl-Tartrates in cv Nebbiolo Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.)

This research aimed to identify the effects of increased temperature and decreased ultraviolet (UV) exposure on berry characteristics and quality parameters of cv Nebbiolo, identifying the potential risks associated with climate change for the quality of grapes and the identity of Barolo wine. This two-year research (2022 and 2023) was performed in three vineyards, located at different elevations in La Morra (Piedmont, northwestern Italy), monitored from the beginning of veraison to harvest. A split-plot design was set up, applying a passive greenhouse amplifying temperature in the bunch zone ('T' = increased temperature; 'C' = control temperature) and UV-blocking plastics over individual bunches ('1' = full UV exposure; '0' = UV-blocked). Berry weight, skin weight, and juice total soluble solids were measured. Grape skin anthocyanins, flavonols, and hydroxycinnamic acid tartaric esters were analyzed by HPLC-DAD. Both treatments negatively influenced the berry weight but not the skin weight; the increased T had a negative impact on the sugar per berry content. Limited UV and increased temperature negatively impacted total anthocyanins at harvest and on di-hydroxylated anthocyanins. Limited UV-depressed flavonol concentration and high temperature decreased their synthesis. Increased UV promoted cis-p-coumaroyl tartaric acid and decreased trans-p-coumaroyl tartaric acid. The results of this research are valuable for improving the quality production of Nebbiolo through understanding the impacts of increased temperature and alterations to UV exposure expected by climate change.

Preparation of Dearomatized p-Coumaric Acid Derivatives as DNA Damage Response Inhibitors with Potent In Vitro Antitumor Effect

Our research group previously identified graviquinone (1) as a promising antitumor metabolite that is formed in situ when the antioxidant methyl caffeate scavenges free radicals. Furthermore, it exerted a DNA damaging effect on cancer cells and a DNA protective effect on normal keratinocytes. To expand and explore chemical space around qraviquinone, in the current work we synthesized 9 new alkyl-substituted derivatives and tested their in vitro antitumor potential. All new compounds bypassed ABCB1-mediated multidrug resistance and showed highly different cell line specificity compared with 1. All compounds were more potent in MDA-MB-231 than on MCF-7 cells. The n-butyl-substituted derivatives 2 and 8 modulated the cell cycle and inhibited the ATR-mediated phosphorylation of checkpoint kinase-1 in MCF-7 cells. As a significant expansion of our previous findings, our results highlight the potential antitumor value of alkyl-substituted graviquinone derivatives.

Utilizing response surface methodology to optimize the extraction and characterization of anthocyanins from Solanum melongena L. fruit

This research aimed to optimize the extraction of anthocyanin from Solanum melongena L. fruits by studying the effects of extraction time, temperature, pH, and solid-to-liquid ratio using response surface methodology. The Box-Behnken design was used to analyze the anthocyanin concentration under different combinations of these parameters. The optimal conditions for anthocyanin extraction were found to be 7.9 h extraction time, 33.63 °C extraction temperature, 5.39 pH of extraction solvent, and 0.32 solid-liquid ratio. The recovery of 88.12 mg·100 g-1 anthocyanin concentration was achieved with 0.53% relative error compared to the output generated through the chemometric model. Statistical analysis revealed a significant effect of the selected parameters on anthocyanin extraction. The extracted anthocyanin was characterized and found to contain delphinidin. These findings suggest that the optimized method can be used for the efficient extraction and characterization of anthocyanins from Solanum melongena L. fruits.

Caffeic acid and its derivative caffeic acid phenethyl ester as potential therapeutic compounds for cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) contribute to major public health issues. Some studies have found that caffeic acid (CA) and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) may effectively prevent or treat CVDs. However, there is a major need to sum up our current understanding of the possible beneficial or detrimental effects of CA and CAPE on CVDs and related mechanisms. Therefore, this study aimed to summarize the data on this topic. A methodical search was carried out on key databases, including Pubmed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science, from the beginning to June 2024. Studies were then assessed for eligibility based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Treatment with CA and CAPE significantly and positively affected cardiovascular health in various aspects, including atherosclerotic diseases, myocardial infarction, hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, and hypercoagulation state. Several mechanisms were proposed to mediate these effects, including transcription factors and signaling pathways associated with antioxidant, cytostatic, and anti-inflammatory processes. CA and CAPE were found to have several beneficial effects via multiple mechanisms during the prevention and treatment of various CVDs. However, these promising effects were only reported through in vitro and animal studies, which reinforces the need for further evaluation of these effects via human clinical investigations.

Salsoline derivatives, genistein, semisynthetic derivative of kojic acid, and naringenin as inhibitors of A42R profilin-like protein of monkeypox virus: in silico studies

Monkeypox virus (MPV) infection has developed into a re-emerging disease, and despite the potential of tecovirimat and cidofovir drugs, there is currently no conclusive treatment. The treatment's effectiveness and cost challenges motivate us to use In Silico approaches to seek natural compounds as candidate antiviral inhibitors. Using Maestro 11.5 in Schrodinger suite 2018, available natural molecules with validated chemical structures collected from Eximed Laboratory were subjected to molecular docking and ADMET analysis against the highly conserved A42R Profilin-like Protein of Monkeypox Virus Zaire-96-I-16 (PDB: 4QWO) with resolution of 1.52 Å solved 3D structure. Compared to the FDA-approved Tecovirimat, molecular docking revealed that Salsoline derivatives, Genistein, Semisynthetic derivative of kojic acid, and Naringenin had strengthened affinity (-8.9 to -10 kcal/mol) to 4QWO, and the molecular dynamic's simulation confirmed their high binding stability. In support of these results, the hydrogen bond analysis indicated that the Salsoline derivative had the most robust interaction with the binding pockets of 4QWO among the four molecules. Moreover, the comparative free energy analyses using MM-PBSA revealed an average binding free energy of the complexes of Salsoline derivative, Genistein, Semisynthetic derivative of kojic acid, Naringenin, of -106.418, -46.808, -50.770, and -63.319 kJ/mol, respectively which are lower than -33.855 kJ/mol of the Tecovirimat complex. Interestingly, these results and the ADMET predictions suggest that the four compounds are promising inhibitors of 4QWO, which agrees with previous results showing their antiviral activities against other viruses.

A transparent p-coumaric acid-grafted-chitosan coating with antimicrobial, antioxidant and antifogging properties for fruit packaging applications

The study aimed to develop a novel, transparent and non-toxic coating with antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antifogging properties. The p-coumaric acid-grafted chitosan (CS-PCA) was synthesized via a carbodiimide coupling reaction and then characterized. The CS-PCA coatings were further prepared using the casting method. The CS-PCA coatings obtained exhibited excellent transparency, UV-light barrier ability, and antifogging properties, as confirmed by spectroscopy and antifogging tests. The CS-PCA coatings showed stronger antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial properties against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Botrytis cinerea compared to CS. The multifunctional coatings were further coated on the polyethylene cling film and their effectiveness was confirmed through a strawberry preservation test. The decay of the strawberries was reduced by CS-PCA coated film at room temperature.

Antioxidant Scavenging of the Superoxide Radical by Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) and Black Tea (Camellia sinensis) Plus Caffeic and Chlorogenic Acids, as Shown via DFT and Hydrodynamic Voltammetry

We describe the antioxidant capability of scavenging the superoxide radical of several tea and yerba mate samples using rotating ring-disk electrochemistry (RRDE). We directly measured superoxide concentrations and detected their decrease upon the addition of an antioxidant to the electrochemical cell. We studied two varieties of yerba mate, two varieties of black tea from Bangladesh, a sample of Pu-erh tea from China, and two components, caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid. All of these plant infusions and components showed strong antioxidant activities, virtually annihilating the available superoxide concentration. Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we describe a mechanism of superoxide scavenging via caffeic and chlorogenic acids. Superoxide can initially interact at two sites in these acids: the H4 catechol hydrogen (a) or the acidic proton of the acid (b). For (a), caffeic acid needs an additional π-π superoxide radical, which transfers electron density to the ring and forms a HO2- anion. A second caffeic acid proton and HO2- anion forms H2O2. Chlorogenic acid acts differently, as the initial approach of superoxide to the catechol moiety (a) is enough to form the HO2- anion. After an additional acidic proton of chlorogenic acid is given to HO2-, three well-separated compounds arise: (1) a carboxylate moiety, (2) H2O2, and a (3) chlorogenic acid semiquinone. The latter can capture a second superoxide in a π-π manner, which remains trapped due to the aromatic ring, as for caffeic acid. With enough of both acids and superoxide radicals, the final products are equivalent: H2O2 plus a complex of the type [X-acid-η-O2], X = caffeic, chlorogenic. Chlorogenic acid (b) is described by the following reaction: 2 O2•- + 2 chlorogenic acid → 2 chlorogenic carboxylate + O2 + H2O2, and so, it acts as a non-enzymatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimic, as shown via the product formation of O2 plus H2O2, which is limited due to chlorogenic acid consumption. Caffeic acid (b) differs from chlorogenic acid, as there is no acidic proton capture via superoxide. In this case, approaching a second superoxide to the H4 polyphenol moiety forms a HO2- anion and, later, an H2O2 molecule upon the transfer of a second caffeic acid proton.

Advancements in Plant-Based Therapeutics for Hepatic Fibrosis: Molecular Mechanisms and Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems

Chronic liver injuries often lead to hepatic fibrosis, a condition characterized by excessive extracellular matrix accumulation and abnormal connective tissue hyperplasia. Without effective treatment, hepatic fibrosis can progress to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Current treatments, including liver transplantation, are limited by donor shortages and high costs. As such, there is an urgent need for effective therapeutic strategies. This review focuses on the potential of plant-based therapeutics, particularly polyphenols, phenolic acids, and flavonoids, in treating hepatic fibrosis. These compounds have demonstrated anti-fibrotic activities through various signaling pathways, including TGF-β/Smad, AMPK/mTOR, Wnt/β-catenin, NF-κB, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and hedgehog pathways. Additionally, this review highlights the advancements in nanoparticulate drug delivery systems that enhance the pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy of these bioactive compounds. Methodologically, this review synthesizes findings from recent studies, providing a comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms and benefits of these plant-based treatments. The integration of novel drug delivery systems with plant-based therapeutics holds significant promise for developing effective treatments for hepatic fibrosis.

Pharmacological Activities and Molecular Mechanisms of Sinapic Acid in Neurological Disorders

Sinapic acid (SA) is a phenylpropanoid derivative found in various natural sources that exhibits remarkable versatile properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metal-chelating capabilities, establishing itself as a promising candidate for the prevention and treatment of conditions affecting the central nervous system, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), ischemic stroke, and other neurological disorders. These effects also include neuroprotection in epilepsy models, as evidenced by a reduction in seizure-like behavior, cell death in specific hippocampal regions, and lowered neuroinflammatory markers. In AD, SA treatment enhances memory, reverses cognitive deficits, and attenuates astrocyte activation. SA also has positive effects on cognition by improving memory and lowering oxidative stress. This is shown by lower levels of oxidative stress markers, higher levels of antioxidant enzyme activity, and better memory retention. Additionally, in ischemic stroke and PD models, SA provides microglial protection and exerts anti-inflammatory effects. This review emphasizes SA's multifaceted neuroprotective properties and its potential role in the prevention and treatment of various brain disorders. Despite the need for further research to fully understand its mechanisms of action and clinical applicability, SA stands out as a valuable bioactive compound in the ongoing quest to combat neurodegenerative diseases and enhance the quality of life for affected individuals.

Influence of Hydroxycinnamic Acids on the Maillard Reaction of Arabinose and Galactose beyond Carbonyl-Trapping

Hydroxycinnamic acids, known for their health benefits and widespread presence in plant-based food, undergo complex transformations during high-temperature processing. Recent studies revealed a high browning potential of hydroxycinnamic acids and reactive Maillard reaction intermediates, but the role of phenolic compounds in the early stage of these reactions is not unambiguously understood. Therefore, we investigated the influence of caffeic acid and ferulic acid on the nonenzymatic browning of arabinose, galactose, and/or alanine, focusing on the implications on the formation of relevant early-stage Maillard intermediates and phenol-deriving products. Contrary to previous assumptions, hydroxycinnamic acids were found to promote nonenzymatic browning instead of solely trapping reactive intermediates. This was reflected by an intense browning, which was attributed to the formation of heterogeneous phenol-containing Maillard products. Although, caffeic acid is more reactive than ferulic acid, the formation of reactive furan derivatives and of heterogeneous phenol-containing colorants was promoted in the presence of both hydroxycinnamic acids.

Coffee and Alzheimer's disease

Coffee, a universally consumed beverage, is known to contain thousands of bioactive constituents that have garnered interest due to their potential neuroprotective effects against various neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Extensive research has been conducted on coffee constituents such as Caffeine, Trigonelline, Chlorogenic acid, and Caffeic acid, focusing on their neuroprotective properties. These compounds have potential to impact key mechanisms in AD development, including amyloidopathy, tauopathy, and neuroinflammation. Furthermore, apart from its neuroprotective effects, coffee consumption has been associated with anticancerogenic and anti-inflammatory effects, thereby enhancing its therapeutic potential. Studies suggest that moderate coffee intake, typically around two to three cups daily, could potentially contribute to mitigating AD progression and lowering the risk of related neurological disorders. This literature underscores the potential neuroprotective properties of coffee compounds, which usually perform their neuronal protective effects via modulating nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2), interleukins, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and many other molecules.

Grains in a Modern Time: A Comprehensive Review of Compositions and Understanding Their Role in Type 2 Diabetes and Cancer

Globally, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and Cancer are the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide and are considered to be two of the most significant public health concerns of the 21st century. Over the next two decades, the global burden is expected to increase by approximately 60%. Several observational studies as well as clinical trials have demonstrated the health benefits of consuming whole grains to lower the risk of several chronic non-communicable diseases including T2D and cancer. Cereals grains are the primary source of energy in the human diet. The most widely consumed pseudo cereals include (quinoa, amaranth, and buckwheat) and cereals (wheat, rice, and corn). From a nutritional perspective, both pseudo cereals and cereals are recognized for their complete protein, essential amino acids, dietary fibers, and phenolic acids. The bran layer of the seed contains the majority of these components. Greater intake of whole grains rather than refined grains has been consistently linked to a lower risk of T2D and cancer. Due to their superior nutritional compositions, whole grains make them a preferred choice over refined grains. The modulatory effects of whole grains on T2D and cancer are also likely to be influenced by several mechanisms; some of these effects may be direct while others involve altering the composition of gut microbiota, increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria, and lowering harmful bacteria, increasing insulin sensitivity, lowering solubility of free bile acids, breaking protein down into peptides and amino acids, producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and other beneficial metabolites that promote the proliferation in the colon which modulate the antidiabetic and anticancer pathway. Thus, the present review had two aims. First, it summarized the recent knowledge about the nutritional composition and bioactive acids in pseudo cereals (quinoa, amaranth, and buckwheat) and cereals (wheat, rice, and corn); the second section summarized and discussed the progress in recent human studies, such as observational (cross-sectional studies, case-control studies, and cohort studies) and intervention studies to understand their role in T2D and cancer including the potential mechanism. Overall, according to the scientific data, whole grain consumption may reduce the incidence of T2D and cancer. Future studies should carry out randomized controlled trials to validate observational results and establish causality. In addition, the current manuscript encourages researchers to investigate the specific mechanisms by which whole grains exert their beneficial effects on health by examining the effects of different types of specific protein, dietary fibers, and phenolic acids that might help to prevent or treat T2D and cancer.

[Bioactive components of whole grain and their effect on health]

Introduction

Non-communicable diseases represent a global health burden with increasing prevalence. To prevent or improve this type of diseases, dietary strategies based on healthy foods have been suggested. Cereals are the most consumed foods in the world and preventive effects of whole grains on health have been described. The germ and bran of cereals are abundant in bioactive compounds, including phytochemicals, vitamins, minerals and fibers, and these compounds are effective in preventing and improving non-communicable diseases. This review analyzes the content and distribution of the primary components of whole grains (wheat, barley, oats, rice and black wheat) and their fractions, focusing on the mechanisms by which phenolic acids and dietary fiber contribute to reducing the risk of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases and cancer. There is clear evidence of the broad cellular and physiological effects of bioactive compounds in whole grains, supporting the health value of a diet rich in whole grains.

Comparison of Physicochemical, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Properties of Caffeic Acid Conjugates

Spectroscopic studies (FT-IR, Raman, 1H, and 13C NMR, UV-VIS) of caffeic acid (CFA) and its conjugates, i.e., caftaric acid (CTA), cichoric acid (CA), and cynarin (CY), were carried out. The antioxidant activity of these compounds was determined by a superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity assay and the hydroxyl radical (HO•) inhibition assay. The cytotoxicity of these compounds was performed on DLD-1 cell lines. The molecules were theoretically modeled using the B3LYP-6-311++G(d,p) method. Aromaticity indexes (HOMA, I6, BAC, Aj), HOMO and LUMO orbital energies and reactivity descriptors, NBO electron charge distribution, EPS electrostatic potential maps, and theoretical IR and NMR spectra were calculated for the optimized model systems. The structural features of these compounds were discussed in terms of their biological activities.

Anticyanobacterial effect of p-coumaric acid on Limnothrix sp. determined by proteomic and metabolomic analysis

Regulating photosynthetic machinery is a powerful but challenging strategy for selectively inhibiting bloom-forming cyanobacteria, in which photosynthesis mainly occurs in thylakoids. P-coumaric acid (p-CA) has several biological properties, including free radical scavenging and antibacterial effects, and studies have shown that it can damage bacterial cell membranes, reduce chlorophyll a in cyanobacteria, and effectively inhibit algal growth at concentrations exceeding 0.127 g/L. Allelochemicals typically inhibit cyanobacteria by inhibiting photosynthesis; however, research on inhibiting harmful algae using phenolic acids has focused mainly on their inhibitory and toxic effects and metabolite levels, and the molecular mechanism by which p-CA inhibits photosynthesis remains unclear. Thus, we examined the effect of p-CA on the photosynthesis of Limnothrix sp. in detail. We found that p-CA inhibits algal growth and damages photosynthesis-related proteins in Limnothrix sp., reduces carotenoid and allophycocyanin levels, and diminishes the actual quantum yield of Photosystem II (PSII). Moreover, p-CA significantly altered algal cell membrane protein systems, and PSII loss resulting from p-CA exposure promoted reactive oxygen species production. It significantly altered algae cell membrane protein systems. Finally, p-CA was found to be environmentally nontoxic; 80 % of 48-h-old Daphnia magna larvae survived when exposed to 0.15 g/L p-CA. These findings provide insight into the mechanism of cyanobacterial inhibition by p-CA, providing a more practical approach to controlling harmful algal blooms.

Do Young Consumers Care about Antioxidant Benefits and Resveratrol and Caffeic Acid Consumption?

Resveratrol and caffeic acid are some of the most consumed antioxidants during the day, so their importance as sources and their benefits need to be evaluated and updated. This survey aimed not only to analyze whether young Romanian consumers are informed about the benefits of antioxidants in general, and resveratrol and caffeic acid in particular, but also to observe the degree of nutritional education of these participants. Young consumers know the concept of antioxidants relatively well; they managed to give examples of antioxidants and indicate their effects. The majority of those chosen drink wine and coffee, but many are unaware of their health advantages and antioxidant properties. Students are less familiar with the antioxidant chemicals resveratrol and caffeic acid. It is advised to have a thorough understanding of these significant antioxidants and their nutritional content as they are present in our regular diets, and further studies on different kinds of antioxidants are required to increase the awareness of people concerning their importance in daily life.

Photophysical Properties of Sinapic Acid and Ferulic Acid and Their Binding Mechanism with Caffeine

Sinapic acid (SA) and ferulic acid (FA) are bioactive compounds used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries due to their antioxidant properties. In this work, we studied the photophysical properties of SA and FA in different solvents and concentrations and their interactions with caffeine (CF), using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), fluorescence spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The findings show that the quantum yield, fluorescence lifetime, radiative decay rates, and non-radiative decay rates of SA and FA are influenced by the concentrations and solvent polarity. The interaction between SA and FA with CF was also studied using UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results indicate that the CF quenched the fluorescence intensity of SA and FA by static quenching due to the formation of a non-fluorescent complex. The van't Hoff equation suggests that the van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds force were responsible for the interaction between SA and CF, as indicated by a negative change in enthalpy (Δ H o  < 0) and a negative change in entropy (Δ S o  < 0). On the other hand, the interaction between FA and CF was primarily controlled by electrostatic force, as indicated by a negative change in enthalpy (Δ H o < 0) and a positive change in entropy (Δ S o > 0). The negative change in Gibbs free energy (Δ G o ) indicates that both compounds underwent a spontaneous binding process.

Implication of Caffeic Acid for the Prevention and Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Understanding the Binding with Human Transferrin Using In Silico and In Vitro Approaches

In present times, a switch from chemical molecules towards natural products is taking place, and the latter is being increasingly explored in the management of diseases due to their broad range of therapeutic potential. Consumption of coffee is thought to reduce Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the mechanism is still unexplored. Primarily, it is thought that components of coffee are the key players in making it a neuroprotectant. Caffeic acid (CA) is found in high quantities in coffee; thus, it is being increasingly explored to decipher its neuroprotection by various mechanisms. Iron is a toxic element in a free form capable of causing oxidative damage and ultimately contributing to the pathogenesis of AD. Thus, maintaining the proper iron levels is vital and human transferrin (Htf), a glycoprotein, is a key player in this aspect. In this work, we explored the binding mechanism of CA with Htf at the atomistic level, employing molecular docking and extensive molecular dynamics simulation (MD) approaches coupled with spectroscopic techniques in a bid to decipher the mode of interaction of CA with Htf. Molecular docking results demonstrated a strong binding affinity between CA and Htf. Furthermore, MD study highlighted the Htf-CA complex's stability and the ligand's minimal impact on Htf's overall structure. In silico approaches were further backed up by experimental approaches. Strong binding of CA with Htf was ascertained by UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy observations. Together, the study provides a comprehensive understanding of the Htf-CA interaction, adding to the knowledge of the use of CA in the treatment of AD, thereby adding another feather to its already known neuroprotective role.

p-Coumaric acid-loaded nanoliposomes: Optimization, characterization, antimicrobial properties and preservation effects on fresh pod pepper fruit

Novel p-coumaric acid (pCA)-loaded nanoliposomes were prepared by the thin-film hydration method, assisted with ultrasonic treatment, and optimized by the response surface methodology. The characterization showed that the fabricated pCA-loaded liposomes were nanosized spherical vesicles (83.55 ± 0.34 nm), exhibiting favorable dispersibility and encapsulation efficiency (55.70 ± 0.10 %). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that pCA was encapsulated into phospholipid bilayer through hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding. Tests of temperature stability and centrifugal stability suggested that pCA-loaded nanoliposomes were less sensitive to aggregation and fusion during storage. Incubation experiments revealed that pCA-loaded nanoliposomes had a good inhibitory effect on the expansion of disease area on fresh pod pepper fruit caused by Botrytis cinerea. Additionally, pCA-loaded nanoliposomes effectively extended shelf life of fresh pod peppers by reducing weight loss and naturally-infected decays. The findings presented a viable strategy for designing liposomal encapsulation technology to efficiently enhance antimicrobial activity of pCA in food preservation.

Maize hydroxycinnamic acids: unveiling their role in stress resilience and human health

Maize production is pivotal in ensuring food security, particularly in developing countries. However, the crop encounters multiple challenges stemming from climatic changes that adversely affect its yield, including biotic and abiotic stresses during production and storage. A promising strategy for enhancing maize resilience to these challenges involves modulating its hydroxycinnamic acid amides (HCAAs) content. HCAAs are secondary metabolites present in plants that are essential in developmental processes, substantially contributing to defense mechanisms against environmental stressors, pests, and pathogens, and exhibiting beneficial effects on human health. This mini-review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of HCAAs in maize, including their biosynthesis, functions, distribution, and health potential applications.

Phenolic profile changes of grapevine leaves infected with Erysiphe necator

BACKGROUND

Powdery mildew in grapevine is caused by Erysiphe necator and its control requires many chemical treatments. Numerous efforts are being made to improve disease management to achieve crop sustainability goals. The exogenous induction of plant immune responses is one of the most encouraging strategies currently being developed. The objective of this research was to analyse differences in phenolic compound concentrations in E. necator-infected leaves of two varieties of Vitis vinifera, Tempranillo and Tempranillo Blanco, using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. To understand the susceptibility of the varieties, in vitro assays using whole leaves were done.

RESULTS

Differences in susceptibility between varieties were found in the early stage of the disease. In both varieties, total phenolic compounds were higher in infected leaves; however, hydroxycinnamic acid, anthocyanins and stilbenes were higher only in Tempranillo. Twenty-six compounds showed differential responses to the fungal disease in Tempranillo, but only two in Tempranillo Blanco: syringa resinol, which was not detected in diseased leaves; and gallocatechin, which increased at 5 days post inoculation. In Tempranillo, four anthocyanidins, six hydroxycinnamic acids, mainly feruloyl derivates, and epigallocatechin gallate were higher in infected leaves at the beginning of the infection, whereas (-)-epicatechin and protocatechuic hexoside contents were lower.

CONCLUSION

Disease-induced changes in phenolic compound biosynthesis were found. The increase in anthocyanidin content and flavan-3-ol galloylation could have a role in delaying E. necator growth in Tempranillo. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Cinnamic Acid and Caffeic Acid Effects on Gastric Tight Junction Proteins Analyzed in Xenopus laevis Oocytes

Analysis of secondary plant compounds for the development of novel therapies is a common focus of experimental biomedicine. Currently, multiple health-supporting properties of plant-derived molecules are known but still information on many mechanisms is scarce. Cinnamic acid and caffeic acid are two of the most abundant polyphenols in human dietary fruits and vegetables. In this study, we investigated cinnamic acid and caffeic acid effects on the gastric barrier, which is primarily provided by members of the transmembrane tight junction protein family of claudins. The Xenopus laevis oocyte has been established, in recent years, as a heterologous expression system for analysis of transmembrane tight junction protein interactions, by performing paired oocyte experiments to identify an effect on protein-protein interactions, in vitro. In our current study, human gastric claudin-4, -5, and -18.2. were expressed and detected in the oocyte plasma membrane by freeze fracture electron microscopy and immunoblotting. Oocytes were paired and incubated with 100 µM or 200 µM cinnamic acid or caffeic acid, or Ringer's solution, respectively. Caffeic acid showed no effect on the contact area strength of paired oocytes but led to an increased contact area size. In contrast, cinnamic acid-incubated paired oocytes revealed a reduced contact area and a strengthening effect on the contact area was identified. These results may indicate that caffeic acid and cinnamic acid both show an effect on gastric barrier integrity via direct effects on tight junction proteins.

Potential Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Polyphenolic Compounds from Cirsium japonicum Extract

Cirsium japonicum is a medicinal plant that has been used due to its beneficial properties. However, extensive information regarding its therapeutic potential is scarce in the scientific literature. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of polyphenols derived from the Cirsium japonicum extracts (CJE) was systematically analyzed. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with mass spectrometry (MS) was used to examine the compounds in CJE. A total of six peaks of polyphenol compounds were identified in the extract, and their MS data were also confirmed. These bioactive compounds were subjected to ultrafiltration with LC analysis to assess their potential for targeting cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) and DPPH. The outcomes showed which primary compounds had the highest affinity for binding both COX2 and DPPH. This suggests that components that showed excellent binding ability to DPPH and COX2 can be considered significant active substances. Additionally, in vitro analysis of CJE was carried out in macrophage cells after inducing inflammation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). As a result, it downregulated the expression of two critical pro-inflammatory cytokines, COX2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). In addition, we found a solid binding ability through the molecular docking analysis of the selected compounds with inflammatory mediators. In conclusion, we identified polyphenolic compounds in CJE extract and confirmed their potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These results may provide primary data for the application of CJE in the food and pharmaceutical industries with further analysis.

P-coumaric Acid: Advances in Pharmacological Research Based on Oxidative Stress

P-coumaric acid is an important phenolic compound that is mainly found in fruits, vegetables, grains, and fungi and is also abundant in Chinese herbal medicines. In this review, the pharmacological research progress of p-coumaric acid in recent years was reviewed, with emphasis on its role and mechanism in oxidative stress-related diseases, such as inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and nervous system diseases. Studies have shown that p-coumaric acid has a positive effect on the prevention and treatment of these diseases by inhibiting oxidative stress. In addition, p-coumaric acid also has anti-tumor, antibacterial, anti-aging skin and other pharmacological effects. This review will provide reference and inspiration for further research on the pharmacological effects of p-coumaric acid.

Erwinia amylovora Type III Secretion System Inhibitors Reduce Fire Blight Infection Under Field Conditions

Fire blight, caused by Erwinia amylovora, is an economically important disease in apples and pears worldwide. This pathogen relies on the type III secretion system (T3SS) to cause disease. Compounds that inhibit the function of the T3SS (T3SS inhibitors) have emerged as alternative strategies for bacterial plant disease management, as they block bacterial virulence without affecting growth, unlike traditional antibiotics. In this study, we investigated the mode of action of a T3SS inhibitor named TS108, a plant phenolic acid derivative, in E. amylovora. We showed that adding TS108 to an in vitro culture of E. amylovora repressed the expression of several T3SS regulon genes, including the master regulator gene hrpL. Further studies demonstrated that TS108 negatively regulates CsrB, a global regulatory small RNA, at the posttranscriptional level, resulting in a repression of hrpS, which encodes a key activator of hrpL. Additionally, TS108 has no impact on the expression of T3SS in Dickeya dadantii or Pseudomonas aeruginosa, suggesting that its inhibition of the E. amylovora T3SS is likely species specific. To better evaluate the performance of T3SS inhibitors in fire blight management, we conducted five independent field experiments in four states (Michigan, New York, Oregon, and Connecticut) from 2015 to 2022 and observed reductions in blossom blight incidence as high as 96.7% compared with untreated trees. In summary, the T3SS inhibitors exhibited good efficacy against fire blight.

Caffeic acid recarbonization: A green chemistry, sustainable carbon nano material platform to intervene in neurodegeneration induced by emerging contaminants

Environmental agents such as pesticides, weedicides and herbicides (collectively referred to as pesticides) are associated with the onset and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's (PD) and Alzheimer's (AD) diseases. The development of blood-brain barrier (BBB)-penetrating therapeutic candidates to both prevent and treat the aforementioned xenotoxicant-induced neurodegenerative disorders remains an unmet need. Here, we examine whether caffeic-acid based Carbon Quantum Dots (CACQDs) can intervene in pesticide-associated onset and progress of the PD phenotype. Pulse-chase fluorescence analyses revealed that CACQDs intervene in the soluble-to-toxic transformation of the amyloid-forming protein model Hen Egg White Lysozyme (HEWL). The sp2-rich CACQDs also scavenged free radicals, a milestone along the PD trajectory. In-vitro, CACQDs introduced into a human neuroblastoma-derived cell line (SH-SY5Y) demonstrated negligible cytotoxicity up to 5 mg/mL and protected the cell line against oxidative stress-induced neuronal injury induced by the pesticide and potent neurotoxin, paraquat. Our findings suggest that the potentially BBB-penetrating CACQDs derived from caffeic acid hold promise for mitigating neurodegenerative disorders associated with environmental pesticides and xenobiotic neurotoxicants. Importantly, CACQDs sourced from coffee, coupled with their facile synthesis, represent a sustainable, green chemistry platform for generating interventional candidates in neurodegeneration.

Ramon Flour (Brosimum alicastrum Swartz) Ameliorates Hepatic Lipid Accumulation, Induction of AMPK Phosphorylation, and Expression of the Hepatic Antioxidant System in a High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obesity Mouse Model

Excessive consumption of fat and carbohydrates, together with a decrease in traditional food intake, has been related to obesity and the development of metabolic alterations. Ramon seed is a traditional Mayan food used to obtain Ramon flour (RF) with high biological value in terms of protein, fiber, micronutrients, and bioactive compounds such as polyphenols. However, few studies have evaluated the beneficial effects of RF. Thus, we aimed to determine the metabolic effects of RF consumption on a high-fat-diet-induced obesity mouse model. We divided male BALB/c mice into four groups (n = 5 each group) and fed them for 90 days with the following diets: Control (C): control diet (AIN-93), C + RF: control diet adjusted with 25% RF, HFD: high-fat diet + 5% sugar in water, and HFD + RF: high-fat diet adjusted with 25% RF + 5% sugar in water. The RF prevented the increase in serum total cholesterol (TC) and alanine transaminase (ALT) that occurred in the C and HFD groups. Notably, RF together with HFD increased serum polyphenols and antioxidant activity, and it promoted a decrease in the adipocyte size in white adipose tissue, along with lower hepatic lipid accumulation than in the HFD group. In the liver, the HFD + RF group showed an increase in the expression of β-oxidation-related genes, and downregulation of the fatty acid synthase (Fas) gene compared with the HFD group. Moreover, the HFD + RF group had increased hepatic phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), along with increased nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) protein expression compared with the HFD group. Thus, RF may be used as a nutritional strategy to decrease metabolic alterations during obesity.

Antiglycation, antifibrillation and antioxidative effects of para coumaric acid and vitamin D; an in-vitro and in-silico comparative-cum-synergistic approach

Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder that results in impaired utilization of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Severe hyperglycemia is its principal clinical symptom. Human serum albumin (HSA) is used as a model protein since it is viewed as a sign of glycaemic management because it is more likely to get glycated in diabetic people than other proteins. Para-coumaric acid (pCA), a phenolic acid, and Vitamin D (vit-D) are used as protective agents. In the present work, we deduce a synergistic-cum-comparative effect of pCA and vit-D, expecting some improvement in the efficacy of pCA when combined with vit-D. Methods employed are DPPH radical scavenging activity, In-vitro glycation of HSA, UV-vis spectroscopy, fluorescence analysis, and circular dichroism measurement. After treatment, increasein the absorbance and fluorescence intensity were reduced along with normalization of CD value. . The glycation-mediated fibrillation assessed by Congo-Red and Thioflavin T (ThT) were found to be diminishedwhen HSA was treated with equimolar concentration of p-CA and vit-D- treatment. Fructosamine adduct formation and lysine modificationwas also decreased, while inhibition to hemolysis and lipid peroxidation was found to increase upon treatment. The reactive oxygen species generation detection was also performed in lymphocytes treated with various protein samples. Docking results further confirmed theblocking some glycation-prone amino acids by both compounds. The study shows that the combination in the ratio of 1:1 has provided higher overall protection comparable to aminoguanidine (AG), the molecule which is utilized as a positive control.

Efficacy and safety of caffeic acid tablets in the treatment of thrombocytopenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Caffeic acid tablets (CFA) are a proprietary Chinese medicine in treating thrombocytopenia. The efficacy and safety of CFA compared with other platelet-raising drugs for the treatment of thrombocytopenia have been widely reported in the literature, but there is no systematic evaluation. Therefore, we designed this meta-analysis to further establish the efficacy and safety of CFA in treating thrombocytopenia.

METHODS

A computerized search was conducted in the Chinese biomedical database (CBM), Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang database, Chinese Scientific Journal Database (VIP), PubMed, and Web of Science databases using the keywords "caffeic acid tablets" and "thrombocytopenia." All randomized controlled trials were selected for the timeframe of build to 02/2023 and then screened and analyzed using RevMan 5.4 and stata17.0 software.

RESULTS

A total of 35 publications with an overall 2533 patients were included in the study. The results of the meta-analysis showed that CFA were effective in the treatment of thrombocytopenia with a statistically significant difference [relative risk ratio (RR) = 1.24, 95% CI (1.17, 1.31), P < .00001] and in increasing platelet counts [standardized mean difference (SMD) = 1.50, 95% CI (1.09, 1.91), P < .00001], white blood cell count [SMD = 1.08, 95% CI (0.77, 1.39), P < .00001], and neutrophil count [SMD = 0.73, 95% CI (0.19, 1.28), P = .009], and CFA reduced myelosuppression [RR = 0.19, 95% CI (0.1, 0.37), P < .00001] and adverse effects [RR = 0.75, 95% CI (0.58, 0.96), P = .02].

CONCLUSION

CFA can effectively improve the clinical outcome of patients with thrombocytopenia with a good safety profile and are worth promoting. However, due to the low quality and small sample size of the included literature, a larger sample size and more standardized, high-quality studies are needed to validate these results.

The Therapeutic Potential of Hydroxycinnamic Acid Derivatives in Parkinson's Disease: Focus on In Vivo Research Advancements

Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (HCDs) are polyphenols that are abundant in cereals, coffee, tea, wine, fruits, vegetables, and other plant-based foods. To aid in the clinical prevention and treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD), we evaluated in vivo investigations of the pharmacological properties of HCDs relevant to PD, and their pharmacokinetic and safety aspects. An extensive search of published journals was conducted using several literature databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Web of Science. The search terms included "hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives," "ferulic acid," "caffeic acid," "sinapic acid," "p-coumaric acid," "Parkinson's disease," and combinations of these keywords. As of April 2023, 455 preclinical studies were retrieved, of which 364 were in vivo studies; we included 17 of these articles on the pharmaceutics of HCDs in PD. Available evidence supports the protective effects of HCDs in PD due to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, as well as antiapoptotic physiological activities. Studies have identified possible molecular targets and pathways for the protective actions of HCDs in PD. However, the paucity of studies on these compounds in PD, and the risk of toxicity induced with high-dose applications, limits their use. Thus, multifaceted studies of HCDs in vitro and in vivo are needed.

Phenolics and Sesquiterpene Lactones Profile of Red and Green Lettuce: Combined Effect of Cultivar, Microbiological Fertiliser, and Season

The main goal of our study was to find an optimal combination of tested factors to achieve lettuce rich in bioactive compounds sustaining its pleasant taste. We examined three red and three green cultivars in a greenhouse using two microbiological fertilisers (EM Aktiv and Vital Tricho), and their combination. Plants were grown in three consecutive growing seasons (autumn, winter, and spring). Lactones accumulated in autumn, whereas phenolics' concentration rose during winter. Red cultivars showed higher phenolics and lactone content, where chicoric acid and luteolin-7-glucoside were the most abundant in the 'Gaugin' winter trial. Lactucopicrin was the predominant lactone among tested cultivars with the highest value in the red cultivar 'Carmesi'. Solely applicated, the fertiliser EM Aktiv and Vital Tricho led to significantly higher phenolic acid and dihydrolactucopicrin content, while combined, there were notably increased levels of all detected lactones. Application of single fertilisers had no effect on flavonoid content, while the combination even reduced it. A sensory analysis showed a negative correlation between overall taste and total sesquiterpene lactones, lactucopicrin, caffeoylmalic, and chlorogenic acid, indicating a less bitter taste with decreasing content of these compounds. Our findings indicate that the cultivar, fertiliser, and growing season jointly affected all of the tested parameters, highlighting the differences in the application of EM Aktiv, Vital Tricho, and their combination.

Biological Activities of p-Hydroxycinnamic Acids in Maintaining Gut Barrier Integrity and Function

It is well established that p-Hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs), including ferulic, caffeic, sinapic, and p-coumaric acids, possess a characteristic phenylpropanoid C6-C3 backbone and account for about one-third of the phenolic compounds in our diet. HCAs are typically associated with various plant cell wall components, including mono-, di-, and polysaccharides, sterols, polyamines, glycoproteins, and lignins. Interestingly, enzymes produced by intestinal microbes liberate HCAs from these associations. HCAs are completely absorbed in their free form upon ingestion and undergo specific reactions upon absorption in the small intestine or liver. The gut epithelium, composed of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), acts as a physical barrier against harmful bacteria and a site for regulated interactions between bacteria and the gut lumen. Thus, maintaining the integrity of the epithelial barrier is essential for establishing a physiochemical environment conducive to homeostasis. This review summarizes the protective effects of HCAs on the intestinal barrier, achieved through four mechanisms: preserving tight junction proteins (TJPs), modulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, exerting antioxidant activity, and regulating the intestinal microbiota.

Immunomodulatory Protective Effects of Nigella sativa and Lactuca sativa Oils on Liver Intoxication in Experimental Animals

<b>Background and Objective:</b> The liver plays an important role in transforming and clearing chemicals in human body. Hepatic injury is usually caused by numerous toxic chemicals such as carbon tetrachloride, thioacetamide, galactosamine and drugs including paracetamol as overdoses consumption. This investigation aimed to study the immunomodulatory protective effects of black seed (<i>Nigella sativa</i> L.) oil and lettuce (<i>Lactuca sativa</i> L.) oil against paracetamol liver intoxication in rats. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Twenty-four male albino rats weighing 150±10 g each, were randomly divided into 4 equal groups (6 rats each) as follows: Control negative; control positive as paracetamol hepatotoxicity; <i>Nigella sativa</i> oil and <i>Lactuca sativa</i> oil at a dose of 1 mL kg¹ b.wt., as protective from hepatotoxicity, then serum analysis for all rats were conducted and the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS version-22. <b>Results:</b> All rats orally preventable injected with <i>Nigella sativa</i> and <i>Lactuca sativa</i> oils caused significant decrease in Unsaturated Iron Binding Capacity (UIBC), creatine kinase (CK), Creatine Kinase-MB (CKMB), magnesium (Mg), phosphor (Phos.), iron (Fe), sodium (Na), potassium (K), amylase (Amyl), tri-glycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), creatinine (Creat), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) as compared to liver intoxicated rats. <b>Conclusion:</b> Black seed oils and <i>Lactuca sativa</i> oils could be used as natural immunomodulatory agents against paracetamol liver intoxication and enhance the body's immune functions with improving the health status of the liver.

Interaction Mechanism between α-Lactalbumin and Caffeic Acid: A Multispectroscopic and Molecular Docking Study

Caffeic acid (CA) is a phenolic acid found in a variety of foods. In this study, the interaction mechanism between α-lactalbumin (ALA) and CA was explored with the use of spectroscopic and computational techniques. The Stern-Volmer quenching constant data suggest a static mode of quenching between CA and ALA, depicting a gradual decrease in quenching constants with temperature rise. The binding constant, Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy values at 288, 298, and 310 K were calculated, and the obtained values suggest that the reaction is spontaneous and exothermic. Both in vitro and in silico studies show that hydrogen bonding is the dominant force in the CA-ALA interaction. Ser112 and Lys108 of ALA are predicted to form three hydrogen bonds with CA. The UV-visible spectroscopy measurements demonstrated that the absorbance peak A_280nm increased after addition of CA due to conformational change. The secondary structure of ALA was also slightly modified due to CA interaction. The circular dichroism (CD) studies showed that ALA gains more α-helical structure in response to increasing concentration of CA. The surface hydrophobicity of ALA is not changed in the presence of ethanol and CA. The present findings shown herein are helpful in understanding the binding mechanism of CA with whey proteins for the dairy processing industry and food nutrition security.

The protective effect of p-Coumaric acid on hepatic injury caused by particulate matter in the rat and determining the role of long noncoding RNAs MEG3 and HOTAIR

Increasing air pollution is associated with serious human health problems. P-coumaric acid (PC) is a herbal phenolic compound that exhibits beneficial pharmacological potentials. Here, the protective effect of PC on liver injury induced by air pollution was examined. Thirty-two adult male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were divided randomly into four groups (n = 8). The groups were; Control (rats received DMSO and then exposed to clean air), PC (rats received PC and then exposed to clean air), DMSO + Dust (rats received DMSO and then exposed to dust), and PC + Dust (the animals received PC and then exposed to dust). The clean air, DMSO, PC, and dust were administrated 3 days a week for 6 consecutive weeks. The rats were anesthetized and their blood samples and liver sections were taken to conduct molecular, biomedical, and histopathological tests. Dust exposure increased the liver enzymes, bilirubin, triglyceride, cholesterol, and the production of liver malondialdehyde, and decreased in liver total anti-oxidant capacity and serum high-density lipoprotein. It also increased the mRNA expression of inflammatory-related cytokines, decreased the mRNA expression of SIRT-1, decreased the expression levels of miR-20b5p, and MEG3 while increased the expression levels of miR-34a, and HOTAIR. Dust exposure also increased the liver content of three cytokines TNF-α, NF-κB, HMGB-1, and ATG-7 proteins. PC enhanced liver function against adverse effects of dust through recovering almost all the studied variables. Exposure to dust damaged the liver through induction of oxidative stress, inflammation, and autophagy. PC protected the liver against dust-induced cytotoxicity.

Identification of plasma metabolites associated with modifiable risk factors and endophenotypes reflecting Alzheimer's disease pathology

Modifiable factors can influence the risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and serve as targets for intervention; however, the biological mechanisms linking these factors to AD are unknown. This study aims to identify plasma metabolites associated with modifiable factors for AD, including MIND diet, physical activity, smoking, and caffeine intake, and test their association with AD endophenotypes to identify their potential roles in pathophysiological mechanisms. The association between each of the 757 plasma metabolites and four modifiable factors was tested in the wisconsin registry for Alzheimer's prevention cohort of initially cognitively unimpaired, asymptomatic middle-aged adults. After Bonferroni correction, the significant plasma metabolites were tested for association with each of the AD endophenotypes, including twelve cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, reflecting key pathophysiologies for AD, and four cognitive composite scores. Finally, causal mediation analyses were conducted to evaluate possible mediation effects. Analyses were performed using linear mixed-effects regression. A total of 27, 3, 23, and 24 metabolites were associated with MIND diet, physical activity, smoking, and caffeine intake, respectively. Potential mediation effects include beta-cryptoxanthin in the association between MIND diet and preclinical Alzheimer cognitive composite score, hippurate between MIND diet and immediate learning, glutamate between physical activity and CSF neurofilament light, and beta-cryptoxanthin between smoking and immediate learning. Our study identified several plasma metabolites that are associated with modifiable factors. These metabolites can be employed as biomarkers for tracking these factors, and they provide a potential biological pathway of how modifiable factors influence the human body and AD risk.

In Vitro and In Silico Studies of Antimicrobial, and Antioxidant Activities of Chemically Characterized Essential Oil of Artemisia flahaultii L. (Asteraceae)

The present study investigated the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities as well as characterized the chemical composition of the essential oils (EO) isolated from Artemisia flahaultii (EOF). EOF was extracted using hydro-distillation, and the chemical composition of EOF was ascertained by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). To assess antioxidant capacity, three tests were used: the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH), the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) test. The antimicrobial activity of EOF was investigated using the diffusion assay and minimal inhibitory concentration assays (MICs). By use of in silico structure–activity simulations, the inhibitory potency against nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), physicochemical characters, pharmaco-centric properties and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) characteristics of EOF were determined. GC/MS analysis reveals 25 components majorly composed of D-Limonene (22.09%) followed by β-pinene (15.22%), O-cymene (11.72%), β-vinylnaphthalene (10.47%) and benzene 2,4-pentadiynyl (9.04%). The capacity of DPPH scavenging by EOF scored an IC50 of 16.00 ± 0.20 µg/mL. TAC revealed that the examined oils contained considerable amounts of antioxidants, which were determined to be 1094.190 ± 31.515 mg ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE)/g EO. Results of the FRAP method showed that EOF exhibited activity with EC50 = 6.20 ± 0.60 µg/mL. Values for minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) against certain clinically important pathogenic bacteria demonstrate EOF’s potent antibacterial activity. MIC values of 1.34, 1.79, and 4.47 μg/mL against E. coli, B. subtilis and S. aureus were observed respectively. EOF exhibited significant antifungal activities against two stains of fungi: F. oxysporum and C. albicans, with values of 10.70 and 2.23 μg/mL, respectively. Of the total, 25 essential oils were identified. 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol and capillin were the most active molecules against NADPH. The ADME prediction revealed that EOF was characterized by useful physicochemical characteristics and pharmaco-centric properties. The findings of this study show that the EOF can be used as an alternative to treat microbial resistance. Based on the in silico studies, EOF can be used as an “eco-friendly” NADPH inhibitor.

Comparative metabolomic profiling of Arabidopsis thaliana roots and leaves reveals complex response mechanisms induced by a seaweed extract

Seaweed extracts are a prominent class of biostimulants that enhance plant health and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses due to their unique bioactive components. However, the mechanisms of action of biostimulants are still unknown. Here, we have used a metabolomic approach, a UHPLC-MS method, to uncover the mechanisms induced following application to Arabidopsis thaliana of a seaweed extract derived from Durvillaea potatorum and Ascophyllum nodosum. We have identified, following the application of the extract, key metabolites and systemic responses in roots and leaves across 3 timepoints (0, 3, 5 days). Significant alterations in metabolite accumulation or reduction were found for those belonging to broad groups of compounds such as lipids, amino acids, and phytohormones; and secondary metabolites such as phenylpropanoids, glucosinolates, and organic acids. Strong accumulations of TCA cycle and N-containing and defensive metabolites such as glucosinolates were also found revealing the enhancement of carbon and nitrogen metabolism and defence systems. Our study has demonstrated that application of seaweed extract dramatically altered the metabolomic profiles of Arabidopsis and revealed differences in roots and leaves that varied across the timepoints tested. We also show clear evidence of systemic responses that were initiated in the roots and resulted in metabolic alterations in the leaves. Collectively, our results suggest that this seaweed extract promotes plant growth and activates defence systems by altering various physiological processes at the individual metabolite level.

β-Cyclocitral-Mediated Metabolic Changes Optimize Growth and Defense Responses in Solanum lycopersicum L

β-cyclocitral (βCC) is one of the significant oxidative products of β-carotene. It primes plants for multiple stress acclimation without compromising plant growth. Metabolic reorganization is necessary to maintain a balance between growth and defense. However, the βCC-mediated changes in a plant’s metabolic network are unknown. Here, we demonstrate how βCC-induced metabolic changes enable Solanum lycopersicum L. (tomato) plants to promote defense and maintain growth under stress. An analysis of early (0–240 min) and late (72 h) changes in the tomato metabolome after βCC-treatment using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry identified 57 compounds. A principal coordinate analysis suggested that βCC treatment significantly changes the metabolite profile. A variable importance in projection (VIP) analysis revealed 16 and 19 discriminant metabolites from early and late samples, respectively (VIP ≥ 1.0). Upregulated metabolites were mainly amino acids and phytophenols. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that βCC treatment influenced amino acid metabolism at early and later times; however, phenylpropanoid and isoquinoline biosynthesis were influenced only at the later time. A 66.6% similarity in the upregulated metabolites of βCC- and simulated-herbivory-treated plants confirmed βCC’s role against herbivores. We conclude that βCC steers a temporal separation in amino acids and defense metabolite accumulation that optimizes resource allocation to growth and defense.

Arctium lappa (Burdock): Insights from ethnopharmacology potential, chemical constituents, clinical studies, pharmacological utility and nanomedicine

Arctium lappa L. is a medicinal edible homologous plant, commonly known as burdock or bardana, which belongs to the Asteraceae family. It is widely distributed throughout Northern Asia, Europe, and North America and has been utilized for hundreds of years. The roots, fruits, seeds, and leaves of A. lappa have been extensively used in traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). A. lappa has attracted a great deal of attention due to its possession of highly recognized bioactive metabolites with significant therapeutic potential. Numerous pharmacological effects have been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo by A. lappa and its bioactive metabolites, including antimicrobial, anti-obesity, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-allergic, antiviral, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective activities. Additionally, A. lappa has demonstrated considerable clinical efficacies and valuable applications in nanomedicine. Collectively, this review covers the properties of A. lappa and its bioactive metabolites, ethnopharmacology aspects, pharmacological effects, clinical trials, and applications in the field of nanomedicine. Hence, a significant attention should be paid to clinical trials and industrial applications of this plant with particular emphasis, on drug discovery and nanotechnology.

Concurrent production of ferulic acid and glucose from wheat bran by catalysis of a putative bifunctional enzyme

The aim of this work is to study a bifunctional endoglucanase/carboxylesterase in Sphingobacterium soilsilvae Em02 and express it in soluble form in engineered Escherichia coli. The molecular weight of the recombinant protein of the bifunctional enzyme was 41 KDa. This research also determined the enzymatic activities of the bifunctional enzymes using microcrystalline cellulose and p-nitrophenyl butyrate as substrates and found 40 °C as the optimum temperature for their enzymatic activities. The optimal pH in dual function was 6.0 for endoglucanase and 7.0 for carboxylesterase. The bifunctional enzyme also exhibited enzymatic activities on the natural biomass by generating up to 3.94 mg of glucose and 49.4 μg of ferulic acid from 20 mg of destarched wheat bran. This indicates the broad application prospects of the bifunctional enzyme in agriculture and industry.