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Zhang L, Li D, Aierken Y, Zhang J, Liu Z, Lin Z, Jiang L, Li Q, Wu Y, Liu Y. KPV and RAPA Self-Assembled into Carrier-Free Nanodrugs for Vascular Calcification Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2402320. [PMID: 39252648 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202402320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of death globally, and vascular calcification (VC) is an important independent risk factor for predicting CVD. Currently, there are no established therapeutic strategies for the treatment of VC. Although recognized combination therapies of nanomedicines can provide effective strategies for disease treatment, the clinical application of nanomedicines is limited because of their complex preparation processes, low drug loading rates, and unpredictable safety risks. Thus, developing a simple, efficient, and safe nanodrug to simultaneously regulate inflammation and autophagy may be a promising strategy for treating VC. Herein, an anti-inflammatory peptide (lysine-proline-valine peptides, KPV) and the autophagy activator rapamycin (RAPA) are self-assembled to form new carrier-free spherical nanoparticles (NPs), which shows good stability and biosafety. In vivo and in vitro, KPV-RAPA NPs significantly inhibit VC in mice compared to the other treatment groups. Mechanistically, KPV-RAPA NPs inhibit inflammatory responses and activated autophagy. Therefore, this study indicates that the new carrier-free KPV-RAPA NPs have great potential as therapeutic agents for VC combination therapy, which can promote the development of nanodrugs for VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Dongze Li
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yierpani Aierken
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Zhenyu Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Zipeng Lin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Longqi Jiang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Qingzhu Li
- Department of General Surgery, Gulin People's Hospital, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Ya Wu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province (Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases), Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
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Behzadi P, Cuevas RA, Crane A, Wendling AA, Chu CC, Moorhead WJ, Wong R, Brown M, Tamakloe J, Suresh S, Salehi P, Jaffe IZ, Kuipers AL, Lukashova L, Verdelis K, St Hilaire C. Rapamycin increases murine lifespan but does not reduce mineral volume in the Matrix GLA Protein (MGP) knockout mouse model of medial arterial calcification. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.01.606196. [PMID: 39149364 PMCID: PMC11326142 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.01.606196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is the narrowing of the arteries that carry blood to the lower extremities. PAD has been traditionally associated with atherosclerosis. However, recent studies have found that medial arterial calcification (MAC) is the primary cause of chronic limb ischemia below the knee. MAC involves calcification of the elastin fibers surrounding smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in arteries. Matrix GLA Protein (MGP) binds circulating calcium and inhibits vascular calcification. Mgp -/- mice develop severe MAC and die within 8 weeks of birth due to aortic rupture or heart failure. We previously discovered a rare genetic disease Arterial Calcification due to Deficiency in CD73 (ACDC) in which patients present with extensive MAC in their lower extremity arteries. Using a patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell model we found that rapamycin inhibited calcification. Here we investigated whether rapamycin could reduce MAC in vivo using Mgp -/- mice as a model. Mgp +/+ and Mgp -/- mice received 5mg/kg rapamycin or vehicle. Calcification content was assessed via microCT, and vascular morphology and extracellular matrix content assessed histologically. Immunostaining and western blot analysis were used to examine SMC phenotypes and cellular functions. Rapamycin prolonged Mgp -/- mice lifespan, decreased mineral density in the arteries, and increased smooth muscle actin protein levels, however, calcification volume, vessel morphology, SMC proliferation, and autophagy flux were all unchanged. These findings suggest that rapamycin's effects in the Mgp -/- mouse are independent of the vascular phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parya Behzadi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and the Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rolando A Cuevas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and the Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alex Crane
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and the Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew A Wendling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and the Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Claire C Chu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and the Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - William J Moorhead
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and the Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ryan Wong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and the Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark Brown
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and the Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joshua Tamakloe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and the Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Swathi Suresh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and the Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Payam Salehi
- CardioVascular Center, Vascular Surgery, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111-1800, USA
| | - Iris Z Jaffe
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111-1800, USA
| | - Allison L Kuipers
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lyudmila Lukashova
- Departments of Endodontics and Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Konstantinos Verdelis
- Departments of Endodontics and Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cynthia St Hilaire
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and the Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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3
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Gao C, Wan Q, Yan J, Zhu Y, Tian L, Wei J, Feng B, Niu L, Jiao K. Exploring the Link Between Autophagy-Lysosomal Dysfunction and Early Heterotopic Ossification in Tendons. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2400790. [PMID: 38741381 PMCID: PMC11267276 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO), the pathological formation of bone within soft tissues such as tendon and muscle, is a notable complication resulting from severe injury. While soft tissue injury is necessary for HO development, the specific molecular pathology responsible for trauma-induced HO remains a mystery. The previous study detected abnormal autophagy function in the early stages of tendon HO. Nevertheless, it remains to be determined whether autophagy governs the process of HO generation. Here, trauma-induced tendon HO model is used to investigate the relationship between autophagy and tendon calcification. In the early stages of tenotomy, it is observed that autophagic flux is significantly impaired and that blocking autophagic flux promoted the development of more rampant calcification. Moreover, Gt(ROSA)26sor transgenic mouse model experiments disclosed lysosomal acid dysfunction as chief reason behind impaired autophagic flux. Stimulating V-ATPase activity reinstated both lysosomal acid functioning and autophagic flux, thereby reversing tendon HO. This present study demonstrates that autophagy-lysosomal dysfunction triggers HO in the stages of tendon injury, with potential therapeutic targeting implications for HO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang‐He Gao
- Department of StomatologyTangdu HospitalState Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and RegenerationSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxi710032P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologySchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxi710032P. R. China
- Department of StomatologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangHenan453000P. R. China
| | - Qian‐Qian Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologySchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxi710032P. R. China
| | - Jan‐Fei Yan
- Department of StomatologyTangdu HospitalState Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and RegenerationSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxi710032P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologySchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxi710032P. R. China
| | - Yi‐Na Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologySchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxi710032P. R. China
| | - Lei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologySchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxi710032P. R. China
| | - Jian‐Hua Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologySchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxi710032P. R. China
| | - Bin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologySchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxi710032P. R. China
| | - Li‐Na Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologySchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxi710032P. R. China
| | - Kai Jiao
- Department of StomatologyTangdu HospitalState Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and RegenerationSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxi710032P. R. China
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4
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Xie F, Liu B, Qiao W, He JZ, Cheng J, Wang ZY, Hou YM, Zhang X, Xu BH, Zhang Y, Chen YG, Zhang MX. Smooth muscle NF90 deficiency ameliorates diabetic atherosclerotic calcification in male mice via FBXW7-AGER1-AGEs axis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4985. [PMID: 38862515 PMCID: PMC11166998 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49315-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia accelerates calcification of atherosclerotic plaques in diabetic patients, and the accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is closely related to the atherosclerotic calcification. Here, we show that hyperglycemia-mediated AGEs markedly increase vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) NF90/110 activation in male diabetic patients with atherosclerotic calcified samples. VSMC-specific NF90/110 knockout in male mice decreases obviously AGEs-induced atherosclerotic calcification, along with the inhibitions of VSMC phenotypic changes to osteoblast-like cells, apoptosis, and matrix vesicle release. Mechanistically, AGEs increase the activity of NF90, which then enhances ubiquitination and degradation of AGE receptor 1 (AGER1) by stabilizing the mRNA of E3 ubiquitin ligase FBXW7, thus causing the accumulation of more AGEs and atherosclerotic calcification. Collectively, our study demonstrates the effects of VSMC NF90 in mediating the metabolic imbalance of AGEs to accelerate diabetic atherosclerotic calcification. Therefore, inhibition of VSMC NF90 may be a potential therapeutic target for diabetic atherosclerotic calcification.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Male
- Mice
- Glycation End Products, Advanced/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Mice, Knockout
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Humans
- F-Box-WD Repeat-Containing Protein 7/metabolism
- F-Box-WD Repeat-Containing Protein 7/genetics
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Nuclear Factor 90 Proteins/metabolism
- Nuclear Factor 90 Proteins/genetics
- Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products/metabolism
- Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products/genetics
- Vascular Calcification/metabolism
- Vascular Calcification/pathology
- Vascular Calcification/genetics
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Ubiquitination
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Hyperglycemia/metabolism
- Hyperglycemia/genetics
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/metabolism
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/pathology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/genetics
- Apoptosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Emergency and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bin Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Emergency and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wen Qiao
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing-Zhen He
- Department of Radiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhao-Yang Wang
- Department of Cardiology of Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ya-Min Hou
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bo-Han Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Yu-Guo Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
- Department of Emergency and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Ming-Xiang Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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5
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Xu Y, Duan S, Ye W, Zheng Z, Zhang J, Gao Y, Ye S. SLC34A2 promotes cell proliferation by activating STX17-mediated autophagy in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Thorac Cancer 2024; 15:1369-1384. [PMID: 38720472 PMCID: PMC11168907 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.15314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solute carrier family 34 member 2 (SLC34A2) has been implicated in the development of various malignancies. However, the clinical significance and underlying molecular mechanisms of SLC34A2 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remain elusive. METHODS Western blotting, quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry were utilized to evaluate the expression levels of SLC34A2 mRNA/protein in ESCC cell lines or tissues. Kaplan-Meier curves were employed for survival analysis. CCK-8, colony formation, EdU and xenograft tumor model assays were conducted to determine the impact of SLC34A2 on ESCC cell proliferation. Cell cycle was examined using flow cytometry. RNA-sequencing and enrichment analysis were carried out to explore the potential signaling pathways. The autophagic flux was evaluated by western blotting, mRFP-GFP-LC3 reporter system and transmission electron microscopy. Immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry were utilized for identification of potential SLC34A2-interacting proteins. Cycloheximide (CHX) chase and ubiquitination assays were conducted to test the protein stability. RESULTS The expression of SLC34A2 was significantly upregulated in ESCC and correlated with unfavorable clinicopathologic characteristics particularly the Ki-67 labeling index and poor prognosis of ESCC patients. Overexpression of SLC34A2 promoted ESCC cell proliferation, while silencing SLC34A2 had the opposite effect. Moreover, SLC34A2 induced autophagy to promote ESCC cell proliferation, whereas inhibition of autophagy suppressed the proliferation of ESCC cells. Further studies showed that SLC34A2 interacted with an autophagy-related protein STX17 to promote autophagy and proliferation of ESCC cells by inhibiting the ubiquitination and degradation of STX17. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that SLC34A2 may serve as a prognostic biomarker for ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Shiyu Duan
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's HospitalGuangdong Academy of Medical SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Wen Ye
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhousan Zheng
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jiaxing Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Sheng Ye
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
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Xie Y, Lin T, Jin Y, Berezowitz AG, Wang XL, Lu J, Cai Y, Guzman RJ. Smooth muscle cell-specific matrix metalloproteinase 3 deletion reduces osteogenic transformation and medial artery calcification. Cardiovasc Res 2024; 120:658-670. [PMID: 38454645 PMCID: PMC11074797 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvae035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Vascular calcification is highly prevalent in atherosclerosis, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. It is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease. Matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP-3), also known as stromelysin-1, is part of the large matrix metalloproteinase family. It can degrade extracellular matrix components of the arterial wall including elastin, which plays a central role in medial calcification. In this study, we sought to determine the role of MMP-3 in medial calcification. METHODS AND RESULTS We found that MMP-3 was increased in rodent models of medial calcification as well as in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) cultured in a phosphate calcification medium. It was also highly expressed in calcified tibial arteries in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Knockdown and inhibition of MMP-3 suppressed phosphate-induced SMC osteogenic transformation and calcification, whereas the addition of a recombinant MMP-3 protein facilitated SMC calcification. In an ex vivo organ culture model and a rodent model of medial calcification induced by vitamin D3, we found that MMP-3 deficiency significantly suppressed medial calcification in the aorta. We further found that medial calcification and osteogenic transformation were significantly reduced in SMC-specific MMP-3-deficient mice, suggesting that MMP-3 in SMCs is an important factor in this process. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that MMP-3 expression in vascular SMCs is an important regulator of medial calcification and that targeting MMP-3 could provide a therapeutic strategy to reduce it and address its consequences in patients with PAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzhouyun Xie
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St., BB 204, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Tonghui Lin
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 0221, USA
| | - Ying Jin
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St., BB 204, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Alexa G Berezowitz
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St., BB 204, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Xue-Lin Wang
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 0221, USA
| | - Jinny Lu
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 0221, USA
| | - Yujun Cai
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St., BB 204, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 0221, USA
| | - Raul J Guzman
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St., BB 204, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 0221, USA
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7
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Zhou G, Liu P, Zhang C, Huang Q, Zhao Z, Wu S, Li D, Liu H. HDAC2 counteracts vascular calcification by activating autophagy in chronic kidney disease. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23470. [PMID: 38354035 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301429r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Vascular calcification is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease mortality, with a significant prevalence in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Pharmacological inhibition of histone acetyltransferase has been proven to protect against from vascular calcification. However, the role of Histone Deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) and molecular mechanisms in vascular calcification of CKD remains unknown. An in vivo model of CKD was established using mouse fed with a high adenine and phosphate diet, and an in vitro model was produced using human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulated with β-glycerophosphate (β-GP). HDAC2 expression was found to be reduced in medial artery of CKD mice and β-GP-induced VSMCs. Overexpression of HDAC2 attenuated OPN and OCN upregulation, α-SMA and SM22α downregulation, and calcium deposition in aortas of CKD. The in vitro results also demonstrated that β-GP-induced osteogenic differentiation was inhibited by HDAC2. Furthermore, we found that HDAC2 overexpression caused an increase in LC3II/I, a decrease in p62, and an induction of autophagic flux. Inhibition of autophagy using its specific inhibitor 3-MA blocked HDAC2's protective effect on osteogenic differentiation in β-GP-treated VSMCs. Taken together, these results suggest that HDAC2 may protect against vascular calcification by the activation of autophagy, laying out a novel insight for the molecular mechanism in vascular calcification of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Pai Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qun Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zixia Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Si Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Detian Li
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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8
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Zhou Z, Li Y, Jiang W, Wang Z. Molecular Mechanism of Calycosin Inhibited Vascular Calcification. Nutrients 2023; 16:99. [PMID: 38201929 PMCID: PMC10781010 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is a pathological condition frequently observed in cardiovascular diseases. Primary factors contributing to VC are osteogenic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle and hydroxyapatite deposition. Targeted autophagy (a lysosome-mediated mechanism for degradation/recycling of unnecessary cellular components) is a useful approach for inhibiting VC and promoting vascular cell health. Calycosin has been shown to alleviate atherosclerosis by enhancing macrophage autophagy, but its therapeutic effect on VC has not been demonstrated. Using an in vitro model (rat thoracic aortic smooth muscle cell line A7r5), we demonstrated effective inhibition of VC using calycosin (the primary flavonoid component of astragalus), based on the enhancement of autophagic flux. Calycosin treatment activated AMPK/mTOR signaling to induce initiation of autophagy and restored mTORC1-dependent autophagosome-lysosome fusion in late-stage autophagy by promoting soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex formation, thereby preventing stoppage of autophagy in calcified cells. Calycosin substantially reduced degrees of both osteogenic differentiation and calcium deposition in our VC cell model by enhancing autophagy. The present findings clarify the mechanism whereby calycosin mitigates autophagy stoppage in calcified smooth muscle cells and provide a basis for effective VC treatment via autophagy enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekun Zhou
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yi Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Wei Jiang
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Zengli Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.L.)
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9
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Phadwal K, Tan X, Koo E, Zhu D, MacRae VE. Metformin ameliorates valve interstitial cell calcification by promoting autophagic flux. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21435. [PMID: 38052777 PMCID: PMC10698150 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47774-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the most common heart disease of the developed world. It has previously been established that metformin administration reduces arterial calcification via autophagy; however, whether metformin directly regulates CAVD has yet to be elucidated. In the present study we investigated whether metformin alleviates valvular calcification through the autophagy-mediated recycling of Runx2. Calcification was reduced in rat valve interstitial cells (RVICs) by metformin treatment (0.5-1.5 mM) (P < 0.01), with a marked decrease in Runx2 protein expression compared to control cells (P < 0.05). Additionally, upregulated expression of Atg3 and Atg7 (key proteins required for autophagosome formation), was observed following metformin treatment (1 mM). Blocking autophagic flux using Bafilomycin-A1 revealed colocalisation of Runx2 with LC3 puncta in metformin treated RVICs (P < 0.001). Comparable Runx2 accumulation was seen in LC3 positive autolysosomes present within cells that had been treated with both metformin and hydroxychloroquine in combination (P < 0.001). Mechanistic studies employing three-way co-immunoprecipitation with Runx2, p62 and LC3 suggested that Runx2 binds to LC3-II upon metformin treatment in VICs. Together these studies suggest that the utilisation of metformin may represent a novel strategy for the treatment of CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Phadwal
- The Roslin Institute & R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - X Tan
- The Roslin Institute & R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - E Koo
- The Roslin Institute & R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - D Zhu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - V E MacRae
- The Roslin Institute & R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
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10
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Lino Cardenas CL, Jiang W, Kajuluri LP, Singh K, Ostrom K, Li R, Cherbonneau F, Boerboom S, Birchenough C, Roh K, Chou EL, Shahrooz Z, Nicholson C, Johnson AL, Lee S, Ichinose F, Bloch DB, Nigwekar S, Ellinor PT, Musolino P, Lindsay ME, Dou Z, Miller CL, Malhotra R. Treatment of calcific arterial disease via enhancement of autophagy using GSK343. iScience 2023; 26:108360. [PMID: 38033629 PMCID: PMC10681952 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is a hallmark of atherosclerotic disease and serves as a strong predictor and risk factor for cardiovascular events. Growing evidence suggests that autophagy may play a protective role in early atherosclerosis. The precise effects of autophagy on VSMC-mediated calcification remain unknown. In this study, we utilized multi-omic profiling to investigate impaired autophagy at the transcriptional level as a key driver of VSMC calcification. Our findings revealed that impaired autophagy is an essential determinant of VSMC calcification. We observed that an osteogenic environment affects the open chromatin status of VSMCs, compromising the transcriptional activation of autophagy initiation genes. In vivo experiments involve pharmacological and genetic activation of autophagy using mouse models of spontaneous large (Mgp-/-) and small (Abcc6-/-) artery calcification. Taken together, these data advance our mechanistic understanding of vascular calcification and provide important insights for a broad range of cardiovascular diseases involving VSMC phenotype switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian L. Lino Cardenas
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wanlin Jiang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lova P. Kajuluri
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kuldeep Singh
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katrina Ostrom
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca Li
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francois Cherbonneau
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sophie Boerboom
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Claire Birchenough
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kangsan Roh
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth L. Chou
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Zarbafian Shahrooz
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher Nicholson
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adam L. Johnson
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sujin Lee
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fumito Ichinose
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Donald B. Bloch
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sagar Nigwekar
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Patrick T. Ellinor
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patricia Musolino
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mark E. Lindsay
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhixun Dou
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Clint L. Miller
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Rajeev Malhotra
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Shen J, Zhang C, Liu Y, Zhao M, Wang Q, Li P, Liu R, Wai Wong VK, Zhang C, Sun X. L-type calcium ion channel-mediated activation of autophagy in vascular smooth muscle cells via thonningianin A (TA) alleviates vascular calcification in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 959:176084. [PMID: 37806540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, especially among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The pathogenesis of vascular calcification is incompletely understood, and until now, there have been no effective therapeutics for vascular calcification. The L-type calcium ion channel in the cell membrane is vital for Ca2+ influx. The effect of L-type calcium ion channels on autophagy remains to be elucidated. Here, the natural compound thonningianin A (TA) was found to ameliorate vascular calcification in T2DM via the activation of L-type calcium ion channels. The results showed that TA had a concentration-dependent ability to decrease the transcriptional and translational expression of the calcification-related proteins runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and osteopontin (OPN) (P < 0.01) via ATG7-dependent autophagy in β-glycerophosphate (β-GP)- and high glucose (HG)-stimulated primary mouse aortic smooth muscle cells (MASMCs) and alleviate aortic vascular calcification in VitD3-stimulated T2DM mice. However, nifedipine, an inhibitor of L-type calcium ion channels, reversed TA-induced autophagy and Ca2+ influx in MASMCs. Molecular docking analysis revealed that TA was located in the hydrophobic pocket of Cav1.2 α1C and was mainly composed of the residues Ile, Phe, Ala and Met, which confirmed the efficacy of TA in targeting the L-type calcium channel of Cav1.2 on the cell membrane. Moreover, in an in vivo model of vascular calcification in T2DM mice, nifedipine reversed the protective effects of TA on aortic calcification and the expression of the calcification-related proteins RUNX2, BMP2 and OPN (P < 0.01). Collectively, the present results reveal that the activation of cell membrane L-type calcium ion channels can induce autophagy and ameliorate vascular calcification in T2DM. Thonningianin A (TA) can target and act as a potent activator of L-type calcium ion channels. Thus, this research revealed a novel mechanism for autophagy induction via L-type calcium ion channels and provided a potential therapeutic for vascular calcification in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Shen
- Department of General Surgery (Vascular Surgery), The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China; Department of Vascular Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, 644000, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery (Vascular Surgery), The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of General Surgery (Vascular Surgery), The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, PR China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian, 116622, China
| | - Pengyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Runyu Liu
- Department of General Surgery (Vascular Surgery), The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Chunxiang Zhang
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acids in Medicine for National High-level Talents, Nucleic Acid Medicine of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Xiaolei Sun
- Department of General Surgery (Vascular Surgery), The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China; Department of Interventional Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China; Laboratory of Nucleic Acids in Medicine for National High-level Talents, Nucleic Acid Medicine of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China; Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, 646000, China; School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, SE5 9NU, United Kingdom.
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12
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Sun X, Zheng Y, Xie L, Zhou Y, Liu R, Ma Y, Zhao M, Liu Y. Autophagy reduces aortic calcification in diabetic mice by reducing matrix vesicle body-mediated IL-1β release. Exp Cell Res 2023; 432:113803. [PMID: 37774764 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is a common pathological process of cardiovascular disease that occurs in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the molecular basis of VC progression remains unknown. A GEO dataset (GSE146638) was analyzed to show that microbodies and IL-1β may play important roles in the pathophysiology of VC. The release of matrix vesicle bodies (MVBs) and IL-1β and the colocalization of IL-1β with MVBs or autophagosomes were studied by immunofluorescence in an in vivo diabetes mouse model with aortic calcification and an in vitro high glucose cell calcification model. MVB numbers, IL-1β levels and autophagy were increased in calcified mouse aortas and calcified vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). IL-1β colocalized with MVBs and autophagosomes. The MVBs from calcified VSMCs induced the calcification of normal recipient VSMCs, and this effect was alleviated by silencing IL-1β. The autophagy inducer rapamycin reduced IL-1β expression and calcification in VSMCs, while these processes were induced by the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine. In conclusion, our results suggested that MVBs could carry IL-1β out of cells and induce VC in normal VSMCs, and these processes could be counteracted by autophagy. These results suggested that MVB-mediated IL-1β release may be an effective target for treating vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Sun
- Department of General Surgery (Vascular Surgery), The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China; Department of Interventional Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China; Laboratory of Nucleic Acids in Medicine for National High-Level Talents, Nucleic Acid Medicine of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China; Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan, Luzhou, 646000, China.
| | - Yang Zheng
- Department of General Surgery (Vascular Surgery), The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China; Department of Vascular and Interventional, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Linzhuo Xie
- Department of General Surgery (Vascular Surgery), The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yuanqun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China; State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Runyu Liu
- Department of General Surgery (Vascular Surgery), The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yarong Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, China.
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of General Surgery (Vascular Surgery), The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
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13
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Li FXZ, Liu JJ, Xu F, Shan SK, Zheng MH, Lei LM, Lin X, Guo B, Li CC, Wu F, Tang KX, Cao YC, Wu YY, Duan JY, Wu YL, He SY, Chen X, Yuan LQ. Cold exposure protects against medial arterial calcification development via autophagy. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:226. [PMID: 37461031 PMCID: PMC10351118 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01985-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Medial arterial calcification (MAC), a systemic vascular disease different from atherosclerosis, is associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular events. Several studies have demonstrated that ambient temperature is one of the most important factors affecting cardiovascular events. However, there has been limited research on the effect of different ambient temperatures on MAC. In the present study, we showed that cold temperature exposure (CT) in mice slowed down the formation of vitamin D (VD)-induced vascular calcification compared with room temperature exposure (RT). To investigate the mechanism involved, we isolated plasma-derived exosomes from mice subjected to CT or RT for 30 days (CT-Exo or RT-Exo, respectively). Compared with RT-Exo, CT-Exo remarkably alleviated the calcification/senescence formation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and promoted autophagy by activating the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) and inhibiting phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR). At the same time, CT-Exo promoted autophagy in β-glycerophosphate (β-GP)-induced VSMCs. The number of autophagosomes and the expression of autophagy-related proteins ATG5 and LC3B increased, while the expression of p62 decreased. Based on a microRNA chip microarray assay and real-time polymerase chain reaction, miR-320a-3p was highly enriched in CT-Exo as well as thoracic aortic vessels in CT mice. miR-320a-3p downregulation in CT-Exo using AntagomiR-320a-3p inhibited autophagy and blunted its anti-calcification protective effect on VSMCs. Moreover, we identified that programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) is a target of miR-320a-3p, and silencing PDCD4 increased autophagy and decreased calcification in VSMCs. Treatment with CT-Exo alleviated the formation of MAC in VD-treated mice, while these effects were partially reversed by GW4869. Furthermore, the anti-arterial calcification protective effects of CT-Exo were largely abolished by AntagomiR-320a-3p in VD-induced mice. In summary, we have highlighted that prolonged cold may be a good way to reduce the incidence of MAC. Specifically, miR-320a-3p from CT-Exo could protect against the initiation and progression of MAC via the AMPK/mTOR autophagy pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Xing-Zi Li
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Jun-Jie Liu
- Department of Periodontal Division, Hunan Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Su-Kang Shan
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Ming-Hui Zheng
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Li-Min Lei
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bei Guo
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Chang-Chun Li
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ke-Xin Tang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Ye-Chi Cao
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Yun-Yun Wu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Jia-Yue Duan
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Yan-Lin Wu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Si-Yang He
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Ling-Qing Yuan
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
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14
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Ding N, Lv Y, Su H, Wang Z, Kong X, Zhen J, Lv Z, Wang R. Vascular calcification in CKD: New insights into its mechanisms. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:1160-1182. [PMID: 37269534 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and contributes to an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, effective therapies are still unavailable at present. It has been well established that VC associated with CKD is not a passive process of calcium phosphate deposition, but an actively regulated and cell-mediated process that shares many similarities with bone formation. Additionally, numerous studies have suggested that CKD patients have specific risk factors and contributors to the development of VC, such as hyperphosphatemia, uremic toxins, oxidative stress and inflammation. Although research efforts in the past decade have greatly improved our knowledge of the multiple factors and mechanisms involved in CKD-related VC, many questions remain unanswered. Moreover, studies from the past decade have demonstrated that epigenetic modifications abnormalities, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications and noncoding RNAs, play an important role in the regulation of VC. This review seeks to provide an overview of the pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms of VC associated with CKD, mainly focusing on the involvement of epigenetic modifications in the initiation and progression of uremic VC, with the aim to develop promising therapies for CKD-related cardiovascular events in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Ding
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yaodong Lv
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Hong Su
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Ziyang Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Xianglei Kong
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Junhui Zhen
- Department of Pathology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhimei Lv
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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15
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Ma J, Li Y, Yang X, Liu K, Zhang X, Zuo X, Ye R, Wang Z, Shi R, Meng Q, Chen X. Signaling pathways in vascular function and hypertension: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:168. [PMID: 37080965 PMCID: PMC10119183 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01430-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a global public health issue and the leading cause of premature death in humans. Despite more than a century of research, hypertension remains difficult to cure due to its complex mechanisms involving multiple interactive factors and our limited understanding of it. Hypertension is a condition that is named after its clinical features. Vascular function is a factor that affects blood pressure directly, and it is a main strategy for clinically controlling BP to regulate constriction/relaxation function of blood vessels. Vascular elasticity, caliber, and reactivity are all characteristic indicators reflecting vascular function. Blood vessels are composed of three distinct layers, out of which the endothelial cells in intima and the smooth muscle cells in media are the main performers of vascular function. The alterations in signaling pathways in these cells are the key molecular mechanisms underlying vascular dysfunction and hypertension development. In this manuscript, we will comprehensively review the signaling pathways involved in vascular function regulation and hypertension progression, including calcium pathway, NO-NOsGC-cGMP pathway, various vascular remodeling pathways and some important upstream pathways such as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, oxidative stress-related signaling pathway, immunity/inflammation pathway, etc. Meanwhile, we will also summarize the treatment methods of hypertension that targets vascular function regulation and discuss the possibility of these signaling pathways being applied to clinical work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Yang
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianghao Zuo
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Runyu Ye
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqiong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Rufeng Shi
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingtao Meng
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Serum and Urinary Soluble α-Klotho as Markers of Kidney and Vascular Impairment. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061470. [PMID: 36986200 PMCID: PMC10057552 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the controversy on the potential role of sKlotho as an early biomarker in Chronic Kidney Disease–Mineral Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD), to assess whether sKlotho is a reliable marker of kidney α-Klotho, to deepen the effects of sKlotho on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) osteogenic differentiation and to evaluate the role of autophagy in this process. Experimental studies were conducted in CKD mice fed a normal phosphorus (CKD+NP) or high phosphorus (CKD+HP) diet for 14 weeks. The patients’ study was performed in CKD stages 2–5 and in vitro studies which used VSMCs exposed to non-calcifying medium or calcifying medium with or without sKlotho. The CKD experimental model showed that the CKD+HP group reached the highest serum PTH, P and FGF23 levels, but the lowest serum and urinary sKlotho levels. In addition, a positive correlation between serum sKlotho and kidney α-Klotho was found. CKD mice showed aortic osteogenic differentiation, together with increased autophagy. The human CKD study showed that the decline in serum sKlotho is previous to the rise in FGF23. In addition, both serum sKlotho and FGF23 levels correlated with kidney function. Finally, in VSMCs, the addition of sKlotho prevented osteogenic differentiation and induced autophagy. It can be concluded that serum sKlotho was the earliest CKD-MBD biomarker, a reliable indicator of kidney α-Klotho and that might protect against osteogenic differentiation by increasing autophagy. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to investigate the mechanisms of this possible protective effect.
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17
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Pan W, Jie W, Huang H. Vascular calcification: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e200. [PMID: 36620697 PMCID: PMC9811665 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is recognized as a pathological vascular disorder associated with various diseases, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, aortic valve stenosis, coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, as well as chronic kidney disease. Therefore, it is a life-threatening state for human health. There were several studies targeting mechanisms of VC that revealed the importance of vascular smooth muscle cells transdifferentiating, phosphorous and calcium milieu, as well as matrix vesicles on the progress of VC. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of VC need to be elucidated. Though there is no acknowledged effective therapeutic strategy to reverse or cure VC clinically, recent evidence has proved that VC is not a passive irreversible comorbidity but an active process regulated by many factors. Some available approaches targeting the underlying molecular mechanism provide promising prospects for the therapy of VC. This review aims to summarize the novel findings on molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions of VC, including the role of inflammatory responses, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, iron homeostasis, metabolic imbalance, and some related signaling pathways on VC progression. We also conclude some recent studies on controversial interventions in the clinical practice of VC, such as calcium channel blockers, renin-angiotensin system inhibitions, statins, bisphosphonates, denosumab, vitamins, and ion conditioning agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Pan
- Department of Cardiology, the Eighth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong‐Hong Kong‐Macao Universities for Nutritional Metabolism and Precise Prevention and Control of Major Chronic DiseaseSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Wei Jie
- Department of Cardiology, the Eighth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong‐Hong Kong‐Macao Universities for Nutritional Metabolism and Precise Prevention and Control of Major Chronic DiseaseSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Cardiology, the Eighth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong‐Hong Kong‐Macao Universities for Nutritional Metabolism and Precise Prevention and Control of Major Chronic DiseaseSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
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18
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Williams MJ, White SC, Joseph Z, Hruska KA. Updates in the chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder show the role of osteocytic proteins, a potential mechanism of the bone-Vascular paradox, a therapeutic target, and a biomarker. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1120308. [PMID: 36776982 PMCID: PMC9909112 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1120308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD) is a complex multi-component syndrome occurring during kidney disease and its progression. Here, we update progress in the components of the syndrome, and synthesize recent investigations, which suggest a potential mechanism of the bone-vascular paradox. The discovery that calcified arteries in chronic kidney disease inhibit bone remodeling lead to the identification of factors produced by the vasculature that inhibit the skeleton, thus providing a potential explanation for the bone-vascular paradox. Among the factors produced by calcifying arteries, sclerostin secretion is especially enlightening. Sclerostin is a potent inhibitor of bone remodeling and an osteocyte specific protein. Its production by the vasculature in chronic kidney disease identifies the key role of vascular cell osteoblastic/osteocytic transdifferentiation in vascular calcification and renal osteodystrophy. Subsequent studies showing that inhibition of sclerostin activity by a monoclonal antibody improved bone remodeling as expected, but stimulated vascular calcification, demonstrate that vascular sclerostin functions to brake the Wnt stimulation of the calcification milieu. Thus, the target of therapy in the chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder is not inhibition of sclerostin function, which would intensify vascular calcification. Rather, decreasing sclerostin production by decreasing the vascular osteoblastic/osteocytic transdifferentiation is the goal. This might decrease vascular calcification, decrease vascular stiffness, decrease cardiac hypertrophy, decrease sclerostin production, reduce serum sclerostin and improve skeletal remodeling. Thus, the therapeutic target of the chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder may be vascular osteoblastic transdifferentiation, and sclerostin levels may be a useful biomarker for the diagnosis of the chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder and the progress of its therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Williams
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Sarah C. White
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Zachary Joseph
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Keith A. Hruska
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
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19
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Phadwal K, Koo E, Jones RA, Forsythe RO, Tang K, Tang Q, Corcoran BM, Caporali A, MacRae VE. Metformin protects against vascular calcification through the selective degradation of Runx2 by the p62 autophagy receptor. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:4303-4316. [PMID: 36166694 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Vascular calcification is associated with aging, type 2 diabetes, and atherosclerosis, and increases the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. It is an active, highly regulated process that resembles physiological bone formation. It has previously been established that pharmacological doses of metformin alleviate arterial calcification through adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-activated autophagy, however the specific pathway remains elusive. In the present study we hypothesized that metformin protects against arterial calcification through the direct autophagic degradation of runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). Calcification was blunted in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) by metformin in a dose-dependent manner (0.5-1.5 mM) compared to control cells (p < 0.01). VSMCs cultured under high-phosphate (Pi) conditions in the presence of metformin (1 mM) showed a significant increase in LC3 puncta following bafilomycin-A1 (Baf-A; 5 nM) treatment compared to control cells (p < 0.001). Furthermore, reduced expression of Runx2 was observed in the nuclei of metformin-treated calcifying VSMCs (p < 0.0001). Evaluation of the functional role of autophagy through Atg3 knockdown in VSMCs showed aggravated Pi-induced calcification (p < 0.0001), failure to induce autophagy (punctate LC3) (p < 0.001) and increased nuclear Runx2 expression (p < 0.0001) in VSMCs cultured under high Pi conditions in the presence of metformin (1 mM). Mechanistic studies employing three-way coimmunoprecipitation with Runx2, p62, and LC3 revealed that p62 binds to both LC3 and Runx2 upon metformin treatment in VSMCs. Furthermore, immunoblotting with LC3 revealed that Runx2 specifically binds with p62 and LC3-II in metformin-treated calcified VSMCs. Lastly, we investigated the importance of the autophagy pathway in vascular calcification in a clinical setting. Ex vivo clinical analyses of calcified diabetic lower limb artery tissues highlighted a negative association between Runx2 and LC3 in the vascular calcification process. These studies suggest that exploitation of metformin and its analogues may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for clinical intervention through the induction of AMPK/Autophagy Related 3 (Atg3)-dependent autophagy and the subsequent p62-mediated autophagic degradation of Runx2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Phadwal
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eve Koo
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ross A Jones
- Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rachael O Forsythe
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Keyi Tang
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Qiyu Tang
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Brendan M Corcoran
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrea Caporali
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Vicky E MacRae
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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20
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Klotho Ameliorates Vascular Calcification via Promoting Autophagy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:7192507. [PMID: 36338347 PMCID: PMC9629936 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7192507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is regarded as a common feature of vascular aging. Klotho deficiency reportedly contributes to VC, which can be ameliorated by restoration of Klotho expression. However, the specific mechanisms involved remain unclear. Here, we investigated the role of autophagy in the process of Klotho-inhibiting VC. The clinical study results indicated that, based on Agatston score, serum Klotho level was negatively associated with aortic calcification. Then, Klotho-deficient mice exhibited aortic VC, which could be alleviated with the supplementation of Klotho protein. Moreover, autophagy increased in the aorta of Klotho-deficient mice and protected against VC. Finally, we found that Klotho ameliorated calcification by promoting autophagy both in the aorta of Klotho-deficient mice and in mouse vascular smooth muscle cells (MOVAS) under calcifying conditions. These findings indicate that Klotho deficiency induces increased autophagy to protect against VC and that Klotho expression further enhances autophagy to ameliorate calcification. This study is beneficial to exploring the underlying mechanisms of Klotho regulating VC, which has important guiding significance for future clinical studies in the treatment of VC.
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21
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Ceccherini E, Cecchettini A, Gisone I, Persiani E, Morales MA, Vozzi F. Vascular Calcification: In Vitro Models under the Magnifying Glass. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102491. [PMID: 36289753 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is a systemic disease contributing to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The pathophysiology of vascular calcification involves calcium salt deposition by vascular smooth muscle cells that exhibit an osteoblast-like phenotype. Multiple conditions drive the phenotypic switch and calcium deposition in the vascular wall; however, the exact molecular mechanisms and the connection between vascular smooth muscle cells and other cell types are not fully elucidated. In this hazy landscape, effective treatment options are lacking. Due to the pathophysiological complexity, several research models are available to evaluate different aspects of the calcification process. This review gives an overview of the in vitro cell models used so far to study the molecular processes underlying vascular calcification. In addition, relevant natural and synthetic compounds that exerted anticalcifying properties in in vitro systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ceccherini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonella Cecchettini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Gisone
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Persiani
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Aurora Morales
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Vozzi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy
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22
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Chen Z, Ouyang C, Zhang H, Gu Y, Deng Y, Du C, Cui C, Li S, Wang W, Kong W, Chen J, Cai J, Geng B. Vascular smooth muscle cell-derived hydrogen sulfide promotes atherosclerotic plaque stability via TFEB (transcription factor EB)-mediated autophagy. Autophagy 2022; 18:2270-2287. [PMID: 35090378 PMCID: PMC9542771 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2026097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) contribute to plaque stability. VSMCs are also a major source of CTH (cystathionine gamma-lyase)-hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a protective gasotransmitter in atherosclerosis. However, the role of VSMC endogenous CTH-H2S in pathogenesis of plaque stability and the mechanism are unknown. In human carotid plaques, CTH expression in ACTA2+ cells was dramatically downregulated in lesion areas in comparison to non-lesion areas. Intraplaque CTH expression was positively correlated with collagen content, whereas there was a negative correlation with CD68+ and necrotic core area, resulting in a rigorous correlation with vulnerability index (r = -0.9033). Deletion of Cth in VSMCs exacerbated plaque vulnerability, and were associated with VSMC autophagy decline, all of which were rescued by H2S donor. In ox-LDL treated VSMCs, cth deletion reduced collagen and heightened apoptosis association with autophagy reduction, and vice versa. For the mechanism, CTH-H2S mediated VSMC autophagosome formation, autolysosome formation and lysosome function, in part by activation of TFEB, a master regulator for autophagy. Interference with TFEB blocked CTH-H2S effects on VSMCs collagen and apoptosis. Next, we demonstrated that CTH-H2S sulfhydrated TFEB at Cys212 site, facilitating its nuclear translocation, and then promoting transcription of its target genes such as ATG9A, LAPTM5 or LDLRAP1. Conclusively, CTH-H2S increases VSMC autophagy by sulfhydration and activation of TFEB, promotes collagen secretion and inhibits apoptosis, thereby attenuating atherogenesis and plaque vulnerability. CTH-H2S may act as a warning biomarker for vulnerable plaque.Abbreviations ATG9A: autophagy related 9A; CTH: cystathionine gamma-lyase; CQ: chloroquine; HASMCs: human aortic smooth muscle cells; H2S: hydrogen sulfide; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; LAPTM5: lysosomal protein transmembrane 5; NaHS: sodium hydrosulfide hydrate; ox-LDL: oxidized-low density lipoprotein; PPG: DL- propagylglycine; TFEB: transcription factor EB; 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; VSMCs: vascular smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Chen
- Hypertension Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chenxi Ouyang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Haizeng Zhang
- Hypertension Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanrui Gu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Deng
- Hypertension Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Congkuo Du
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Changting Cui
- Hypertension Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangyue Li
- Hypertension Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Hypertension Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jingzhou Chen
- Hypertension Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China,CONTACT Jingzhou Chen ; Jun Cai ; Bin Geng Hypertension Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Cai
- Hypertension Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Geng
- Hypertension Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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23
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Jiang H, Li L, Zhang L, Zang G, Sun Z, Wang Z. Role of endothelial cells in vascular calcification. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:895005. [PMID: 35928939 PMCID: PMC9343736 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.895005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is active and regulates extraosseous ossification progress, which is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Endothelial cells (ECs) line the innermost layer of blood vessels and directly respond to changes in flow shear stress and blood composition. Together with vascular smooth muscle cells, ECs maintain vascular homeostasis. Increased evidence shows that ECs have irreplaceable roles in VC due to their high plasticity. Endothelial progenitor cells, oxidative stress, inflammation, autocrine and paracrine functions, mechanotransduction, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), and other factors prompt ECs to participate in VC. EndMT is a dedifferentiation process by which ECs lose their cell lineage and acquire other cell lineages; this progress coexists in both embryonic development and CVD. EndMT is regulated by several signaling molecules and transcription factors and ultimately mediates VC via osteogenic differentiation. The specific molecular mechanism of EndMT remains unclear. Can EndMT be reversed to treat VC? To address this and other questions, this study reviews the pathogenesis and research progress of VC, expounds the role of ECs in VC, and focuses on the regulatory factors underlying EndMT, with a view to providing new concepts for VC prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lihua Li
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Guangyao Zang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhen Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhongqun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongqun Wang,
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24
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Cao YC, Shan SK, Guo B, Li CC, Li FXZ, Zheng MH, Xu QS, Wang Y, Lei LM, Tang KX, Ou-Yang WL, Duan JY, Wu YY, Ullah MHE, Zhou ZA, Xu F, Lin X, Wu F, Liao XB, Yuan LQ. Histone Lysine Methylation Modification and Its Role in Vascular Calcification. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:863708. [PMID: 35784574 PMCID: PMC9243330 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.863708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone methylation is an epigenetic change mediated by histone methyltransferase, and has been connected to the beginning and progression of several diseases. The most common ailments that affect the elderly are cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders. They are the leading causes of death, and their incidence is linked to vascular calcification (VC). The key mechanism of VC is the transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) into osteoblast-like phenotypes, which is a highly adjustable process involving a variety of complex pathophysiological processes, such as metabolic abnormalities, apoptosis, oxidative stress and signalling pathways. Many researchers have investigated the mechanism of VC and related targets for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Their findings revealed that histone lysine methylation modification may play a key role in the various stages of VC. As a result, a thorough examination of the role and mechanism of lysine methylation modification in physiological and pathological states is critical, not only for identifying specific molecular markers of VC and new therapeutic targets, but also for directing the development of new related drugs. Finally, we provide this review to discover the association between histone methylation modification and VC, as well as diverse approaches with which to investigate the pathophysiology of VC and prospective treatment possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Chi Cao
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Su-Kang Shan
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bei Guo
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chang-Chun Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fu-Xing-Zi Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming-Hui Zheng
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiu-Shuang Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li-Min Lei
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ke-Xin Tang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen-Lu Ou-Yang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia-Yue Duan
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yun-Yun Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Muhammad Hasnain Ehsan Ullah
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi-Ang Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Liao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling-Qing Yuan
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Burtenshaw D, Regan B, Owen K, Collins D, McEneaney D, Megson IL, Redmond EM, Cahill PA. Exosomal Composition, Biogenesis and Profiling Using Point-of-Care Diagnostics—Implications for Cardiovascular Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:853451. [PMID: 35721503 PMCID: PMC9198276 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.853451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Arteriosclerosis is an important age-dependent disease that encompasses atherosclerosis, in-stent restenosis (ISR), pulmonary hypertension, autologous bypass grafting and transplant arteriosclerosis. Endothelial dysfunction and the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cell (vSMC)-like cells is a critical event in the pathology of arteriosclerotic disease leading to intimal-medial thickening (IMT), lipid retention and vessel remodelling. An important aspect in guiding clinical decision-making is the detection of biomarkers of subclinical arteriosclerosis and early cardiovascular risk. Crucially, relevant biomarkers need to be good indicators of injury which change in their circulating concentrations or structure, signalling functional disturbances. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized membraneous vesicles secreted by cells that contain numerous bioactive molecules and act as a means of intercellular communication between different cell populations to maintain tissue homeostasis, gene regulation in recipient cells and the adaptive response to stress. This review will focus on the emerging field of EV research in cardiovascular disease (CVD) and discuss how key EV signatures in liquid biopsies may act as early pathological indicators of adaptive lesion formation and arteriosclerotic disease progression. EV profiling has the potential to provide important clinical information to complement current cardiovascular diagnostic platforms that indicate or predict myocardial injury. Finally, the development of fitting devices to enable rapid and/or high-throughput exosomal analysis that require adapted processing procedures will be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Burtenshaw
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brian Regan
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kathryn Owen
- Southern Health and Social Care Trust, Craigavon Area Hospital, Craigavon, United Kingdom
- Nanotechnology and Integrated Bioengineering Centre (NIBEC), Ulster University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - David Collins
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David McEneaney
- Southern Health and Social Care Trust, Craigavon Area Hospital, Craigavon, United Kingdom
| | - Ian L. Megson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Health Science, UHI Institute of Health Research and Innovation, Inverness, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen M. Redmond
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Paul Aidan Cahill
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- *Correspondence: Paul Aidan Cahill,
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26
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Pan X, Pi C, Ruan X, Zheng H, Zhang D, Liu X. Mammalian Sirtuins and Their Relevance in Vascular Calcification. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:907835. [PMID: 35677446 PMCID: PMC9168231 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.907835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are a group of diseases with high morbidity and mortality that affect millions of people each year. Vascular calcification (VC) is an active process that involves the mineral deposition of calcium-phosphate complexes. VC is closely related to cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension, heart failure, and calcific aortic stenosis, and is a type of ectopic calcification that occurs in the vessel walls. The sirtuins (silent mating-type information regulation 2; SIRTs), are a family of histone deacetylases whose function relies on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). They have non-negligible functions in the regulation of energy metabolism, senescence, apoptosis, and other biological processes. Sirtuins have important effects on bone homeostasis and VC processes that share many similarities with bone formation. Sirtuins have been confirmed to deacetylate a variety of target proteins related to the occurrence and development of VC, thereby affecting the process of VC and providing new possibilities for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. To facilitate the understanding of vascular calcification and accelerate the development of cardiovascular drugs, we reviewed and summarized recent research progress on the relationship between different types of sirtuins and VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Caixia Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianchun Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hanhua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Demao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Demao Zhang, ; Xiaoheng Liu,
| | - Xiaoheng Liu
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Demao Zhang, ; Xiaoheng Liu,
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27
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Wu YY, Shan SK, Lin X, Xu F, Zhong JY, Wu F, Duan JY, Guo B, Li FXZ, Wang Y, Zheng MH, Xu QS, Lei LM, Ou-Yang WL, Tang KX, Li CC, Ullah MHE, Yuan LQ. Cellular Crosstalk in the Vascular Wall Microenvironment: The Role of Exosomes in Vascular Calcification. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:912358. [PMID: 35677687 PMCID: PMC9168031 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.912358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is prevalent in aging, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, and certain genetic disorders. However, the pathogenesis of vascular calcification is not well-understood. It has been progressively recognized that vascular calcification depends on the bidirectional interactions between vascular cells and their microenvironment. Exosomes are an essential bridge to mediate crosstalk between cells and organisms, and thus they have attracted increased research attention in recent years. Accumulating evidence has indicated that exosomes play an important role in cardiovascular disease, especially in vascular calcification. In this review, we introduce vascular biology and focus on the crosstalk between the different vessel layers and how their interplay controls the process of vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Yun Wu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Su-Kang Shan
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia-Yu Zhong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia-Yue Duan
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bei Guo
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fu-Xing-Zi Li
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming-Hui Zheng
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiu-Shuang Xu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li-Min Lei
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen-Lu Ou-Yang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ke-Xin Tang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chang-Chun Li
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Muhammad Hasnain Ehsan Ullah
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling-Qing Yuan
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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28
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Irisin protects against vascular calcification by activating autophagy and inhibiting NLRP3-mediated vascular smooth muscle cell pyroptosis in chronic kidney disease. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:283. [PMID: 35354793 PMCID: PMC8967887 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04735-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Irisin protects the cardiovascular system against vascular diseases. However, its role in chronic kidney disease (CKD) -associated vascular calcification (VC) and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we investigated the potential link among Irisin, pyroptosis, and VC under CKD conditions. During mouse vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) calcification induced by β-glycerophosphate (β-GP), the pyroptosis level was increased, as evidenced by the upregulated expression of pyroptosis-related proteins (cleaved CASP1, GSDMD-N, and IL1B) and pyroptotic cell death (increased numbers of PI-positive cells and LDH release). Reducing the pyroptosis levels by a CASP1 inhibitor remarkably decreased calcium deposition in β-GP-treated VSMCs. Further experiments revealed that the pyroptosis pathway was activated by excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and subsequent NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation in calcified VSMCs. Importantly, Irisin effectively inhibited β-GP-induced calcium deposition in VSMCs in vitro and in mice aortic rings ex vivo. Overexpression of Nlrp3 attenuated the suppressive effect of Irisin on VSMC calcification. In addition, Irisin could induce autophagy and restore autophagic flux in calcified VSMCs. Adding the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine or chloroquine attenuated the inhibitory effect of Irisin on β-GP-induced ROS production, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, pyroptosis, and calcification in VSMCs. Finally, our in vivo study showed that Irisin treatment promoted autophagy, downregulated ROS level and thereby suppressed pyroptosis and medial calcification in aortic tissues of adenine-induced CKD mice. Together, our findings for the first time demonstrated that Irisin protected against VC via inducing autophagy and inhibiting VSMC pyroptosis in CKD, and Irisin might serve as an effective therapeutic agent for CKD-associated VC.
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Liu X, Zhao T, Wei X, Zhang D, Lv W, Luo Z. Dietary Phosphorus Reduced Hepatic Lipid Deposition by Activating Ampk Pathway and Beclin1 Phosphorylation Levels to Activate Lipophagy in Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Front Nutr 2022; 9:841187. [PMID: 35369063 PMCID: PMC8969567 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.841187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
High-phosphorus diet (HPD) reduces lipid deposition and significantly influences lipid metabolism. However, the relevant mechanism is unknown. Herein, using widely-cultured teleost tilapia Oreochromis niloticus as the experimental animals, we found that HPD and Pi incubation reduced triglyceride (TG) content (P ≤ 0.05), suppressed lipogenesis, activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway and autophagy (P ≤ 0.05), and increased fatty acid β-oxidation and lipolysis in tilapia liver and hepatocytes (P ≤ 0.05). Our further investigation indicated that Pi treatments activated the lipophagy and facilitated mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation, and according reduced TG deposition (P ≤ 0.05). Mechanistically, phosphorus increased the AMPKα1 phosphorylation level at S496 and Beclin1 phosphorylation at S90, and Beclin1 phosphorylation by AMPKα1 was required for phosphorus-induced lipophagy and lipolysis. Our study revealed a mechanism for Beclin1 regulation and autophagy induction in response to high-phosphorus diet, and provided novel evidences for the link between dietary phosphorus addition and lipolytic metabolism via the AMPK/Beclin1 pathway. Our results also suggested that AMPK should be the potential target for the prevention and control of lipid metabolic disorders. Overall, these results suggested that HPD reduced hepatic lipid deposition by activating AMPK pathway and Beclin1 phosphorylation levels to activate lipophagy, which provided potential targets for the prevention and control of fatty liver in fish.
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30
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Yi G, Zhang S, Ma Y, Yang X, Huo F, Chen Y, Yang B, Tian W. Matrix vesicles from dental follicle cells improve alveolar bone regeneration via activation of the PLC/PKC/MAPK pathway. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:41. [PMID: 35093186 PMCID: PMC8800263 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02721-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The regeneration of bone loss that occurs after periodontal diseases is a significant challenge in clinical dentistry. Extracellular vesicles (EVs)-based cell-free regenerative therapies represent a promising alternative for traditional treatments. Developmental biology suggests matrix vesicles (MVs), a subtype of EVs, contain mineralizing-related biomolecules and play an important role in osteogenesis. Thus, we explore the therapeutic benefits and expect to find an optimized strategy for MV application. Methods Healthy human dental follicle cells (DFCs) were cultured with the osteogenic medium to generate MVs. Media MVs (MMVs) were isolated from culture supernatant, and collagenase-released MVs (CRMVs) were acquired from collagenase-digested cell suspension. We compared the biological features of the two MVs and investigated their induction of cell proliferation, migration, mineralization, and the modulation of osteogenic genes expression. Furthermore, we investigated the long-term regenerative capacity of MMVs and CRMVs in an alveolar bone defect rat model. Results We found that both DFC-derived MMVs and CRMVs effectively improved the proliferation, migration, and osteogenic differentiation of DFCs. Notably, CRMVs showed better bone regeneration capabilities. Compared to MMVs, CRMVs-induced DFCs exhibited increased synthesis of osteogenic marker proteins including ALP, OCN, OPN, and MMP-2. In the treatment of murine alveolar bone defects, CRMV-loaded collagen scaffold brought more significant therapeutic outcomes with less unhealing areas and more mature bone tissues in comparison with MMVs and acquired the effects resembling DFCs-based treatment. Furthermore, the western blotting results demonstrated the activation of the PLC/PKC/MAPK pathway in CRMVs-induced DFCs, while this cascade was inhibited by MMVs. Conclusions In summary, our findings revealed a novel cell-free regenerative therapy for repairing alveolar bone defects by specific MV subtypes and suggest that PLC/PKC/MAPK pathways contribute to MVs-mediated alveolar bone regeneration. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-022-02721-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genzheng Yi
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Ma
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueting Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangjun Huo
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weidong Tian
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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31
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Li T, Yu H, Zhang D, Feng T, Miao M, Li J, Liu X. Matrix Vesicles as a Therapeutic Target for Vascular Calcification. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:825622. [PMID: 35127686 PMCID: PMC8814528 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.825622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is linked to an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and atherosclerotic plaque rupture. It is a cell-active process regulated by vascular cells rather than pure passive calcium (Ca) deposition. In recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have attracted extensive attention because of their essential role in the process of VC. Matrix vesicles (MVs), one type of EVs, are especially critical in extracellular matrix mineralization and the early stages of the development of VC. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) have the potential to undergo phenotypic transformation and to serve as a nucleation site for hydroxyapatite crystals upon extracellular stimulation. However, it is not clear what underlying mechanism that MVs drive the VSMCs phenotype switching and to result in calcification. This article aims to review the detailed role of MVs in the progression of VC and compare the difference with other major drivers of calcification, including aging, uremia, mechanical stress, oxidative stress, and inflammation. We will also bring attention to the novel findings in the isolation and characterization of MVs, and the therapeutic application of MVs in VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongchi Yu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Demao Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tang Feng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Michael Miao
- Division of Oral & Craniofacial Health Sciences, University of North Carolina Adams School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jianwei Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jianwei Li, ; Xiaoheng Liu,
| | - Xiaoheng Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jianwei Li, ; Xiaoheng Liu,
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32
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Dong J, Yue K, Loor JJ, Aboragah A, Li G, Chen L, Song Y, Du X, Liu G, Wang Z, Li X, Li X. Increased adipose tissue lipolysis in dairy cows with fatty liver is associated with enhanced autophagy activity. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:1731-1742. [PMID: 34998548 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lipolysis is increased in adipose tissue of cows with fatty liver during the transition period. Autophagy, a major cellular degradation process, plays a critical role in adipose tissue homeostasis. The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between lipolysis and autophagy in adipose tissue of cows with fatty liver. Using a nested case-control design, we compared blood and adipose tissue samples from 10 control cows [parity: median = 3, range = 2-4; days in milk: median = 8 d, range = 5-10 d; hepatic triacylglycerol content: median = 0.55% liver wt, range = 0.48-0.61% liver wt] and 10 lactation stage-matched cows with fatty liver (parity: median = 3, range = 2-4; days in milk: median = 9 d, range = 5-11 d; hepatic triacylglycerol content: median = 6.28% liver wt, range = 2.86-7.75% liver wt). Data were analyzed using paired t-tests. Serum concentrations of free fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate were greater and glucose concentration was lower in cows with fatty liver, which we determined by using commercially-available kits. Furthermore, western blotting showed that increased protein abundance of ATGL (adipose triglyceride lipase), ATG5 (autophagy-related gene 5), and ATG7; ratio of phosphorylated (p)-HSL (hormone-sensitive lipase) to HSL and MAP1LC3 (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3, also called LC3-II) to LC3-I along with decreased abundance of PLIN1 (perilipin 1), SQSTM1 (sequestosome-1, also called p62), and the ratio of p-mTOR (phosphorylated mechanistic target of rapamycin) to mTOR in cows with fatty liver. Quantitative reverse-transcription PCR revealed an increase in abundance of MAP1LC3 mRNA and a decrease in SQSTM1 mRNA in cows with fatty liver. These findings were replicated using an adipocyte model. Primary cultures of calf adipocytes isolated from the adipose tissue of the peritoneal omentum and mesentery were treated with 10 mM 3-methyladenine (3-MA), 5 nM rapamycin, 1 µM isoproterenol (ISO), and 1 µM ISO + 10 mM 3-MA. Comparisons among groups were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Compared with the control, the 1 µM ISO treatment upregulated the abundance of ATGL, the ratio of p-HSL to HSL and LC3-II to LC3-I, and the glycerol content, whereas it downregulated the abundance of PLIN1 and p62 in calf adipocytes. Compared with the 1 μM ISO treatment group, 1 µM ISO + 10 mM 3-MA downregulated the abundance of ATGL, the ratio of p-HSL to HSL and LC3-II to LC3-I, and the glycerol content, whereas it upregulated the abundance of PLIN1 and p62. Compared with the control, the 5 nM rapamycin treatment upregulated the abundance of ATGL, the ratio of p-HSL to HSL and LC3-II to LC3-I, and the glycerol content, whereas it downregulated the abundance of PLIN1 and p62 in calf adipocytes. Overall, these data indicated that increased lipolysis in adipose tissue of cows with fatty liver was associated with enhanced autophagy. However, the specific molecular mechanisms that link lipolysis and autophagy need to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Kaiming Yue
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Juan J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Ahmad Aboragah
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Guojin Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Linfang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Yuxiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Xiliang Du
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Guowen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xinwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China.
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Wang P, Wu B, You S, Lu S, Xiong S, Zou Y, Jia P, Guo X, Zhang Y, Cao L, Sun Y, Zhang N. DNA Polymerase Gamma Recovers Mitochondrial Function and Inhibits Vascular Calcification by Interacted with p53. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:409-425. [PMID: 34975341 PMCID: PMC8692132 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.65030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA polymerase gamma (PolG) is the major polymerase of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and essential for stabilizing mitochondrial function. Vascular calcification (VC) is common senescence related degenerative pathology phenomenon in the end-stage of multiple chronic diseases. Mitochondrial dysfunction was often observed in calcified vessels, but the function and mechanism of PolG in the calcification process was still unknown. The present study found PolGD257A/D257A mice presented more severe calcification of aortas than wild type (WT) mice with vitamin D3 (Vit D3) treatment, and this phenomenon was also confirmed in vitro. Mechanistically, PolG could enhance the recruitment and interaction of p53 in calcification condition to recover mitochondrial function and eventually to resist calcification. Meanwhile, we found the mutant PolG (D257A) failed to achieve the same rescue effects, suggesting the 3'-5' exonuclease activity guarantee the enhanced interaction of p53 and PolG in response to calcification stimulation. Thus, we believed that it was PolG, not mutant PolG, could maintain mitochondrial function and attenuate calcification in vitro and in vivo. And PolG could be a novel potential therapeutic target against calcification, providing a novel insight to clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengbo Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People Republic of China
| | - Boquan Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People Republic of China
| | - Shilong You
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People Republic of China
| | - Saien Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People Republic of China
| | - Shengjun Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People Republic of China
| | - Yuanming Zou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People Republic of China
| | - Pengyu Jia
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People Republic of China
| | - Xiaofan Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People Republic of China
| | - Liu Cao
- College of Basic Medical Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, People Republic of China
| | - Yingxian Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People Republic of China
| | - Naijin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People Republic of China
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Wang T, Zhou J, Zhang X, Wu Y, Jin K, Wang Y, Xu R, Yang G, Li W, Jiao L. X-box Binding Protein 1: An Adaptor in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Aging Dis 2022; 14:350-369. [PMID: 37008067 PMCID: PMC10017146 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS), the formation of fibrofatty lesions in the vessel wall, is the primary cause of heart disease and stroke and is closely associated with aging. Disrupted metabolic homeostasis is a primary feature of AS and leads to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which is an abnormal accumulation of unfolded proteins. By orchestrating signaling cascades of the unfolded protein response (UPR), ER stress functions as a double-edged sword in AS, where adaptive UPR triggers synthetic metabolic processes to restore homeostasis, whereas the maladaptive response programs the cell to the apoptotic pathway. However, little is known regarding their precise coordination. Herein, an advanced understanding of the role of UPR in the pathological process of AS is reviewed. In particular, we focused on a critical mediator of the UPR, X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), and its important role in balancing adaptive and maladaptive responses. The XBP1 mRNA is processed from the unspliced isoform (XBP1u) to the spliced isoform of XBP1 (XBP1s). Compared with XBP1u, XBP1s predominantly functions downstream of inositol-requiring enzyme-1α (IRE1α) and transcript genes involved in protein quality control, inflammation, lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and calcification, which are critical for the pathogenesis of AS. Thus, the IRE1α/XBP1 axis is a promising pharmaceutical candidate against AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China.
| | - Jia Zhou
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China.
| | - Yujie Wu
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Kehan Jin
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yilin Wang
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Ran Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China.
| | - Ge Yang
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Ge Yang, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. , Dr. Wenjing Li, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. ; Dr. Liqun Jiao, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. .
| | - Wenjing Li
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Ge Yang, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. , Dr. Wenjing Li, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. ; Dr. Liqun Jiao, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. .
| | - Liqun Jiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China.
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Ge Yang, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. , Dr. Wenjing Li, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. ; Dr. Liqun Jiao, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. .
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MA X, CHENG M, JIN J, BAI Y, ZHANG H, HE L, ZHOU W, ZHANG D, ZHANG S, XU J. DNMT3A regulates differentiation of osteoblast and autophagy of vascular smooth muscle cells in vascular medial calcification induced by high phosphorus through ERK1/2 signaling. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.74021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying MA
- Hebei Clinical Research Center for Chronic Kidney Disease, P.R. China
| | - Meijuan CHENG
- Hebei Clinical Research Center for Chronic Kidney Disease, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing JIN
- Hebei Clinical Research Center for Chronic Kidney Disease, P.R. China
| | - Yaling BAI
- Hebei Clinical Research Center for Chronic Kidney Disease, P.R. China
| | - Huiran ZHANG
- Hebei Clinical Research Center for Chronic Kidney Disease, P.R. China
| | - Lei HE
- Hebei Clinical Research Center for Chronic Kidney Disease, P.R. China
| | - Wei ZHOU
- Hebei Clinical Research Center for Chronic Kidney Disease, P.R. China
| | - Dongxue ZHANG
- Hebei Clinical Research Center for Chronic Kidney Disease, P.R. China
| | - Shenglei ZHANG
- Hebei Clinical Research Center for Chronic Kidney Disease, P.R. China
| | - Jinsheng XU
- Hebei Clinical Research Center for Chronic Kidney Disease, P.R. China
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Michigami T, Yamazaki M, Razzaque MS. Extracellular Phosphate, Inflammation and Cytotoxicity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1362:15-25. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91623-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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37
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Leifheit-Nestler M, Vogt I, Haffner D, Richter B. Phosphate Is a Cardiovascular Toxin. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1362:107-134. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91623-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hyperphosphatemia-induced degradation of transcription factor EB exacerbates vascular calcification. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1868:166323. [PMID: 34921974 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and subsequent hyperphosphatemia causes vascular calcification (VC), a strong predictor of mortality. Dysregulation of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) mediates hyperphosphatemia-dependent VC. However, the process through which lysosomes become dysfunctional remains unknown. Transcription factor EB (TFEB) is a master regulator of lysosome biogenesis. The present study examined the hypothesis that TFEB dysfunction causes VC progression. METHODS AND RESULTS Inorganic phosphate (Pi) dose-dependently promoted VC in mouse aorta ex vivo, in rat VSMCs in vitro, and in human aortic smooth muscle cells in vitro, all accompanied by a decrease in TFEB protein. Lysosomal inhibitors or TFEB knockdown using small interfering RNA exacerbated Pi-induced VC in VSMCs. Conversely, TFEB downregulation was not observed in the hypercalcemia-sensitive VC model induced by excessive vitamin D dosages. Feeding rats an adenine-containing diet caused CKD and hyperphosphatemia. VC occurred in the adenine-fed rat aorta and regressed after adenine cessation. In this CKD model, aortic TFEB expression decreased at VC onset but recovered to average levels during recovery from VC after adenine cessation. The calcified area of the CKD rat aorta exhibited lysosomal damage and enhanced TFEB ubiquitination. Hyperphosphatemia in vitro increased insoluble TFEB and decreased soluble TFEB in VSMCs, both of which were abrogated by the proteasome inhibitor, MG-132. CONCLUSION Hyperphosphatemia caused VC via TFEB downregulation in VSMCs. Under hyperphosphatemia, TFEB was insolubilized and degraded via the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Our results suggest a new mechanism for the pathogenesis of VC under CKD and hyperphosphatemia.
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Masbuchin AN, Rohman MS, Liu PY. Role of Glycosylation in Vascular Calcification. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9829. [PMID: 34575990 PMCID: PMC8469761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is an important step in post-translational protein modification. Altered glycosylation results in an abnormality that causes diseases such as malignancy and cardiovascular diseases. Recent emerging evidence highlights the importance of glycosylation in vascular calcification. Two major types of glycosylation, N-glycosylation and O-glycosylation, are involved in vascular calcification. Other glycosylation mechanisms, which polymerize the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain onto protein, resulting in proteoglycan (PG), also have an impact on vascular calcification. This paper discusses the role of glycosylation in vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainun Nizar Masbuchin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70457, Taiwan;
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65111, Indonesia;
| | - Mohammad Saifur Rohman
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65111, Indonesia;
| | - Ping-Yen Liu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70457, Taiwan;
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
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Liang J, Huang J, He W, Shi G, Chen J, Huang H. β-Hydroxybutyric Inhibits Vascular Calcification via Autophagy Enhancement in Models Induced by High Phosphate. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:685748. [PMID: 34504876 PMCID: PMC8422966 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.685748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Vascular calcification (VC) is a landmark of aging, while β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHB) induced by calorie restriction has been identified as a promising factor to extend the lifespan. However, the effect of BHB on VC and the potential mechanism remain unknown. Methods: A total of 160 subjects with or without metabolic abnormalities (MAs) were assigned to four groups according to different calcification severities. The association between BHB, MAs, and VC was investigated via mediation analysis. Then, with high phosphate-induced calcification models, the effect of BHB on arterial ring calcification and osteogenic phenotypic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) was investigated. Hereafter the expressions of autophagy biomarkers, autophagy flux, and effects of autophagy inhibitors on VC were detected. Results: Severe VC was observed in the elderly, accompanied with a higher proportion of hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and lower estimated glomerular filtration rate. The serum BHB level was an independent influencing factor of VC severities. With mediation analysis, BHB was determined as a significant mediator in the effects of MAs on VC, and the indirect effect of BHB accounted for 23% of the total effect. Furthermore, BHB directly inhibited arterial ring calcification and osteogenic phenotypic differentiation in VSMCs, accompanied with autophagy enhancement in VSMCs. In accordance, the inhibition of autophagy counteracted the protective effect of BHB on VC. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that BHB mediated the effects of MAs on VC; then, it further elucidated that BHB could inhibit arterial and VSMC calcification via autophagy enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.,Department of Cardiology, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Jieping Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Wanbing He
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Guangzi Shi
- Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.,Department of Cardiology, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
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Abstract
Background Vascular calcification is a closely linked to cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, hypertension and aging. The extent of vascular calcification is closely correlate with adverse clinical events and cardiovascular all-cause mortality. The role of autophagy in vascular calcification is complex with many mechanistic unknowns.
Methods In this review, we analyze the current known mechanisms of autophagy in vascular calcification and discuss the theoretical advantages of targeting autophagy as an intervention against vascular calcification. Results Here we summarize the functional link between vascular calcification and autophagy in both animal models of and human cardiovascular disease. Firstly, autophagy can reduce calcification by inhibiting the osteogenic differentiation of VSMCs related to ANCR, ERα, β-catenin, HIF-1a/PDK4, p62, miR-30b, BECN1, mTOR, SOX9, GHSR/ERK, and AMPK signaling. Conversely, autophagy can induce osteoblast differentiation and calcification as mediated by CREB, degradation of elastin, and lncRNA H19 and DUSP5 mediated ERK signaling. Secondly, autophagy also links apoptosis and vascular calcification through AMPK/mTOR/ULK1, Wnt/β-catenin and GAS6/AXL synthesis, as apoptotic cells become the nidus for calcium-phosphate crystal deposition. The failure of mitophagy can activate Drp1, BNIP3, and NR4A1/DNA‑PKcs/p53 mediated intrinsic apoptotic pathways, which have been closely linked to the formation of vascular calcification. Additionally, autophagy also plays a role in osteogenesis by regulating vascular calcification, which in turn regulates expression of proteins related to bone development, such as osteocalcin, osteonectin, etc. and regulated by mTOR, EphrinB2 and RhoA. Furthermore, autophagy also promotes vitamin K2-induced MC3T3 E1 osteoblast differentiation and FGFR4/FGF18- and JNK/complex VPS34–beclin-1-related bone mineralization via vascular calcification. Conclusion The interaction between autophagy and vascular calcification are complicated, with their interaction affected by the disease process, anatomical location, and the surrounding microenvironment. Autophagy activation in existent cellular damage is considered protective, while defective autophagy in normal cells result in apoptotic activation. Identifying and maintaining cells at the delicate line between these two states may hold the key to reducing vascular calcification, in which autophagy associated clinical strategy could be developed.
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Chen NX, O'Neill KD, Dominguez JM, Moe SM. Regulation of reactive oxygen species in the pathogenesis of matrix vesicles induced calcification of recipient vascular smooth muscle cells. Vasc Med 2021; 26:585-594. [PMID: 34338093 DOI: 10.1177/1358863x211024721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Increased oxidative stress is associated with vascular calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We have previously demonstrated that cellular-derived matrix vesicles (MV), but not media-derived MV, are endocytosed in the presence of phosphorus by recipient normal rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and induce calcification through ERK1/2 and [Ca2+]i signaling. We hypothesized that these changes were mediated by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. METHODS MV were co-cultured with recipient VSMC in the presence of high phosphorus and ROS production and cell signaling assessed. RESULTS The results demonstrated MV endocytosis led to increased ROS production in recipient VSMC with no increase in mitochondrial oxygen consumption or oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), indicating the ROS was not from the mitochondria. The use of inhibitors demonstrated that endocytosis of these MV by VSMC led to a signaling cascade in the cytoplasm beginning with ERK1/2 signaling, then increased [Ca2+]i and stimulation of ROS production, mediated by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX)1/4. Media-derived MV did not induce this cascade, indicating endocytosis itself was not a factor. Furthermore, inhibition of either ERK1/2 activation or [Ca2+]i reduced vascular calcification. CONCLUSION We conclude that endocytosis of pro-mineralizing MV can induce a series of signaling events in normal VSMC that culminate in generation of ROS via activation of NOX1/4. Understanding these pathways will allow the development of future targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal X Chen
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kalisha D O'Neill
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - James M Dominguez
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sharon M Moe
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Roduebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Fan Y, Shao J, Wei S, Song C, Li Y, Jiang S. Self-eating and Heart: The Emerging Roles of Autophagy in Calcific Aortic Valve Disease. Aging Dis 2021; 12:1287-1303. [PMID: 34341709 PMCID: PMC8279526 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a self-degradative pathway by which subcellular elements are broken down intracellularly to maintain cellular homeostasis. Cardiac autophagy commonly decreases with aging and is accompanied by the accumulation of misfolded proteins and dysfunctional organelles, which are undesirable to the cell. Reduction of autophagy over time leads to aging-related cardiac dysfunction and is inversely related to longevity. However, despite the increasing interest in autophagy in cardiac diseases and aging, the process remains an undervalued and disregarded object in calcific valvular disease. Neither the nature through which autophagy is triggered nor the interplay between autophagic machinery and targeted molecules during aortic valve calcification are fully understood. Recently, the upregulation of autophagy has been shown to result in cardioprotective effects against cell death as well as its origin. Here, we review the evidence that shows how autophagy can be both beneficial and detrimental as it pertains to aortic valve calcification in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Fan
- 1Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China.,2Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, the First Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jiakang Shao
- 1Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Shixiong Wei
- 1Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China.,2Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, the First Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Chao Song
- 1Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China.,2Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, the First Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yanan Li
- 1Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Shengli Jiang
- 1Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China.,2Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, the First Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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44
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Li M, Zhu Y, Jaiswal SK, Liu NF. Mitochondria Homeostasis and Vascular Medial Calcification. Calcif Tissue Int 2021; 109:113-120. [PMID: 33660037 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-021-00828-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Vascular calcification occurs highly prevalent, which commonly predicts adverse cardiovascular events. The pathogenesis of calcification, a complicated and multifactorial process, is incompletely characterized. Accumulating evidence shows that mitochondrial dysfunction may ultimately be more detrimental in the vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) calcification. This review summarizes the role of mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic reprogramming in vascular calcification, and indicates that metabolic regulation may be a therapeutic target in vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Sandip Kumar Jaiswal
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Nai-Feng Liu
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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45
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Dube P, DeRiso A, Patel M, Battepati D, Khatib-Shahidi B, Sharma H, Gupta R, Malhotra D, Dworkin L, Haller S, Kennedy D. Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease: Diversity in the Vessel Wall. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040404. [PMID: 33917965 PMCID: PMC8068383 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is one of the major causes of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). VC is a complex process expressing similarity to bone metabolism in onset and progression. VC in CKD is promoted by various factors not limited to hyperphosphatemia, Ca/Pi imbalance, uremic toxins, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and activation of multiple signaling pathways in different cell types, including vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), macrophages, and endothelial cells. In the current review, we provide an in-depth analysis of the various kinds of VC, the clinical significance and available therapies, significant contributions from multiple cell types, and the associated cellular and molecular mechanisms for the VC process in the setting of CKD. Thus, we seek to highlight the key factors and cell types driving the pathology of VC in CKD in order to assist in the identification of preventative, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies for patients burdened with this disease.
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46
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Su H, Fan J, Ma D, Zhu H. Identification and Characterization of Osmoregulation Related MicroRNAs in Gills of Hybrid Tilapia Under Three Types of Osmotic Stress. Front Genet 2021; 12:526277. [PMID: 33889171 PMCID: PMC8056028 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.526277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers have increasingly suggested that microRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression and protein translation in organs and respond to abiotic and biotic stressors. To understand the function of miRNAs in osmotic stress regulation of the gills of hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus ♀ × Oreochromis urolepis hornorum ♂), high-throughput Illumina deep sequencing technology was used to investigate the expression profiles of miRNAs under salinity stress (S, 25‰), alkalinity stress (A, 4‰) and salinity-alkalinity stress (SA, S: 15‰, A: 4‰) challenges. The results showed that 31, 41, and 27 upregulated and 33, 42, and 40 downregulated miRNAs (P < 0.05) were identified in the salt stress, alkali stress, and saline-alkali stress group, respectively, which were compared with those in the control group (C). Fourteen significantly differently expressed miRNAs were selected randomly and then validated by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction. On the basis of Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis, genes related to osmoregulation and biosynthesis were enriched in the three types of osmotic stress. In addition, three miRNAs and three predicted target genes were chosen to conduct a quantitative polymerase chain reaction in the hybrid tilapia and its parents during 96-h osmotic stress. Differential expression patterns of miRNAs provided the basis for research data to further investigate the miRNA-modulating networks in osmoregulation of teleost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Su
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajia Fan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongmei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huaping Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Shi M, Shepard S, Zhou Z, Maique J, Seli O, Moe OW, Hu MC. High Dietary Phosphate Exacerbates and Acts Independently of Low Autophagy Activity in Pathological Cardiac Remodeling and Dysfunction. Cells 2021; 10:777. [PMID: 33915953 PMCID: PMC8065663 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High phosphate contributes to uremic cardiomyopathy. Abnormal autophagy is associated with the development and progression of heart disease. What is unknown is the effects of phosphate on autophagy and whether the ill effects of phosphate on cardiomyocytes are mediated by low autophagy. High (2.0% w/w)-phosphate diet reduced LC3 puncta in cardiomyocytes and ratio of LC3 II/I and increased p62 protein, indicating that autophagy activity was suppressed. Mice with cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of autophagy-related protein 5 (H-atg5-/-) had reduced autophagy only in the heart, developed cardiac dysfunction with hypertrophy and fibrosis, and had a short lifespan. When H-atg5-/- mice were fed a high-phosphate diet, they developed more apoptosis in cardiomyocytes, more severe cardiac remodeling, and shorter lifespan than normal phosphate-fed H-atg5-/- mice, indicating that cardiac phosphotoxicity is imparted independently of atg5. In conclusion, although high phosphate suppresses autophagy, high phosphate and low autophagy independently trigger and additionally amplify cardiac remodeling and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Shi
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (M.S.); (S.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.M.); (O.S.)
| | - Sierra Shepard
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (M.S.); (S.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.M.); (O.S.)
| | - Zhiyong Zhou
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (M.S.); (S.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.M.); (O.S.)
| | - Jenny Maique
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (M.S.); (S.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.M.); (O.S.)
| | - Olivia Seli
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (M.S.); (S.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.M.); (O.S.)
| | - Orson W. Moe
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (M.S.); (S.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.M.); (O.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ming Chang Hu
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (M.S.); (S.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.M.); (O.S.)
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Qin Z, Liao R, Xiong Y, Jiang L, Li J, Wang L, Han M, Sun S, Geng J, Yang Q, Zhang Z, Li Y, Du H, Su B. A narrative review of exosomes in vascular calcification. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:579. [PMID: 33987277 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-7355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is the abnormal deposition of calcium, phosphorus, and other minerals in the vessel wall and can be commonly observed in diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and chronic inflammatory disease. It is closely associated with mortality from cardiovascular events. Traditionally, calcification is considered as a degenerative disease associated with the aging process, while increasing evidence has shown that the occurrence and development of calcification is an active biological process, which is highly regulated by multiple factors. The molecular mechanisms of VC have not yet been fully elucidated. Exosomes, as important transporters of substance transport and intercellular communication, have been shown to participate in VC. The regulation of VC by exosomes involves a number of complex biological processes, which occur through a variety of interaction mechanisms. However, the specific role and mechanism of exosomes in the process of VC are still not fully understood and require further study. This review will briefly describe the roles of exosomes in the process of VC including in the promotion of extracellular mineral deposits, induction of phenotypic conversion of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), transport of microRNA between cells, and regulation on autophagy and oxidative stress, with the aim of providing novel ideas for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Qin
- Department of nephrology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruoxi Liao
- Department of nephrology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuqin Xiong
- Department of nephrology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Luojia Jiang
- Department of nephrology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiameng Li
- Department of nephrology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liya Wang
- Department of nephrology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mei Han
- Department of nephrology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Si Sun
- Department of nephrology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiwen Geng
- Department of nephrology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinbo Yang
- Department of nephrology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhuyun Zhang
- Department of nephrology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yupei Li
- Department of nephrology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Heyue Du
- Department of nephrology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Baihai Su
- Department of nephrology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Matrix Vesicles: Role in Bone Mineralization and Potential Use as Therapeutics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14040289. [PMID: 33805145 PMCID: PMC8064082 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is a complex organ maintained by three main cell types: osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. During bone formation, osteoblasts deposit a mineralized organic matrix. Evidence shows that bone cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs): nano-sized bilayer vesicles, which are involved in intercellular communication by delivering their cargoes through protein–ligand interactions or fusion to the plasma membrane of the recipient cell. Osteoblasts shed a subset of EVs known as matrix vesicles (MtVs), which contain phosphatases, calcium, and inorganic phosphate. These vesicles are believed to have a major role in matrix mineralization, and they feature bone-targeting and osteo-inductive properties. Understanding their contribution in bone formation and mineralization could help to target bone pathologies or bone regeneration using novel approaches such as stimulating MtV secretion in vivo, or the administration of in vitro or biomimetically produced MtVs. This review attempts to discuss the role of MtVs in biomineralization and their potential application for bone pathologies and bone regeneration.
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50
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Phadwal K, Vrahnas C, Ganley IG, MacRae VE. Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Cause or Consequence of Vascular Calcification? Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:611922. [PMID: 33816463 PMCID: PMC8010668 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.611922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are crucial bioenergetics powerhouses and biosynthetic hubs within cells, which can generate and sequester toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress-stimulated ROS production results in ATP depletion and the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores, leading to mitochondria dysfunction and cellular apoptosis. Mitochondrial loss of function is also a key driver in the acquisition of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype that drives senescent cells into a pro-inflammatory state. Maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis is crucial for retaining the contractile phenotype of the vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), the most prominent cells of the vasculature. Loss of this contractile phenotype is associated with the loss of mitochondrial function and a metabolic shift to glycolysis. Emerging evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction may play a direct role in vascular calcification and the underlying pathologies including (1) impairment of mitochondrial function by mineral dysregulation i.e., calcium and phosphate overload in patients with end-stage renal disease and (2) presence of increased ROS in patients with calcific aortic valve disease, atherosclerosis, type-II diabetes and chronic kidney disease. In this review, we discuss the cause and consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction in vascular calcification and underlying pathologies; the role of autophagy and mitophagy pathways in preventing mitochondrial dysfunction during vascular calcification and finally we discuss mitochondrial ROS, DRP1, and HIF-1 as potential novel markers and therapeutic targets for maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis in vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Phadwal
- Functional Genetics and Development Division, The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (R(D)SVS), University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Vrahnas
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Sir James Black Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ian G. Ganley
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Sir James Black Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Vicky E. MacRae
- Functional Genetics and Development Division, The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (R(D)SVS), University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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