1
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Cremer C, Schock F, Failla AV, Birk U. Modulated illumination microscopy: Application perspectives in nuclear nanostructure analysis. J Microsc 2024; 296:121-128. [PMID: 38618985 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The structure of the cell nucleus of higher organisms has become a major topic of advanced light microscopy. So far, a variety of methods have been applied, including confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy, 4Pi, STED and localisation microscopy approaches, as well as different types of patterned illumination microscopy, modulated either laterally (in the object plane) or axially (along the optical axis). Based on our experience, we discuss here some application perspectives of Modulated Illumination Microscopy (MIM) and its combination with single-molecule localisation microscopy (SMLM). For example, spatially modulated illumination microscopy/SMI (illumination modulation along the optical axis) has been used to determine the axial extension (size) of small, optically isolated fluorescent objects between ≤ 200 nm and ≥ 40 nm diameter with a precision down to the few nm range; it also allows the axial positioning of such structures down to the 1 nm scale; combined with laterally structured illumination/SIM, a 3D localisation precision of ≤1 nm is expected using fluorescence yields typical for SMLM applications. Together with the nanosizing capability of SMI, this can be used to analyse macromolecular nuclear complexes with a resolution approaching that of cryoelectron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Cremer
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics (KIP), Heidelberg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Scientific Computing (IWR), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Florian Schock
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics (KIP), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antonio Virgilio Failla
- UKE Microscopy Imaging Facility, University Medical Centre Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Udo Birk
- Institute for Photonics and Robotics (IPR), Department of Applied Future Technologies, University of Applied Sciences of the Grisons (FH Graubünden), Chur, Switzerland
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2
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Foylan S, Schniete JK, Kölln LS, Dempster J, Hansen CG, Shaw M, Bushell TJ, McConnell G. Mesoscale standing wave imaging. J Microsc 2024; 295:33-41. [PMID: 37156549 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Standing wave (SW) microscopy is a method that uses an interference pattern to excite fluorescence from labelled cellular structures and produces high-resolution images of three-dimensional objects in a two-dimensional dataset. SW microscopy is performed with high-magnification, high-numerical aperture objective lenses, and while this results in high-resolution images, the field of view is very small. Here we report upscaling of this interference imaging method from the microscale to the mesoscale using the Mesolens, which has the unusual combination of a low-magnification and high-numerical aperture. With this method, we produce SW images within a field of view of 4.4 mm × 3.0 mm that can readily accommodate over 16,000 cells in a single dataset. We demonstrate the method using both single-wavelength excitation and the multi-wavelength SW method TartanSW. We show application of the method for imaging of fixed and living cells specimens, with the first application of SW imaging to study cells under flow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannan Foylan
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jana Katharina Schniete
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lisa Sophie Kölln
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - John Dempster
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Carsten Gram Hansen
- Institute for Regeneration and Repair, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michael Shaw
- Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK
- Biometrology Group, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK
| | - Trevor John Bushell
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gail McConnell
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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3
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Zhu FY, Mei LJ, Tian R, Li C, Wang YL, Xiang SL, Zhu MQ, Tang BZ. Recent advances in super-resolution optical imaging based on aggregation-induced emission. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:3350-3383. [PMID: 38406832 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00698k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Super-resolution imaging has rapidly emerged as an optical microscopy technique, offering advantages of high optical resolution over the past two decades; achieving improved imaging resolution requires significant efforts in developing super-resolution imaging agents characterized by high brightness, high contrast and high sensitivity to fluorescence switching. Apart from technical requirements in optical systems and algorithms, super-resolution imaging relies on fluorescent dyes with special photophysical or photochemical properties. The concept of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) was proposed in 2001, coinciding with unprecedented advancements and innovations in super-resolution imaging technology. AIE probes offer many advantages, including high brightness in the aggregated state, low background signal, a larger Stokes shift, ultra-high photostability, and excellent biocompatibility, making them highly promising for applications in super-resolution imaging. In this review, we summarize the progress in implementation methods and provide insights into the mechanism of AIE-based super-resolution imaging, including fluorescence switching resulting from photochemically-converted aggregation-induced emission, electrostatically controlled aggregation-induced emission and specific binding-regulated aggregation-induced emission. Particularly, the aggregation-induced emission principle has been proposed to achieve spontaneous fluorescence switching, expanding the selection and application scenarios of super-resolution imaging probes. By combining the aggregation-induced emission principle and specific molecular design, we offer some comprehensive insights to facilitate the applications of AIEgens (AIE-active molecules) in super-resolution imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Yu Zhu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Li-Jun Mei
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Rui Tian
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Chong Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Ya-Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Shi-Li Xiang
- Hubei Jiufengshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430206, China
| | - Ming-Qiang Zhu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen (CUHK-Shenzhen), Guangdong 518172, China.
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4
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Lu JY. Modulation of Point Spread Function for Super-Resolution Imaging. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2024; 71:153-171. [PMID: 37988211 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2023.3335883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
High image resolution is desired in wave-related areas such as ultrasound, acoustics, optics, and electromagnetics. However, the spatial resolution of an imaging system is limited by the spatial frequency of the point spread function (PSF) of the system due to diffraction. In this article, the PSF is modulated in amplitude, phase, or both to increase the spatial frequency to reconstruct super-resolution images of objects or wave sources/fields, where the modulator can be a focused shear wave produced remotely by, for example, a radiation force from a focused Bessel beam or X-wave, or can be a small particle manipulated remotely by a radiation-force (such as acoustic and optical tweezers) or electrical and magnetic forces. A theory of the PSF-modulation method was developed, and computer simulations and experiments were conducted. The result of an ultrasound experiment shows that a pulse-echo (two-way) image reconstructed has a super-resolution (0.65 mm) as compared to the diffraction limit (2.65 mm) using a 0.5-mm-diameter modulator at 1.483-mm wavelength, and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the image was about 31 dB. If the minimal SNR of a "visible" image is 3, the resolution can be further increased to about 0.19 mm by decreasing the size of the modulator. Another ultrasound experiment shows that a wave source was imaged (one-way) at about 30-dB SNR using the same modulator size and wavelength above. The image clearly separated two 0.5-mm spaced lines, which gives a 7.26-fold higher resolution than that of the diffraction limit (3.63 mm). Although, in theory, the method has no limit on the highest achievable image resolution, in practice, the resolution is limited by noises. Also, a PSF-weighted super-resolution imaging method based on the PSF-modulation method was developed. This method is easier to implement but may have some limitations. Finally, the methods above can be applied to imaging systems of an arbitrary PSF and can produce 4-D super-resolution images. With a proper choice of a modulator (e.g., a quantum dot) and imaging system, nanoscale (a few nanometers) imaging is possible.
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5
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Zarmpi P, Tabosa MAM, Vitry P, Bunge AL, Belsey NA, Tsikritsis D, Woodman TJ, Delgado-Charro MB, Guy RH. Confocal Raman Spectroscopic Characterization of Dermatopharmacokinetics Ex Vivo. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:5910-5920. [PMID: 37801410 PMCID: PMC10630943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Confocal Raman spectroscopy is being assessed as a tool with which to quantify the rate and extent of drug uptake to and its clearance from target sites of action within the viable epidermis below the skin's stratum corneum (SC) barrier. The objective of this research was to confirm that Raman can interrogate drug disposition within the living layers of the skin (where many topical drugs elicit their pharmacological effects) and to identify procedures by which Raman signal attenuation with increasing skin depth may be corrected and normalized so that metrics descriptive of topical bioavailability may be identified. It was first shown in experiments on skin cross-sections parallel to the skin surface that the amide I signal, originating primarily from keratin, was quite constant with depth into the skin and could be used to correct for signal attenuation when confocal Raman data were acquired in a "top-down" fashion. Then, using 4-cyanophenol (CP) as a model skin penetrant with a strong Raman-active C≡N functionality, a series of uptake and clearance experiments, performed as a function of time, demonstrated clearly that normalized spectroscopic data were able to detect the penetrant to at least 40-80 μm into the skin and to distinguish the disposition of CP from different vehicles. Metrics related to local bioavailability (and potentially bioequivalence) included areas under the normalized C≡N signal versus depth profiles and elimination rate constants deduced post-removal of the formulations. Finally, Raman measurements were made with an approved dermatological drug, crisaborole, for which delivery from a fully saturated formulation into the skin layers just below the SC was detectable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Zarmpi
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | | | - Pauline Vitry
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Annette L. Bunge
- Department
of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Natalie A. Belsey
- National
Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K.
- School
of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K.
| | | | - Timothy J. Woodman
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | | | - Richard H. Guy
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
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6
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Li X, Wu Y, Su Y, Rey-Suarez I, Matthaeus C, Updegrove TB, Wei Z, Zhang L, Sasaki H, Li Y, Guo M, Giannini JP, Vishwasrao HD, Chen J, Lee SJJ, Shao L, Liu H, Ramamurthi KS, Taraska JW, Upadhyaya A, La Riviere P, Shroff H. Three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy with enhanced axial resolution. Nat Biotechnol 2023; 41:1307-1319. [PMID: 36702897 PMCID: PMC10497409 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-022-01651-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The axial resolution of three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy (3D SIM) is limited to ∼300 nm. Here we present two distinct, complementary methods to improve axial resolution in 3D SIM with minimal or no modification to the optical system. We show that placing a mirror directly opposite the sample enables four-beam interference with higher spatial frequency content than 3D SIM illumination, offering near-isotropic imaging with ∼120-nm lateral and 160-nm axial resolution. We also developed a deep learning method achieving ∼120-nm isotropic resolution. This method can be combined with denoising to facilitate volumetric imaging spanning dozens of timepoints. We demonstrate the potential of these advances by imaging a variety of cellular samples, delineating the nanoscale distribution of vimentin and microtubule filaments, observing the relative positions of caveolar coat proteins and lysosomal markers and visualizing cytoskeletal dynamics within T cells in the early stages of immune synapse formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Li
- Laboratory of High Resolution Optical Imaging, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Ashburn, VA, USA.
| | - Yicong Wu
- Laboratory of High Resolution Optical Imaging, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Advanced Imaging and Microscopy Resource, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Yijun Su
- Laboratory of High Resolution Optical Imaging, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Advanced Imaging and Microscopy Resource, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Leica Microsystems, Inc., Deerfield, IL, USA
- SVision, LLC, Bellevue, WA, USA
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Ivan Rey-Suarez
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Claudia Matthaeus
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Taylor B Updegrove
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zhuang Wei
- Section on Biophotonics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lixia Zhang
- Advanced Imaging and Microscopy Resource, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hideki Sasaki
- Leica Microsystems, Inc., Deerfield, IL, USA
- SVision, LLC, Bellevue, WA, USA
| | - Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Guo
- Laboratory of High Resolution Optical Imaging, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - John P Giannini
- Laboratory of High Resolution Optical Imaging, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Harshad D Vishwasrao
- Advanced Imaging and Microscopy Resource, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jiji Chen
- Advanced Imaging and Microscopy Resource, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shih-Jong J Lee
- Leica Microsystems, Inc., Deerfield, IL, USA
- SVision, LLC, Bellevue, WA, USA
| | - Lin Shao
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Huafeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kumaran S Ramamurthi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Justin W Taraska
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Arpita Upadhyaya
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Patrick La Riviere
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- MBL Fellows, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Hari Shroff
- Laboratory of High Resolution Optical Imaging, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Advanced Imaging and Microscopy Resource, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- MBL Fellows, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Ashburn, VA, USA
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7
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Liu G, Ruan X, Milkie DE, Görlitz F, Mueller M, Hercule W, Killilea A, Betzig E, Upadhyayula S. Characterization, comparison, and optimization of lattice light sheets. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade6623. [PMID: 37000868 PMCID: PMC10065451 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade6623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Lattice light sheet microscopy excels at the noninvasive imaging of three-dimensional (3D) dynamic processes at high spatiotemporal resolution within cells and developing embryos. Recently, several papers have called into question the performance of lattice light sheets relative to the Gaussian sheets most common in light sheet microscopy. Here, we undertake a theoretical and experimental analysis of various forms of light sheet microscopy, which demonstrates and explains why lattice light sheets provide substantial improvements in resolution and photobleaching reduction. The analysis provides a procedure to select the correct light sheet for a desired experiment and specifies the processing that maximizes the use of all fluorescence generated within the light sheet excitation envelope for optimal resolution while minimizing image artifacts and photodamage. We also introduce a new type of "harmonic balanced" lattice light sheet that improves performance at all spatial frequencies within its 3D resolution limits and maintains this performance over lengthened propagation distances allowing for expanded fields of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoxiang Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Xiongtao Ruan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Daniel E. Milkie
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20417, USA
| | - Frederik Görlitz
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Matthew Mueller
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Wilmene Hercule
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Alison Killilea
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Eric Betzig
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20417, USA
- Department of Physics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Srigokul Upadhyayula
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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8
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Tinning PW, Schniete JK, Scrimgeour R, Kölln LS, Rooney LM, Bushell TJ, McConnell G. A simple image processing pipeline to sharpen topology maps in multi-wavelength interference microscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:1092-1095. [PMID: 36857221 DOI: 10.1364/ol.478402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Multi-wavelength standing wave (SW) microscopy and interference reflection microscopy (IRM) are powerful techniques that use optical interference to study topographical structure. However, the use of more than two wavelengths to image the complex cell surface results in complicated topographical maps, and it can be difficult to resolve the three-dimensional contours. We present a simple image processing method to reduce the thickness and spacing of antinodal fringes in multi-wavelength interference microscopy by up to a factor of two to produce clearer and more precise topographical maps of cellular structures. We first demonstrate this improvement using model non-biological specimens, and we subsequently demonstrate the benefit of our method for reducing the ambiguity of surface topography and revealing obscured features in live and fixed-cell specimens.
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9
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Galiani S, Eggeling C, Reglinski K. Super-resolution microscopy and studies of peroxisomes. Biol Chem 2023; 404:87-106. [PMID: 36698322 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2022-0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy is an important tool for studying cellular structures such as organelles. Unfortunately, many details in the corresponding images are hidden due to the resolution limit of conventional lens-based far-field microscopy. An example is the study of peroxisomes, where important processes such as molecular organization during protein important can simply not be studied with conventional far-field microscopy methods. A remedy is super-resolution fluorescence microscopy, which is nowadays a well-established technique for the investigation of inner-cellular structures but has so far to a lesser extent been applied to the study of peroxisomes. To help advancing the latter, we here give an overview over the different super-resolution microscopy approaches and their potentials and challenges in cell-biological research, including labelling issues and a focus on studies on peroxisomes. Here, we also highlight experiments beyond simple imaging such as observations of diffusion dynamics of peroxisomal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Galiani
- Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Christian Eggeling
- Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology e.V., Albert-Einstein Strasse 9, D-07745 Jena, Germany, Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Jena, Germany.,Institute of Applied Optics and Biophysics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Katharina Reglinski
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology e.V., Albert-Einstein Strasse 9, D-07745 Jena, Germany, Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Jena, Germany.,Institute of Applied Optics and Biophysics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany.,University Clinics Jena, Bachstraße 18, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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10
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Multifrequency-based sharpening of focal volume. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22049. [PMID: 36543884 PMCID: PMC9772409 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25886-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Systems that emit electromagnetic or sonic waves for diagnostic or interventional applications often have constraints on the size of their aperture, and thus produce an elongated focus in the axial dimension. This extended depth of focus limits imaging resolution and spatial specificity of the delivered energy. Here, we have developed a method that substantially minimizes the depth of focus. The method superimposes beams of distinct frequencies in space and time to create constructive interference at target and amplify deconstructive interference everywhere else, thus sharpening the focus. The method does not require labeling of targets or other manipulations of the medium. Using simulations, we found that the method tightens the depth of focus even for systems with a narrow bandwidth. Moreover, we implemented the method in ultrasonic hardware and found that a 46.1% frequency fractional bandwidth provides an average 7.4-fold reduction in the focal volume of the resulting beams. This method can be readily applied to sharpen the focus of interventional systems and is expected to also improve the axial resolution of existing imaging systems.
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11
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Mac Ciarnáin R, Mo HW, Nagayoshi K, Fujimoto H, Harada K, Gehlhaar R, Ke TH, Heremans P, Adachi C. A Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Green OLED with 4500 h Lifetime and 20% External Quantum Efficiency by Optimizing the Emission Zone using a Single-Emission Spectrum Technique. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201409. [PMID: 35581173 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Device optimization of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) targets the most efficient conversion of electrically injected charges into emitted light. The emission zone in an LED is where charges recombine and light is emitted from. It is believed that the emission zone is strongly linked to device efficiency and lifetime. However, the emission zone size is below the optical diffraction limit, so it is difficult to measure. An accessible method based on a single emission spectrum that enables emission zone measurements with sub-second time resolution is shown. A procedure is introduced to study and control the emission zone of an LED system and correlate it with device performance. A thermally activated delayed fluorescence organic LED emission zone is experimentally measured over all luminescing current densities, while varying the device structure and while ageing. The emission zone is shown to be finely controlled by emitter doping because electron transport via the emitter is the charge-transport bottleneck of the system. Suspected quenching/degradation mechanisms are linked with the emission zone changes, device structure variation, and ageing. Using these findings, a device with an ultralong 4500 h T95 lifetime at 1000 cd m-2 with 20% external quantum efficiency is shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossa Mac Ciarnáin
- imec, Kapeldreef 75, Leuven, B3001, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, Leuven, B3001, Belgium
| | - Hin Wai Mo
- i 3-opera, 5-14 Kyudai-shimmachi, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0388, Japan
| | - Kaori Nagayoshi
- i 3-opera, 5-14 Kyudai-shimmachi, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0388, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fujimoto
- i 3-opera, 5-14 Kyudai-shimmachi, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0388, Japan
- OPERA Research Group, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kentaro Harada
- i 3-opera, 5-14 Kyudai-shimmachi, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0388, Japan
- OPERA Research Group, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | | | | | - Paul Heremans
- imec, Kapeldreef 75, Leuven, B3001, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, Leuven, B3001, Belgium
| | - Chihaya Adachi
- i 3-opera, 5-14 Kyudai-shimmachi, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0388, Japan
- OPERA Research Group, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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12
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Cremer C, Birk U. Spatially modulated illumination microscopy: application perspectives in nuclear nanostructure analysis. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A: MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20210152. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Thousands of genes and the complex biochemical networks for their transcription are packed in the micrometer sized cell nucleus. To control biochemical processes, spatial organization plays a key role. Hence the structure of the cell nucleus of higher organisms has emerged as a main topic of advanced light microscopy. So far, a variety of methods have been applied for this, including confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy, 4Pi-, STED- and localization microscopy approaches, as well as (laterally) structured illumination microscopy (SIM). Here, we summarize the state of the art and discuss application perspectives for nuclear nanostructure analysis of spatially modulated illumination (SMI). SMI is a widefield-based approach to using axially structured illumination patterns to determine the axial extension (size) of small, optically isolated fluorescent objects between less than or equal to 200 nm and greater than or equal to 40 nm diameter with a precision down to the few nm range; in addition, it allows the axial positioning of such structures down to the 1 nm scale. Combined with SIM, a three-dimensional localization precision of less than or equal to 1 nm is expected to become feasible using fluorescence yields typical for single molecule localization microscopy applications. Together with its nanosizing capability, this may eventually be used to analyse macromolecular complexes and other nanostructures with a topological resolution, further narrowing the gap to Cryoelectron microscopy.
This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Super-resolution structured illumination microscopy (part 2)’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Cremer
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, and Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics (KIP), Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), and Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), University Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Udo Birk
- Institute for Photonics and ICT (IPI), University of Applied Sciences (FH Graubünden), CH-7000 Chur, Switzerland
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Prakash K, Diederich B, Heintzmann R, Schermelleh L. Super-resolution microscopy: a brief history and new avenues. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20210110. [PMID: 35152764 PMCID: PMC8841785 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Super-resolution microscopy (SRM) is a fast-developing field that encompasses fluorescence imaging techniques with the capability to resolve objects below the classical diffraction limit of optical resolution. Acknowledged with the Nobel prize in 2014, numerous SRM methods have meanwhile evolved and are being widely applied in biomedical research, all with specific strengths and shortcomings. While some techniques are capable of nanometre-scale molecular resolution, others are geared towards volumetric three-dimensional multi-colour or fast live-cell imaging. In this editorial review, we pick on the latest trends in the field. We start with a brief historical overview of both conceptual and commercial developments. Next, we highlight important parameters for imaging successfully with a particular super-resolution modality. Finally, we discuss the importance of reproducibility and quality control and the significance of open-source tools in microscopy. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Super-resolution structured illumination microscopy (part 2)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Prakash
- Integrated Pathology Unit, Centre for Molecular Pathology, The Royal Marsden Trust and Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Benedict Diederich
- Leibniz Institute for Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Rainer Heintzmann
- Leibniz Institute for Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
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14
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Farkas DL. Biomedical Applications of Translational Optical Imaging: From Molecules to Humans. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216651. [PMID: 34771060 PMCID: PMC8587670 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Light is a powerful investigational tool in biomedicine, at all levels of structural organization. Its multitude of features (intensity, wavelength, polarization, interference, coherence, timing, non-linear absorption, and even interactions with itself) able to create contrast, and thus images that detail the makeup and functioning of the living state can and should be combined for maximum effect, especially if one seeks simultaneously high spatiotemporal resolution and discrimination ability within a living organism. The resulting high relevance should be directed towards a better understanding, detection of abnormalities, and ultimately cogent, precise, and effective intervention. The new optical methods and their combinations needed to address modern surgery in the operating room of the future, and major diseases such as cancer and neurodegeneration are reviewed here, with emphasis on our own work and highlighting selected applications focusing on quantitation, early detection, treatment assessment, and clinical relevance, and more generally matching the quality of the optical detection approach to the complexity of the disease. This should provide guidance for future advanced theranostics, emphasizing a tighter coupling-spatially and temporally-between detection, diagnosis, and treatment, in the hope that technologic sophistication such as that of a Mars rover can be translationally deployed in the clinic, for saving and improving lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Farkas
- PhotoNanoscopy and Acceleritas Corporations, 13412 Ventura Boulevard, Sherman Oaks, CA 91423, USA; ; Tel.: +1-310-600-7102
- Clinical Photonics Corporation, 8591 Skyline Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90046, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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15
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Hoboth P, Šebesta O, Hozák P. How Single-Molecule Localization Microscopy Expanded Our Mechanistic Understanding of RNA Polymerase II Transcription. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6694. [PMID: 34206594 PMCID: PMC8269275 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical models of gene expression were built using genetics and biochemistry. Although these approaches are powerful, they have very limited consideration of the spatial and temporal organization of gene expression. Although the spatial organization and dynamics of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) transcription machinery have fundamental functional consequences for gene expression, its detailed studies have been abrogated by the limits of classical light microscopy for a long time. The advent of super-resolution microscopy (SRM) techniques allowed for the visualization of the RNAPII transcription machinery with nanometer resolution and millisecond precision. In this review, we summarize the recent methodological advances in SRM, focus on its application for studies of the nanoscale organization in space and time of RNAPII transcription, and discuss its consequences for the mechanistic understanding of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hoboth
- Department of Biology of the Cell Nucleus, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Ondřej Šebesta
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Pavel Hozák
- Department of Biology of the Cell Nucleus, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Microscopy Centre, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
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Sheppard CJR. Structured illumination microscopy and image scanning microscopy: a review and comparison of imaging properties. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2021; 379:20200154. [PMID: 33896206 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Structured illumination microscopy and image scanning microscopy are two microscopical tech- niques, rapidly increasing in practical application, that can result in improvement in transverse spatial resolution, and/or improvement in axial imaging performance. The history and principles of these techniques are reviewed, and the imaging properties of the two methods compared. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Super-resolution structured illumination microscopy (part 1)'.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Humans
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/statistics & numerical data
- Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods
- Imaging, Three-Dimensional/statistics & numerical data
- Light
- Microscopy, Confocal/methods
- Microscopy, Confocal/statistics & numerical data
- Microscopy, Fluorescence/methods
- Microscopy, Fluorescence/statistics & numerical data
- Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton/methods
- Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton/statistics & numerical data
- Optical Phenomena
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J R Sheppard
- Nanoscopy and NIC@IIT, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen, 83 Edificio B, 16152 Genova, Italy
- Molecular Horizons, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, New South Wales, Australia
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Brown PT, Kruithoff R, Seedorf GJ, Shepherd DP. Multicolor structured illumination microscopy and quantitative control of polychromatic light with a digital micromirror device. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:3700-3716. [PMID: 34221689 PMCID: PMC8221958 DOI: 10.1364/boe.422703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Linear structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is a super-resolution microscopy technique that does not impose photophysics requirements on fluorescent samples. Multicolor SIM implementations typically rely on liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) spatial light modulators (SLM's) for patterning the excitation light, but digital micromirror devices (DMD's) are a promising alternative, owing to their lower cost and higher speed. However, existing coherent DMD SIM implementations use only a single wavelength of light, limited by the lack of efficient approaches for solving the blazed grating effect for polychromatic light. We develop the requisite quantitative tools, including a closed form solution of the blaze and diffraction conditions, forward models of DMD diffraction and pattern projection, and a model of DMD aberrations. Based on these advances, we constructed a three-color DMD microscope, quantified the effect of aberrations from the DMD, developed a high-resolution optical transfer function measurement technique, and demonstrated SIM on fixed and live cells. This opens the door to applying DMD's in polychromatic applications previously restricted to LCoS SLM's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T. Brown
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Rory Kruithoff
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Gregory J. Seedorf
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Heart Lung Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Douglas P. Shepherd
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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Brown PT, Kruithoff R, Seedorf GJ, Shepherd DP. Multicolor structured illumination microscopy and quantitative control of polychromatic light with a digital micromirror device. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021. [PMID: 34221689 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.27.223941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Linear structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is a super-resolution microscopy technique that does not impose photophysics requirements on fluorescent samples. Multicolor SIM implementations typically rely on liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) spatial light modulators (SLM's) for patterning the excitation light, but digital micromirror devices (DMD's) are a promising alternative, owing to their lower cost and higher speed. However, existing coherent DMD SIM implementations use only a single wavelength of light, limited by the lack of efficient approaches for solving the blazed grating effect for polychromatic light. We develop the requisite quantitative tools, including a closed form solution of the blaze and diffraction conditions, forward models of DMD diffraction and pattern projection, and a model of DMD aberrations. Based on these advances, we constructed a three-color DMD microscope, quantified the effect of aberrations from the DMD, developed a high-resolution optical transfer function measurement technique, and demonstrated SIM on fixed and live cells. This opens the door to applying DMD's in polychromatic applications previously restricted to LCoS SLM's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Brown
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Rory Kruithoff
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Gregory J Seedorf
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Heart Lung Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Douglas P Shepherd
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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19
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Schniete JK, Tinning PW, Scrimgeour RC, Robb G, Kölln LS, Wesencraft K, Paul NR, Bushell TJ, McConnell G. An evaluation of multi-excitation-wavelength standing-wave fluorescence microscopy (TartanSW) to improve sampling density in studies of the cell membrane and cytoskeleton. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2903. [PMID: 33536463 PMCID: PMC7858599 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78282-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional standing-wave (SW) fluorescence microscopy uses a single wavelength to excite fluorescence from the specimen, which is normally placed in contact with a first surface reflector. The resulting excitation SW creates a pattern of illumination with anti-nodal maxima at multiple evenly-spaced planes perpendicular to the optical axis of the microscope. These maxima are approximately 90 nm thick and spaced 180 nm apart. Where the planes intersect fluorescent structures, emission occurs, but between the planes are non-illuminated regions which are not sampled for fluorescence. We evaluate a multi-excitation-wavelength SW fluorescence microscopy (which we call TartanSW) as a method for increasing the density of sampling by using SWs with different axial periodicities, to resolve more of the overall cell structure. The TartanSW method increased the sampling density from 50 to 98% over seven anti-nodal planes, with no notable change in axial or lateral resolution compared to single-excitation-wavelength SW microscopy. We demonstrate the method with images of the membrane and cytoskeleton of living and fixed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana K Schniete
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, 107 Rottenrow East, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK.
| | - Peter W Tinning
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, 107 Rottenrow East, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
| | - Ross C Scrimgeour
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, 107 Rottenrow East, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
| | - Gillian Robb
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, 107 Rottenrow East, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
| | - Lisa S Kölln
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, 107 Rottenrow East, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
| | - Katrina Wesencraft
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, 107 Rottenrow East, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
| | - Nikki R Paul
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Trevor J Bushell
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - Gail McConnell
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, 107 Rottenrow East, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
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20
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Li Y, Li C, Li Y, Hao X, Kuang C, Liu X. 3D resolution enhancement in saturated competition microscopy. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:10661-10666. [PMID: 33361883 DOI: 10.1364/ao.404482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To overcome the diffraction barrier, super-resolution microscopy is contrived and has witnessed scientific developments in varying fields, especially in last few decades, such as stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy, stimulated emission depletion microscopy (STED), mirror-enhanced super-resolution microscopy (MEANS), and fluorescence emission difference microscopy (FED). Recently, saturated competition microscopy (SAC) was developed to realize high sub-diffraction resolution in either fluorescent or non-fluorescent imaging. Compared with STED, SAC features non-constraint in fluorescent dye selection. Nevertheless, the lateral resolution is limited in consideration of photobleaching side effects. Also, the axial resolution enhancement of SAC has not been demonstrated. In this study, a method, combining FED, MEANS, and SAC, is presented to improve the three-dimensional (3D) resolution. The numerical study reveals that the lateral resolution is close to 0.085λ and axial resolution can be enhanced to 0.184λ. In addition, the SNR is improved simultaneously. The availability to improve 3D resolution of SAC is believed to be significant for biological imaging in the future.
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21
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Clowsley AH, Kaufhold WT, Lutz T, Meletiou A, Di Michele L, Soeller C. Detecting Nanoscale Distribution of Protein Pairs by Proximity-Dependent Super-resolution Microscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12069-12078. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b03418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H. Clowsley
- Living Systems Institute & Biomedical Physics, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, U.K
| | - William T. Kaufhold
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Tobias Lutz
- Living Systems Institute & Biomedical Physics, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, U.K
| | - Anna Meletiou
- Living Systems Institute & Biomedical Physics, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, U.K
| | - Lorenzo Di Michele
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Christian Soeller
- Living Systems Institute & Biomedical Physics, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, U.K
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22
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Manton JD, Ströhl F, Fiolka R, Kaminski CF, Rees EJ. Concepts for structured illumination microscopy with extended axial resolution through mirrored illumination. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:2098-2108. [PMID: 32341869 PMCID: PMC7173891 DOI: 10.1364/boe.382398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Wide-field fluorescence microscopy, while much faster than confocal microscopy, suffers from a lack of optical sectioning and poor axial resolution. 3D structured illumination microscopy (SIM) has been demonstrated to provide optical sectioning and to double the resolution limit both laterally and axially, but even with this the axial resolution is still worse than the lateral resolution of unmodified wide-field microscopy. Interferometric schemes using two high numerical aperture objectives, such as 4Pi confocal and I5M microscopy, have improved the axial resolution beyond that of the lateral, but at the cost of a significantly more complex optical setup. Here, we theoretically and numerically investigate a simpler dual-objective scheme which we propose can be easily added to an existing 3D-SIM microscope, providing lateral and axial resolutions in excess of 125 nm with conventional fluorophores and without the need for interferometric detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D. Manton
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Florian Ströhl
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
- Present address: Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Reto Fiolka
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Clemens F. Kaminski
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Eric J. Rees
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
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23
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Airyscan Superresolution Microscopy to Study Trypanosomatid Cell Biology. Methods Mol Biol 2020. [PMID: 32221936 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0294-2_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The recent introduction by Carl Zeiss Ltd. of the Airyscan detector module for their LSM880 confocal laser-scanning microscope has enabled routine superresolution microscopy to be combined with the advantages of confocal-based fluorescence imaging. Resulting enhanced spatial resolution in X, Y, and Z provides tractable opportunity to derive new insight into protein localization(s), organelle dynamics, and thence protein function within trypanosomatids or other organisms. Here, we describe methods for preparing slides, cells, and basic microscope setup for fluorescence imaging of trypanosomatids using the LSM-880 with Airyscan platform.
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24
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Graefe CT, Punihaole D, Harris CM, Lynch MJ, Leighton R, Frontiera RR. Far-Field Super-Resolution Vibrational Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2019; 91:8723-8731. [PMID: 31251563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Potential label-free alternatives to super-resolution fluorescence techniques have been the focus of considerable research due to the challenges intrinsic in the reliance on fluorescent tags. In this Feature, we discuss efforts to develop super-resolution techniques based on vibrational spectroscopies and address possible sample applications as well as future potential resolution enhancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian T Graefe
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - David Punihaole
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Celina M Harris
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Michael J Lynch
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Ryan Leighton
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Renee R Frontiera
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
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26
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Sahl SJ, Schönle A, Hell SW. Fluorescence Microscopy with Nanometer Resolution. SPRINGER HANDBOOK OF MICROSCOPY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-00069-1_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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27
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Heil HS, Schreiber B, Götz R, Emmerling M, Dabauvalle MC, Krohne G, Höfling S, Kamp M, Sauer M, Heinze KG. Sharpening emitter localization in front of a tuned mirror. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2018; 7:99. [PMID: 30534368 PMCID: PMC6279778 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-018-0104-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) aims for maximized precision and a high signal-to-noise ratio1. Both features can be provided by placing the emitter in front of a metal-dielectric nanocoating that acts as a tuned mirror2-4. Here, we demonstrate that a higher photon yield at a lower background on biocompatible metal-dielectric nanocoatings substantially improves SMLM performance and increases the localization precision by up to a factor of two. The resolution improvement relies solely on easy-to-fabricate nanocoatings on standard glass coverslips and is spectrally and spatially tunable by the layer design and wavelength, as experimentally demonstrated for dual-color SMLM in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah S. Heil
- Rudolf Virchow Center, Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str.2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Schreiber
- Rudolf Virchow Center, Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str.2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ralph Götz
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Monika Emmerling
- Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institut and Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen-Center for Complex Material Systems, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marie-Christine Dabauvalle
- Division of Electron Microscopy, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Georg Krohne
- Division of Electron Microscopy, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sven Höfling
- Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institut and Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen-Center for Complex Material Systems, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9SS UK
| | - Martin Kamp
- Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institut and Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen-Center for Complex Material Systems, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katrin G. Heinze
- Rudolf Virchow Center, Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str.2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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Hirose K, Takiguchi Y, Sugiyama T, Nomoto Y, Uenoyama S, Kurosaka Y. Removal of surface-normal spot beam from on-chip 2D beam pattern projecting lasers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:29854-29866. [PMID: 30469944 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.029854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Static arbitrary two-dimensional beam patterns have been demonstrated using on-chip size "integrable spatial-phase-modulating surface-emitting lasers," which use the band edge mode of a two-dimensional photonic crystal as an in-plane resonator, while the spatial phase of the lightwaves of the band edge mode are simultaneously modulated in a holographic manner by a local positional shift of holes from their lattice points. Meanwhile, the beam patterns include a spot beam in the surface-normal direction (0th-order beam), which corresponds to components of vertical diffraction of the band edge modes without spatial phase modulation. A promising method, used to remove the 0th-order beam, uses a structure that prohibits the vertical diffraction of band edge modes. For this purpose, we set the period of the virtual photonic crystal structure from the conventional Γ2 band edge to the Μ1 band edge, where vertical diffraction is prohibited. Moreover, the additional spatial phase modulation that cancels the in-plane component of the wavevectors of the lightwaves of the band edge modes at the Μ1 band edge are also imposed to output the beam patterns vertically. As a result, we successfully demonstrated two-dimensional beam patterns without a spot beam in the surface-normal direction.
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29
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He K, Huang X, Wang X, Yoo S, Ruiz P, Gdor I, Ferrier NJ, Scherer N, Hereld M, Katsaggelos AK, Cossairt O. Design and simulation of a snapshot multi-focal interferometric microscope. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:27381-27402. [PMID: 30469808 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.027381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Realizing both high temporal and spatial resolution across a large volume is a key challenge for 3D fluorescent imaging. Towards achieving this objective, we introduce an interferometric multifocus microscopy (iMFM) system, a combination of multifocus microscopy (MFM) with two opposing objective lenses. We show that the proposed iMFM is capable of simultaneously producing multiple focal plane interferometry that provides axial super-resolution and hence isotropic 3D resolution with a single exposure. We design and simulate the iMFM microscope by employing two special diffractive optical elements. The point spread function of this new iMFM microscope is simulated and the image formation model is given. For reconstruction, we use the Richardson-Lucy deconvolution algorithm with total variation regularization for 3D extended object recovery, and a maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) for single molecule tracking. A method for determining an initial axial position of the molecule is also proposed to improve the convergence of the MLE. We demonstrate both theoretically and numerically that isotropic 3D nanoscopic localization accuracy is achievable with an axial imaging range of 2um when tracking a fluorescent molecule in three dimensions and that the diffraction limited axial resolution can be improved by 3-4 times in the single shot wide-field 3D extended object recovery. We believe that iMFM will be a useful tool in 3D dynamic event imaging that requires both high temporal and spatial resolution.
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30
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Classen A, von Zanthier J, Agarwal GS. Analysis of super-resolution via 3D structured illumination intensity correlation microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:27492-27503. [PMID: 30469815 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.027492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Intensity correlation microscopy (ICM), which is prominently known through antibunching microscopy or super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging (SOFI), provides super-resolution through a correlation analysis of antibunching of independent quantum emitters or temporal fluctuations of blinking fluorophores. For correlation order m the PSF in the signal is effectively taken to the mth power, and is thus directly shrunk by the factor m. Combined with deconvolution, a close to linear resolution improvement of factor m can be obtained. Yet, analysis of high correlation orders is challenging, which limits the achievable resolutions. Here we propose to use three dimensional structured illumination along with mth-order correlation analysis to obtain an enhanced scaling of up to m + m = 2m. Including the stokes shift or plasmonic sub-wavelength illumination enhancements beyond 2m can be achieved. Hence, resolutions far below the diffraction limit in full 3D imaging and with already low correlation orders, can potentially be achieved. Since ICM operates in the linear regime our approach may be particularly promising for enhancing the resolution in biological imaging at low illumination levels.
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Abstract
The past decade has witnessed an explosion in the use of super-resolution fluorescence microscopy methods in biology and other fields. Single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) is one of the most widespread of these methods and owes its success in large part to the ability to control the on-off state of fluorophores through various chemical, photochemical, or binding-unbinding mechanisms. We provide here a comprehensive overview of switchable fluorophores in SMLM including a detailed review of all major classes of SMLM fluorophores, and we also address strategies for labeling specimens, considerations for multichannel and live-cell imaging, potential pitfalls, and areas for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA, 98195
| | - Joshua C. Vaughan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA, 98195
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA, 98195
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32
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Witte R, Andriasyan V, Georgi F, Yakimovich A, Greber UF. Concepts in Light Microscopy of Viruses. Viruses 2018; 10:E202. [PMID: 29670029 PMCID: PMC5923496 DOI: 10.3390/v10040202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses threaten humans, livestock, and plants, and are difficult to combat. Imaging of viruses by light microscopy is key to uncover the nature of known and emerging viruses in the quest for finding new ways to treat viral disease and deepening the understanding of virus–host interactions. Here, we provide an overview of recent technology for imaging cells and viruses by light microscopy, in particular fluorescence microscopy in static and live-cell modes. The review lays out guidelines for how novel fluorescent chemical probes and proteins can be used in light microscopy to illuminate cells, and how they can be used to study virus infections. We discuss advantages and opportunities of confocal and multi-photon microscopy, selective plane illumination microscopy, and super-resolution microscopy. We emphasize the prevalent concepts in image processing and data analyses, and provide an outlook into label-free digital holographic microscopy for virus research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Witte
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Vardan Andriasyan
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Fanny Georgi
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Artur Yakimovich
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Urs F Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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33
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Tinning PW, Scrimgeour R, McConnell G. Widefield standing wave microscopy of red blood cell membrane morphology with high temporal resolution. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:1745-1761. [PMID: 29675316 PMCID: PMC5905920 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.001745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We report the first demonstration of widefield standing wave (SW) microscopy of fluorescently labelled red blood cells at high speeds that allow for the rapid imaging of membrane deformations. Using existing and custom MATLAB functions, we also present a method to generate 2D and 3D reconstructions of the SW data for improved visualization of the cell. We compare our technique with standard widefield epifluorescence imaging and show that the SW technique not only reveals more topographical information about the specimen but does so without increasing toxicity or the rate of photobleaching and could make this a powerful technique for the diagnosis or study of red blood cell morphology and biomechanical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Tinning
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 ONG, UK
| | - Ross Scrimgeour
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 ONG, UK
| | - Gail McConnell
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 ONG, UK
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34
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Imaging, Tracking and Computational Analyses of Virus Entry and Egress with the Cytoskeleton. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040166. [PMID: 29614729 PMCID: PMC5923460 DOI: 10.3390/v10040166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses have a dual nature: particles are “passive substances” lacking chemical energy transformation, whereas infected cells are “active substances” turning-over energy. How passive viral substances convert to active substances, comprising viral replication and assembly compartments has been of intense interest to virologists, cell and molecular biologists and immunologists. Infection starts with virus entry into a susceptible cell and delivers the viral genome to the replication site. This is a multi-step process, and involves the cytoskeleton and associated motor proteins. Likewise, the egress of progeny virus particles from the replication site to the extracellular space is enhanced by the cytoskeleton and associated motor proteins. This overcomes the limitation of thermal diffusion, and transports virions and virion components, often in association with cellular organelles. This review explores how the analysis of viral trajectories informs about mechanisms of infection. We discuss the methodology enabling researchers to visualize single virions in cells by fluorescence imaging and tracking. Virus visualization and tracking are increasingly enhanced by computational analyses of virus trajectories as well as in silico modeling. Combined approaches reveal previously unrecognized features of virus-infected cells. Using select examples of complementary methodology, we highlight the role of actin filaments and microtubules, and their associated motors in virus infections. In-depth studies of single virion dynamics at high temporal and spatial resolutions thereby provide deep insight into virus infection processes, and are a basis for uncovering underlying mechanisms of how cells function.
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35
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Vangindertael J, Camacho R, Sempels W, Mizuno H, Dedecker P, Janssen KPF. An introduction to optical super-resolution microscopy for the adventurous biologist. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2018; 6:022003. [DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/aaae0c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Heintzmann
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Huser
- Biomolecular
Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße
25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- Department
of Internal Medicine and NSF Center for Biophotonics, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
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37
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Shashkova S, Leake MC. Single-molecule fluorescence microscopy review: shedding new light on old problems. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20170031. [PMID: 28694303 PMCID: PMC5520217 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20170031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy is an invaluable tool in the biosciences, a genuine workhorse technique offering exceptional contrast in conjunction with high specificity of labelling with relatively minimal perturbation to biological samples compared with many competing biophysical techniques. Improvements in detector and dye technologies coupled to advances in image analysis methods have fuelled recent development towards single-molecule fluorescence microscopy, which can utilize light microscopy tools to enable the faithful detection and analysis of single fluorescent molecules used as reporter tags in biological samples. For example, the discovery of GFP, initiating the so-called 'green revolution', has pushed experimental tools in the biosciences to a completely new level of functional imaging of living samples, culminating in single fluorescent protein molecule detection. Today, fluorescence microscopy is an indispensable tool in single-molecule investigations, providing a high signal-to-noise ratio for visualization while still retaining the key features in the physiological context of native biological systems. In this review, we discuss some of the recent discoveries in the life sciences which have been enabled using single-molecule fluorescence microscopy, paying particular attention to the so-called 'super-resolution' fluorescence microscopy techniques in live cells, which are at the cutting-edge of these methods. In particular, how these tools can reveal new insights into long-standing puzzles in biology: old problems, which have been impossible to tackle using other more traditional tools until the emergence of new single-molecule fluorescence microscopy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sviatlana Shashkova
- Department of Physics, Biological Physical Sciences Institute (BPSI), University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
- Department of Biology, Biological Physical Sciences Institute (BPSI), University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Mark C Leake
- Department of Physics, Biological Physical Sciences Institute (BPSI), University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
- Department of Biology, Biological Physical Sciences Institute (BPSI), University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
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38
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Zacharias T, Hadad B, Bahabad A, Eliezer Y. Axial sub-Fourier focusing of an optical beam. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:3205-3208. [PMID: 28809909 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.003205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate experimentally the generation of an optical beam having an axial focusing that is narrower than the Fourier limit. The beam is constructed from a superposition of Bessel beams with different longitudinal wave vectors, realizing a super-oscillatory axial intensity distribution. Such beams can be useful for microscopy and for optical particle manipulation.
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39
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Birk U, Hase JV, Cremer C. Super-resolution microscopy with very large working distance by means of distributed aperture illumination. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3685. [PMID: 28623362 PMCID: PMC5473833 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03743-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The limits of conventional light microscopy ("Abbe-Limit") depend critically on the numerical aperture (NA) of the objective lens. Imaging at large working distances or a large field-of-view typically requires low NA objectives, thereby reducing the optical resolution to the multi micrometer range. Based on numerical simulations of the intensity field distribution, we present an illumination concept for a super-resolution microscope which allows a three dimensional (3D) optical resolution around 150 nm for working distances up to the centimeter regime. In principle, the system allows great flexibility, because the illumination concept can be used to approximate the point-spread-function of conventional microscope optics, with the additional benefit of a customizable pupil function. Compared with the Abbe-limit using an objective lens with such a large working distance, a volume resolution enhancement potential in the order of 104 is estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udo Birk
- Superresolution Microscopy, Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), D-55128, Mainz, Germany
- Physics Department University Mainz (JGU), D-55128, Mainz, Germany
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, University Heidelberg, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johann V Hase
- Institute of Pharmacy&Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), University Heidelberg, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Cremer
- Superresolution Microscopy, Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), D-55128, Mainz, Germany.
- Physics Department University Mainz (JGU), D-55128, Mainz, Germany.
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, University Heidelberg, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Institute of Pharmacy&Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), University Heidelberg, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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40
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Huynh RN, Nehmetallah G, Raub CB. Noninvasive assessment of articular cartilage surface damage using reflected polarized light microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:65001. [PMID: 28586854 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.6.065001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Articular surface damage occurs to cartilage during normal aging, osteoarthritis, and in trauma. A noninvasive assessment of cartilage microstructural alterations is useful for studies involving cartilage explants. This study evaluates polarized reflectance microscopy as a tool to assess surface damage to cartilage explants caused by mechanical scraping and enzymatic degradation. Adult bovine articular cartilage explants were scraped, incubated in collagenase, or underwent scrape and collagenase treatments. In an additional experiment, cartilage explants were subject to scrapes at graduated levels of severity. Polarized reflectance parameters were compared with India ink surface staining, features of histological sections, changes in explant wet weight and thickness, and chondrocyte viability. The polarized reflectance signal was sensitive to surface scrape damage and revealed individual scrape features consistent with India ink marks. Following surface treatments, the reflectance contrast parameter was elevated and correlated with image area fraction of India ink. After extensive scraping, polarized reflectance contrast and chondrocyte viability were lower than that from untreated explants. As part of this work, a mathematical model was developed and confirmed the trend in the reflectance signal due to changes in surface scattering and subsurface birefringence. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of polarized reflectance microscopy to sensitively assess surface microstructural alterations in articular cartilage explants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby N Huynh
- The Catholic University of America, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington, United States
| | - George Nehmetallah
- The Catholic University of America, Department of Electrical Engineering, Washington, United States
| | - Christopher B Raub
- The Catholic University of America, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington, United States
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41
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Männ L, Klingberg A, Gunzer M, Hasenberg M. Quantitative Visualization of Leukocyte Infiltrate in a Murine Model of Fulminant Myocarditis by Light Sheet Microscopy. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28605364 DOI: 10.3791/55450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM), in combination with chemical clearing protocols, has become the gold standard for analyzing fluorescently labelled structures in large biological specimens, and is down to cellular resolution. Meanwhile, the constant refinement of underlying protocols and the enhanced availability of specialized commercial systems enable us to investigate the microstructure of whole mouse organs and even allow for the characterization of cellular behavior in various live-cell imaging approaches. Here, we describe a protocol for the spatial whole-mount visualization and quantification of the CD45+ leukocyte population in inflamed mouse hearts. The method employs a transgenic mouse strain (CD11c.DTR)that has recently been shown to serve as a robust, inducible model for the study of the development of fulminant fatal myocarditis, characterized by lethal cardiac arrhythmias. This protocol includes myocarditis induction, intravital antibody-mediated cell staining, organ preparation, and LSFM with subsequent computer-assisted image post-processing. Although presented as a highly-adapted method for our particular scientific question, the protocol represents the blueprint of an easily adjustable system that can also target completely different fluorescent structures in other organs and even in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Männ
- Department of Translational Skin Cancer Research, University of Duisburg/Essen
| | - Anika Klingberg
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University of Duisburg/Essen
| | - Matthias Gunzer
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University of Duisburg/Essen
| | - Mike Hasenberg
- Imaging Center Essen, Electron Microscopy Unit, University Hospital of Essen;
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42
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Reinhart M, Cardoso MC. A journey through the microscopic ages of DNA replication. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:1151-1162. [PMID: 27943022 PMCID: PMC5376393 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-1058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Scientific discoveries and technological advancements are inseparable but not always take place in a coherent chronological manner. In the next, we will provide a seemingly unconnected and serendipitous series of scientific facts that, in the whole, converged to unveil DNA and its duplication. We will not cover here the many and fundamental contributions from microbial genetics and in vitro biochemistry. Rather, in this journey, we will emphasize the interplay between microscopy development culminating on super resolution fluorescence microscopy (i.e., nanoscopy) and digital image analysis and its impact on our understanding of DNA duplication. We will interlace the journey with landmark concepts and experiments that have brought the cellular DNA replication field to its present state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Reinhart
- Cell Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 10, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Cristina Cardoso
- Cell Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 10, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.
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43
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Cremer C, Szczurek A, Schock F, Gourram A, Birk U. Super-resolution microscopy approaches to nuclear nanostructure imaging. Methods 2017; 123:11-32. [PMID: 28390838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human genome has been decoded, but we are still far from understanding the regulation of all gene activities. A largely unexplained role in these regulatory mechanisms is played by the spatial organization of the genome in the cell nucleus which has far-reaching functional consequences for gene regulation. Until recently, it appeared to be impossible to study this problem on the nanoscale by light microscopy. However, novel developments in optical imaging technology have radically surpassed the limited resolution of conventional far-field fluorescence microscopy (ca. 200nm). After a brief review of available super-resolution microscopy (SRM) methods, we focus on a specific SRM approach to study nuclear genome structure at the single cell/single molecule level, Spectral Precision Distance/Position Determination Microscopy (SPDM). SPDM, a variant of localization microscopy, makes use of conventional fluorescent proteins or single standard organic fluorophores in combination with standard (or only slightly modified) specimen preparation conditions; in its actual realization mode, the same laser frequency can be used for both photoswitching and fluorescence read out. Presently, the SPDM method allows us to image nuclear genome organization in individual cells down to few tens of nanometer (nm) of structural resolution, and to perform quantitative analyses of individual small chromatin domains; of the nanoscale distribution of histones, chromatin remodeling proteins, and transcription, splicing and repair related factors. As a biomedical research application, using dual-color SPDM, it became possible to monitor in mouse cardiomyocyte cells quantitatively the effects of ischemia conditions on the chromatin nanostructure (DNA). These novel "molecular optics" approaches open an avenue to study the nuclear landscape directly in individual cells down to the single molecule level and thus to test models of functional genome architecture at unprecedented resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Cremer
- Superresolution Microscopy, Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany; Department of Physics, University of Mainz (JGU), Mainz, Germany; Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), and Kirchhoff Institute for Physics (KIP), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. http://www.optics.imb-mainz.de
| | - Aleksander Szczurek
- Superresolution Microscopy, Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
| | - Florian Schock
- Department of Physics, University of Mainz (JGU), Mainz, Germany; Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), and Kirchhoff Institute for Physics (KIP), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amine Gourram
- Superresolution Microscopy, Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
| | - Udo Birk
- Superresolution Microscopy, Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany; Department of Physics, University of Mainz (JGU), Mainz, Germany; Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), and Kirchhoff Institute for Physics (KIP), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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44
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Kim YH, So PT. Three-dimensional wide-field pump-probe structured illumination microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:7369-7391. [PMID: 28380860 PMCID: PMC5810906 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.007369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We propose a new structured illumination scheme for achieving depth resolved wide-field pump-probe microscopy with sub-diffraction limit resolution. By acquiring coherent pump-probe images using a set of 3D structured light illumination patterns, a 3D super-resolution pump-probe image can be reconstructed. We derive the theoretical framework to describe the coherent image formation and reconstruction scheme for this structured illumination pump-probe imaging system and carry out numerical simulations to investigate its imaging performance. The results demonstrate a lateral resolution improvement by a factor of three and providing 0.5 µm level axial optical sectioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Hyo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Peter T.C. So
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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45
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Chen T, Dong B, Chen K, Zhao F, Cheng X, Ma C, Lee S, Zhang P, Kang SH, Ha JW, Xu W, Fang N. Optical Super-Resolution Imaging of Surface Reactions. Chem Rev 2017; 117:7510-7537. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Jilin Province Key
Laboratory of Low Carbon Chemical Power, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Bin Dong
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Kuangcai Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Fei Zhao
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Changbei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics & School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Seungah Lee
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Natural Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Natural Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Ho Kang
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Natural Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Ha
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, 93 Dahak-Ro, Nam-Gu, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Weilin Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Jilin Province Key
Laboratory of Low Carbon Chemical Power, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P.R. China
| | - Ning Fang
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
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Eberle JP, Rapp A, Krufczik M, Eryilmaz M, Gunkel M, Erfle H, Hausmann M. Super-Resolution Microscopy Techniques and Their Potential for Applications in Radiation Biophysics. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1663:1-13. [PMID: 28924654 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7265-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy is an essential tool for imaging tagged biological structures. Due to the wave nature of light, the resolution of a conventional fluorescence microscope is limited laterally to about 200 nm and axially to about 600 nm, which is often referred to as the Abbe limit. This hampers the observation of important biological structures and dynamics in the nano-scaled range ~10 nm to ~100 nm. Consequentially, various methods have been developed circumventing this limit of resolution. Super-resolution microscopy comprises several of those methods employing physical and/or chemical properties, such as optical/instrumental modifications and specific labeling of samples. In this article, we will give a brief insight into a variety of selected optical microscopy methods reaching super-resolution beyond the Abbe limit. We will survey three different concepts in connection to biological applications in radiation research without making a claim to be complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philipp Eberle
- High-Content Analysis of the Cell (HiCell) and Advanced Biological Screening Facility, BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Rapp
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Matthias Krufczik
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, In the Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marion Eryilmaz
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, In the Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuel Gunkel
- High-Content Analysis of the Cell (HiCell) and Advanced Biological Screening Facility, BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Holger Erfle
- High-Content Analysis of the Cell (HiCell) and Advanced Biological Screening Facility, BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Hausmann
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, In the Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Allodi MA, Dahlberg PD, Mazuski RJ, Davis HC, Otto JP, Engel GS. Optical resonance imaging: An optical analog to MRI with sub-diffraction-limited capabilities. ACS PHOTONICS 2016; 3:2445-2452. [PMID: 28451625 PMCID: PMC5403159 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.6b00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We propose here optical resonance imaging (ORI), a direct optical analog to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The proposed pulse sequence for ORI maps space to time and recovers an image from a heterodyne-detected third-order nonlinear photon echo measurement. As opposed to traditional photon echo measurements, the third pulse in the ORI pulse sequence has significant pulse-front tilt that acts as a temporal gradient. This gradient couples space to time by stimulating the emission of a photon echo signal from different lateral spatial locations of a sample at different times, providing a widefield ultrafast microscopy. We circumvent the diffraction limit of the optics by mapping the lateral spatial coordinate of the sample with the emission time of the signal, which can be measured to high precision using interferometric heterodyne detection. This technique is thus an optical analog of MRI, where magnetic-field gradients are used to localize the spin-echo emission to a point below the diffraction limit of the radio-frequency wave used. We calculate the expected ORI signal using 15 fs pulses and 87° of pulse-front tilt, collected using f/2 optics and find a two-point resolution 275 nm using 800 nm light that satisfies the Rayleigh criterion. We also derive a general equation for resolution in optical resonance imaging that indicates that there is a possibility of superresolution imaging using this technique. The photon echo sequence also enables spectroscopic determination of the input and output energy. The technique thus correlates the input energy with the final position and energy of the exciton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Allodi
- Department of Chemistry, The Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Peter D Dahlberg
- Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Richard J Mazuski
- Department of Chemistry, The Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Hunter C Davis
- Department of Chemistry, The Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - John P Otto
- Department of Chemistry, The Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Gregory S Engel
- Department of Chemistry, The Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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Blacker TS, Duchen MR. Investigating mitochondrial redox state using NADH and NADPH autofluorescence. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 100:53-65. [PMID: 27519271 PMCID: PMC5145803 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The redox states of the NAD and NADP pyridine nucleotide pools play critical roles in defining the activity of energy producing pathways, in driving oxidative stress and in maintaining antioxidant defences. Broadly speaking, NAD is primarily engaged in regulating energy-producing catabolic processes, whilst NADP may be involved in both antioxidant defence and free radical generation. Defects in the balance of these pathways are associated with numerous diseases, from diabetes and neurodegenerative disease to heart disease and cancer. As such, a method to assess the abundance and redox state of these separate pools in living tissues would provide invaluable insight into the underlying pathophysiology. Experimentally, the intrinsic fluorescence of the reduced forms of both redox cofactors, NADH and NADPH, has been used for this purpose since the mid-twentieth century. In this review, we outline the modern implementation of these techniques for studying mitochondrial redox state in complex tissue preparations. As the fluorescence spectra of NADH and NADPH are indistinguishable, interpreting the signals resulting from their combined fluorescence, often labelled NAD(P)H, can be complex. We therefore discuss recent studies using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) which offer the potential to discriminate between the two separate pools. This technique provides increased metabolic information from cellular autofluorescence in biomedical investigations, offering biochemical insights into the changes in time-resolved NAD(P)H fluorescence signals observed in diseased tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Blacker
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Michael R Duchen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Phase-modulating lasers toward on-chip integration. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30138. [PMID: 27456666 PMCID: PMC4960481 DOI: 10.1038/srep30138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling laser-beam patterns is indispensable in modern technology, where lasers are typically combined with phase-modulating elements such as diffractive optical elements or spatial light modulators. However, the combination of separate elements is not only a challenge for on-chip miniaturisation but also hinders their integration permitting the switchable control of individual modules. Here, we demonstrate the operation of phase-modulating lasers that emit arbitrarily configurable beam patterns without requiring any optical elements or scanning devices. We introduce a phase-modulating resonator in a semiconductor laser, which allows the concurrent realisation of lasing and phase modulation. The fabricated devices are on-chip-sized, making them suitable for integration. We believe this work will provide a breakthrough in various laser applications such as switchable illumination patterns for bio-medical applications, structured illuminations, and even real three-dimensional or highly realistic displays, which cannot be realised with simple combinations of conventional devices or elements.
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Glasgow BJ. Conventional fluorescence microscopy below the diffraction limit with simultaneous capture of two fluorophores in DNA origami. PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE--THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2016; 9714. [PMID: 27307653 DOI: 10.1117/12.2211074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A conventional fluorescence microscope was previously constructed for simultaneous imaging of two colors to gain subdiffraction localization. The system is predicated on color separation of overlapping Airy discs, construction of matrices of Cartesian coordinates to determine locations as well as centers of the point spread functions of fluorophores. Quantum dots that are separated by as little as 10 nm were resolved in the x-y coordinates. Inter-fluorophore distances that vary by 10 nm could also be distinguished. Quantum dots are bright point light source emitters that excite with a single laser and can serve as a label for many biomolecules. Here, alterations in the method are described to test the ability to resolve Atto 488 and Atto 647 dyes attached to DNA origami at ~40 nm spacing intervals. Dual laser excitation is used in tandem with multi-wavelength bandpass filters. Notwithstanding challenges from reduced intensity in Atto labeled DNA origami helical bundles compared to quantum dots, preliminary data show a mean inter-fluorophore distance of 56 nm with a range (14-148 nm). The range closely matches published results with DNA origami with other methods of subdiffraction microscopy. Sub-diffraction simultaneous two-color imaging fluorescence microscopy acronymically christened (SSTIFM) is a simple, readily accessible, technique for measurement of inter-fluorophore distances in compartments less than 40 nm. Preliminary results with so called nanorulers are encouraging for use with other biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J Glasgow
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 100 Stein Plaza Rm. BH 623, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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