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Zhou Y, Sheng P, Li J, Li Y, Xie M, Green AA. Conditional RNA interference in mammalian cells via RNA transactivation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6855. [PMID: 39127751 PMCID: PMC11316766 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50600-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful tool for sequence-specific gene knockdown in therapeutic and research applications. However, spatiotemporal control of RNAi is required to decrease nonspecific targeting, potential toxicity, and allow targeting of essential genes. Herein we describe a class of de-novo-designed RNA switches that enable sequence-specific regulation of RNAi in mammalian cells. Using cis-repressing RNA elements, we engineer RNA devices that only initiate microRNA biogenesis when binding with cognate trigger RNAs. We demonstrate that this conditional RNAi system, termed Orthogonal RNA Interference induced by Trigger RNA (ORIENTR), provides up to 14-fold increases in artificial miRNA biogenesis upon activation in orthogonal libraries. We show that integration of ORIENTR triggers with dCas13d enhances dynamic range to up to 31-fold. We further demonstrate that ORIENTR can be applied to detect endogenous RNA signals and to conditionally knockdown endogenous genes, thus enabling regulatory possibilities including cell-type-specific RNAi and rewiring of transcriptional networks via RNA profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- UF Center for NeuroGenetics (CNG), Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology (MGM), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Peike Sheng
- UF Center for NeuroGenetics (CNG), Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine (COM), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- UF Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jiayi Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yudan Li
- Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mingyi Xie
- UF Center for NeuroGenetics (CNG), Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine (COM), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- UF Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Alexander A Green
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Murphy KC, Ruscetti M. Advances in Making Cancer Mouse Models More Accessible and Informative through Non-Germline Genetic Engineering. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2024; 14:a041348. [PMID: 37277206 PMCID: PMC10982712 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) allow for modeling of spontaneous tumorigenesis within its native microenvironment in mice and have provided invaluable insights into mechanisms of tumorigenesis and therapeutic strategies to treat human disease. However, as their generation requires germline manipulation and extensive animal breeding that is time-, labor-, and cost-intensive, traditional GEMMs are not accessible to most researchers, and fail to model the full breadth of cancer-associated genetic alterations and therapeutic targets. Recent advances in genome-editing technologies and their implementation in somatic tissues of mice have ushered in a new class of mouse models: non-germline GEMMs (nGEMMs). nGEMM approaches can be leveraged to generate somatic tumors de novo harboring virtually any individual or group of genetic alterations found in human cancer in a mouse through simple procedures that do not require breeding, greatly increasing the accessibility and speed and scale on which GEMMs can be produced. Here we describe the technologies and delivery systems used to create nGEMMs and highlight new biological insights derived from these models that have rapidly informed functional cancer genomics, precision medicine, and immune oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine C Murphy
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Marcus Ruscetti
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA;
- Immunology and Microbiology Program, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
- Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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3
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Wang J, Deng R, Chen S, Deng S, Hu Q, Xu B, Li J, He Z, Peng M, Lei S, Ma T, Chen Z, Zhu H, Zuo C. Helicobacter pylori CagA promotes immune evasion of gastric cancer by upregulating PD-L1 level in exosomes. iScience 2023; 26:108414. [PMID: 38047083 PMCID: PMC10692710 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) may promote immune evasion of Hp-infected gastric cancer (GC), but potential mechanisms are still under explored. In this study, the positive rates of CagA and PD-L1 protein in tumor tissues and the high level of exosomal PD-L1 protein in plasma exosomes were significantly associated with the elevated stages of tumor node metastasis (TNM) in Hp-infected GC. Moreover, the positive rate of CagA was positively correlated with the positive rate of PD-L1 in tumor tissues and the level of PD-L1 protein in plasma exosomes, and high level of exosomal PD-L1 might indicate poor prognosis of Hp-infected GC. Mechanically, CagA increased PD-L1 level in exosomes derived from GC cells by inhibiting p53 and miRNA-34a, suppressing proliferation and anticancer effect of CD8+ T cells. This study provides sights for understanding immune evasion mediated by PD-L1. Targeting CagA and exosomal PD-L1 may improve immunotherapy efficacy of Hp-infected GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Wang
- Department of Gastroduodenal and Pancreatic Surgery, Translational Medicine Joint Research Center of Liver Cancer, Laboratory of Digestive Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Clinical Research Center For Tumor of Pancreaticobiliary Duodenal Junction In Hunan Province, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Rilin Deng
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China
| | - Shun Deng
- Department of Gastroduodenal and Pancreatic Surgery, Translational Medicine Joint Research Center of Liver Cancer, Laboratory of Digestive Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Clinical Research Center For Tumor of Pancreaticobiliary Duodenal Junction In Hunan Province, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Qi Hu
- Graduates School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Biaoming Xu
- Graduates School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Junjun Li
- Department of Pathology, Hunan Cancer Hospital & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Zhuo He
- Department of Gastroduodenal and Pancreatic Surgery, Translational Medicine Joint Research Center of Liver Cancer, Laboratory of Digestive Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Clinical Research Center For Tumor of Pancreaticobiliary Duodenal Junction In Hunan Province, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Mingjing Peng
- Department of Gastroduodenal and Pancreatic Surgery, Translational Medicine Joint Research Center of Liver Cancer, Laboratory of Digestive Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Clinical Research Center For Tumor of Pancreaticobiliary Duodenal Junction In Hunan Province, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Sanlin Lei
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Tiexiang Ma
- The Third Department of General Surgery, The Central Hospital of Xiangtan City, Xiangtan 411100, Hunan, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Haizhen Zhu
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Chaohui Zuo
- Department of Gastroduodenal and Pancreatic Surgery, Translational Medicine Joint Research Center of Liver Cancer, Laboratory of Digestive Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Clinical Research Center For Tumor of Pancreaticobiliary Duodenal Junction In Hunan Province, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China
- Graduates School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
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4
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Daniel AR, Su C, Williams NT, Li Z, Huang J, Lopez O, Luo L, Ma Y, Campos LDS, Selitsky SR, Modliszewski JL, Liu S, Hernansaiz-Ballesteros R, Mowery YM, Cardona DM, Lee CL, Kirsch DG. Temporary Knockdown of p53 During Focal Limb Irradiation Increases the Development of Sarcomas. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:2455-2467. [PMID: 37982576 PMCID: PMC10697056 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Approximately half of patients with cancer receive radiotherapy and, as cancer survivorship increases, the low rate of radiation-associated sarcomas is rising. Pharmacologic inhibition of p53 has been proposed as an approach to ameliorate acute injury of normal tissues from genotoxic therapies, but how this might impact the risk of therapy-induced cancer and normal tissue injuries remains unclear. We utilized mice that express a doxycycline (dox)-inducible p53 short hairpin RNA to reduce Trp53 expression temporarily during irradiation. Mice were placed on a dox diet 10 days prior to receiving 30 or 40 Gy hind limb irradiation in a single fraction and then returned to normal chow. Mice were examined weekly for sarcoma development and scored for radiation-induced normal tissue injuries. Radiation-induced sarcomas were subjected to RNA sequencing. Following single high-dose irradiation, 21% of animals with temporary p53 knockdown during irradiation developed a sarcoma in the radiation field compared with 2% of control animals. Following high-dose irradiation, p53 knockdown preserves muscle stem cells, and increases sarcoma development. Mice with severe acute radiation-induced injuries exhibit an increased risk of developing late persistent wounds, which were associated with sarcomagenesis. RNA sequencing revealed radiation-induced sarcomas upregulate genes related to translation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), inflammation, and the cell cycle. Comparison of the transcriptomes of human and mouse sarcomas that arose in irradiated tissues revealed regulation of common gene programs, including elevated EMT pathway gene expression. These results suggest that blocking p53 during radiotherapy could minimize acute toxicity while exacerbating late effects including second cancers. SIGNIFICANCE Strategies to prevent or mitigate acute radiation toxicities include pharmacologic inhibition of p53 and other cell death pathways. Our data show that temporarily reducing p53 during irradiation increases late effects including sarcomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R. Daniel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Chang Su
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Nerissa T. Williams
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Zhiguo Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jianguo Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Omar Lopez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Lixia Luo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Sara R. Selitsky
- QuantBio LLC, Durham, North Carolina
- Tempus Labs, Inc., Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Siyao Liu
- QuantBio LLC, Durham, North Carolina
- Tempus Labs, Inc., Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Yvonne M. Mowery
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Diana M. Cardona
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Chang-Lung Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - David G. Kirsch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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5
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Vail ME, Farnsworth RH, Hii L, Allen S, Arora S, Anderson RL, Dickins RA, Orimo A, Wu SZ, Swarbrick A, Scott AM, Janes PW. Inhibition of EphA3 Expression in Tumour Stromal Cells Suppresses Tumour Growth and Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4646. [PMID: 37760615 PMCID: PMC10527215 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour progression relies on interactions with untransformed cells in the tumour microenvironment (TME), including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which promote blood supply, tumour progression, and immune evasion. Eph receptor tyrosine kinases are cell guidance receptors that are most active during development but re-emerge in cancer and are recognised drug targets. EphA3 is overexpressed in a wide range of tumour types, and we previously found expression particularly in stromal and vascular tissues of the TME. To investigate its role in the TME, we generated transgenic mice with inducible shRNA-mediated knockdown of EphA3 expression. EphA3 knockdown was confirmed in aortic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which displayed reduced angiogenic capacity. In mice with syngeneic lung tumours, EphA3 knockdown reduced vasculature and CAF/MSC-like cells in tumours, and inhibited tumour growth, which was confirmed also in a melanoma model. Single cell RNA sequencing analysis of multiple human tumour types confirmed EphA3 expression in CAFs, including in breast cancer, where EphA3 was particularly prominent in perivascular- and myofibroblast-like CAFs. Our results thus indicate expression of the cell guidance receptor EphA3 in distinct CAF subpopulations is important in supporting tumour angiogenesis and tumour growth, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E. Vail
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Rae H. Farnsworth
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Linda Hii
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Stacey Allen
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Sakshi Arora
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Robin L. Anderson
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Ross A. Dickins
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Akira Orimo
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Sunny Z. Wu
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and School of Clinical Medicine, University of NSW, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Alexander Swarbrick
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and School of Clinical Medicine, University of NSW, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Andrew M. Scott
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Peter W. Janes
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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6
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Mahmoudian RA, Farshchian M, Golyan FF, Mahmoudian P, Alasti A, Moghimi V, Maftooh M, Khazaei M, Hassanian SM, Ferns GA, Mahaki H, Shahidsales S, Avan A. Preclinical tumor mouse models for studying esophageal cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2023; 189:104068. [PMID: 37468084 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical models are extensively employed in cancer research because they can be manipulated in terms of their environment, genome, molecular biology, organ systems, and physical activity to mimic human behavior and conditions. The progress made in in vivo cancer research has resulted in significant advancements, enabling the creation of spontaneous, metastatic, and humanized mouse models. Most recently, the remarkable and extensive developments in genetic engineering, particularly the utilization of CRISPR/Cas9, transposable elements, epigenome modifications, and liquid biopsies, have further facilitated the design and development of numerous mouse models for studying cancer. In this review, we have elucidated the production and usage of current mouse models, such as xenografts, chemical-induced models, and genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs), for studying esophageal cancer. Additionally, we have briefly discussed various gene-editing tools that could potentially be employed in the future to create mouse models specifically for esophageal cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reihaneh Alsadat Mahmoudian
- Cancer Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Basic Sciences Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Moein Farshchian
- Division of Oncology, Laboratory of Cellular Therapy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Fatemeh Fardi Golyan
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Mahmoudian
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Alasti
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahid Moghimi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mina Maftooh
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Basic Sciences Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Basic Sciences Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Department of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9PH, UK
| | - Hanie Mahaki
- Vascular & Endovascular Surgery Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; College of Medicine, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala, Iraq; Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
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7
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Selvadurai MV, Moon MJ, Mountford SJ, Ma X, Zheng Z, Jennings IG, Setiabakti NM, Iman RP, Brazilek RJ, Z Abidin NA, Chicanne G, Severin S, Nicholls AJ, Wong CHY, Rinckel JY, Eckly A, Gachet C, Nesbitt WS, Thompson PE, Hamilton JR. Disrupting the platelet internal membrane via PI3KC2α inhibition impairs thrombosis independently of canonical platelet activation. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/553/eaar8430. [PMID: 32718993 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aar8430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Arterial thrombosis causes heart attacks and most strokes and is the most common cause of death in the world. Platelets are the cells that form arterial thrombi, and antiplatelet drugs are the mainstay of heart attack and stroke prevention. Yet, current drugs have limited efficacy, preventing fewer than 25% of lethal cardiovascular events without clinically relevant effects on bleeding. The key limitation on the ability of all current drugs to impair thrombosis without causing bleeding is that they block global platelet activation, thereby indiscriminately preventing platelet function in hemostasis and thrombosis. Here, we identify an approach with the potential to overcome this limitation by preventing platelet function independently of canonical platelet activation and in a manner that appears specifically relevant in the setting of thrombosis. Genetic or pharmacological targeting of the class II phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3KC2α) dilates the internal membrane reserve of platelets but does not affect activation-dependent platelet function in standard tests. Despite this, inhibition of PI3KC2α is potently antithrombotic in human blood ex vivo and mice in vivo and does not affect hemostasis. Mechanistic studies reveal this antithrombotic effect to be the result of impaired platelet adhesion driven by pronounced hemodynamic shear stress gradients. These findings demonstrate an important role for PI3KC2α in regulating platelet structure and function via a membrane-dependent mechanism and suggest that drugs targeting the platelet internal membrane may be a suitable approach for antithrombotic therapies with an improved therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Selvadurai
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Mitchell J Moon
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Simon J Mountford
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Xiao Ma
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Zhaohua Zheng
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Ian G Jennings
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Natasha M Setiabakti
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Salemba, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Rizani P Iman
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Salemba, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Rose J Brazilek
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Nurul Aisha Z Abidin
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Gaëtan Chicanne
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm U1048, Université Toulouse III, 31432 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France
| | - Sonia Severin
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm U1048, Université Toulouse III, 31432 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France
| | - Alyce J Nicholls
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Connie H Y Wong
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jean-Yves Rinckel
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, EFS Grand Est, BPPS UMR-S 1255, FMTS, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Anita Eckly
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, EFS Grand Est, BPPS UMR-S 1255, FMTS, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christian Gachet
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, EFS Grand Est, BPPS UMR-S 1255, FMTS, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Warwick S Nesbitt
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.,Microplatforms Research Group, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Philip E Thompson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Justin R Hamilton
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
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8
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The oncogenicity of tumor-derived mutant p53 is enhanced by the recruitment of PLK3. Nat Commun 2021; 12:704. [PMID: 33514736 PMCID: PMC7846773 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-20928-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
p53 mutations with single amino acid changes in cancer often lead to dominant oncogenic changes. Here, we have developed a mouse model of gain-of-function (GOF) p53-driven lung cancer utilizing conditionally active LSL p53-R172H and LSL K-Ras-G12D knock-in alleles that can be activated by Cre in lung club cells. Mutation of the p53 transactivation domain (TAD) (p53-L25Q/W26S/R172H) eliminating significant transactivation activity resulted in loss of tumorigenicity, demonstrating that transactivation mediated by or dependent on TAD is required for oncogenicity by GOF p53. GOF p53 TAD mutations significantly reduce phosphorylation of nearby p53 serine 20 (S20), which is a target for PLK3 phosphorylation. Knocking out PLK3 attenuated S20 phosphorylation along with transactivation and oncogenicity by GOF p53, indicating that GOF p53 exploits PLK3 to trigger its transactivation capability and exert oncogenic functions. Our data show a mechanistic involvement of PLK3 in mutant p53 pathway of oncogenesis. The mechanisms of how gain-of-function (GOF) mutant p53 drives carcinogenesis are unclear. Here, the authors show that a GOF mutant p53 requires its transactivation capability to induce mouse lung tumors and this is dependent on PLK3 phosphorylation of GOF mutant p53.
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9
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Bok I, Karreth FA. Strategies to Study the Functions of Pseudogenes in Mouse Models of Cancer. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2324:287-304. [PMID: 34165722 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1503-4_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant expression of pseudogenes has been observed in many cancer types. Deregulated pseudogenes engage in a multitude of biological processes at the DNA, RNA, and protein levels and eventually facilitate disease progression. To investigate pseudogene functions in cancer, cell lines and cell line transplantation models have been widely used. However, cancer biology is best studied in the context of an intact organism. Here, we present various strategies to investigate pseudogenes in genetically engineered mouse models and discuss advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilah Bok
- Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Florian A Karreth
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.
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MicroRNAs Regulating Autophagy in Neurodegeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1208:191-264. [PMID: 34260028 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-2830-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Social and economic impacts of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) become more prominent in our constantly aging population. Currently, due to the lack of knowledge about the aetiology of most NDs, only symptomatic treatment is available for patients. Hence, researchers and clinicians are in need of solid studies on pathological mechanisms of NDs. Autophagy promotes degradation of pathogenic proteins in NDs, while microRNAs post-transcriptionally regulate multiple signalling networks including autophagy. This chapter will critically discuss current research advancements in the area of microRNAs regulating autophagy in NDs. Moreover, we will introduce basic strategies and techniques used in microRNA research. Delineation of the mechanisms contributing to NDs will result in development of better approaches for their early diagnosis and effective treatment.
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Abstract
Owing to increased awareness of the importance of mammogram and advances in surgical technology, survival rate of patients with primary breast cancer has dramatically increased. Despite all these advances in breast cancer treatment, there are no currently available treatments for this disease once it metastasizes to distant organs including bones, lungs, brain, and liver. This is mainly attributed to the complexity of metastatic process. Recent advances in technology enabled cancer biologists to dissect each step of the metastatic process, and this led to discovery of major players and molecules in this process. In this section, we will discuss recent discovery and advances in the field of breast cancer metastasis research.
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Abstract
Short regulatory RNA molecules underpin gene expression and govern cellular state and physiology. To establish an alternative layer of control over these processes, we generated chimeric regulatory RNAs that interact reversibly and light-dependently with the light-oxygen-voltage photoreceptor PAL. By harnessing this interaction, the function of micro RNAs (miRs) and short hairpin (sh) RNAs in mammalian cells can be regulated in a spatiotemporally precise manner. The underlying strategy is generic and can be adapted to near-arbitrary target sequences. Owing to full genetic encodability, it establishes optoribogenetic control of cell state and physiology. The method stands to facilitate the non-invasive, reversible and spatiotemporally resolved study of regulatory RNAs and protein function in cellular and organismal environments. Short hairpin RNAs can be used to modulate and regulate gene expression. Here the authors generate chimeric RNAs that interact with the photoreceptor PAL, allowing for optoribogenetic control of cell physiology.
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Wong M, Gilmour D. Getting back on track: exploiting canalization to uncover the mechanisms of developmental robustness. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2020; 63:53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Cheng XS, Huo YN, Fan YY, Xiao CX, Ouyang XM, Liang LY, Lin Y, Wu JF, Ren JL, Guleng B. Mindin serves as a tumour suppressor gene during colon cancer progression through MAPK/ERK signalling pathway in mice. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:8391-8404. [PMID: 32614521 PMCID: PMC7412704 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mindin is important in broad spectrum of immune responses. On the other hand, we previously reported that mindin attenuated human colon cancer development by blocking angiogenesis through Egr-1-mediated regulation. However, the mice original mindin directly suppressed the syngenic colorectal cancer (CRC) growth in our recent study and we aimed to further define the role of mindin during CRC development in mice. We established the mouse syngeneic CRC CMT93 and CT26 WT cell lines with stable mindin knock-down or overexpression. These cells were also subcutaneously injected into C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice as well as established a colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) mouse model treated with lentiviral-based overexpression and knocked-down of mindin. Furthermore, we generated mindin knockout mice using a CRISPR-Cas9 system with CAC model. Our data showed that overexpression of mindin suppressed cell proliferation in both of CMT93 and CT26 WT colon cancer cell lines, while the silencing of mindin promoted in vitro cell proliferation via the ERK and c-Fos pathways and cell cycle control. Moreover, the overexpression of mindin significantly suppressed in vivo tumour growth in both the subcutaneous transplantation and the AOM/DSS-induced CAC models. Consistently, the silencing of mindin reversed these in vivo observations. Expectedly, the tumour growth was promoted in the CAC model on mindin-deficient mice. Thus, mindin plays a direct tumour suppressive function during colon cancer progression and suggesting that mindin might be exploited as a therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Shen Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ya-Ni Huo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yan-Yun Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chuan-Xing Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Ouyang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lai-Ying Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ying Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jian-Feng Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jian-Lin Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Bayasi Guleng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,School of Medicine, Cancer Research Center & Institute of Microbial Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Matthes S, Mosienko V, Popova E, Rivalan M, Bader M, Alenina N. Targeted Manipulation of Brain Serotonin: RNAi-Mediated Knockdown of Tryptophan Hydroxylase 2 in Rats. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:3207-3217. [PMID: 30977636 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of the biogenic monoamine serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT). Two existing TPH isoforms are responsible for the generation of two distinct serotonergic systems in vertebrates. TPH1, predominantly expressed in the gastrointestinal tract and pineal gland, mediates 5-HT biosynthesis in non-neuronal tissues, while TPH2, mainly found in the raphe nuclei of the brain stem, is accountable for the production of 5-HT in the brain. Neuronal 5-HT is a key regulator of mood and behavior and its deficiency has been implicated in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, e.g., depression and anxiety. To gain further insights into the complexity of central 5-HT modulations of physiological and pathophysiological processes, a new transgenic rat model, allowing an inducible gene knockdown of Tph2, was established based on doxycycline-inducible shRNA-expression. Biochemical phenotyping revealed a functional knockdown of Tph2 mRNA expression following oral doxycycline administration, with subsequent reductions in the corresponding levels of TPH2 enzyme expression and activity. Transgenic rats showed also significantly decreased tissue levels of 5-HT and its degradation product 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the raphe nuclei, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and cortex, while peripheral 5-HT concentrations in the blood remained unchanged. In summary, this novel transgenic rat model allows inducible manipulation of 5-HT biosynthesis specifically in the brain and may help to elucidate the role of 5-HT in the pathophysiology of affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Matthes
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany
- Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Valentina Mosienko
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany
- College of Medicine and Health, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter, Hatherly Building, Prince of Wales Rd., EX4 4PS Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Popova
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Marion Rivalan
- Charité University Medicine, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany
- Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Charité University Medicine, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 13316 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Straße 2, 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalia Alenina
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 13316 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
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Gurumurthy CB, Lloyd KCK. Generating mouse models for biomedical research: technological advances. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm029462. [PMID: 30626588 PMCID: PMC6361157 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.029462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, new methods and procedures have been developed to generate genetically engineered mouse models of human disease. This At a Glance article highlights several recent technical advances in mouse genome manipulation that have transformed our ability to manipulate and study gene expression in the mouse. We discuss how conventional gene targeting by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells has given way to more refined methods that enable allele-specific manipulation in zygotes. We also highlight advances in the use of programmable endonucleases that have greatly increased the feasibility and ease of editing the mouse genome. Together, these and other technologies provide researchers with the molecular tools to functionally annotate the mouse genome with greater fidelity and specificity, as well as to generate new mouse models using faster, simpler and less costly techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Channabasavaiah B Gurumurthy
- Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68106-5915, USA
- Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68106-5915, USA
| | - Kevin C Kent Lloyd
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA
- Mouse Biology Program, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA
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17
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Obeid MA, Dufès C, Somani S, Mullen AB, Tate RJ, Ferro VA. Proof of concept studies for siRNA delivery by nonionic surfactant vesicles: in vitro and in vivo evaluation of protein knockdown. J Liposome Res 2019; 29:229-238. [DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2018.1531424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A. Obeid
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Christine Dufès
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sukrut Somani
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alexander B. Mullen
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rothwelle J. Tate
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Valerie A. Ferro
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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18
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Zhang J, Jiang H, Zhang H. In situ administration of cytokine combinations induces tumor regression in mice. EBioMedicine 2018; 37:38-46. [PMID: 30297145 PMCID: PMC6284351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent advances in cancer immunotherapy suggest a possibility of harnessing the immune system to defeat malignant tumors, but the complex immunosuppressive microenvironment confines the therapeutic benefits to a minority of patients with solid tumors. Methods A lentivector-based inducible system was established to evaluate the therapeutic effect of cytokines in established tumors. Intratumoral injection of certain cytokine combination in syngeneic tumor models was conducted to assess the therapeutic potentials. Findings Doxycycline (Dox)-induced local expression of cytokine combinations exhibites a strong synergistic effect, leading to complete regression of tumors. Notably, IL12 + GMCSF+IL2 expression induces eradication of tumors in all mice tolerated with this treatment, including those bearing large tumors of ~15 mm in diameter, and generates intensive systemic antitumor immunity. Other combinations with similar immune regulatory roles also induce tumor elimination in most of mice. Moreover, intratumoral injection of chitosan/IL12 + GMCSF+IL2 solution induces a complete response in all the tested syngeneic tumor models, regardless of various tumor immunograms. Interpretation Administration of certain cytokine combinations in tumor microenvironment induces a strong synergistic antitumor response, including the recruitment of large amount of immune cells and the generation of systemic antitumor immunity. It provides a versatile method for the immunotherapy of intractable malignant neoplasms. Fund There is no external funding supporting this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Zhang
- Mianyi Biotech Corporation, Chongqing 401332, China.
| | - Haochen Jiang
- Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haiyun Zhang
- Beijing Chaoyang District Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing 100018, China
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19
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Regulation of BDNF Release by ARMS/Kidins220 through Modulation of Synaptotagmin-IV Levels. J Neurosci 2018; 38:5415-5428. [PMID: 29769266 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1653-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BDNF is a growth factor with important roles in the nervous system in both physiological and pathological conditions, but the mechanisms controlling its secretion are not completely understood. Here, we show that ARMS/Kidins220 negatively regulates BDNF secretion in neurons from the CNS and PNS. Downregulation of the ARMS/Kidins220 protein in the adult mouse brain increases regulated BDNF secretion, leading to its accumulation in the striatum. Interestingly, two mouse models of Huntington's disease (HD) showed increased levels of ARMS/Kidins220 in the hippocampus and regulated BDNF secretion deficits. Importantly, reduction of ARMS/Kidins220 in hippocampal slices from HD mice reversed the impaired regulated BDNF release. Moreover, there are increased levels of ARMS/Kidins220 in the hippocampus and PFC of patients with HD. ARMS/Kidins220 regulates Synaptotagmin-IV levels, which has been previously observed to modulate BDNF secretion. These data indicate that ARMS/Kidins220 controls the regulated secretion of BDNF and might play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of HD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT BDNF is an important growth factor that plays a fundamental role in the correct functioning of the CNS. The secretion of BDNF must be properly controlled to exert its functions, but the proteins regulating its release are not completely known. Using neuronal cultures and a new conditional mouse to modulate ARMS/Kidins220 protein, we report that ARMS/Kidins220 negatively regulates BDNF secretion. Moreover, ARMS/Kidins220 is overexpressed in two mouse models of Huntington's disease (HD), causing an impaired regulation of BDNF secretion. Furthermore, ARMS/Kidins220 levels are increased in brain samples from HD patients. Future studies should address whether ARMS/Kidins220 has any function on the pathophysiology of HD.
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20
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Greene C, Kealy J, Humphries MM, Gong Y, Hou J, Hudson N, Cassidy LM, Martiniano R, Shashi V, Hooper SR, Grant GA, Kenna PF, Norris K, Callaghan CK, Islam MDN, O’Mara SM, Najda Z, Campbell SG, Pachter JS, Thomas J, Williams NM, Humphries P, Murphy KC, Campbell M. Dose-dependent expression of claudin-5 is a modifying factor in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:2156-2166. [PMID: 28993710 PMCID: PMC6298981 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects up to 1% of the general population. Various genes show associations with schizophrenia and a very weak nominal association with the tight junction protein, claudin-5, has previously been identified. Claudin-5 is expressed in endothelial cells forming part of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Furthermore, schizophrenia occurs in 30% of individuals with 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a population who are haploinsufficient for the claudin-5 gene. Here, we show that a variant in the claudin-5 gene is weakly associated with schizophrenia in 22q11DS, leading to 75% less claudin-5 being expressed in endothelial cells. We also show that targeted adeno-associated virus-mediated suppression of claudin-5 in the mouse brain results in localized BBB disruption and behavioural changes. Using an inducible 'knockdown' mouse model, we further link claudin-5 suppression with psychosis through a distinct behavioural phenotype showing impairments in learning and memory, anxiety-like behaviour and sensorimotor gating. In addition, these animals develop seizures and die after 3-4 weeks of claudin-5 suppression, reinforcing the crucial role of claudin-5 in normal neurological function. Finally, we show that anti-psychotic medications dose-dependently increase claudin-5 expression in vitro and in vivo while aberrant, discontinuous expression of claudin-5 in the brains of schizophrenic patients post mortem was observed compared to age-matched controls. Together, these data suggest that BBB disruption may be a modifying factor in the development of schizophrenia and that drugs directly targeting the BBB may offer new therapeutic opportunities for treating this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Greene
- 0000 0004 1936 9705grid.8217.cDepartment of Genetics, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Lincoln Place Gate, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J Kealy
- 0000 0004 1936 9705grid.8217.cDepartment of Genetics, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Lincoln Place Gate, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M M Humphries
- 0000 0004 1936 9705grid.8217.cDepartment of Genetics, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Lincoln Place Gate, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Y Gong
- 0000 0001 2355 7002grid.4367.6Division of Renal Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO USA
| | - J Hou
- 0000 0001 2355 7002grid.4367.6Division of Renal Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO USA
| | - N Hudson
- 0000 0004 1936 9705grid.8217.cDepartment of Genetics, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Lincoln Place Gate, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - L M Cassidy
- 0000 0004 1936 9705grid.8217.cDepartment of Genetics, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Lincoln Place Gate, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R Martiniano
- 0000 0004 1936 9705grid.8217.cDepartment of Genetics, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Lincoln Place Gate, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - V Shashi
- 0000000100241216grid.189509.cDepartment of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA
| | - S R Hooper
- 0000000122483208grid.10698.36Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - G A Grant
- 0000000419368956grid.168010.eDepartment of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - P F Kenna
- 0000 0004 1936 9705grid.8217.cDepartment of Genetics, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Lincoln Place Gate, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - K Norris
- 0000 0001 0303 540Xgrid.5884.1Biosciences Department, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Biosciences and Chemistry, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - C K Callaghan
- 0000 0004 1936 9705grid.8217.cTrinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland ,0000 0004 1936 9705grid.8217.cSchool of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M dN Islam
- 0000 0004 1936 9705grid.8217.cTrinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland ,0000 0004 1936 9705grid.8217.cSchool of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S M O’Mara
- 0000 0004 1936 9705grid.8217.cTrinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland ,0000 0004 1936 9705grid.8217.cSchool of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Z Najda
- 0000 0004 1936 9705grid.8217.cDepartment of Genetics, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Lincoln Place Gate, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S G Campbell
- 0000 0001 0303 540Xgrid.5884.1Biosciences Department, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Biosciences and Chemistry, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - J S Pachter
- 0000000419370394grid.208078.5Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT USA
| | - J Thomas
- 0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, MRC Centre in Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - N M Williams
- 0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, MRC Centre in Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - P Humphries
- 0000 0004 1936 9705grid.8217.cDepartment of Genetics, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Lincoln Place Gate, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - K C Murphy
- 0000 0004 0488 7120grid.4912.eDepartment of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Campbell
- Department of Genetics, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Lincoln Place Gate, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Inducible knockdown of procollagen I protects mice from liver fibrosis and leads to dysregulated matrix genes and attenuated inflammation. Matrix Biol 2017; 66:34-49. [PMID: 29122677 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Organ fibrosis is characterized by a chronic wound-healing response, with excess deposition of extracellular matrix components. Here, collagen type I represents the most abundant scar component and a primary target for antifibrotic therapies. Liver fibrosis can progress to cirrhosis and primary liver cancer, which are the major causes of liver related morbidity and mortality. However, a (pro-)collagen type I specific therapy remains difficult and its therapeutic abrogation may incur unwanted side effects. We therefore designed tetracycline-regulated procollagen alpha1(I) short hairpin (sh)RNA expressing mice that permit a highly efficient inducible knockdown of the procollagen alpha1(I) gene in activated (myo-)fibroblasts, to study the effect of induced procollagen type I deficiency. Transgenic mice were generated using recombinase-mediated integration in embryonic stem cells or zinc-finger nuclease-aided genomic targeting combined with miR30-shRNA technology. Liver fibrosis was induced in transgenic mice by carbon tetrachloride, either without or with doxycycline supplementation. Doxycycline treated mice showed an 80-90% suppression of procollagen alpha1(I) transcription and a 40-50% reduction in hepatic collagen accumulation. Procollagen alpha1(I) knockdown also downregulated procollagens type III, IV and VI and other fibrosis related parameters. Moreover, this was associated with an attenuation of chronic inflammation, suggesting that collagen type I serves not only as major scar component, but also as modulator of other collagens and promoter of chronic inflammation.
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DNA-binding of the Tet-transactivator curtails antigen-induced lymphocyte activation in mice. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1028. [PMID: 29044097 PMCID: PMC5647323 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01022-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tet-On/Off system for conditional transgene expression constitutes state-of-the-art technology to study gene function by facilitating inducible expression in a timed and reversible manner. Several studies documented the suitability and versatility of this system to trace lymphocyte fate and to conditionally express oncogenes or silence tumour suppressor genes in vivo. Here, we show that expression of the tetracycline/doxycycline-controlled Tet-transactivator, while tolerated well during development and in immunologically unchallenged animals, impairs the expansion of antigen-stimulated T and B cells and thereby curtails adaptive immune responses in vivo. Transactivator-mediated cytotoxicity depends on DNA binding, but can be overcome by BCL2 overexpression, suggesting that apoptosis induction upon lymphocyte activation limits cellular and humoral immune responses. Our findings suggest a possible system-intrinsic biological bias of the Tet-On/Off system in vivo that will favour the outgrowth of apoptosis resistant clones, thus possibly confounding data published using such systems. Tet-transactivators are used for direct regulation of gene expression, RNA interference and for CRISPR/Cas9-based systems. Here the authors show that DNA-bound Tet-transactivators can induce cell death in antigen-activated lymphocytes in vivo, putting into question the use of, and in vivo data generated with, these molecular tools.
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Kersten K, de Visser KE, van Miltenburg MH, Jonkers J. Genetically engineered mouse models in oncology research and cancer medicine. EMBO Mol Med 2017; 9:137-153. [PMID: 28028012 PMCID: PMC5286388 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201606857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) have contributed significantly to the field of cancer research. In contrast to cancer cell inoculation models, GEMMs develop de novo tumors in a natural immune‐proficient microenvironment. Tumors arising in advanced GEMMs closely mimic the histopathological and molecular features of their human counterparts, display genetic heterogeneity, and are able to spontaneously progress toward metastatic disease. As such, GEMMs are generally superior to cancer cell inoculation models, which show no or limited heterogeneity and are often metastatic from the start. Given that GEMMs capture both tumor cell‐intrinsic and cell‐extrinsic factors that drive de novo tumor initiation and progression toward metastatic disease, these models are indispensable for preclinical research. GEMMs have successfully been used to validate candidate cancer genes and drug targets, assess therapy efficacy, dissect the impact of the tumor microenvironment, and evaluate mechanisms of drug resistance. In vivo validation of candidate cancer genes and therapeutic targets is further accelerated by recent advances in genetic engineering that enable fast‐track generation and fine‐tuning of GEMMs to more closely resemble human patients. In addition, aligning preclinical tumor intervention studies in advanced GEMMs with clinical studies in patients is expected to accelerate the development of novel therapeutic strategies and their translation into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Kersten
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karin E de Visser
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine H van Miltenburg
- Division of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Biran A, Zada L, Abou Karam P, Vadai E, Roitman L, Ovadya Y, Porat Z, Krizhanovsky V. Quantitative identification of senescent cells in aging and disease. Aging Cell 2017; 16:661-671. [PMID: 28455874 PMCID: PMC5506427 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescent cells are present in premalignant lesions and sites of tissue damage and accumulate in tissues with age. In vivo identification, quantification and characterization of senescent cells are challenging tasks that limit our understanding of the role of senescent cells in diseases and aging. Here, we present a new way to precisely quantify and identify senescent cells in tissues on a single‐cell basis. The method combines a senescence‐associated beta‐galactosidase assay with staining of molecular markers for cellular senescence and of cellular identity. By utilizing technology that combines flow cytometry with high‐content image analysis, we were able to quantify senescent cells in tumors, fibrotic tissues, and tissues of aged mice. Our approach also yielded the finding that senescent cells in tissues of aged mice are larger than nonsenescent cells. Thus, this method provides a basis for quantitative assessment of senescent cells and it offers proof of principle for combination of different markers of senescence. It paves the way for screening of senescent cells for identification of new senescence biomarkers, genes that bypass senescence or senolytic compounds that eliminate senescent cells, thus enabling a deeper understanding of the senescent state in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Biran
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Lior Zada
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Paula Abou Karam
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Ezra Vadai
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Lior Roitman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Yossi Ovadya
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Ziv Porat
- Flow Cytometry Unit; Biological Services Department; Weizmann Institute of Science; 76100 Rehovot Israel
| | - Valery Krizhanovsky
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 76100 Israel
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25
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Castle KD, Chen M, Wisdom AJ, Kirsch DG. Genetically engineered mouse models for studying radiation biology. Transl Cancer Res 2017; 6:S900-S913. [PMID: 30733931 PMCID: PMC6363345 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2017.06.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) are valuable research tools that have transformed our understanding of cancer. The first GEMMs generated in the 1980s and 1990s were knock-in and knock-out models of single oncogenes or tumor suppressors. The advances that made these models possible catalyzed both technological and conceptual shifts in the way cancer research was conducted. As a result, dozens of mouse models of cancer exist today, covering nearly every tissue type. The advantages inherent to GEMMs compared to in vitro and in vivo transplant models are compounded in preclinical radiobiology research for several reasons. First, they accurately and robustly recapitulate primary cancers anatomically, histopathologically, and genetically. Reliable models are a prerequisite for predictive preclinical studies. Second, they preserve the tumor microenvironment, including the immune, vascular, and stromal compartments, which enables the study of radiobiology at a systems biology level. Third, they provide exquisite control over the genetics and kinetics of tumor initiation, which enables the study of specific gene mutations on radiation response and functional genomics in vivo. Taken together, these facets allow researchers to utilize GEMMs for rigorous and reproducible preclinical research. In the three decades since the generation of the first GEMMs of cancer, advancements in modeling approaches have rapidly progressed and expanded the mouse modeling toolbox with techniques such as in vivo short hairpin RNA (shRNA) knockdown, inducible gene expression, site-specific recombinases, and dual recombinase systems. Our lab and many others have utilized these tools to study cancer and radiobiology. Recent advances in genome engineering with CRISPR/Cas9 technology have made GEMMs even more accessible to researchers. Here, we review current and future approaches to mouse modeling with a focus on applications in preclinical radiobiology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine D. Castle
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amy J. Wisdom
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David G. Kirsch
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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26
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Alorro MG, Pierce TP, Eissmann MF, Dijkstra C, Dickins RA, Ernst M, Buchert M, Masson F. Generation of an inducible mouse model to reversibly silence Stat3. Genesis 2017; 55. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariah G. Alorro
- Cancer and Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine; Heidelberg Victoria 3084 Australia
| | - Thomas P. Pierce
- Cancer and Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine; Heidelberg Victoria 3084 Australia
| | - Moritz F. Eissmann
- Cancer and Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine; Heidelberg Victoria 3084 Australia
| | - Christine Dijkstra
- Cancer and Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine; Heidelberg Victoria 3084 Australia
| | - Ross A. Dickins
- Dickins Laboratory, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University; Melbourne Victoria 3004 Australia
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Cancer and Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine; Heidelberg Victoria 3084 Australia
| | - Michael Buchert
- Cancer and Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine; Heidelberg Victoria 3084 Australia
| | - Frederic Masson
- Cancer and Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine; Heidelberg Victoria 3084 Australia
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27
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Senturk S, Shirole NH, Nowak DG, Corbo V, Pal D, Vaughan A, Tuveson DA, Trotman LC, Kinney JB, Sordella R. Rapid and tunable method to temporally control gene editing based on conditional Cas9 stabilization. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14370. [PMID: 28224990 DOI: 10.1101/023366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas9 system is a powerful tool for studying gene function. Here, we describe a method that allows temporal control of CRISPR/Cas9 activity based on conditional Cas9 destabilization. We demonstrate that fusing an FKBP12-derived destabilizing domain to Cas9 (DD-Cas9) enables conditional Cas9 expression and temporal control of gene editing in the presence of an FKBP12 synthetic ligand. This system can be easily adapted to co-express, from the same promoter, DD-Cas9 with any other gene of interest without co-modulation of the latter. In particular, when co-expressed with inducible Cre-ERT2, our system enables parallel, independent manipulation of alleles targeted by Cas9 and traditional recombinase with single-cell specificity. We anticipate this platform will be used for the systematic characterization and identification of essential genes, as well as the investigation of the interactions between functional genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serif Senturk
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Nitin H Shirole
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Dawid G Nowak
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Vincenzo Corbo
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Debjani Pal
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Alexander Vaughan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - David A Tuveson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Lloyd C Trotman
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Justin B Kinney
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Raffaella Sordella
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
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28
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Senturk S, Shirole NH, Nowak DG, Corbo V, Pal D, Vaughan A, Tuveson DA, Trotman LC, Kinney JB, Sordella R. Rapid and tunable method to temporally control gene editing based on conditional Cas9 stabilization. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14370. [PMID: 28224990 PMCID: PMC5322564 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas9 system is a powerful tool for studying gene function. Here, we describe a method that allows temporal control of CRISPR/Cas9 activity based on conditional Cas9 destabilization. We demonstrate that fusing an FKBP12-derived destabilizing domain to Cas9 (DD-Cas9) enables conditional Cas9 expression and temporal control of gene editing in the presence of an FKBP12 synthetic ligand. This system can be easily adapted to co-express, from the same promoter, DD-Cas9 with any other gene of interest without co-modulation of the latter. In particular, when co-expressed with inducible Cre-ERT2, our system enables parallel, independent manipulation of alleles targeted by Cas9 and traditional recombinase with single-cell specificity. We anticipate this platform will be used for the systematic characterization and identification of essential genes, as well as the investigation of the interactions between functional genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serif Senturk
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Nitin H. Shirole
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Dawid G. Nowak
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Vincenzo Corbo
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Debjani Pal
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Alexander Vaughan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - David A. Tuveson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Lloyd C. Trotman
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Justin B. Kinney
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Raffaella Sordella
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
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29
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Manchado E, Huang CH, Tasdemir N, Tschaharganeh DF, Wilkinson JE, Lowe SW. A Pipeline for Drug Target Identification and Validation. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2017; 81:257-267. [PMID: 28057848 PMCID: PMC5469697 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2016.81.031096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and affordable tumor profiling has led to an explosion of genomic data that is facilitating the development of new cancer therapies. The potential of therapeutic strategies aimed at inactivating the oncogenic lesions that contribute to the aberrant survival and proliferation of tumor cells has yielded remarkable success in some malignancies such as BRAF-mutant melanoma and BCR-ABL expressing chronic myeloid leukemia. However, the direct inhibition of several well-established oncoproteins in some of these cancers is not possible or produces only transient benefits. Functional genomics represents a powerful approach for the identification of vulnerabilities linked to specific genetic alterations and has provided substantial insights into cancer signaling networks. Still, as inhibition of gene function can have diverse effects on both tumor and normal tissues, information on the potency of target inhibition on tumor growth as well as the toxic side effects of target inhibition are also needed. Here, we discuss our RNA interference (RNAi) pipeline for cancer target discovery based on our optimized short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) tools for negative selection screens and inducible RNAi platform that, in combination with embryonic stem cell (ESC)-based genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs), enable deep in vivo target validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eusebio Manchado
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Chun-Hao Huang
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065.,Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, New York 10065
| | - Nilgun Tasdemir
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065.,Watson School of Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724
| | - Darjus F Tschaharganeh
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - John E Wilkinson
- ULAM/Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Scott W Lowe
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065.,Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, New York 10065.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
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30
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Bradford BJ, Cooper CA, Tizard ML, Doran TJ, Hinton TM. RNA interference-based technology: what role in animal agriculture? ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/an15437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Animal agriculture faces a broad array of challenges, ranging from disease threats to adverse environmental conditions, while attempting to increase productivity using fewer resources. RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological phenomenon with the potential to provide novel solutions to some of these challenges. Discovered just 20 years ago, the mechanisms underlying RNAi are now well described in plants and animals. Intracellular double-stranded RNA triggers a conserved response that leads to cleavage and degradation of complementary mRNA strands, thereby preventing production of the corresponding protein product. RNAi can be naturally induced by expression of endogenous microRNA, which are critical in the regulation of protein synthesis, providing a mechanism for rapid adaptation of physiological function. This endogenous pathway can be co-opted for targeted RNAi either through delivery of exogenous small interfering RNA (siRNA) into target cells or by transgenic expression of short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Potentially valuable RNAi targets for livestock include endogenous genes such as developmental regulators, transcripts involved in adaptations to new physiological states, immune response mediators, and also exogenous genes such as those encoded by viruses. RNAi approaches have shown promise in cell culture and rodent models as well as some livestock studies, but technical and market barriers still need to be addressed before commercial applications of RNAi in animal agriculture can be realised. Key challenges for exogenous delivery of siRNA include appropriate formulation for physical delivery, internal transport and eventual cellular uptake of the siRNA; additionally, rigorous safety and residue studies in target species will be necessary for siRNA delivery nanoparticles currently under evaluation. However, genomic incorporation of shRNA can overcome these issues, but optimal promoters to drive shRNA expression are needed, and genetic engineering may attract more resistance from consumers than the use of exogenous siRNA. Despite these hurdles, the convergence of greater understanding of RNAi mechanisms, detailed descriptions of regulatory processes in animal development and disease, and breakthroughs in synthetic chemistry and genome engineering has created exciting possibilities for using RNAi to enhance the sustainability of animal agriculture.
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31
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Abstract
The generation of a new genetically modified mouse strain is a big hurdle to take for many researchers. It is often unclear which steps and decisions have to be made prior to obtaining the desired mouse model. This review aims to help researchers by providing a decision guide that answers the essential questions that need to be asked before generating the most suitable genetically modified mouse line in the most optimal timeframe. The review includes the latest technologies in both the stem cell culture and gene editing tools, particularly CRISPR/Cas9, and provides compatibility guidelines for selecting among the different types of genetic modifications that can be introduced in the mouse genome and the various routes for introducing these modifications into the mouse germline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo J Huijbers
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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32
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Housden BE, Muhar M, Gemberling M, Gersbach CA, Stainier DYR, Seydoux G, Mohr SE, Zuber J, Perrimon N. Loss-of-function genetic tools for animal models: cross-species and cross-platform differences. Nat Rev Genet 2016; 18:24-40. [PMID: 27795562 DOI: 10.1038/nrg.2016.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the genetic mechanisms that underlie biological processes has relied extensively on loss-of-function (LOF) analyses. LOF methods target DNA, RNA or protein to reduce or to ablate gene function. By analysing the phenotypes that are caused by these perturbations the wild-type function of genes can be elucidated. Although all LOF methods reduce gene activity, the choice of approach (for example, mutagenesis, CRISPR-based gene editing, RNA interference, morpholinos or pharmacological inhibition) can have a major effect on phenotypic outcomes. Interpretation of the LOF phenotype must take into account the biological process that is targeted by each method. The practicality and efficiency of LOF methods also vary considerably between model systems. We describe parameters for choosing the optimal combination of method and system, and for interpreting phenotypes within the constraints of each method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Housden
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Matthias Muhar
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Matthew Gemberling
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Charles A Gersbach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 43 Ludwigstrasse, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Geraldine Seydoux
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Stephanie E Mohr
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Johannes Zuber
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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33
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Onyido EK, Sweeney E, Nateri AS. Wnt-signalling pathways and microRNAs network in carcinogenesis: experimental and bioinformatics approaches. Mol Cancer 2016; 15:56. [PMID: 27590724 PMCID: PMC5010773 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-016-0541-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have not only emerged as integral regulators of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level but also respond to signalling molecules to affect cell function(s). miRNAs crosstalk with a variety of the key cellular signalling networks such as Wnt, transforming growth factor-β and Notch, control stem cell activity in maintaining tissue homeostasis, while if dysregulated contributes to the initiation and progression of cancer. Herein, we overview the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the crosstalk between Wnt-signalling components (canonical and non-canonical) and miRNAs, as well as changes in the miRNA/Wnt-signalling components observed in the different forms of cancer. Furthermore, the fundamental understanding of miRNA-mediated regulation of Wnt-signalling pathway and vice versa has been significantly improved by high-throughput genomics and bioinformatics technologies. Whilst, these approaches have identified a number of specific miRNA(s) that function as oncogenes or tumour suppressors, additional analyses will be necessary to fully unravel the links among conserved cellular signalling pathways and miRNAs and their potential associated components in cancer, thereby creating therapeutic avenues against tumours. Hence, we also discuss the current challenges associated with Wnt-signalling/miRNAs complex and the analysis using the biomedical experimental and bioinformatics approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emenike K Onyido
- Cancer Genetics & Stem Cell Group, Cancer Biology Unit, Division of Cancer & Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Eloise Sweeney
- Cancer Genetics & Stem Cell Group, Cancer Biology Unit, Division of Cancer & Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Abdolrahman Shams Nateri
- Cancer Genetics & Stem Cell Group, Cancer Biology Unit, Division of Cancer & Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
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34
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Recombinase-based conditional and reversible gene regulation via XTR alleles. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8783. [PMID: 26537451 PMCID: PMC4635517 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic biological tools that enable precise regulation of gene function within in vivo systems have enormous potential to discern gene function in diverse physiological settings. Here we report the development and characterization of a synthetic gene switch that, when targeted in the mouse germline, enables conditional inactivation, reports gene expression and allows inducible restoration of the targeted gene. Gene inactivation and reporter expression is achieved through Cre-mediated stable inversion of an integrated gene-trap reporter, whereas inducible gene restoration is afforded by Flp-dependent deletion of the inverted gene trap. We validate our approach by targeting the p53 and Rb genes and establishing cell line and in vivo cancer model systems, to study the impact of p53 or Rb inactivation and restoration. We term this allele system XTR, to denote each of the allelic states and the associated expression patterns of the targeted gene: eXpressed (XTR), Trapped (TR) and Restored (R).
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35
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Wang S, Wang T, Wang T, Jia L. Cell Type-Specific and Inducible PTEN Gene Silencing by a Tetracycline Transcriptional Activator-Regulated Short Hairpin RNA. Mol Cells 2015; 38:959-65. [PMID: 26486163 PMCID: PMC4673410 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2015.0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducible and reversible gene silencing in desired types of cells is instrumental for deciphering gene functions using cultured cells or in vivo models. However, efficient conditional gene knockdown systems remain to be established. Here, we report the generation of an inducible expression system for short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeted to PTEN, a well-documented dual-specificity phosphatase involved in tumor suppression and ontogenesis. Upon induction by doxycycline (DOX), the reverse tetracycline transcriptional activator (rtTA) switched on the concomitant expression of GFP and a miR-30 precursor, the subsequent processing of which released the embedded PTEN-targeted shRNA. The efficacy and reversibility of PTEN knockdown by this construct was validated in normal and neoplastic cells, in which PTEN deficiency resulted in accelerated cell proliferation, suppressed apoptosis, and increased invasiveness. Transgenic mice harboring the conditional shRNA-expression cassette were obtained; GFP expression and concurrent PTEN silencing were observed upon ectopic expression of rtTA and induction with Dox. Therefore, this study provides novel tools for the precise dissection of PTEN functions and the generation of PTEN loss of function models in specific subsets of cells during carcinogenesis and ontogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032,
China
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032,
China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032,
China
| | - Lintao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032,
China
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36
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Specks J, Nieto-Soler M, Lopez-Contreras AJ, Fernandez-Capetillo O. Modeling the study of DNA damage responses in mice. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1267:413-37. [PMID: 25636482 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2297-0_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Damaged DNA has a profound impact on mammalian health and overall survival. In addition to being the source of mutations that initiate cancer, the accumulation of toxic amounts of DNA damage can cause severe developmental diseases and accelerate aging. Therefore, understanding how cells respond to DNA damage has become one of the most intense areas of biomedical research in the recent years. However, whereas most mechanistic studies derive from in vitro or in cellulo work, the impact of a given mutation on a living organism is largely unpredictable. For instance, why BRCA1 mutations preferentially lead to breast cancer whereas mutations compromising mismatch repair drive colon cancer is still not understood. In this context, evaluating the specific physiological impact of mutations that compromise genome integrity has become crucial for a better dimensioning of our knowledge. We here describe the various technologies that can be used for modeling mutations in mice and provide a review of the genes and pathways that have been modeled so far in the context of DNA damage responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Specks
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), C/Melchor Fernandez Almagro, 3, E-28029, Madrid, Spain
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37
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Lee CL, Castle KD, Moding EJ, Blum JM, Williams N, Luo L, Ma Y, Borst LB, Kim Y, Kirsch DG. Acute DNA damage activates the tumour suppressor p53 to promote radiation-induced lymphoma. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8477. [PMID: 26399548 PMCID: PMC4586051 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotoxic cancer therapies, such as chemoradiation, cause haematological toxicity primarily by activating the tumour suppressor p53. While inhibiting p53-mediated cell death during cancer therapy ameliorates haematologic toxicity, whether it also impacts carcinogenesis remains unclear. Here we utilize a mouse model of inducible p53 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) to show that temporarily blocking p53 during total-body irradiation (TBI) not only ameliorates acute toxicity, but also improves long-term survival by preventing lymphoma development. Using KrasLA1 mice, we show that TBI promotes the expansion of a rare population of thymocytes that express oncogenic KrasG12D. However, blocking p53 during TBI significantly suppresses the expansion of KrasG12D-expressing thymocytes. Mechanistically, bone marrow transplant experiments demonstrate that TBI activates p53 to decrease the ability of bone marrow cells to suppress lymphoma development through a non-cell-autonomous mechanism. Together, our results demonstrate that the p53 response to acute DNA damage promotes the development of radiation-induced lymphoma. p53 can be activated by oncogenic stress to suppress tumourigenesis, but its role in radiation carcinogenesis has not been studied in p53 wild-type mice. Here, Lee et al. show that knocking down p53 during total-body irradiation not only reduces acute toxicity, but prevents the formation of radiation-induced lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Lung Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Katherine D Castle
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Everett J Moding
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Jordan M Blum
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Nerissa Williams
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Lixia Luo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Luke B Borst
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA
| | - Yongbaek Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - David G Kirsch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Hagen J, Scheerlinck JPY, Young ND, Gasser RB, Kalinna BH. Prospects for Vector-Based Gene Silencing to Explore Immunobiological Features of Schistosoma mansoni. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2015; 88:85-122. [PMID: 25911366 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a prevalent, socioeconomically important disease of humans caused by parasites of the genus Schistosoma (schistosomes or blood flukes). Currently, more than 200 million people worldwide are infected with schistosomes. Despite major research efforts, there is only one drug routinely used for effective treatment, and no vaccine is available to combat schistosomiasis. The purpose of the present article is to (1) provide a background on the parasites and different forms of disease; (2) describe key immunomolecular aspects of disease induced in the host; and (3) critically appraise functional genomic methods employed to explore parasite biology, parasite-host interactions and disease at the molecular level. Importantly, the article also describes the features and advantages of lentiviral delivery of artificial microRNAs to silence genes. It also discusses the first successful application of such an approach in schistosomes, in order to explore the immunobiological role of selected target proteins known to be involved in egg-induced disease. The lentiviral transduction system provides exciting prospects for future, fundamental investigations of schistosomes, and is likely to have broad applicability to other eukaryotic pathogens and infectious diseases. The ability to achieve effective and stable gene perturbation in parasites has major biotechnological implications, and might facilitate the development of radically new methods for the treatment and control of parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Hagen
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jean-Pierre Y Scheerlinck
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neil D Young
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bernd H Kalinna
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Mountford JK, Petitjean C, Putra HWK, McCafferty JA, Setiabakti NM, Lee H, Tønnesen LL, McFadyen JD, Schoenwaelder SM, Eckly A, Gachet C, Ellis S, Voss AK, Dickins RA, Hamilton JR, Jackson SP. The class II PI 3-kinase, PI3KC2α, links platelet internal membrane structure to shear-dependent adhesive function. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6535. [PMID: 25779105 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PI3KC2α is a broadly expressed lipid kinase with critical functions during embryonic development but poorly defined roles in adult physiology. Here we utilize multiple mouse genetic models to uncover a role for PI3KC2α in regulating the internal membrane reserve structure of megakaryocytes (demarcation membrane system) and platelets (open canalicular system) that results in dysregulated platelet adhesion under haemodynamic shear stress. Structural alterations in the platelet internal membrane lead to enhanced membrane tether formation that is associated with accelerated, yet highly unstable, thrombus formation in vitro and in vivo. Notably, agonist-induced 3-phosphorylated phosphoinositide production and cellular activation are normal in PI3KC2α-deficient platelets. These findings demonstrate an important role for PI3KC2α in regulating shear-dependent platelet adhesion via regulation of membrane structure, rather than acute signalling. These studies provide a link between the open canalicular system and platelet adhesive function that has relevance to the primary haemostatic and prothrombotic function of platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K Mountford
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Level 6, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Claire Petitjean
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Level 6, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Harun W Kusuma Putra
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Level 6, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Jonathan A McCafferty
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Level 6, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Natasha M Setiabakti
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Level 6, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Hannah Lee
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Level 6, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Lotte L Tønnesen
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Level 6, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - James D McFadyen
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Level 6, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Simone M Schoenwaelder
- 1] Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Level 6, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia [2] The Heart Research Institute and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Newtown 2050, Australia
| | - Anita Eckly
- Unité mixte de recherche S949 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Strasbourg, Etablissement Français du Sang-Alsace 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christian Gachet
- Unité mixte de recherche S949 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Strasbourg, Etablissement Français du Sang-Alsace 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sarah Ellis
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Anne K Voss
- 1] Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ross A Dickins
- 1] Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Justin R Hamilton
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Level 6, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Shaun P Jackson
- 1] Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Level 6, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia [2] The Heart Research Institute and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Newtown 2050, Australia [3] Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
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Zhou Y, Li YS, Bandi SR, Tang L, Shinton SA, Hayakawa K, Hardy RR. Lin28b promotes fetal B lymphopoiesis through the transcription factor Arid3a. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:569-80. [PMID: 25753579 PMCID: PMC4387290 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20141510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Zhou et al. demonstrate a requirement for the Let-7–Lin28b axis regulating a shift in development between fetal liver and bone marrow B lymphocyte progenitors in the generation of B1 versus B2 B cells. Specifically, the transcription factor Arid3a, induced by Lin28b and a target of Let-7 miRNA, is sufficient to recapitulate fetal B cell development from bone marrow progenitors. Mouse B cell precursors from fetal liver and adult bone marrow (BM) generate distinctive B cell progeny when transplanted into immunodeficient recipients, supporting a two-pathway model for B lymphopoiesis, fetal “B-1” and adult “B-2.” Recently, Lin28b was shown to be important for the switch between fetal and adult pathways; however, neither the mechanism of Lin28b action nor the importance of B cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling in this process was addressed. Here, we report key advances in our understanding of the regulation of B-1/B-2 development. First, modulation of Let-7 in fetal pro-B cells is sufficient to alter fetal B-1 development to produce B cells resembling the progeny of adult B-2 development. Second, intact BCR signaling is required for the generation of B1a B cells from Lin28b-transduced BM progenitors, supporting a requirement for ligand-dependent selection, as is the case for normal B1a B cells. Third, the VH repertoire of Lin28b-induced BM B1a B cells differs from that of normal B1a, suggesting persisting differences from fetal progenitors. Finally, we identify the Arid3a transcription factor as a key target of Let-7, whose ectopic expression is sufficient to induce B-1 development in adult pro-B cells and whose silencing by knockdown blocks B-1 development in fetal pro-B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
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Delire B, Stärkel P, Leclercq I. Animal Models for Fibrotic Liver Diseases: What We Have, What We Need, and What Is under Development. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2015; 3:53-66. [PMID: 26357635 PMCID: PMC4542084 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2014.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is part of the wound-healing response to liver damage of various origins and represents a major health problem. Although our understanding of the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis has grown considerably over the last 20 years, effective antifibrotic therapies are still lacking. The use of animal models is crucial for determining mechanisms underlying initiation, progression, and resolution of fibrosis and for developing novel therapies. To date, no animal model can recapitulate all the hepatic and extra-hepatic features of liver disease. In this review, we will discuss the current rodent models of liver injuries. We will then focus on the available ways to target specifically particular compounds of fibrogenesis and on the new models of liver diseases like the humanized liver mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Delire
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter Stärkel
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saint-Luc Academic Hospital and Institute of Clinical Research, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Leclercq
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
- Correspondence to: Isabelle Leclercq, Laboratoire d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E Mounier 53, Box B1.52.01, Brussels 1200, Belgium. Tel: +32-27645379, Fax: +32-27645346. E-mail:
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Li G, Chang H, Zhai YP, Xu W. Targeted silencing of inhibitors of apoptosis proteins with siRNAs: a potential anti-cancer strategy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:4943-52. [PMID: 24175757 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.9.4943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies, with a very poor prognosis. Despite significant improvements in diagnosis and treatment in recent years, the long-term therapeutic efficacy is poor, partially due to tumor metastasis, recurrence, and resistance to chemo- or radio-therapy. Recently, it was found that a major feature of tumors is a combination of unrestrained cell proliferation and impaired apoptosis. There are now 8 recognized members of the IAP-family: NAIP, c-IAP1, c-IAP2, XIAP, Survivin, Bruce, Livin and ILP-2. These proteins all contribute to inhibition of apoptosis, and provide new potential avenues of cancer treatment. As a powerful tool to suppress gene expression in mammalian cells, RNAi species for inhibiting IAP genes can be directed against cancers. This review will provide a brief introduction to recent developments of the application IAP-siRNA in tumor studies, with the aim of inspiring future treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, China E-mail :
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Omega-1 knockdown in Schistosoma mansoni eggs by lentivirus transduction reduces granuloma size in vivo. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5375. [PMID: 25400038 PMCID: PMC4243216 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, one of the most important neglected tropical diseases worldwide, is caused by flatworms (blood flukes or schistosomes) that live in the bloodstream of humans. The hepatointestinal form of this debilitating disease results from a chronic infection with Schistosoma mansoni or Schistosoma japonicum. No vaccine is available to prevent schistosomiasis, and treatment relies predominantly on the use of a single drug, praziquantel. In spite of considerable research effort over the years, very little is known about the complex in vivo events that lead to granuloma formation and other pathological changes during infection. Here we use, for the first time, a lentivirus-based transduction system to deliver microRNA-adapted short hairpin RNAs (shRNAmirs) into the parasite to silence and explore selected protein-encoding genes of S. mansoni implicated in the disease process. This gene-silencing system has potential to be used for functional genomic–phenomic studies of a range of socioeconomically important pathogens. Schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease, is caused by flatworms such as Schistosoma mansoni. Here, Hagen et al. describe a lentivirus-based transduction system to deliver microRNA-adapted small hairpin RNAs into S. mansoni to inhibit transcription of selected genes implicated in the disease process.
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Yeh ES, Vernon-Grey A, Martin H, Chodosh LA. Tetracycline-regulated mouse models of cancer. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2014; 2014:pdb.top069823. [PMID: 25275112 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top069823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) have proven essential to the study of mammalian gene function in both development and disease. However, traditional constitutive transgenic mouse model systems are limited by the temporal and spatial characteristics of the experimental promoter used to drive transgene expression. To address this limitation, considerable effort has been dedicated to developing conditional and inducible mouse model systems. Although a number of approaches to generating inducible GEMMs have been pursued, several have been restricted by toxic or undesired physiological side effects of the compounds used to activate gene expression. The development of tetracycline (tet)-dependent regulatory systems has allowed for circumvention of these issues resulting in the widespread adoption of these systems as an invaluable tool for modeling the complex nature of cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Yeh
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Ann Vernon-Grey
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Heather Martin
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Lewis A Chodosh
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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Lee H. Genetically engineered mouse models for drug development and preclinical trials. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 22:267-74. [PMID: 25143803 PMCID: PMC4131519 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2014.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug development and preclinical trials are challenging processes and more than 80% to 90% of drug candidates fail to gain approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration. Predictive and efficient tools are required to discover high quality targets and increase the probability of success in the process of new drug development. One such solution to the challenges faced in the development of new drugs and combination therapies is the use of low-cost and experimentally manageable in vivo animal models. Since the 1980's, scientists have been able to genetically modify the mouse genome by removing or replacing a specific gene, which has improved the identification and validation of target genes of interest. Now genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) are widely used and have proved to be a powerful tool in drug discovery processes. This review particularly covers recent fascinating technologies for drug discovery and preclinical trials, targeted transgenesis and RNAi mouse, including application and combination of inducible system. Improvements in technologies and the development of new GEMMs are expected to guide future applications of these models to drug discovery and preclinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Lee
- Division of Convergence Technology, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 410-769, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
The core aspect of the senescent phenotype is a stable state of cell cycle arrest. However, this is a disguise that conceals a highly active metabolic cell state with diverse functionality. Both the cell-autonomous and the non-cell-autonomous activities of senescent cells create spatiotemporally dynamic and context-dependent tissue reactions. For example, the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) provokes not only tumour-suppressive but also tumour-promoting responses. Senescence is now increasingly considered to be an integrated and widespread component that is potentially important for tumour development, tumour suppression and the response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A Pérez-Mancera
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Andrew R J Young
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Masashi Narita
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
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Zaiss AK, Zuber J, Chu C, Machado HB, Jiao J, Catapang AB, Ishikawa TO, Gil JS, Lowe SW, Herschman HR. Reversible suppression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) expression in vivo by inducible RNA interference. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101263. [PMID: 24988319 PMCID: PMC4079684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), also known as cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), plays a critical role in many normal physiological functions and modulates a variety of pathological conditions. The ability to turn endogenous COX-2 on and off in a reversible fashion, at specific times and in specific cell types, would be a powerful tool in determining its role in many contexts. To achieve this goal, we took advantage of a recently developed RNA interference system in mice. An shRNA targeting the Cox2 mRNA 3′untranslated region was inserted into a microRNA expression cassette, under the control of a tetracycline response element (TRE) promoter. Transgenic mice containing the COX-2-shRNA were crossed with mice encoding a CAG promoter-driven reverse tetracycline transactivator, which activates the TRE promoter in the presence of tetracycline/doxycycline. To facilitate testing the system, we generated a knockin reporter mouse in which the firefly luciferase gene replaces the Cox2 coding region. Cox2 promoter activation in cultured cells from triple transgenic mice containing the luciferase allele, the shRNA and the transactivator transgene resulted in robust luciferase and COX-2 expression that was reversibly down-regulated by doxycycline administration. In vivo, using a skin inflammation-model, both luciferase and COX-2 expression were inhibited over 80% in mice that received doxycycline in their diet, leading to a significant reduction of infiltrating leukocytes. In summary, using inducible RNA interference to target COX-2 expression, we demonstrate potent, reversible Cox2 gene silencing in vivo. This system should provide a valuable tool to analyze cell type-specific roles for COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K. Zaiss
- Department of Medical and Molecular Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Johannes Zuber
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Chun Chu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Hidevaldo B. Machado
- Department of Medical and Molecular Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jing Jiao
- Department of Medical and Molecular Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Arthur B. Catapang
- Department of Medical and Molecular Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Tomo-o Ishikawa
- Department of Medical and Molecular Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jose S. Gil
- Department of Medical and Molecular Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Scott W. Lowe
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Harvey R. Herschman
- Department of Medical and Molecular Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wang L, Rodriguiz RM, Wetsel WC, Sheng H, Zhao S, Liu X, Paschen W, Yang W. Neuron-specific Sumo1-3 knockdown in mice impairs episodic and fear memories. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2014; 39:259-66. [PMID: 24690371 PMCID: PMC4074237 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.130148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing evidence suggests that small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) conjugation plays a key role in brain plasticity by modulating activity-dependent synaptic transmission. However, these observations are based largely on cell culture experiments. We hypothesized that episodic and fear memories would be affected by silencing SUMO1-3 expression. METHODS To investigate the role of SUMO conjugation in neuronal functioning in vivo, we generated a novel Sumo transgenic mouse model in which a Thy1 promoter drives expression of 3 distinct microRNAs to silence Sumo1-3 expression, specifically in neurons. Wild-type and Sumo1-3 knockdown mice were subjected to a battery of behavioural tests to elucidate whether Sumoylation is involved in episodic and emotional memory. RESULTS Expression of Sumo1-3 microRNAs and the corresponding silencing of Sumo expression were particularly pronounced in hippocampal, amygdala and layer V cerebral cortex neurons. The Sumo knockdown mice displayed anxiety-like responses and were impaired in episodic memory processes, contextual and cued fear conditioning and fear-potentiated startle. LIMITATIONS Since expression of Sumo1-3 was silenced in this mouse model, we need to verify in future studies which of the SUMO paralogues play the pivotal role in episodic and emotional memory. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that a functional SUMO conjugation pathway is essential for emotionality and cognition. This novel Sumo knockdown mouse model and the technology used in generating this mutant may help to reveal novel mechanisms that underlie a variety of neuropsychiatric conditions associated with anxiety and impairment of episodic and emotional memory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Wulf Paschen
- Correspondence to: W. Paschen or W. Yang, Department of Anesthesiology, Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Duke University Medical Center, 130 + 152 Sands Building, Research Dr., Durham, NC 27710, USA; or
| | - Wei Yang
- Correspondence to: W. Paschen or W. Yang, Department of Anesthesiology, Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Duke University Medical Center, 130 + 152 Sands Building, Research Dr., Durham, NC 27710, USA; or
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Gutiérrez-Aguilar M, Douglas DL, Gibson AK, Domeier TL, Molkentin JD, Baines CP. Genetic manipulation of the cardiac mitochondrial phosphate carrier does not affect permeability transition. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 72:316-25. [PMID: 24768964 PMCID: PMC4080311 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Mitochondrial Permeability Transition (MPT) pore is a voltage-sensitive unselective channel known to instigate necrotic cell death during cardiac disease. Recent models suggest that the isomerase cyclophilin D (CypD) regulates the MPT pore by binding to either the F0F1-ATP synthase lateral stalk or the mitochondrial phosphate carrier (PiC). Here we confirm that CypD, through its N-terminus, can directly bind PiC. We then generated cardiac-specific mouse strains overexpressing or with decreased levels of mitochondrial PiC to assess the functionality of such interaction. While PiC overexpression had no observable pathologic phenotype, PiC knockdown resulted in cardiac hypertrophy along with decreased ATP levels. Mitochondria isolated from the hearts of these mouse lines and their respective non-transgenic controls had no divergent phenotype in terms of oxygen consumption and Ca(2+)-induced MPT, as assessed by swelling and Ca(2+)-retention measurements. These results provide genetic evidence indicating that the mitochondrial PiC is not a critical component of the MPT pore.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana L Douglas
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Anne K Gibson
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Timothy L Domeier
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Jeffery D Molkentin
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Christopher P Baines
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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RNA interference screening to detect targetable molecules in hematopoietic stem cells. Curr Opin Hematol 2014; 21:283-8. [DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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