1
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Fee BE, Fee LR, Menechella M, Affeldt B, Sprouse AR, Bounini A, Alwarawrah Y, Molloy CT, Ilkayeva OR, Prinz JA, Lenz DS, MacIver NJ, Rai P, Fessler MB, Coers J, Taylor GA. Type I interferon signaling and peroxisomal dysfunction contribute to enhanced inflammatory cytokine production in Irgm1-deficient macrophages. J Biol Chem 2024:107883. [PMID: 39395806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 09/30/2024] [Accepted: 10/05/2024] [Indexed: 10/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The human IRGM gene has been linked to inflammatory diseases including sepsis and Crohn's disease. Decreased expression of human IRGM, or of the mouse orthologues Irgm1 and Irgm2, leads to increased production of a number of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines in vivo and/or in cultured macrophages. Prior work has indicated that increased cytokine production is instigated by metabolic alterations and by changes in mitochondrial homeostasis; however, a comprehensive mechanism has not been elucidated. In the studies presented here, RNA deep sequencing and quantitative PCR were used to show that increases in cytokine production, as well as most changes in the transcriptional profile of Irgm1-/- bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM), are dependent on increased type I IFN production seen in those cells. Metabolic alterations that drive increased cytokines in Irgm1-/- BMM - specifically increases in glycolysis and increased accumulation of acyl-carnitines - were unaffected by quenching type I IFN signaling. Dysregulation of peroxisomal homeostasis was identified as a novel upstream pathway that governs type I IFN production and inflammatory cytokine production. Collectively, these results enhance our understanding of the complex biochemical changes that are triggered by lack of Irgm1 and contribute to inflammatory disease seen with Irgm1-deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Fee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Lanette R Fee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Mark Menechella
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Bethann Affeldt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Aemilia R Sprouse
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Amina Bounini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Yazan Alwarawrah
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Caitlyn T Molloy
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Olga R Ilkayeva
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701; Duke University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Joseph A Prinz
- Duke University School of Medicine, Sequencing and Genomic Technologies, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Devi Swain Lenz
- Duke University School of Medicine, Sequencing and Genomic Technologies, Durham, NC 27710; Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Nancie J MacIver
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Prashant Rai
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Michael B Fessler
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Jörn Coers
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; Department of Immunobiology; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Gregory A Taylor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; Department of Immunobiology; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC 27705.
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2
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Naik SK, McNehlan ME, Mreyoud Y, Kinsella RL, Smirnov A, Sur Chowdhury C, McKee SR, Dubey N, Woodson R, Kreamalmeyer D, Stallings CL. Type I IFN signaling in the absence of IRGM1 promotes M. tuberculosis replication in immune cells by suppressing T cell responses. Mucosal Immunol 2024; 17:1114-1127. [PMID: 39038752 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the IRGM gene are associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis in humans. A murine ortholog of Irgm, Irgm1, is also essential for controlling Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection in mice. Multiple processes have been associated with IRGM1 activity that could impact the host response to Mtb infection, including roles in autophagy-mediated pathogen clearance and expansion of activated T cells. However, what IRGM1-mediated pathway is necessary to control Mtb infection in vivo and the mechanistic basis for this control remains unknown. We dissected the contribution of IRGM1 to immune control of Mtb pathogenesis in vivo and found that Irgm1 deletion leads to higher levels of IRGM3-dependent type I interferon signaling. The increased type I interferon signaling precludes T cell expansion during Mtb infection. The absence of Mtb-specific T cell expansion in Irgm1-/- mice results in uncontrolled Mtb infection in neutrophils and alveolar macrophages, which directly contributes to susceptibility to infection. Together, our studies reveal that IRGM1 is required to promote T cell-mediated control of Mtb infection in neutrophils, which is essential for the survival of Mtb-infected mice. These studies also uncover new ways type I interferon signaling can impact TH1 immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanta K Naik
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Michael E McNehlan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yassin Mreyoud
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rachel L Kinsella
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Asya Smirnov
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chanchal Sur Chowdhury
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Samuel R McKee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Neha Dubey
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Reilly Woodson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Darren Kreamalmeyer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christina L Stallings
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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3
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Cui L, Xu X, Fan H, Wan X, Chen Q, Zhang J, Tao C, Du Z, Wang Y, Zhang J, Zeng J, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Li L, Bu Y, Lei Y. Reuterin promotes pyroptosis in hepatocellular cancer cells through mtDNA-mediated STING activation and caspase 8 expression. Cancer Lett 2024; 601:217183. [PMID: 39153728 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.217183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of liver cancer with poor prognosis. The available drugs for advanced HCC are limited and substantial therapeutic advances including new drugs and new combination therapies are still in urgent need. In this study, we found that the major metabolite of Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri), reuterin showed great anti-HCC potential and could help in sorafenib treatment. Reuterin treatment impaired mitophagy and caused the aberrant clustering of mitochondrial nucleoids to block mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication and mitochondrial fission, which could promote mtDNA leakage and subsequent STING activation in HCC cells. STING could activate pyroptosis and necroptosis, while reuterin treatment also induced caspase 8 expression to inhibit necroptosis through cleaving RIPK3 in HCC cells. Thus, pyroptosis was the main death form in reuterin-treated HCC cells and STING suppression remarkably rescued the growth inhibitory effect of reuterin and concurrently knockdown caspase 8 synergized to restrain the induction of pyroptosis. In conclusion, our study explains the detailed molecular mechanisms of the antitumor effect of reuterin and reveals its potential to perform as a combinational drug for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Hui Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xinyan Wan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Junhui Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Oncology and Department of Palliative Care, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Chuntao Tao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Zheng Du
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jun Zeng
- College of Life Sciences and Animal Biology Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission of China, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Chundong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Longhao Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Youquan Bu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Yunlong Lei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, 610212, China.
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4
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Kim H, Massett MP. Effect of Spermidine on Endothelial Function in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9920. [PMID: 39337408 PMCID: PMC11432455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25189920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is common in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), even in the absence of cardiovascular disease. Evidence suggests that impaired mitophagy contributes to SLE. Mitochondrial dysfunction is also associated with impaired endothelial function. Spermidine, a natural polyamine, stimulates mitophagy by the PINK1-parkin pathway and counters age-associated endothelial dysfunction. However, the effect of spermidine on mitophagy and vascular function in SLE has not been explored. To address this gap, 9-week-old female lupus-prone (MRL/lpr) and healthy control (MRL/MpJ) mice were randomly assigned to spermidine treatment (lpr_Spermidine and MpJ_Spermidine) for 8 weeks or as control (lpr_Control and MpJ_Control). lpr_Control mice exhibited impaired endothelial function (e.g., decreased relaxation to acetylcholine), increased markers of inflammation, and lower protein content of parkin, a mitophagy marker, in the thoracic aorta. Spermidine treatment prevented endothelial dysfunction in MRL-lpr mice. Furthermore, aortas from lpr_Spermidine mice had lower levels of inflammatory markers and higher levels of parkin. Lupus phenotypes were not affected by spermidine. Collectively, these results demonstrate the beneficial effects of spermidine treatment on endothelial function, inflammation, and mitophagy in SLE mice. These results support future studies of the beneficial effects of spermidine on endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease risk in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael P. Massett
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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5
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Medhavy A, Athanasopoulos V, Bassett K, He Y, Stanley M, Enosi Tuipulotu D, Cappello J, Brown GJ, Gonzalez-Figueroa P, Turnbull C, Shanmuganandam S, Tummala P, Hart G, Lea-Henry T, Wang H, Nambadan S, Shen Q, Roco JA, Burgio G, Wu P, Cho E, Andrews TD, Field MA, Wu X, Ding H, Guo Q, Shen N, Man SM, Jiang SH, Cook MC, Vinuesa CG. A TNIP1-driven systemic autoimmune disorder with elevated IgG4. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:1678-1691. [PMID: 39060650 PMCID: PMC11362012 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01902-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Whole-exome sequencing of two unrelated kindreds with systemic autoimmune disease featuring antinuclear antibodies with IgG4 elevation uncovered an identical ultrarare heterozygous TNIP1Q333P variant segregating with disease. Mice with the orthologous Q346P variant developed antinuclear autoantibodies, salivary gland inflammation, elevated IgG2c, spontaneous germinal centers and expansion of age-associated B cells, plasma cells and follicular and extrafollicular helper T cells. B cell phenotypes were cell-autonomous and rescued by ablation of Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) or MyD88. The variant increased interferon-β without altering nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells signaling, and impaired MyD88 and IRAK1 recruitment to autophagosomes. Additionally, the Q333P variant impaired TNIP1 localization to damaged mitochondria and mitophagosome formation. Damaged mitochondria were abundant in the salivary epithelial cells of Tnip1Q346P mice. These findings suggest that TNIP1-mediated autoimmunity may be a consequence of increased TLR7 signaling due to impaired recruitment of downstream signaling molecules and damaged mitochondria to autophagosomes and may thus respond to TLR7-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti Medhavy
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Vicki Athanasopoulos
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Katharine Bassett
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Yuke He
- China Australia Center for Personalized Immunology, Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Maurice Stanley
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Daniel Enosi Tuipulotu
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Jean Cappello
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Grant J Brown
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Paula Gonzalez-Figueroa
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Cynthia Turnbull
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Somasundhari Shanmuganandam
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Padmaja Tummala
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Gemma Hart
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Tom Lea-Henry
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Hao Wang
- Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Sonia Nambadan
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | | | - Jonathan A Roco
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Gaetan Burgio
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Phil Wu
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Eun Cho
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - T Daniel Andrews
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Matt A Field
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Center for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Xiaoqian Wu
- China Australia Center for Personalized Immunology, Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huihua Ding
- Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Shen
- China Australia Center for Personalized Immunology, Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Si Ming Man
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Simon H Jiang
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Matthew C Cook
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carola G Vinuesa
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
- China Australia Center for Personalized Immunology, Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
- Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
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6
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Oh S, Mandell MA. Regulation of Mitochondria-Derived Immune Activation by 'Antiviral' TRIM Proteins. Viruses 2024; 16:1161. [PMID: 39066323 PMCID: PMC11281404 DOI: 10.3390/v16071161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are key orchestrators of antiviral responses that serve as platforms for the assembly and activation of innate immune-signaling complexes. In response to viral infection, mitochondria can be triggered to release immune-stimulatory molecules that can boost interferon production. These same molecules can be released by damaged mitochondria to induce pathogenic, antiviral-like immune responses in the absence of infection. This review explores how members of the tripartite motif-containing (TRIM) protein family, which are recognized for their roles in antiviral defense, regulate mitochondria-based innate immune activation. In antiviral defense, TRIMs are essential components of immune signal transduction pathways and function as directly acting viral restriction factors. TRIMs carry out conceptually similar activities when controlling immune activation related to mitochondria. First, they modulate immune-signaling pathways that can be activated by mitochondrial molecules. Second, they co-ordinate the direct removal of mitochondria and associated immune-activating factors through mitophagy. These insights broaden the scope of TRIM actions in innate immunity and may implicate TRIMs in diseases associated with mitochondria-derived inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seeun Oh
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA;
| | - Michael A. Mandell
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA;
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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7
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Xu Y, Gao R, Zhang M, Zeng Q, Zhu G, Qiu J, Su W, Wang R. Deletion of the Mitochondrial Membrane Protein Fam210b Is Associated with the Development of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7253. [PMID: 39000360 PMCID: PMC11241391 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been increasingly recognized as a trigger for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Recent bioinformatics studies have suggested Fam210b as a significant candidate for the classification and therapeutic targeting of SLE. To experimentally prove the role of Fam210b in SLE, we constructed Fam210b knockout (Fam210b-/-) mice using the CRISPR-Cas9 method. We found that approximately 15.68% of Fam210b-/- mice spontaneously developed lupus-like autoimmunity, which was characterized by skin ulcerations, splenomegaly, and an increase in anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) IgG antibodies and anti-nuclear antibodies(ANA). Single-cell sequencing showed that Fam210b was mainly expressed in erythroid cells. Critically, the knockout of Fam210b resulted in abnormal erythrocyte differentiation and development in the spleens of mice. Concurrently, the spleens exhibited an increased number of CD71+ erythroid cells, along with elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the erythrocytes. The co-culture of CD71+ erythroid cells and lymphocytes resulted in lymphocyte activation and promoted dsDNA and IgG production. In summary, Fam210b knockout leads to a low probability of lupus-like symptoms in mice through the overproduction of ROS in CD71+ erythroid cells. Thus, Fam210b reduction may serve as a novel key marker that triggers the development of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Xu
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing 100069, China; (Y.X.); (R.G.); (M.Z.); (Q.Z.); (G.Z.); (J.Q.)
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ran Gao
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing 100069, China; (Y.X.); (R.G.); (M.Z.); (Q.Z.); (G.Z.); (J.Q.)
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing 100069, China; (Y.X.); (R.G.); (M.Z.); (Q.Z.); (G.Z.); (J.Q.)
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Qi Zeng
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing 100069, China; (Y.X.); (R.G.); (M.Z.); (Q.Z.); (G.Z.); (J.Q.)
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Gaizhi Zhu
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing 100069, China; (Y.X.); (R.G.); (M.Z.); (Q.Z.); (G.Z.); (J.Q.)
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jinming Qiu
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing 100069, China; (Y.X.); (R.G.); (M.Z.); (Q.Z.); (G.Z.); (J.Q.)
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wenting Su
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing 100069, China; (Y.X.); (R.G.); (M.Z.); (Q.Z.); (G.Z.); (J.Q.)
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Renxi Wang
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing 100069, China; (Y.X.); (R.G.); (M.Z.); (Q.Z.); (G.Z.); (J.Q.)
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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8
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Saha B, Olsvik H, Williams GL, Oh S, Evjen G, Sjøttem E, Mandell MA. TBK1 is ubiquitinated by TRIM5α to assemble mitophagy machinery. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114294. [PMID: 38814780 PMCID: PMC11216866 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination of mitochondrial proteins provides a basis for the downstream recruitment of mitophagy machinery, yet whether ubiquitination of the machinery itself contributes to mitophagy is unknown. Here, we show that K63-linked polyubiquitination of the key mitophagy regulator TBK1 is essential for its mitophagy functions. This modification is catalyzed by the ubiquitin ligase TRIM5α and is required for TBK1 to interact with and activate a set of ubiquitin-binding autophagy adaptors including NDP52, p62/SQSTM1, and NBR1. Autophagy adaptors, along with TRIM27, enable TRIM5α to engage with TBK1 following mitochondrial damage. TRIM5α's ubiquitin ligase activity is required for the accumulation of active TBK1 on damaged mitochondria in Parkin-dependent and Parkin-independent mitophagy pathways. Our data support a model in which TRIM5α provides a mitochondria-localized, ubiquitin-based, self-amplifying assembly platform for TBK1 and mitophagy adaptors that is ultimately necessary for the recruitment of the core autophagy machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Saha
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Hallvard Olsvik
- Autophagy Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Geneva L Williams
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Seeun Oh
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Gry Evjen
- Autophagy Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Eva Sjøttem
- Autophagy Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Michael A Mandell
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Autophagy, Inflammation, and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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9
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Kurien BT, Ice JA, Wood R, Pharaoh G, Cavett J, Lewis V, Bhaskaran S, Rasmussen A, Lessard CJ, Farris AD, Sivils KL, Koelsch KA, Van Remmen H, Scofield RH. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Fatigue in Sjögren's Disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.17.598269. [PMID: 38948768 PMCID: PMC11212898 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.17.598269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Sjögren's disease (SjD) is a common exocrine disorder typified by chronic inflammation and dryness, but also profound fatigue, suggesting a pathological basis in cellular bioenergetics. In healthy states, damaged or dysfunctional mitochondrial components are broken down and recycled by mitophagy, a specialized form of autophagy. In many autoimmune disorders, however, evidence suggests that dysfunctional mitophagy allows poorly functioning mitochondria to persist and contribute to a cellular milieu with elevated reactive oxygen species. We hypothesized that mitophagic processes are dysregulated in SjD and that dysfunctional mitochondria contribute to overall fatigue. We sought to link fatigue with mitochondrial dysfunction directly in SjD, heretofore unexamined, and further sought to assess the pathogenic extent and implications of dysregulated mitophagy in SjD. Methods We isolated pan T cells via negative selection from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 17 SjD and 8 age-matched healthy subjects, all of whom completed fatigue questionnaires prior to phlebotomy. Isolated T cells were analyzed for mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and glycolysis using Seahorse, and linear correlations with fatigue measures were assessed. A mitophagy transcriptional signature in SjD was identified by reanalysis of whole-blood microarray data from 190 SjD and 32 healthy subjects. Differential expression analyses were performed by case/control and subgroup analyses comparing SjD patients by mitophagy transcriptional cluster against healthy subjects followed by bioinformatic interpretation using gene set enrichment analysis. Results Basal OCR, ATP-linked respiration, maximal respiration, and reserve capacity were significantly lower in SjD compared to healthy subjects with no observed differences in non-mitochondrial respiration, basal glycolysis, or glycolytic stress. SjD lymphocytic mitochondria show structural alterations compared to healthy subjects. Fatigue scores related to pain/discomfort in SjD correlated with the altered OCR. Results from subgroup analyses by mitophagic SjD clusters revealed highly variable inter-cluster differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and expanded the number of SjD-associated gene targets by tenfold within the same dataset. Conclusion Mitochondrial dysfunction, associated with fatigue, is a significant problem in SjD and warrants further investigation.
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10
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Zhang X, Hu Y, Wang W, Ji R, Li Z, Yu W, Wu Z, Xiao Y, Guo T, Qi Z, Wang Y, Zhao C. IRGM/Irgm1 increases autophagy to inhibit activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in inflammatory injury induced acute liver failure. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:272. [PMID: 38849356 PMCID: PMC11161524 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-02052-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune-related GTPase M (IRGM) induces autophagy and suppresses inflammation, but its putative role and signaling mechanism remain undefined in the pathogenesis of liver failure. This study aimed to address how IRGM attenuates inflammatory injury by regulating autophagy in liver failure. In this study, a total of 10 patients with hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (HBV-ACLF) and 10 healthy controls were prospectively enrolled. Intrahepatic expression of IRGM/Irgm1, NLRP3 inflammasome (NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1), autophagy-related proteins (LC3II, P62), and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α) were measured. Autophagy was activated by rapamycin (4 mg/kg) in an acute liver failure (ALF) mouse model, which was used to further study the expression of Irgm1, NLRP3 inflammasome, autophagy-related proteins, and inflammatory cytokines using both qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses. Irgm1 expression was knocked down using Irgm1 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced AML12 cells to investigate the effects of Irgm1 deletion on autophagy and inflammation. We found that the expression of IRGM and autophagy-related proteins was significantly downregulated while the NLRP3 inflammasome was significantly upregulated in the livers of HBV-ACLF patients and the ALF mouse model (all P < 0.05). Rapamycin-induced autophagy ameliorated intrahepatic NLRP3 inflammasome activation and decreased inflammation and necrosis in the ALF mice. Irgm1 knockdown decreased autophagy and significantly upregulated NLRP3 inflammasome activation in AML12 cells (all P < 0.05). Rapamycin-induced autophagy also protected against hepatocyte injury following LPS stimulation in vitro by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Thus, IRGM/Irgm1 alleviates inflammation-mediated hepatocyte injury by regulating autophagy. This study provides new insight into potential molecular targets to treat liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Yangyang Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Ru Ji
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Ziyue Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Weiyan Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Zhinian Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Tingyu Guo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Zeqiang Qi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Yadong Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China.
| | - Caiyan Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
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11
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Marques E, Kramer R, Ryan DG. Multifaceted mitochondria in innate immunity. NPJ METABOLIC HEALTH AND DISEASE 2024; 2:6. [PMID: 38812744 PMCID: PMC11129950 DOI: 10.1038/s44324-024-00008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The ability of mitochondria to transform the energy we obtain from food into cell phosphorylation potential has long been appreciated. However, recent decades have seen an evolution in our understanding of mitochondria, highlighting their significance as key signal-transducing organelles with essential roles in immunity that extend beyond their bioenergetic function. Importantly, mitochondria retain bacterial motifs as a remnant of their endosymbiotic origin that are recognised by innate immune cells to trigger inflammation and participate in anti-microbial defence. This review aims to explore how mitochondrial physiology, spanning from oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) to signalling of mitochondrial nucleic acids, metabolites, and lipids, influences the effector functions of phagocytes. These myriad effector functions include macrophage polarisation, efferocytosis, anti-bactericidal activity, antigen presentation, immune signalling, and cytokine regulation. Strict regulation of these processes is critical for organismal homeostasis that when disrupted may cause injury or contribute to disease. Thus, the expanding body of literature, which continues to highlight the central role of mitochondria in the innate immune system, may provide insights for the development of the next generation of therapies for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloïse Marques
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robbin Kramer
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dylan G. Ryan
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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12
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Mantle D, Hargreaves IP. Coenzyme Q10 and Autoimmune Disorders: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4576. [PMID: 38674161 PMCID: PMC11049925 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Some 90 autoimmune disorders have been described in medical literature, affecting most of the tissues within the body. Autoimmune disorders may be difficult to treat, and there is a need to develop novel therapeutic strategies for these disorders. Autoimmune disorders are characterised by mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation; there is therefore a rationale for a role for coenzyme Q10 in the management of these disorders, on the basis of its key role in normal mitochondrial function, as an antioxidant, and as an anti-inflammatory agent. In this article, we have therefore reviewed the potential role of CoQ10, in terms of both deficiency and/or supplementation, in a range of autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iain P. Hargreaves
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
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13
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Dockterman J, Reitano JR, Everitt JI, Wallace GD, Hendrix M, Taylor GA, Coers J. Irgm proteins attenuate inflammatory disease in mouse models of genital Chlamydia infection. mBio 2024; 15:e0030324. [PMID: 38501887 PMCID: PMC11005385 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00303-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens that may cause genital pathology via induction of destructive host immune responses. Human-adapted Chlamydia trachomatis causes inflammatory disease in human hosts but is easily cleared in mice, and mouse-adapted Chlamydia muridarum establishes a productive and pathogenic infection in murine hosts. While numerous anti-chlamydial host resistance factors have been discovered in mice and humans alike, little is known about host factors promoting host fitness independent of host resistance. Here, we show that interferon-inducible immunity-related GTPase M (Irgm) proteins function as such host factors ameliorating infection-associated sequalae in the murine female genital tract, thus characterizing Irgm proteins as mediators of disease tolerance. Specifically, we demonstrate that mice deficient for all three murine Irgm paralogs (pan-Irgm-/-) are defective for cell-autonomous immunity to C. trachomatis, which correlates with an early and transient increase in bacterial burden and sustained hyperinflammation in vivo. In contrast, upon infection of pan-Irgm-/- mice with C. muridarum, bacterial burden is unaffected, yet genital inflammation and scarring pathology are nonetheless increased, demonstrating that Irgm proteins can promote host fitness without altering bacterial burden. Additionally, pan-Irgm-/- mice display increased granulomatous inflammation in genital Chlamydia infection, implicating Irgm proteins in the regulation of granuloma formation and maintenance. These findings demonstrate that Irgm proteins regulate pathogenic immune responses to Chlamydia infection in vivo, establishing an effective infection model to examine the immunoregulatory functions and mechanisms of Irgm proteins. IMPORTANCE In response to genital Chlamydia infection, the immune system mounts a proinflammatory response to resist the pathogen, yet inflammation must be tightly controlled to avoid collateral damage and scarring to host genital tissue. Variation in the human IRGM gene is associated with susceptibility to autoinflammatory diseases but its role in ameliorating inflammatory diseases caused by infections is poorly defined. Here, we use mice deficient for all three murine Irgm paralogs to demonstrate that Irgm proteins not only provide host resistance to Chlamydia infections but also limit associated inflammation in the female genital tract. In particular, we find that murine Irgm expression prevents granulomatous inflammation, which parallels inflammatory diseases associated with variants in human IRGM. Our findings therefore establish genital Chlamydia infection as a useful model to study the roles for Irgm proteins in both promoting protective immunity and limiting pathogenic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Dockterman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Reitano
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jeffrey I. Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Graham D. Wallace
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Meghan Hendrix
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gregory A. Taylor
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Health Care Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke Universitygrid.26009.3d Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jörn Coers
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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14
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Wang H, Shen M, Ma Y, Lan L, Jiang X, Cen X, Guo G, Zhou Q, Yuan M, Chen J, Xia H, Xiao L, Han F. Novel mitophagy inducer alleviates lupus nephritis by reducing myeloid cell activation and autoantigen presentation. Kidney Int 2024; 105:759-774. [PMID: 38296028 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is one of the most severe manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but its mechanism of onset remains unclear. Since impaired mitophagy has been implicated in multiple organs in SLE, we hypothesized that mitophagy dysfunction is critical in the development of LN and that pharmacologically targeting mitophagy would ameliorate this disease. Therefore, lupus-prone MRL/MpJ-Faslpr (MRL/lpr) and NZBWF1/J mice were treated with a novel mitophagy inducer, UMI-77, during their onset of LN. This treatment effectively mitigated kidney inflammation and damage as assessed by histology and flow cytometry. Furthermore, dendritic cell (DC)-T-cell coculture assay indicated that UMI-77 treatment attenuated DC function that would drive T-cell proliferation but did not directly influence the potent T-cell proliferation in lupus mice. UMI-77 also restored mitochondrial function and attenuated proinflammatory phenotypes in lupus DCs. Adoptive transfer of DCs from MRL/lpr mice augmented serum anti-dsDNA IgG, urine protein and T-cell infiltration of the kidney in MRL/MpJ mice, which could be prevented by either treating lupus donors in vivo or lupus DCs directly with UMI-77. UMI-77 also restored mitochondrial function in myeloid cells from patients with LN in vitro as evidenced by increased ATP levels. Thus, enhancing mitophagy in SLE restrains autoimmunity and limits kidney inflammation for LN development. Hence, our findings suggest targeting mitophagy as a tangible pathway to treat LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijing Wang
- Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urinary System Disease, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mingdi Shen
- Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urinary System Disease, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanhong Ma
- Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urinary System Disease, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lan Lan
- Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urinary System Disease, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urinary System Disease, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xufeng Cen
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center of Clinical Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gangqiang Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urinary System Disease, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengmeng Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center of Clinical Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Hangzhou PhecdaMed Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianghua Chen
- Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urinary System Disease, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongguang Xia
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center of Clinical Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liang Xiao
- Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urinary System Disease, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Fei Han
- Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urinary System Disease, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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15
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Wang R, Sun H, Cao Y, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Wang X, Liu L, Wu J, Xu H, Wu D, Mu C, Hao Z, Qin S, Ren H, Han J, Fang M, Wang G. Glucosylceramide accumulation in microglia triggers STING-dependent neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in mice. Sci Signal 2024; 17:eadk8249. [PMID: 38530880 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.adk8249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase) are responsible for Gaucher disease (GD) and are considered the strongest genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD) and Lewy body dementia (LBD). GCase deficiency leads to extensive accumulation of glucosylceramides (GCs) in cells and contributes to the neuropathology of GD, PD, and LBD by triggering chronic neuroinflammation. Here, we investigated the mechanisms by which GC accumulation induces neuroinflammation. We found that GC accumulation within microglia induced by pharmacological inhibition of GCase triggered STING-dependent inflammation, which contributed to neuronal loss both in vitro and in vivo. GC accumulation in microglia induced mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) leakage to the cytosol to trigger STING-dependent inflammation. Rapamycin, a compound that promotes lysosomal activity, improved mitochondrial function, thereby decreasing STING signaling. Furthermore, lysosomal damage caused by GC accumulation led to defects in the degradation of activated STING, further exacerbating inflammation mediated by microglia. Thus, limiting STING activity may be a strategy to suppress neuroinflammation caused by GCase deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
- Center of Translational Medicine, First People's Hospital of Taicang, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215400, China
| | - Hongyang Sun
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yifan Cao
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Zhixiong Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yajing Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China
| | - Xiying Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Lele Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Jin Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Chenchen Mu
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Zongbing Hao
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Song Qin
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Haigang Ren
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Medical Innovation Center of Trauma Medicine, Institute of Trauma Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Junhai Han
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Ming Fang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- Center of Translational Medicine, First People's Hospital of Taicang, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215400, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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16
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Meng Y, Liu Y, Zhu Y, Qiu C, Ma A, Liu D, Zhang S, Gu L, Zhang J, Wang J. Insights into the time-course cellular effects triggered by iron oxide nanoparticles by combining proteomics with the traditional pharmacology strategy. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:1892-1904. [PMID: 38305086 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02476h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, a number of initially approved magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (IONP)-based nano-medicines have been withdrawn due to the obscure nano-bio effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need to study the cellular effects triggered by IONPs on cells. In this study, we investigate the time-course cellular effects on the response of RAW 264.7 cells caused by Si-IONPs via pharmacological and mass spectrometry-based proteomics techniques. Our results revealed that Si-IONPs were internalized by clathrin-mediated endocytosis within 1 hour, and gradually degraded in endolysosomes over time, which might influence autophagy, oxidative stress, innate immune response, and inflammatory response after 12 hours. Our research provides a necessary assessment of Si-IONPs for further clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Meng
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Yanqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Yongping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Chong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Ang Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Dandan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Shujie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Liwei Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Junzhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Jigang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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17
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Zou S, Wang B, Yi K, Su D, Chen Y, Li N, Geng Q. The critical roles of STING in mitochondrial homeostasis. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 220:115938. [PMID: 38086488 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a crucial signaling hub in the immune system's antiviral and antimicrobial defense by detecting exogenous and endogenous DNA. The multifaceted functions of STING have been uncovered gradually during past decades, including homeostasis maintenance and overfull immunity or inflammation induction. However, the subcellular regulation of STING and mitochondria is poorly understood. The main functions of STING are outlined in this review. Moreover, we discuss how mitochondria and STING interact through multiple mechanisms, including the release of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), modulation of mitochondria-associated membrane (MAM) and mitochondrial dynamics, alterations in mitochondrial metabolism, regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitochondria-related cell death. Finally, we discuss how STING is crucial to disease development, providing a novel perspective on its role in cellular physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishi Zou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, 430060, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, 430060, China
| | - Ke Yi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, 430060, China
| | - Dandan Su
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, 430060, China
| | - Yukai Chen
- Department of Oncology, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, 430060, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, 430060, China.
| | - Qing Geng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, 430060, China.
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18
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Ru J, Lu J, Ge J, Ding B, Su R, Jiang Y, Sun Y, Ma J, Li Y, Sun J, Xu G, Tong R, Zheng S, Yang B, Wu J. IRGM is a novel regulator of PD-L1 via promoting S6K1-mediated phosphorylation of YBX1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2024; 581:216495. [PMID: 37993085 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Immunity-related GTPase M (IRGM), an Interferon-inducible protein, functions as a pivotal immunoregulator in multiple autoimmune diseases and infection. However, the role of IRGM in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development remains unveiled. Here, we found interferon-γ (IFN-γ) treatment in HCC drastically triggered the expression of IRGM, and the high level of IRGM indicated poor prognosis in HCC patients. Functionally, IRGM promoted the malignant progression of HCC. Single-cell sequencing revealed that IRGM inhibition promoted the infiltration of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) with significant downregulation of PD-L1 expression in HCC. Furthermore, Immunoprecipitation-Mass Spectrometry assay revealed that IRGM interacted with transcription factor YBX1, which facilitated PD-L1 transcription. Mechanistically, IRGM promoted the interaction of YBX1 and phosphokinase S6K1, increasing phosphorylation and nuclear localization of YBX1, transcription of PD-L1. Additionally, the combination of IRGM inhibition with α-PD1 demonstrated a stronger anti-tumor effect compared to the single application of α-PD1. In summary, IRGM is a novel regulator of PD-L1, which suppresses CD8+ CTLs infiltration and function in HCC, resulting in cancer progression. This study may raise a novel therapeutic strategy combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) against HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junnan Ru
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China; Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiahua Lu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jiangzhen Ge
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China; Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Ding
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Rong Su
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China; Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Jiang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China; Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yujing Sun
- General Practice Department, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China; Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Li
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jingqi Sun
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China; Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangming Xu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Rongliang Tong
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China; Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China; Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Beng Yang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China; Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jian Wu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China; Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang province, Hangzhou, China.
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19
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Miyake K, Shibata T, Fukui R, Murakami Y, Sato R, Hiranuma R. Endosomal Toll-Like Receptors as Therapeutic Targets for Autoimmune Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1444:97-108. [PMID: 38467975 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-9781-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Nucleic acid (NA)-sensing Toll-like receptors (TLRs) reside in the endosomal compartment of innate immune cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells. NAs transported to the endosomal compartment are degraded by DNases and RNases. Degradation products, including single-stranded DNA, oligoRNA, and nucleosides, are recognized by TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 to drive the defense responses against pathogens. NA degradation influences endosomal TLR responses by generating and degrading TLR ligands. TLR ligand accumulation because of impaired NA degradation causes constitutive TLR activation, leading to autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, some genes associated with these diseases promote endosomal TLR responses. Therefore, endosomal TLRs are promising therapeutic targets for TLR-mediated inflammatory diseases, and novel drugs targeting TLRs are being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Miyake
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takuma Shibata
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Fukui
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Murakami
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Sato
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Hiranuma
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Chirumbolo S, Valdenassi L, Tirelli U, Ricevuti G, Pandolfi S, Vaiano F, Galoforo A, Loprete F, Simonetti V, Chierchia M, Bellardi D, Richelmi T, Franzini M. The Oxygen-Ozone Adjunct Medical Treatment According to the Protocols from the Italian Scientific Society of Oxygen-Ozone Therapy: How Ozone Applications in the Blood Can Influence Clinical Therapy Success via the Modulation of Cell Biology and Immunity. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1512. [PMID: 38132338 PMCID: PMC10740843 DOI: 10.3390/biology12121512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ozone is an allotrope of oxygen whose use in medicine has rapidly grown in recent years. Ozonated blood allows for the use of ozone in a safe modality, as plasma and blood cells are endowed with an antioxidant system able to quench ozone's pro-oxidant property and to elicit the Nrf2/Kwap1/ARE pathway. METHODS We present two clinical studies, a case-series (six patients) observational study adopting ozone as a major autohemotherapy and topical ozone to address infected post-surgical wounds with multi-drug resistant bacteria and an observational study (250 patients) using ozonated blood for treating knee osteoarthritis. RESULTS Ozonated blood via major autohemotherapy reduced the extent of infections in wounds, reduced the inflammatory biomarkers by more than 75% and improved patients' QoL, whereas ozonated blood via minor autohemotherapy improved significantly (p < 0.001) WOMAC and Lequesne's parameters in knee osteoarthritis. CONCLUSIONS The models described, i.e., ozone autohemotherapy in wound antimicrobial treatment and ozonated blood in knee osteoarthrosis, following our protocols, share the outstanding ability of ozone to modulate the innate immune response and address bacterial clearance as well as inflammation and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Luigi Valdenassi
- Italian Scientific Society of Oxygen–Ozone Therapy (SIOOT), High Master School of Oxygen-Ozone Therapy, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (L.V.); (S.P.); (F.V.); (A.G.); (F.L.); (V.S.); (M.C.); or (T.R.); (M.F.)
| | | | - Giovanni Ricevuti
- Department of Drug Science, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Sergio Pandolfi
- Italian Scientific Society of Oxygen–Ozone Therapy (SIOOT), High Master School of Oxygen-Ozone Therapy, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (L.V.); (S.P.); (F.V.); (A.G.); (F.L.); (V.S.); (M.C.); or (T.R.); (M.F.)
| | - Francesco Vaiano
- Italian Scientific Society of Oxygen–Ozone Therapy (SIOOT), High Master School of Oxygen-Ozone Therapy, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (L.V.); (S.P.); (F.V.); (A.G.); (F.L.); (V.S.); (M.C.); or (T.R.); (M.F.)
| | - Antonio Galoforo
- Italian Scientific Society of Oxygen–Ozone Therapy (SIOOT), High Master School of Oxygen-Ozone Therapy, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (L.V.); (S.P.); (F.V.); (A.G.); (F.L.); (V.S.); (M.C.); or (T.R.); (M.F.)
| | - Fortunato Loprete
- Italian Scientific Society of Oxygen–Ozone Therapy (SIOOT), High Master School of Oxygen-Ozone Therapy, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (L.V.); (S.P.); (F.V.); (A.G.); (F.L.); (V.S.); (M.C.); or (T.R.); (M.F.)
| | - Vincenzo Simonetti
- Italian Scientific Society of Oxygen–Ozone Therapy (SIOOT), High Master School of Oxygen-Ozone Therapy, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (L.V.); (S.P.); (F.V.); (A.G.); (F.L.); (V.S.); (M.C.); or (T.R.); (M.F.)
| | - Marianna Chierchia
- Italian Scientific Society of Oxygen–Ozone Therapy (SIOOT), High Master School of Oxygen-Ozone Therapy, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (L.V.); (S.P.); (F.V.); (A.G.); (F.L.); (V.S.); (M.C.); or (T.R.); (M.F.)
| | | | - Tommaso Richelmi
- Italian Scientific Society of Oxygen–Ozone Therapy (SIOOT), High Master School of Oxygen-Ozone Therapy, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (L.V.); (S.P.); (F.V.); (A.G.); (F.L.); (V.S.); (M.C.); or (T.R.); (M.F.)
| | - Marianno Franzini
- Italian Scientific Society of Oxygen–Ozone Therapy (SIOOT), High Master School of Oxygen-Ozone Therapy, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (L.V.); (S.P.); (F.V.); (A.G.); (F.L.); (V.S.); (M.C.); or (T.R.); (M.F.)
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21
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Iervasi E, Strangio A, Greco L, Auricchio R, Saverino D. Circulating anti-hypothalamus antibodies in celiac patients: tissue transglutaminase friend or foe? Immunol Res 2023; 71:839-848. [PMID: 37221348 PMCID: PMC10667380 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-023-09394-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease with inflammatory characteristics, having a condition of chronic malabsorption, affecting approximately 1% of the population at any age. In recent years, a concrete correlation between eating disorders and CD has emerged. Hypothalamus plays a central role in determining eating behaviour, regulating appetite and, consequently, food intake. One hundred and ten sera from celiac patients (40 active and 70 following a gluten-free diet) were tested for the presence of autoantibodies against primate hypothalamic periventricular neurons by immunofluorescence and by a home-made ELISA assay. In addition, ghrelin was measured by ELISA. As control, 45 blood serums from healthy age matched were analysed. Among active CD, all patients resulted positive for anti-hypothalamus autoantibodies and sera showed significantly higher levels of ghrelin. All of the free-gluten CD were negative for anti-hypothalamus autoantibodies and had low levels of ghrelin, as well as healthy controls. Of interest, anti-hypothalamic autoantibodies directly correlate with anti-tTG amounts and with mucosal damage. In addition, competition assays with recombinant tTG showed a drastically reduction of anti-hypothalamic serum reactivity. Finally, ghrelin levels are increased in CD patients and correlated with anti-tTG autoantibodies and anti-hypothalamus autoantibodies. This study demonstrates for the first time the presence of anti-hypothalamus antibodies and their correlation with the severity of the CD. It also allows us to hypothesize the role of tTG as a putative autoantigen expressed by hypothalamic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Iervasi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Via De Toni, 14, 16132, Genova, Italy
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Antonella Strangio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Via De Toni, 14, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Luigi Greco
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Corso Umberto I, 40, 80138, Napoli, Italy
| | - Renata Auricchio
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Corso Umberto I, 40, 80138, Napoli, Italy
- European Laboratory for Food-Induced disease (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniele Saverino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Via De Toni, 14, 16132, Genova, Italy.
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genova, Italy.
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22
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Hirschenberger M, Lepelley A, Rupp U, Klute S, Hunszinger V, Koepke L, Merold V, Didry-Barca B, Wondany F, Bergner T, Moreau T, Rodero MP, Rösler R, Wiese S, Volpi S, Gattorno M, Papa R, Lynch SA, Haug MG, Houge G, Wigby KM, Sprague J, Lenberg J, Read C, Walther P, Michaelis J, Kirchhoff F, de Oliveira Mann CC, Crow YJ, Sparrer KMJ. ARF1 prevents aberrant type I interferon induction by regulating STING activation and recycling. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6770. [PMID: 37914730 PMCID: PMC10620153 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42150-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN) signalling is tightly controlled. Upon recognition of DNA by cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), stimulator of interferon genes (STING) translocates along the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi axis to induce IFN signalling. Termination is achieved through autophagic degradation or recycling of STING by retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport. Here, we identify the GTPase ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1) as a crucial negative regulator of cGAS-STING signalling. Heterozygous ARF1 missense mutations cause a previously unrecognized type I interferonopathy associated with enhanced IFN-stimulated gene expression. Disease-associated, GTPase-defective ARF1 increases cGAS-STING dependent type I IFN signalling in cell lines and primary patient cells. Mechanistically, mutated ARF1 perturbs mitochondrial morphology, causing cGAS activation by aberrant mitochondrial DNA release, and leads to accumulation of active STING at the Golgi/ERGIC due to defective retrograde transport. Our data show an unexpected dual role of ARF1 in maintaining cGAS-STING homeostasis, through promotion of mitochondrial integrity and STING recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice Lepelley
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, INSERM UMR1163, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Ulrich Rupp
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Susanne Klute
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Victoria Hunszinger
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lennart Koepke
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Veronika Merold
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Blaise Didry-Barca
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, INSERM UMR1163, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Fanny Wondany
- Institute of Biophysics, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tim Bergner
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tatiana Moreau
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, INSERM UMR1163, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu P Rodero
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, INSERM UMR1163, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Reinhild Rösler
- Core Unit Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wiese
- Core Unit Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefano Volpi
- UOC Reumatologia e Malattie Autoinfiammatorie, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Gattorno
- UOC Reumatologia e Malattie Autoinfiammatorie, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Riccardo Papa
- UOC Reumatologia e Malattie Autoinfiammatorie, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sally-Ann Lynch
- Children's Health Ireland, Crumlin, Dublin, Eire
- University College Dublin, Dublin, Eire
| | - Marte G Haug
- Department of Medical Genetics, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gunnar Houge
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kristen M Wigby
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis in Sacramento, CA, USA
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Sprague
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Dermatology, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA
| | - Jerica Lenberg
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Clarissa Read
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Paul Walther
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jens Michaelis
- Institute of Biophysics, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Yanick J Crow
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, INSERM UMR1163, F-75015, Paris, France.
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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23
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Rai P, Sharpe M, Ganta CK, Baker PJ, Mayer-Barber KD, Fee BE, Taylor GA, Fessler MB. IRGM1 supports host defense against intracellular bacteria through suppression of type I interferon in mice. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e171982. [PMID: 37698925 PMCID: PMC10617763 DOI: 10.1172/jci171982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Rai
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory and
| | | | - Charan K. Ganta
- Comparative & Molecular Pathogenesis Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paul J. Baker
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Katrin D. Mayer-Barber
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Brian E. Fee
- Department of Medicine and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development
| | - Gregory A. Taylor
- Department of Medicine and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Naik SK, McNehlan ME, Mreyoud Y, Kinsella RL, Smirnov A, Chowdhury CS, McKee SR, Dubey N, Woodson R, Kreamalmeyer D, Stallings CL. Type I IFN signaling in the absence of IRGM1 promotes M. tuberculosis replication in immune cells by suppressing T cell responses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.03.560720. [PMID: 37873329 PMCID: PMC10592944 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.03.560720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the IRGM gene are associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis in humans. A murine ortholog of Irgm, Irgm1, is also essential for controlling Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection in mice. Multiple processes have been associated with IRGM1 activity that could impact the host response to Mtb infection, including roles in autophagy-mediated pathogen clearance and expansion of activated T cells. However, what IRGM1-mediated pathway is necessary to control Mtb infection in vivo and the mechanistic basis for this control remains unknown. We dissected the contribution of IRGM1 to immune control of Mtb pathogenesis in vivo and found that Irgm1 deletion leads to higher levels of IRGM3-dependent type I interferon signaling. The increased type I interferon signaling precludes T cell expansion during Mtb infection. The absence of Mtb-specific T cell expansion in Irgm1-/- mice results in uncontrolled Mtb infection in neutrophils and alveolar macrophages, which directly contributes to susceptibility to infection. Together, our studies reveal that IRGM1 is required to promote T cell-mediated control of Mtb infection in neutrophils, which is essential for the survival of Mtb-infected mice. These studies also uncover new ways type I interferon signaling can impact TH1 immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanta K. Naik
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael E. McNehlan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yassin Mreyoud
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rachel L. Kinsella
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Asya Smirnov
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chanchal Sur Chowdhury
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Samuel R. McKee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Neha Dubey
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Reilly Woodson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Darren Kreamalmeyer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christina L. Stallings
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Yang M, Zhou X, Pearce SW, Yang Z, Chen Q, Niu K, Liu C, Luo J, Li D, Shao Y, Zhang C, Chen D, Wu Q, Cutillas PR, Zhao L, Xiao Q, Zhang L. Causal Role for Neutrophil Elastase in Thoracic Aortic Dissection in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:1900-1920. [PMID: 37589142 PMCID: PMC10521802 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.319281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thoracic aortic dissection (TAD) is a life-threatening aortic disease without effective medical treatment. Increasing evidence has suggested a role for NE (neutrophil elastase) in vascular diseases. In this study, we aimed at investigating a causal role for NE in TAD and exploring the molecular mechanisms involved. METHODS β-aminopropionitrile monofumarate was administrated in mice to induce TAD. NE deficiency mice, pharmacological inhibitor GW311616A, and adeno-associated virus-2-mediated in vivo gene transfer were applied to explore a causal role for NE and associated target gene in TAD formation. Multiple functional assays and biochemical analyses were conducted to unravel the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of NE in TAD. RESULTS NE aortic gene expression and plasma activity was significantly increased during β-aminopropionitrile monofumarate-induced TAD and in patients with acute TAD. NE deficiency prevents β-aminopropionitrile monofumarate-induced TAD onset/development, and GW311616A administration ameliorated TAD formation/progression. Decreased levels of neutrophil extracellular traps, inflammatory cells, and MMP (matrix metalloproteinase)-2/9 were observed in NE-deficient mice. TBL1x (F-box-like/WD repeat-containing protein TBL1x) has been identified as a novel substrate and functional downstream target of NE in TAD. Loss-of-function studies revealed that NE mediated inflammatory cell transendothelial migration by modulating TBL1x-LTA4H (leukotriene A4 hydrolase) signaling and that NE regulated smooth muscle cell phenotype modulation under TAD pathological condition by regulating TBL1x-MECP2 (methyl CpG-binding protein 2) signal axis. Further mechanistic studies showed that TBL1x inhibition decreased the binding of TBL1x and HDAC3 (histone deacetylase 3) to MECP2 and LTA4H gene promoters, respectively. Finally, adeno-associated virus-2-mediated Tbl1x gene knockdown in aortic smooth muscle cells confirmed a regulatory role for TBL1x in NE-mediated TAD formation. CONCLUSIONS We unravel a critical role of NE and its target TBL1x in regulating inflammatory cell migration and smooth muscle cell phenotype modulation in the context of TAD. Our findings suggest that the NE-TBL1x signal axis represents a valuable therapeutic for treating high-risk TAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Institute for Developmental and Regenerative Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China (M.Y., Q.C., D.L., L. Zhang)
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute (M.Y., X.Z., S.W.A.P., Z.Y., K.N., C.L., Q.X.), Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Xinmiao Zhou
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute (M.Y., X.Z., S.W.A.P., Z.Y., K.N., C.L., Q.X.), Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (X.Z.)
| | - Stuart W.A. Pearce
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute (M.Y., X.Z., S.W.A.P., Z.Y., K.N., C.L., Q.X.), Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Zhisheng Yang
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute (M.Y., X.Z., S.W.A.P., Z.Y., K.N., C.L., Q.X.), Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Qishan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Institute for Developmental and Regenerative Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China (M.Y., Q.C., D.L., L. Zhang)
| | - Kaiyuan Niu
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute (M.Y., X.Z., S.W.A.P., Z.Y., K.N., C.L., Q.X.), Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Chenxin Liu
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute (M.Y., X.Z., S.W.A.P., Z.Y., K.N., C.L., Q.X.), Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China (J.L., Y.S., C.Z., D.C., Q.W.)
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Institute for Developmental and Regenerative Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China (M.Y., Q.C., D.L., L. Zhang)
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, China (D.L., L. Zhao)
| | - Yue Shao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China (J.L., Y.S., C.Z., D.C., Q.W.)
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China (J.L., Y.S., C.Z., D.C., Q.W.)
| | - Dan Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China (J.L., Y.S., C.Z., D.C., Q.W.)
| | - Qingchen Wu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China (J.L., Y.S., C.Z., D.C., Q.W.)
| | - Pedro R. Cutillas
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute (P.R.C.), Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, China (D.L., L. Zhao)
| | - Qingzhong Xiao
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute (M.Y., X.Z., S.W.A.P., Z.Y., K.N., C.L., Q.X.), Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, China (Q.X.)
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Institute for Developmental and Regenerative Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China (M.Y., Q.C., D.L., L. Zhang)
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Safi R, Sánchez-Álvarez M, Bosch M, Demangel C, Parton RG, Pol A. Defensive-lipid droplets: Cellular organelles designed for antimicrobial immunity. Immunol Rev 2023; 317:113-136. [PMID: 36960679 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Microbes have developed many strategies to subvert host organisms, which, in turn, evolved several innate immune responses. As major lipid storage organelles of eukaryotes, lipid droplets (LDs) are an attractive source of nutrients for invaders. Intracellular viruses, bacteria, and protozoan parasites induce and physically interact with LDs, and the current view is that they "hijack" LDs to draw on substrates for host colonization. This dogma has been challenged by the recent demonstration that LDs are endowed with a protein-mediated antibiotic activity, which is upregulated in response to danger signals and sepsis. Dependence on host nutrients could be a generic "Achilles' heel" of intracellular pathogens and LDs a suitable chokepoint harnessed by innate immunity to organize a front-line defense. Here, we will provide a brief overview of the state of the conflict and discuss potential mechanisms driving the formation of the 'defensive-LDs' functioning as hubs of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Safi
- Lipid Trafficking and Disease Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Sánchez-Álvarez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (IIB), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Bosch
- Lipid Trafficking and Disease Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Caroline Demangel
- Immunobiology and Therapy Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1224, Paris, France
| | - Robert G Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis (CMM), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Albert Pol
- Lipid Trafficking and Disease Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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Duvvuri B, Pachman LM, Hermanson P, Wang T, Moore R, Ding-Hwa Wang D, Long A, Morgan GA, Doty S, Tian R, Sancak Y, Lood C. Role of mitochondria in the myopathy of juvenile dermatomyositis and implications for skeletal muscle calcinosis. J Autoimmun 2023; 138:103061. [PMID: 37244073 PMCID: PMC10330803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2023.103061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To elucidate mechanisms contributing to skeletal muscle calcinosis in patients with juvenile dermatomyositis. METHODS A well-characterized cohorts of JDM (n = 68), disease controls (polymyositis, n = 7; juvenile SLE, n = 10, and RNP + overlap syndrome, n = 12), and age-matched health controls (n = 17) were analyzed for circulating levels of mitochondrial (mt) markers including mtDNA, mt-nd6, and anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMAs) using standard qPCR, ELISA, and novel-in-house assays, respectively. Mitochondrial calcification of affected tissue biopsies was confirmed using electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. A human skeletal muscle cell line, RH30, was used to generate an in vitro calcification model. Intracellular calcification is measured by flow cytometry and microscopy. Mitochondria were assessed for mtROS production and membrane potential by flow cytometry and real-time oxygen consumption rate by Seahorse bioanalyzer. Inflammation (interferon-stimulated genes) was measured by qPCR. RESULTS In the current study, patients with JDM exhibited elevated levels of mitochondrial markers associated with muscle damage and calcinosis. Of particular interest are AMAs predictive of calcinosis. Human skeletal muscle cells undergo time- and dose-dependent accumulation of calcium phosphate salts with preferential localization to mitochondria. Calcification renders skeletal muscle cells mitochondria stressed, dysfunctional, destabilized, and interferogenic. Further, we report that inflammation induced by interferon-alpha amplifies mitochondrial calcification of human skeletal muscle cells via the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS). CONCLUSIONS Overall, our study demonstrates the mitochondrial involvement in the skeletal muscle pathology and calcinosis of JDM and mtROS as a central player in the calcification of human skeletal muscle cells. Therapeutic targeting of mtROS and/or upstream inducers, such as inflammation, may alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to calcinosis. AMAs can potentially identify patients with JDM at risk for developing calcinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhargavi Duvvuri
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Lauren M Pachman
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; CureJM Center of Excellence, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and the Stanley Manne Simpson-Quarrey Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Payton Hermanson
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Richard Moore
- Cedars Sinai Med Ctr, Division of Rheumatology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Aaron Long
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gabrielle A Morgan
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; CureJM Center of Excellence, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and the Stanley Manne Simpson-Quarrey Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Rong Tian
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yasemin Sancak
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christian Lood
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Abstract
According to the endosymbiotic theory, most of the DNA of the original bacterial endosymbiont has been lost or transferred to the nucleus, leaving a much smaller (∼16 kb in mammals), circular molecule that is the present-day mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The ability of mtDNA to escape mitochondria and integrate into the nuclear genome was discovered in budding yeast, along with genes that regulate this process. Mitochondria have emerged as key regulators of innate immunity, and it is now recognized that mtDNA released into the cytoplasm, outside of the cell, or into circulation activates multiple innate immune signaling pathways. Here, we first review the mechanisms through which mtDNA is released into the cytoplasm, including several inducible mitochondrial pores and defective mitophagy or autophagy. Next, we cover how the different forms of released mtDNA activate specific innate immune nucleic acid sensors and inflammasomes. Finally, we discuss how intracellular and extracellular mtDNA release, including circulating cell-free mtDNA that promotes systemic inflammation, are implicated in human diseases, bacterial and viral infections, senescence and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Newman
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA;
| | - Gerald S Shadel
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA;
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29
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Gong M, Choi SC, Park YP, Zou X, Elshikha AS, Gerriets VA, Rathmell JC, Mohamazadeh M, Morel L. Transcriptional and metabolic programs promote the expansion of follicular helper T cells in lupus-prone mice. iScience 2023; 26:106774. [PMID: 37216123 PMCID: PMC10197114 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The expansion of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells, which is tightly associated with the development of lupus, is reversed by the inhibition of either glycolysis or glutaminolysis in mice. Here we analyzed the gene expression and metabolome of Tfh cells and naive CD4+ T (Tn) cells in the B6.Sle1.Sle2.Sle3 (triple congenic, TC) mouse model of lupus and its congenic B6 control. Lupus genetic susceptibility in TC mice drives a gene expression signature starting in Tn cells and expanding in Tfh cells with enhanced signaling and effector programs. Metabolically, TC Tn and Tfh cells showed multiple defective mitochondrial functions. TC Tfh cells also showed specific anabolic programs including enhanced glutamate metabolism, malate-aspartate shuttle, and ammonia recycling, as well as altered dynamics of amino acid content and their transporters. Thus, our study has revealed specific metabolic programs that can be targeted to specifically limit the expansion of pathogenic Tfh cells in lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Gong
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Seung-Chul Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Yuk Pheel Park
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Xueyang Zou
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Ahmed S. Elshikha
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Valerie A. Gerriets
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Rathmell
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Mansour Mohamazadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Laurence Morel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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30
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Blanco LP, Kaplan MJ. Metabolic alterations of the immune system in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002084. [PMID: 37098006 PMCID: PMC10128981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic autoimmune diseases are characteristically associated with aberrant autoreactive innate and adaptive immune responses that lead to tissue damage and increased morbidity and mortality. Autoimmunity has been linked to alterations in the metabolic functions of immune cells (immunometabolism) and, more specifically, to mitochondrial dysfunction. Much has been written about immunometabolism in autoimmunity in general, so this Essay focuses on recent research into the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the dysregulation of innate and adaptive immunity that is characteristic of systemic autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Enhancing the understanding of mitochondrial dysregulation in autoimmunity will hopefully contribute to accelerating the development of immunomodulatory treatments for these challenging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz P Blanco
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mariana J Kaplan
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Hooftman A, Peace CG, Ryan DG, Day EA, Yang M, McGettrick AF, Yin M, Montano EN, Huo L, Toller-Kawahisa JE, Zecchini V, Ryan TAJ, Bolado-Carrancio A, Casey AM, Prag HA, Costa ASH, De Los Santos G, Ishimori M, Wallace DJ, Venuturupalli S, Nikitopoulou E, Frizzell N, Johansson C, Von Kriegsheim A, Murphy MP, Jefferies C, Frezza C, O'Neill LAJ. Macrophage fumarate hydratase restrains mtRNA-mediated interferon production. Nature 2023; 615:490-498. [PMID: 36890227 PMCID: PMC10411300 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05720-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic rewiring underlies the effector functions of macrophages1-3, but the mechanisms involved remain incompletely defined. Here, using unbiased metabolomics and stable isotope-assisted tracing, we show that an inflammatory aspartate-argininosuccinate shunt is induced following lipopolysaccharide stimulation. The shunt, supported by increased argininosuccinate synthase (ASS1) expression, also leads to increased cytosolic fumarate levels and fumarate-mediated protein succination. Pharmacological inhibition and genetic ablation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme fumarate hydratase (FH) further increases intracellular fumarate levels. Mitochondrial respiration is also suppressed and mitochondrial membrane potential increased. RNA sequencing and proteomics analyses demonstrate that there are strong inflammatory effects resulting from FH inhibition. Notably, acute FH inhibition suppresses interleukin-10 expression, which leads to increased tumour necrosis factor secretion, an effect recapitulated by fumarate esters. Moreover, FH inhibition, but not fumarate esters, increases interferon-β production through mechanisms that are driven by mitochondrial RNA (mtRNA) release and activation of the RNA sensors TLR7, RIG-I and MDA5. This effect is recapitulated endogenously when FH is suppressed following prolonged lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Furthermore, cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus also exhibit FH suppression, which indicates a potential pathogenic role for this process in human disease. We therefore identify a protective role for FH in maintaining appropriate macrophage cytokine and interferon responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hooftman
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Christian G Peace
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dylan G Ryan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Emily A Day
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ming Yang
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- CECAD Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anne F McGettrick
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maureen Yin
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Erica N Montano
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lihong Huo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Juliana E Toller-Kawahisa
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Tristram A J Ryan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Alva M Casey
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hiran A Prag
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ana S H Costa
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Matterworks, Somerville, MA, USA
| | - Gabriela De Los Santos
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mariko Ishimori
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel J Wallace
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Swamy Venuturupalli
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Norma Frizzell
- School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Cecilia Johansson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Michael P Murphy
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Caroline Jefferies
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christian Frezza
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- CECAD Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Luke A J O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Mitochondrial DNA in cell death and inflammation. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:457-472. [PMID: 36815695 PMCID: PMC9988000 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic DNA is recognized by the innate immune system as a potential threat. During apoptotic cell death, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release activates the DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) to promote a pro-inflammatory type I interferon response. Inflammation following mtDNA release during apoptotic cell death can be exploited to engage anti-tumor immunity and represents a potential avenue for cancer therapy. Additionally, various studies have described leakage of mtDNA, independent of cell death, with different underlying cues such as pathogenic infections, changes in mtDNA packaging, mtDNA stress or reduced mitochondrial clearance. The interferon response in these scenarios can be beneficial but also potentially disadvantageous, as suggested by a variety of disease phenotypes. In this review, we discuss mechanisms underlying mtDNA release governed by cell death pathways and summarize release mechanisms independent of cell death. We further highlight the similarities and differences in mtDNA release pathways, outlining gaps in our knowledge and questions for further research. Together, a deeper understanding of how and when mtDNA is released may enable the development of drugs to specifically target or inhibit mtDNA release in different disease settings.
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Wilburn KM, Meade RK, Heckenberg EM, Dockterman J, Coers J, Sassetti CM, Olive AJ, Smith CM. Differential Requirement for IRGM Proteins during Tuberculosis Infection in Mice. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0051022. [PMID: 36629440 PMCID: PMC9933630 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00510-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a bacterium that exclusively resides in human hosts and remains a dominant cause of morbidity and mortality among infectious diseases worldwide. Host protection against Mtb infection is dependent on the function of immunity-related GTPase clade M (IRGM) proteins. Polymorphisms in human IRGM associate with altered susceptibility to mycobacterial disease, and human IRGM promotes the delivery of Mtb into degradative autolysosomes. Among the three murine IRGM orthologs, Irgm1 has been singled out as essential for host protection during Mtb infections in cultured macrophages and in vivo. However, whether the paralogous murine Irgm genes, Irgm2 and Irgm3, play roles in host defense against Mtb or exhibit functional relationships with Irgm1 during Mtb infection remains undetermined. Here, we report that Irgm1-/- mice are indeed acutely susceptible to aerosol infection with Mtb, yet the additional deletion of the paralogous Irgm3 gene restores protective immunity to Mtb infections in Irgm1-deficient animals. Mice lacking all three Irgm genes (panIrgm-/-) are characterized by shifted lung cytokine profiles at 5 and 24 weeks postinfection, but control disease until the very late stages of the infection, when panIrgm-/- mice display increased mortality compared to wild-type mice. Collectively, our data demonstrate that disruptions in the balance between Irgm isoforms is more detrimental to the Mtb-infected host than total loss of Irgm-mediated host defense, a concept that also needs to be considered in the context of human Mtb susceptibility linked to IRGM polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaley M. Wilburn
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachel K. Meade
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Emma M. Heckenberg
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jacob Dockterman
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jörn Coers
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christopher M. Sassetti
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew J. Olive
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Clare M. Smith
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Xu J, Wu D, Zhou S, Hu H, Li F, Guan Z, Zhan X, Gao Y, Wang P, Rao Z. MLKL deficiency attenuated hepatocyte oxidative DNA damage by activating mitophagy to suppress macrophage cGAS-STING signaling during liver ischemia and reperfusion injury. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:58. [PMID: 36765043 PMCID: PMC9918524 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01357-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL)-mediated necroptosis has been implicated in aggravating liver ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injury. However, the precise role and mechanism of MLKL in regulating oxidative DNA damage of hepatocytes and subsequent activation of macrophage stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of MLKL in regulating the interplay between hepatocyte injury and macrophage pro-inflammatory responses during liver IR injury. We found that IR increased MLKL expression in liver tissues of wild type (WT) mice. MLKL knockout (KO) attenuated liver IR injury and suppressed the activation of cGAS-STING signaling in intrahepatic macrophages, which was abrogated by STING activation with its agonist. Mechanistically, IR induced oxidative DNA damage in hepatocytes, leading to cGAS-STING activation in macrophages, which was suppressed by MLKL KO. Moreover, increased PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1)-mediated mitophagy contributed to reduced oxidative DNA damage in hepatocytes and subsequent decreased activation of STING signaling in macrophages in MLKL KO mice. Our findings demonstrated a non-canonical role of MLKL in the pathogenesis of liver IR. MLKL deficiency significantly promoted PINK1-mediated mitophagy activation to inhibit oxidative DNA damage in hepatocytes, which in turn suppressed macrophage cGAS-STING activation and inflammatory liver IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- grid.477246.40000 0004 1803 0558Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 210029 Nanjing, China
| | - Dongming Wu
- grid.477246.40000 0004 1803 0558Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 210029 Nanjing, China
| | - Shun Zhou
- grid.477246.40000 0004 1803 0558Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 210029 Nanjing, China
| | - Haoran Hu
- grid.477246.40000 0004 1803 0558Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 210029 Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Li
- grid.412676.00000 0004 1799 0784Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029 Nanjing, China
| | - Zhu Guan
- grid.412676.00000 0004 1799 0784Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029 Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyu Zhan
- grid.477246.40000 0004 1803 0558Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 210029 Nanjing, China
| | - Yiyun Gao
- grid.477246.40000 0004 1803 0558Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 210029 Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 210029, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zhuqing Rao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China.
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Abstract
Macroautophagy and microautophagy are highly conserved eukaryotic cellular processes that degrade cytoplasmic material in lysosomes. Both pathways involve characteristic membrane dynamics regulated by autophagy-related proteins and other molecules, some of which are shared between the two pathways. Over the past few years, the application of new technologies, such as cryo-electron microscopy, coevolution-based structural prediction and in vitro reconstitution, has revealed the functions of individual autophagy gene products, especially in autophagy induction, membrane reorganization and cargo recognition. Concomitantly, mutations in autophagy genes have been linked to human disorders, particularly neurodegenerative diseases, emphasizing the potential pathogenic implications of autophagy defects. Accumulating genome data have also illuminated the evolution of autophagy genes within eukaryotes as well as their transition from possible ancestral elements in prokaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayashi Yamamoto
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan ,grid.410821.e0000 0001 2173 8328Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sidi Zhang
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noboru Mizushima
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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36
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Disruption of mitochondrial dynamics triggers muscle inflammation through interorganellar contacts and mitochondrial DNA mislocation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:108. [PMID: 36609505 PMCID: PMC9822926 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35732-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Some forms of mitochondrial dysfunction induce sterile inflammation through mitochondrial DNA recognition by intracellular DNA sensors. However, the involvement of mitochondrial dynamics in mitigating such processes and their impact on muscle fitness remain unaddressed. Here we report that opposite mitochondrial morphologies induce distinct inflammatory signatures, caused by differential activation of DNA sensors TLR9 or cGAS. In the context of mitochondrial fragmentation, we demonstrate that mitochondria-endosome contacts mediated by the endosomal protein Rab5C are required in TLR9 activation in cells. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial fragmentation promotes TLR9-dependent inflammation, muscle atrophy, reduced physical performance and enhanced IL6 response to exercise, which improved upon chronic anti-inflammatory treatment. Taken together, our data demonstrate that mitochondrial dynamics is key in preventing sterile inflammatory responses, which precede the development of muscle atrophy and impaired physical performance. Thus, we propose the targeting of mitochondrial dynamics as an approach to treating disorders characterized by chronic inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Feng Z, Jing Z, Li Q, Chu L, Jiang Y, Zhang X, Yan L, Liu Y, Jiang J, Xu P, Chen Q, Wang M, Yang H, Zhou G, Jiang X, Chen X, Xia H. Exosomal STIMATE derived from type II alveolar epithelial cells controls metabolic reprogramming of tissue-resident alveolar macrophages. Theranostics 2023; 13:991-1009. [PMID: 36793853 PMCID: PMC9925314 DOI: 10.7150/thno.82552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Complete abolition of alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) is characteristic of end-stage lung disease. Transplantation therapy of type II AECs (AEC-IIs) or AEC-IIs-derived exosomes (ADEs) have been proposed as a means of repairing injury and preventing fibrosis. However, the mechanism by which ADEs balances airway immunity and alleviates damage and fibrosis remains unknown. Methods: We investigated STIM-activating enhancer-positive ADEs (STIMATE+ ADEs) in the lung of 112 ALI/ARDS and 44 IPF patients, and observed the correlation between STIMATE+ ADEs and subpopulation proportion and metabolic status of tissue-resident alveolar macrophages (TRAMs). We constructed the conditional knockout mice STIMATE sftpc , in which STIMATE was specifically knocked out in mouse AEC-IIs and observed the effects of STIMATE+ ADEs deficiency on disease progression, immune selection and metabolic switching of TRAMs. We constructed a BLM-induced AEC-IIs injury model to observe the salvage treatment of damage/fibrosis progression with STIMATE+ ADEs supplementation. Results: In clinical analysis, the distinct metabolic phenotypes of AMs in ALI/ARFS and IPF were significantly perturbed by STIMATE+ ADEs. The immune and metabolic status of TRAMs in the lungs of STIMATE sftpc mice was imbalanced, resulting in spontaneous inflammatory injury and respiratory disorders. STIMATE+ ADEs are taken up by tissue-resident alveolar macrophages TRAMs to regulate high Ca2+ responsiveness and long-term Ca2+ signal transduction, which maintains M2-like immunophenotype and metabolism selection. This involves calcineurin (CaN)-PGC-1α pathway mediated mitochondrial biogenesis and mtDNA coding. In a bleomycin-induced mouse fibrosis model, supplementation with inhaled STIMATE+ ADEs lessened early acute injury, prevented advanced fibrosis, alleviated ventilatory impairment and reduced mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunyong Feng
- School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering & Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Advanced Institute for Life and Health & Interdisciplinary Innovation Institute for Medicine and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,The Translational Research Institute for Neurological Disorders & Interdisciplinary Research Center of Neuromedicine and Chemical Biology of Wannan Medical College and Anhui Normal University, Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, China.,Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Sir Run Run Hospital & Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhou Jing
- Department of Anatomy & Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Anatomy & Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Liuxi Chu
- School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering & Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Advanced Institute for Life and Health & Interdisciplinary Innovation Institute for Medicine and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - YuXin Jiang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Xuanbo Zhang
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liang Yan
- Department of Anatomy & Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Yinhua Liu
- Department of Pathology & Central Laboratory Intensive & Care Unit, The First Affiliated Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Department of Anatomy & Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Sir Run Run Hospital & Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qun Chen
- Department of Pathology & Central Laboratory Intensive & Care Unit, The First Affiliated Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Yang
- The Translational Research Institute for Neurological Disorders & Interdisciplinary Research Center of Neuromedicine and Chemical Biology of Wannan Medical College and Anhui Normal University, Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, China
| | - Guoren Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaochun Jiang
- The Translational Research Institute for Neurological Disorders & Interdisciplinary Research Center of Neuromedicine and Chemical Biology of Wannan Medical College and Anhui Normal University, Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hongping Xia
- School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering & Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Advanced Institute for Life and Health & Interdisciplinary Innovation Institute for Medicine and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,The Translational Research Institute for Neurological Disorders & Interdisciplinary Research Center of Neuromedicine and Chemical Biology of Wannan Medical College and Anhui Normal University, Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Sir Run Run Hospital & Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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38
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Yoon J, Lee M, Ali AA, Oh YR, Choi YS, Kim S, Lee N, Jang SG, Park S, Chung JH, Kwok SK, Hyon JY, Cha S, Lee YJ, Im SG, Kim Y. Mitochondrial double-stranded RNAs as a pivotal mediator in the pathogenesis of Sjӧgren's syndrome. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 30:257-269. [PMID: 36284513 PMCID: PMC9576540 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Sjӧgren's syndrome (SS) is a systemic autoimmune disease that targets the exocrine glands, resulting in impaired saliva and tear secretion. To date, type I interferons (I-IFNs) are increasingly recognized as pivotal mediators in SS, but their endogenous drivers have not been elucidated. Here, we investigate the role of mitochondrial double-stranded RNAs (mt-dsRNAs) in regulating I-IFNs and other glandular phenotypes of SS. We find that mt-dsRNAs are elevated in the saliva and tears of SS patients (n = 73 for saliva and n = 16 for tears) and in salivary glands of non-obese diabetic mice with salivary dysfunction. Using the in-house-developed 3D culture of immortalized human salivary gland cells, we show that stimulation by exogenous dsRNAs increase mt-dsRNAs, activate the innate immune system, trigger I-IFNs, and promote glandular phenotypes. These responses are mediated via the Janus kinase 1 (JAK1)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway. Indeed, a small chemical inhibitor of JAK1 attenuates mtRNA elevation and immune activation. We further show that muscarinic receptor ligand acetylcholine ameliorates autoimmune characteristics by preventing mt-dsRNA-mediated immune activation. Last, direct suppression of mt-dsRNAs reverses the glandular phenotypes of SS. Altogether, our study underscores the significance of mt-dsRNA upregulation in the pathogenesis of SS and suggests mt-dsRNAs as propagators of a pseudo-viral signal in the SS target tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Yoon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseok Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahsan Ausaf Ali
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Rim Oh
- Medical Science Research Institute, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Seok Choi
- Medical Science Research Institute, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Namseok Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Gwang Jang
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghyeon Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Haeng Chung
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ki Kwok
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Young Hyon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghee Cha
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Corresponding author Seunghee Cha, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Yun Jong Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author Yun Jong Lee: Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Gap Im
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for NanoCentury (KINC), KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author Sung Gap Im, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yoosik Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for BioCentury (KIB), KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- BioProcess Engineering Research Center and BioInformatics Research Center, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author Yoosik Kim, KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Wang Q, Bu Q, Liu M, Zhang R, Gu J, Li L, Zhou J, Liang Y, Su W, Liu Z, Wang M, Lian Z, Lu L, Zhou H. XBP1-mediated activation of the STING signalling pathway in macrophages contributes to liver fibrosis progression. JHEP REPORTS : INNOVATION IN HEPATOLOGY 2022; 4:100555. [PMID: 36185574 PMCID: PMC9520276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background & Aims XBP1 modulates the macrophage proinflammatory response, but its function in macrophage stimulator of interferon genes (STING) activation and liver fibrosis is unknown. X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) has been shown to promote macrophage nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) activation in steatohepatitis. Herein, we aimed to explore the underlying mechanism of XBP1 in the regulation of STING signalling and the subsequent NLRP3 activation during liver fibrosis. Methods XBP1 expression was measured in the human fibrotic liver tissue samples. Liver fibrosis was induced in myeloid-specific Xbp1-, STING-, and Nlrp3-deficient mice by carbon tetrachloride injection, bile duct ligation, or a methionine/choline-deficient diet. Results Although increased XBP1 expression was observed in the fibrotic liver macrophages of mice and clinical patients, myeloid-specific Xbp1 deficiency or pharmacological inhibition of XBP1 protected the liver against fibrosis. Furthermore, it inhibited macrophage NLPR3 activation in a STING/IRF3-dependent manner. Oxidative mitochondrial injury facilitated cytosolic leakage of macrophage self-mtDNA and cGAS/STING/NLRP3 signalling activation to promote liver fibrosis. Mechanistically, RNA sequencing analysis indicated a decreased mtDNA expression and an increased BCL2/adenovirus E1B interacting protein 3 (BNIP3)-mediated mitophagy activation in Xbp1-deficient macrophages. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays further suggested that spliced XBP1 bound directly to the Bnip3 promoter and inhibited the transcription of Bnip3 in macrophages. Xbp1 deficiency decreased the mtDNA cytosolic release and STING/NLRP3 activation by promoting BNIP3-mediated mitophagy activation in macrophages, which was abrogated by Bnip3 knockdown. Moreover, macrophage XBP1/STING signalling contributed to the activation of hepatic stellate cells. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that XBP1 controls macrophage cGAS/STING/NLRP3 activation by regulating macrophage self-mtDNA cytosolic leakage via BNIP3-mediated mitophagy modulation, thus providing a novel target against liver fibrosis. Lay summary Liver fibrosis is a typical progressive process of chronic liver disease, driven by inflammatory and immune responses, and is characterised by an excess of extracellular matrix in the liver. Currently, there is no effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of liver fibrosis, resulting in high mortality worldwide. In this study, we found that myeloid-specific Xbp1 deficiency protected the liver against fibrosis in mice, while XBP1 inhibition ameliorated liver fibrosis in mice. This study concluded that targeting XBP1 signalling in macrophages may provide a novel strategy for protecting the liver against fibrosis. Macrophage STING signalling can be activated by mtDNA cytosolic leakage from macrophages themselves. Xbp1 depletion suppresses cGAS/STING/NLRP3 activation by restoring BNIP3-mediated mitophagy activation in macrophages. XBP1 targets and inhibits the transcription of Bnip3 directly in macrophages. Myeloid-specific Xbp1 deficiency, or STING deficiency, or Nlrp3 depletion protect livers against fibrosis in mice. Pharmacological inhibition of XBP1 ameliorates liver fibrosis in mice.
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Key Words
- Acta2/α-SMA, actin, alpha 2, smooth muscle, aorta
- BDL, bile duct ligation
- BMDMs, bone marrow-derived macrophages
- BNIP3
- BNIP3, BCL2/adenovirus E1B interacting protein 3
- CCl4, carbon tetrachloride
- CM, conditional media
- ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation
- Col1a1, collagen, type I, alpha 1
- DMXAA, 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- EtBr, ethidium bromide
- HSC, hepatic stellate cell
- IRE1α, inositol-requiring enzyme-1α
- IRF3, interferon regulatory factor 3
- KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
- LC3B, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- Liver fibrosis
- MCD, methionine/choline-deficient diet
- Macrophage
- Mitophagy
- MnSOD, manganese superoxide dismutase
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- NLRP3, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain-containing 3
- PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- STING
- STING, stimulator of interferon genes
- TBK1, TANK binding kinase 1
- TGF-β1, transforming growth factor beta 1
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor alpha
- Timp1, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1
- WT, wild-type
- XBP1
- XBP1, X-box binding protein 1
- cGAS, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase
- mtDNA
- mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA
- p62, sequestosome 1
- sXBP1, spliced XBP1
- shRNAs, short hairpin RNAs
- uXBP1, unspliced XBP1
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingfa Bu
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Mu Liu
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Gu
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Li
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinren Zhou
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Liang
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Wantong Su
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingming Wang
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhexiong Lian
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Lu
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haoming Zhou
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
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Pant A, Yao X, Lavedrine A, Viret C, Dockterman J, Chauhan S, Chong-Shan Shi, Manjithaya R, Cadwell K, Kufer TA, Kehrl JH, Coers J, Sibley LD, Faure M, Taylor GA, Chauhan S. Interactions of Autophagy and the Immune System in Health and Diseases. AUTOPHAGY REPORTS 2022; 1:438-515. [PMID: 37425656 PMCID: PMC10327624 DOI: 10.1080/27694127.2022.2119743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved process that utilizes lysosomes to selectively degrade a variety of intracellular cargo, thus providing quality control over cellular components and maintaining cellular regulatory functions. Autophagy is triggered by multiple stimuli ranging from nutrient starvation to microbial infection. Autophagy extensively shapes and modulates the inflammatory response, the concerted action of immune cells, and secreted mediators aimed to eradicate a microbial infection or to heal sterile tissue damage. Here, we first review how autophagy affects innate immune signaling, cell-autonomous immune defense, and adaptive immunity. Then, we discuss the role of non-canonical autophagy in microbial infections and inflammation. Finally, we review how crosstalk between autophagy and inflammation influences infectious, metabolic, and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Pant
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Xiaomin Yao
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Aude Lavedrine
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
- Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, FRM
| | - Christophe Viret
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
- Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, FRM
| | - Jake Dockterman
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Swati Chauhan
- Cell biology and Infectious diseases, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Chong-Shan Shi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ravi Manjithaya
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Kufer
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - John H. Kehrl
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jörn Coers
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - L. David Sibley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University Sch. Med., St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Mathias Faure
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
- Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, FRM
| | - Gregory A Taylor
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University Sch. Med., St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Health Care Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Departments of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Santosh Chauhan
- Cell biology and Infectious diseases, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- CSIR–Centre For Cellular And Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad, Telangana
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Zhang J, Wang X, Wang F, Tang X. Xiangsha Liujunzi Decoction improves gastrointestinal motility in functional dyspepsia with spleen deficiency syndrome by restoring mitochondrial quality control homeostasis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 105:154374. [PMID: 35963194 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xiang Sha Liu Junzi decoction (XSLJZD) is a famous traditional Chinese medicinal prescription for the treatment of functional dyspepsia (FD) in spleen deficiency. However, its therapeutic mechanism has not been fully clarified. PURPOSE The present study aimed to determine the role of mitochondrial quality control (MQC)-mediated gastrointestinal motility disorder in FD treated with XSLJZD by using spleen-deficient FD rats and gastrointestinal smooth muscle cells (GSMCs). METHODS In vivo, an FD with spleen deficiency syndrome model was established by gastric perfusion with iodoacetamide solution combined with the modified multiple platform method (MMPM), followed by intragastric gavage with XSLJZD for 4 weeks. Improvement of pathological symptoms was evaluated based on food intake, water intake, grip strength, gastric histopathological changes, gastric emptying rate, small intestinal propulsion rate, and average amplitude and frequency of smooth muscle strips. The mitochondrial ultrastructure was observed by transmission electron microscopy. The colocalization of LC3 and Parkin with mitochondria was detected by immunofluorescence. The expression and localization of Drp1 proteins were detected by immunohistochemistry. In vitro, GSMCs were treated with different concentrations of XSLJZD-CS for 24 h, followed by treatment with 20 μM carbon cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) for 4 h. Cell viability, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS), cellular ATP generation and mitochondrial Keima (mtKeima) expression were examined. Both in vivo and in vitro, gene expression was assessed by Western blotting. All experiments were performed in duplicate. RESULTS Disorders of the mitochondrial quality control system existed in gastric smooth muscle in FD spleen deficiency syndrome. XSLJZD administration promoted the contraction of gastric smooth muscle and restored mitochondrial function by downregulating the colocalization of LC3 or Parkin with mitochondria, reducing the ratio of LC3II/LC3I, decreasing the expression of PINK1, Parkin and Drp1 and increasing the expression of p62 to restore mitochondrial morphology and function. In vitro studies showed that the improvement in mitochondrial function by XSLJZD was related to PINK1-parkin-mediated mitochondrial quality control. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that XSLJZD can improve gastrointestinal motility disorder in functional dyspepsia with spleen deficiency syndrome, which was related to reconstruction of the mitochondrial quality control system by restraining PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy and division. This study illustrates a novel clinical significance of herbal medicine in the treatment of FD and clarifies the important role of MQC in treating gastrointestinal motility disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Experimental Research Center of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Fengyun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xudong Tang
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16, Inner South Street, Dongzhimen, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100700, China.
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Dockterman J, Coers J. How did we get here? Insights into mechanisms of immunity-related GTPase targeting to intracellular pathogens. Curr Opin Microbiol 2022; 69:102189. [PMID: 35963099 PMCID: PMC9745802 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2022.102189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine gamma-interferon activates cell-autonomous immunity against intracellular bacterial and protozoan pathogens by inducing a slew of antimicrobial proteins, some of which hinge upon immunity-related GTPases (IRGs) for their function. Three regulatory IRG clade M (Irgm) proteins chaperone about approximately 20 effector IRGs (GKS IRGs) to localize to pathogen-containing vacuoles (PVs) within mouse cells, initiating a cascade that results in PV elimination and killing of PV-resident pathogens. However, the mechanisms that allow IRGs to identify and traffic specifically to 'non-self' PVs have remained elusive. Integrating recent findings demonstrating direct interactions between GKS IRGs and lipids with previous work, we propose that three attributes mark PVs as GKS IRG targets: the absence of membrane-bound Irgm proteins, Atg8 lipidation, and the presence of specific lipid species. Combinatorial recognition of these three distinct signals may have evolved as a mechanism to ensure safe delivery of potent host antimicrobial effectors exclusively to PVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Dockterman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jörn Coers
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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The Mito-Hormetic Mechanisms of Ozone in the Clearance of SARS-CoV2 and in the COVID-19 Therapy. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092258. [PMID: 36140358 PMCID: PMC9496465 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing body of evidence in the literature is reporting the feasibility of using medical ozone as a possible alternative and adjuvant treatment for COVID-19 patients, significantly reducing hospitalization time, pro-inflammatory indicators, and coagulation markers and improving blood oxygenation parameters. In addition to the well-described ability of medical ozone in counteracting oxidative stress through the upregulation of the main anti-oxidant and scavenging enzymes, oxygen–ozone (O2–O3) therapy has also proved effective in reducing chronic inflammation and the occurrence of immune thrombosis, two key players involved in COVID-19 exacerbation and severity. As chronic inflammation and oxidative stress are also reported to be among the main drivers of the long sequelae of SARS-CoV2 infection, a rising number of studies is investigating the potential of O2–O3 therapy to reduce and/or prevent the wide range of post-COVID (or PASC)-related disorders. This narrative review aims to describe the molecular mechanisms through which medical ozone acts, to summarize the clinical evidence on the use of O2–O3 therapy as an alternative and adjuvant COVID-19 treatment, and to discuss the emerging potential of this approach in the context of PASC symptoms, thus offering new insights into effective and safe nonantiviral therapies for the fighting of this devastating pandemic.
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Zhao L, Hu X, Xiao F, Zhang X, Zhao L, Wang M. Mitochondrial impairment and repair in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:929520. [PMID: 35958572 PMCID: PMC9358979 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.929520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid autoantibodies, increase type I interferon (IFN-α) levels, and immune cell hyperactivation are hallmarks of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Notably, immune cell activation requires high level of cellular energy that is predominately generated by the mitochondria. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS), the byproduct of mitochondrial energy generation, serves as an essential mediator to control the activation and differentiation of cells and regulate the antigenicity of oxidized nucleoids within the mitochondria. Recently, clinical trials on normalization of mitochondrial redox imbalance by mROS scavengers and those investigating the recovery of defective mitophagy have provided novel insights into SLE prophylaxis and therapy. However, the precise mechanism underlying the role of oxidative stress-related mitochondrial molecules in skewing the cell fate at the molecular level remains unclear. This review outlines distinctive mitochondrial functions and pathways that are involved in immune responses and systematically delineates how mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to SLE pathogenesis. In addition, we provide a comprehensive overview of damaged mitochondrial function and impaired metabolic pathways in adaptive and innate immune cells and lupus-induced organ tissues. Furthermore, we summarize the potential of current mitochondria-targeting drugs for SLE treatment. Developing novel therapeutic approaches to regulate mitochondrial oxidative stress is a promising endeavor in the search for effective treatments for systemic autoimmune diseases, particularly SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Like Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xianda Hu
- Beijing Tibetan Hospital, China Tibetology Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Xiao
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Clinical Biobank, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lidan Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Min Wang, ; Lidan Zhao,
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Min Wang, ; Lidan Zhao,
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Multi-omics profiling of collagen-induced arthritis mouse model reveals early metabolic dysregulation via SIRT1 axis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11830. [PMID: 35821263 PMCID: PMC9276706 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by joint infiltration of immune cells and synovial inflammation which leads to progressive disability. Current treatments improve the disease outcome, but the unmet medical need is still high. New discoveries over the last decade have revealed the major impact of cellular metabolism on immune cell functions. So far, a comprehensive understanding of metabolic changes during disease development, especially in the diseased microenvironment, is still limited. Therefore, we studied the longitudinal metabolic changes during the development of murine arthritis by integrating metabolomics and transcriptomics data. We identified an early change in macrophage pathways which was accompanied by oxidative stress, a drop in NAD+ level and induction of glucose transporters. We discovered inhibition of SIRT1, a NAD-dependent histone deacetylase and confirmed its dysregulation in human macrophages and synovial tissues of RA patients. Mining this database should enable the discovery of novel metabolic targets and therapy opportunities in RA.
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Oliva A, Meroño C, Traba J. Mitochondrial function and dysfunction in innate immunity. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2022.100571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Immunity-related GTPase IRGM at the intersection of autophagy, inflammation, and tumorigenesis. Inflamm Res 2022; 71:785-795. [PMID: 35699756 PMCID: PMC9192921 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01595-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunity-related GTPase M (IRGM) is a GTP-binding protein that regulates selective autophagy including xenophagy and mitophagy. IRGM impacts autophagy by (1) affecting mitochondrial fusion and fission, (2) promoting the co-assembly of ULK1 and Beclin 1, (3) enhancing Beclin 1 interacting partners (AMBRA1, ATG14L1, and UVRAG), (4) interacting with other key proteins (ATG16L1, p62, NOD2, cGAS, TLR3, and RIG-I), and (5) regulating lysosomal biogenesis. IRGM also negatively regulates NLRP3 inflammasome formation and therefore, maturation of the important pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β, impacting inflammation and pyroptosis. Ultimately, this affords protection against chronic inflammatory diseases. Importantly, ten IRGM polymorphisms (rs4859843, rs4859846, rs4958842, rs4958847, rs1000113, rs10051924, rs10065172, rs11747270, rs13361189, and rs72553867) have been associated with human inflammatory disorders including cancer, which suggests that these genetic variants are functionally relevant to the autophagic and inflammatory responses. The current review contextualizes IRGM, its modulation of autophagy, and inflammation, and emphasizes the role of IRGM as a cross point of immunity and tumorigenesis.
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Zhong W, Rao Z, Xu J, Sun Y, Hu H, Wang P, Xia Y, Pan X, Tang W, Chen Z, Zhou H, Wang X. Defective mitophagy in aged macrophages promotes mitochondrial DNA cytosolic leakage to activate STING signaling during liver sterile inflammation. Aging Cell 2022; 21:e13622. [PMID: 35599014 PMCID: PMC9197407 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage‐stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling mediated sterile inflammation has been implicated in various age‐related diseases. However, whether and how macrophage mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) regulates STING signaling in aged macrophages remains largely unknown. We found that hypoxia‐reoxygenation (HR) induced STING activation in macrophages by triggering the release of macrophage mtDNA into the cytosol. Aging promoted the cytosolic leakage of macrophage mtDNA and enhanced STING activation, which was abrogated upon mtDNA depletion or cyclic GMP‐AMP Synthase (cGAS) inhibition. Aged macrophages exhibited increased mitochondrial injury with impaired mitophagy. Mechanistically, a decline in the PTEN‐induced kinase 1 (PINK1)/Parkin‐mediated polyubiquitination of mitochondria was observed in aged macrophages. Pink1 overexpression reversed the inhibition of mitochondrial ubiquitination but failed to promote mitolysosome formation in the aged macrophages. Meanwhile, aging impaired lysosomal biogenesis and function in macrophages by modulating the mTOR/transcription factor EB (TFEB) signaling pathway, which could be reversed by Torin‐1 treatment. Consequently, Pink1 overexpression in combination with Torin‐1 treatment restored mitophagic flux and inhibited mtDNA/cGAS/STING activation in aged macrophages. Moreover, besides HR‐induced metabolic stress, other types of oxidative and hepatotoxic stresses inhibited mitophagy and promoted the cytosolic release of mtDNA to activate STING signaling in aged macrophages. STING deficiency protected aged mice against diverse types of sterile inflammatory liver injuries. Our findings suggest that aging impairs mitophagic flux to facilitate the leakage of macrophage mtDNA into the cytosol and promotes STING activation, and thereby provides a novel potential therapeutic target for sterile inflammatory liver injury in aged patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhe Zhong
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Nanjing China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Zhuqing Rao
- Department of Anesthesiology The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Jian Xu
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Nanjing China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Yu Sun
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Nanjing China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Haoran Hu
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Nanjing China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Ping Wang
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Nanjing China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Yongxiang Xia
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Nanjing China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Xiongxiong Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Weiwei Tang
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Nanjing China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Ziyi Chen
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Nanjing China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Haoming Zhou
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Nanjing China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Xuehao Wang
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Nanjing China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
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Hong Z, Mei J, Guo H, Zhu J, Wang C. Intervention of cGAS‒STING signaling in sterile inflammatory diseases. J Mol Cell Biol 2022; 14:mjac005. [PMID: 35084490 PMCID: PMC9122663 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterile inflammation characterized by unresolved chronic inflammation is well established to promote the progression of multiple autoimmune diseases, metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular diseases, collectively termed 'sterile inflammatory diseases'. By recognizing host-derived DNA, cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase (cGAS) activates endoplasmic reticulum-associated stimulator of interferon genes (STING), which leads to the induction of type I interferons and inflammatory cytokines or immunogenic cell death that promotes sterile inflammation. Additionally, the DNA/cGAS-independent mode of STING activation has also been characterized in the progression of several sterile inflammatory diseases. This review focuses on the molecular mechanism of cGAS-dependent and cGAS-independent STING signaling under various disease conditions, particularly highlighting the diverse initiators upon this signaling pathway. We also summarize recent advances in the discovery of antagonists targeting cGAS and STING and the evaluation of their efficiencies in preclinical models. Finally, we discuss potential differences in the clinical applications of the specific antagonists, which may shed light on the precision therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jiahao Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Hanli Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Juanjuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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Saha B, Salemi M, Williams GL, Oh S, Paffett ML, Phinney B, Mandell MA. Interactomic analysis reveals a homeostatic role for the HIV restriction factor TRIM5α in mitophagy. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110797. [PMID: 35545034 PMCID: PMC9136943 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein TRIM5α has multiple roles in antiretroviral defense, but the mechanisms underlying TRIM5α action are unclear. Here, we employ APEX2-based proteomics to identify TRIM5α-interacting partners. Our proteomics results connect TRIM5 to other proteins with actions in antiviral defense. Additionally, they link TRIM5 to mitophagy, an autophagy-based mode of mitochondrial quality control that is compromised in several human diseases. We find that TRIM5 is required for Parkin-dependent and -independent mitophagy pathways where TRIM5 recruits upstream autophagy regulators to damaged mitochondria. Expression of a TRIM5 mutant lacking ubiquitin ligase activity is unable to rescue mitophagy in TRIM5 knockout cells. Cells lacking TRIM5 show reduced mitochondrial function under basal conditions and are more susceptible to immune activation and death in response to mitochondrial damage than are wild-type cells. Taken together, our studies identify a homeostatic role for a protein previously recognized exclusively for its antiviral actions. The protein TRIM5α is well known for its roles in antiretroviral defense. Saha et al. show that TRIM5α also has key homeostatic functions. They report that TRIM5α helps to maintain mitochondrial quality control by enabling the autophagy-dependent removal of damaged mitochondria (mitophagy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Saha
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Michelle Salemi
- UC Davis Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Geneva L Williams
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Seeun Oh
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Michael L Paffett
- Fluorescence Microscopy and Cell Imaging Shared Resource, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Brett Phinney
- UC Davis Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Michael A Mandell
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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