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Kuhn MK, Proctor EA. Microglial Drivers of Alzheimer's Disease Pathology: An Evolution of Diverse Participating States. Proteins 2024. [PMID: 39219300 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune-competent cells of the brain, become dysfunctional in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and their aberrant immune responses contribute to the accumulation of pathological proteins and neuronal injury. Genetic studies implicate microglia in the development of AD, prompting interest in developing immunomodulatory therapies to prevent or ameliorate disease. However, microglia take on diverse functional states in disease, playing both protective and detrimental roles in AD, which largely overlap and may shift over the disease course, complicating the identification of effective therapeutic targets. Extensive evidence gathered using transgenic mouse models supports an active role of microglia in pathology progression, though results vary and can be contradictory between different types of models and the degree of pathology at the time of study. Here, we review microglial immune signaling and responses that contribute to the accumulation and spread of pathological proteins or directly affect neuronal health. We additionally explore the use of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived models to study living human microglia and how they have contributed to our knowledge of AD and may begin to fill in the gaps left by mouse models. Ultimately, mouse and iPSC-derived models have their own limitations, and a comprehensive understanding of microglial dysfunction in AD will only be established by an integrated view across models and an appreciation for their complementary viewpoints and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison K Kuhn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Proctor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Engineering Science & Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Penn State Neuroscience Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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de Gea P, Benkeder S, Bouvet P, Aimard M, Chounlamountri N, Honnorat J, Do LD, Meissirel C. VEGF controls microglial phagocytic response to amyloid-β. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1264402. [PMID: 38162003 PMCID: PMC10757340 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1264402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells are well known to be implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), due to the impaired clearance of amyloid-β (Aβ) protein. In AD, Aβ accumulates in the brain parenchyma as soluble oligomers and protofibrils, and its aggregation process further give rise to amyloid plaques. Compelling evidence now indicate that Aβ oligomers (Aβo) are the most toxic forms responsible for neuronal and synaptic alterations. Recently, we showed that the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) counteracts Aβo-induced synaptic alterations and that a peptide derived from VEGF is able to inhibit Aβ aggregation process. Moreover, VEGF has been reported to promote microglial chemotaxis to Aβ brain deposits. We therefore investigated whether VEGF could influence microglial phagocytic response to Aβ, using in vitro and ex vivo models of amyloid accumulation. We report here that VEGF increases Aβo phagocytosis by microglial cells and further characterized the molecular basis of the VEGF effect. VEGF is able to control α-secretase activity in microglial cells, resulting in the increased cleavage of the Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), a major microglial Aβ receptor. Consistently, the soluble form sTREM2 also increases Aβo phagocytosis by microglial cells. Taken together, these findings propose VEGF as a new regulator of Aβ clearance and suggest its potential role in rescuing compromised microglial function in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscille de Gea
- Laboratory MeLIS, Institut Neuromyogène, Synaptopathies and Autoantibodies, INSERM U1314, CNRS UMR 5284, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Sarah Benkeder
- Laboratory MeLIS, Institut Neuromyogène, Synaptopathies and Autoantibodies, INSERM U1314, CNRS UMR 5284, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Pauline Bouvet
- Laboratory MeLIS, Institut Neuromyogène, Synaptopathies and Autoantibodies, INSERM U1314, CNRS UMR 5284, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Mélanie Aimard
- Laboratory MeLIS, Institut Neuromyogène, Synaptopathies and Autoantibodies, INSERM U1314, CNRS UMR 5284, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Naura Chounlamountri
- Laboratory MeLIS, Institut Neuromyogène, Synaptopathies and Autoantibodies, INSERM U1314, CNRS UMR 5284, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Jérôme Honnorat
- Laboratory MeLIS, Institut Neuromyogène, Synaptopathies and Autoantibodies, INSERM U1314, CNRS UMR 5284, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron, France
| | - Le Duy Do
- Laboratory MeLIS, Institut Neuromyogène, Synaptopathies and Autoantibodies, INSERM U1314, CNRS UMR 5284, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron, France
| | - Claire Meissirel
- Laboratory MeLIS, Institut Neuromyogène, Synaptopathies and Autoantibodies, INSERM U1314, CNRS UMR 5284, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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Gamache J, Gingerich D, Shwab EK, Barrera J, Garrett ME, Hume C, Crawford GE, Ashley-Koch AE, Chiba-Falek O. Integrative single-nucleus multi-omics analysis prioritizes candidate cis and trans regulatory networks and their target genes in Alzheimer's disease brains. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:185. [PMID: 37789374 PMCID: PMC10546724 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01120-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetic underpinnings of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) are yet to be fully elucidated. Although numerous LOAD-associated loci have been discovered, the causal variants and their target genes remain largely unknown. Since the brain is composed of heterogenous cell subtypes, it is imperative to study the brain on a cell subtype specific level to explore the biological processes underlying LOAD. METHODS Here, we present the largest parallel single-nucleus (sn) multi-omics study to simultaneously profile gene expression (snRNA-seq) and chromatin accessibility (snATAC-seq) to date, using nuclei from 12 normal and 12 LOAD brains. We identified cell subtype clusters based on gene expression and chromatin accessibility profiles and characterized cell subtype-specific LOAD-associated differentially expressed genes (DEGs), differentially accessible peaks (DAPs) and cis co-accessibility networks (CCANs). RESULTS Integrative analysis defined disease-relevant CCANs in multiple cell subtypes and discovered LOAD-associated cell subtype-specific candidate cis regulatory elements (cCREs), their candidate target genes, and trans-interacting transcription factors (TFs), some of which, including ELK1, JUN, and SMAD4 in excitatory neurons, were also LOAD-DEGs. Finally, we focused on a subset of cell subtype-specific CCANs that overlap known LOAD-GWAS regions and catalogued putative functional SNPs changing the affinities of TF motifs within LOAD-cCREs linked to LOAD-DEGs, including APOE and MYO1E in a specific subtype of microglia and BIN1 in a subpopulation of oligodendrocytes. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this study represents the most comprehensive systematic interrogation to date of regulatory networks and the impact of genetic variants on gene dysregulation in LOAD at a cell subtype resolution. Our findings reveal crosstalk between epigenetic, genomic, and transcriptomic determinants of LOAD pathogenesis and define catalogues of candidate genes, cCREs, and variants involved in LOAD genetic etiology and the cell subtypes in which they act to exert their pathogenic effects. Overall, these results suggest that cell subtype-specific cis-trans interactions between regulatory elements and TFs, and the genes dysregulated by these networks contribute to the development of LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Gamache
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC Box 2900, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Daniel Gingerich
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC Box 2900, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - E Keats Shwab
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC Box 2900, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Julio Barrera
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC Box 2900, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Melanie E Garrett
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC Box 104775, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Cordelia Hume
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC Box 2900, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Gregory E Crawford
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC Box 3382, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
- Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
| | - Allison E Ashley-Koch
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC Box 104775, Durham, NC, 27701, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
| | - Ornit Chiba-Falek
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC Box 2900, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
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Mishra P, Silva A, Sharma J, Nguyen J, Pizzo DP, Hinz D, Sahoo D, Cherqui S. Rescue of Alzheimer's disease phenotype in a mouse model by transplantation of wild-type hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112956. [PMID: 37561625 PMCID: PMC10617121 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent cause of dementia; microglia have been implicated in AD pathogenesis, but their role is still matter of debate. Our study showed that single systemic wild-type (WT) hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) transplantation rescued the AD phenotype in 5xFAD mice and that transplantation may prevent microglia activation. Indeed, complete prevention of memory loss and neurocognitive impairment and decrease of β-amyloid plaques in the hippocampus and cortex were observed in the WT HSPC-transplanted 5xFAD mice compared with untreated 5xFAD mice and with mice transplanted with 5xFAD HSPCs. Neuroinflammation was also significantly reduced. Transcriptomic analysis revealed a significant decrease in gene expression related to "disease-associated microglia" in the cortex and "neurodegeneration-associated endothelial cells" in the hippocampus of the WT HSPC-transplanted 5xFAD mice compared with diseased controls. This work shows that HSPC transplant has the potential to prevent AD-associated complications and represents a promising therapeutic avenue for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Mishra
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Silva
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jay Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jacqueline Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Donald P Pizzo
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Denise Hinz
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Debashis Sahoo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, La Jolla, La Jolla, CA, USA; Moores Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, La Jolla, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Cherqui
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Alfadil E, Bradke F. Moving through the crowd. Where are we at understanding physiological axon growth? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 140:63-71. [PMID: 35817655 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Axon growth enables the rapid wiring of the central nervous system. Understanding this process is a prerequisite to retriggering it under pathological conditions, such as a spinal cord injury, to elicit axon regeneration. The last decades saw progress in understanding the mechanisms underlying axon growth. Most of these studies employed cultured neurons grown on flat surfaces. Only recently studies on axon growth were performed in 3D. In these studies, physiological environments exposed more complex and dynamic aspects of axon development. Here, we describe current views on axon growth and highlight gaps in our knowledge. We discuss how axons interact with the extracellular matrix during development and the role of the growth cone and its cytoskeleton within. Finally, we propose that the time is ripe to study axon growth in a more physiological setting. This will help us uncover the physiologically relevant mechanisms underlying axon growth, and how they can be reactivated to induce axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eissa Alfadil
- Laboratory of Axon Growth and Regeneration, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 99, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Frank Bradke
- Laboratory of Axon Growth and Regeneration, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 99, 53127, Bonn, Germany
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6
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Giacomoni J, Habekost M, Cepeda-Prado E, Mattsson B, Ottosson DR, Parmar M, Kajtez J. Protocol for optical clearing and imaging of fluorescently labeled ex vivo rat brain slices. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102041. [PMID: 36853668 PMCID: PMC9873499 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.102041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue clearing is commonly used for whole-brain imaging but seldom used for brain slices. Here, we present a simple protocol to slice, immunostain, and clear sections of adult rat brains for subsequent high-resolution confocal imaging. The protocol does not require toxic reagents or specialized equipment. We also provide instructions for culturing of rat brain slices free floating on permeable culture inserts, maintained in regular CO2 incubators, and handled only at media change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Giacomoni
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mette Habekost
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Center for Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Efrain Cepeda-Prado
- Regenerative Neurophysiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bengt Mattsson
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniella Rylander Ottosson
- Regenerative Neurophysiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Malin Parmar
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Janko Kajtez
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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7
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Amano A, Sanjo N, Araki W, Anraku Y, Nakakido M, Matsubara E, Tomiyama T, Nagata T, Tsumoto K, Kataoka K, Yokota T. Peripheral administration of nanomicelle-encapsulated anti-Aβ oligomer fragment antibody reduces various toxic Aβ species in the brain. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:36. [PMID: 36721182 PMCID: PMC9888736 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01772-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a large amount of evidence has revealed that amyloid β (Aβ), especially Aβ oligomers, protofibrils, and pyroglutamated Aβs, participate primarily in the pathophysiological processes of Alzheimer's disease, most clinical trials of anti-Aβ antibody therapy have never acquired successful efficacy in human clinical trials, partly because peripheral administration of antibody medications was unable to deliver sufficient amounts of the molecules to the brain. Recently, we developed polymeric nanomicelles capable of passing through the blood-brain barrier that function as chaperones to deliver larger amounts of heavy molecules to the brain. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of newly developed antibody 6H4 fragments specific to Aβ oligomers encapsulated in polymeric nanomicelles on the development of Alzheimer's disease pathology in Alzheimer's disease model mice at the age of emergence of early Alzheimer's disease pathology. RESULTS During the 10-week administration of 6H4 antibody fragments in polymeric nanomicelles, a significant reduction in the amounts of various toxic Aβ species, such as Aβ oligomers, toxic Aβ conformers, and pyroglutamated Aβs in the brain was observed. In addition, immunohistochemistry indicated inhibition of diameters of Aβ plaques, Aβ-antibody immunoreactive areas, and also plaque core formation. Behavioral analysis of the mice model revealed that the 6H4 fragments-polymeric nanomicelle group was significantly better at maintaining long-term spatial reference memory in the probe and platform tests of the water maze, thereby indicating inhibition of the pathophysiological process of Alzheimer's disease. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that the strategy of reducing toxic Aβ species in early dementia owing to Alzheimer's disease by providing sufficient antibodies in the brain may modify Alzheimer's disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Amano
- grid.265073.50000 0001 1014 9130Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
| | - Nobuo Sanjo
- grid.265073.50000 0001 1014 9130Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
| | - Wataru Araki
- grid.265073.50000 0001 1014 9130Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
| | - Yasutaka Anraku
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan ,grid.493442.c0000 0004 5936 3316Innovation Center of Nano Medicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakakido
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan ,grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Etsuro Matsubara
- grid.412334.30000 0001 0665 3553Department of Neurology, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Takami Tomiyama
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Department of Translational Neuroscience, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nagata
- grid.265073.50000 0001 1014 9130Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan ,grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan ,grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XThe Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- grid.493442.c0000 0004 5936 3316Innovation Center of Nano Medicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takanori Yokota
- grid.265073.50000 0001 1014 9130Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
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Treadmill Exercise Promotes Microglial β-Amyloid Clearance and Prevents Cognitive Decline in APP/PS1 Mice. Neuroscience 2022; 491:122-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor signaling in the central nervous system and the potential of its pharmacological inhibitors to halt the progression of neurological disorders. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:821-842. [PMID: 35290551 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-00958-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colony Stimulating Factor-1 (CSF-1)/Colony Stimulating Factor-1 Receptor (CSF-1R) signaling axis plays an essential role in the development, maintenance, and proliferation of macrophage lineage cells. Within the central nervous system, CSF-1R signaling primarily maintains microglial homeostasis. Microglia, being the resident macrophage and first responder to any neurological insults, plays critical importance in overall health of the human brain. Aberrant and sustained activation of microglia along with continued proliferation and release of neurotoxic proinflammatory cytokines have been reported in various neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, halting the neuroinflammatory pathway via targeting microglial proliferation, which depends on CSF-1R signaling, has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for neurological disorders. However, apart from regulating the microglial function, recently it has been discovered that CSF-1R has much broader role in central nervous system. These findings limit the therapeutic utility of CSF-1R inhibitors but also highlight the need for a complete understanding of CSF-1R function within the central nervous system. Moreover, it has been found that selective inhibitors of CSF-1R may be more efficient in avoiding non-specific targeting and associated side effects. Short-term depletion of microglial population in diseased conditions have also been found to be beneficial; however, the dose and therapeutic window for optimum effects may need to be standardized further.This review summarizes the present understanding of CSF-1R function within the central nervous system. We discuss the CSF-1R signaling in the context of microglia function, crosstalk between microglia and astroglia, and regulation of neuronal cell function. We also discuss a few of the neurological disorders with a focus on the utility of CSF-1R inhibitors as potential therapeutic strategy for halting the progression of neurological diseases.
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10
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Cortical axon sub-population maintains density, but not turnover, of en passant boutons in the aged APP/PS1 amyloidosis model. Neurobiol Aging 2022; 115:29-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Definition of a mouse microglial subset that regulates neuronal development and proinflammatory responses in the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2116241119. [PMID: 35177477 PMCID: PMC8872761 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2116241119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of Itgax (encoding the CD11c surface protein) and Spp1 (encoding osteopontin; OPN) has been associated with activated microglia that can develop in healthy brains and some neuroinflammatory disorders. However, whether CD11c and OPN expression is a consequence of microglial activation or represents a portion of the genetic program expressed by a stable microglial subset is unknown. Here, we show that OPN production in the brain is confined to a small CD11c+ microglial subset that differentiates from CD11c- precursors in perinatal life after uptake of apoptotic neurons. Our analysis suggests that coexpression of OPN and CD11c marks a microglial subset that is expressed at birth and persists into late adult life, independent of environmental activation stimuli. Analysis of the contribution of OPN to the intrinsic functions of this CD11c+ microglial subset indicates that OPN is required for subset stability and the execution of phagocytic and proinflammatory responses, in part through OPN-dependent engagement of the αVβ3-integrin receptor. Definition of OPN-producing CD11c+ microglia as a functional microglial subset provides insight into microglial differentiation in health and disease.
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12
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Zhang G, Wang Z, Hu H, Zhao M, Sun L. Microglia in Alzheimer's Disease: A Target for Therapeutic Intervention. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:749587. [PMID: 34899188 PMCID: PMC8651709 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.749587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common types of age-related dementia worldwide. In addition to extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, dysregulated microglia also play deleterious roles in the AD pathogenesis. Numerous studies have demonstrated that unbridled microglial activity induces a chronic neuroinflammatory environment, promotes β-amyloid accumulation and tau pathology, and impairs microglia-associated mitophagy. Thus, targeting microglia may pave the way for new therapeutic interventions. This review provides a thorough overview of the pathophysiological role of the microglia in AD and illustrates the potential avenues for microglia-targeted therapies, including microglial modification, immunoreceptors, and anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guimei Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zicheng Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huiling Hu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Trojan E, Tylek K, Schröder N, Kahl I, Brandenburg LO, Mastromarino M, Leopoldo M, Basta-Kaim A, Lacivita E. The N-Formyl Peptide Receptor 2 (FPR2) Agonist MR-39 Improves Ex Vivo and In Vivo Amyloid Beta (1-42)-Induced Neuroinflammation in Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:6203-6221. [PMID: 34468933 PMCID: PMC8639560 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02543-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The major histopathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) include β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuronal loss. Aβ 1-42 (Aβ1-42) has been shown to induce neurotoxicity and secretion of proinflammatory mediators that potentiate neurotoxicity. Proinflammatory and neurotoxic activities of Aβ1-42 were shown to be mediated by interactions with several cell surface receptors, including the chemotactic G protein-coupled N-formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2). The present study investigated the impact of a new FPR2 agonist, MR-39, on the neuroinflammatory response in ex vivo and in vivo models of AD. To address this question, organotypic hippocampal cultures from wild-type (WT) and FPR2-deficient mice (knockout, KO, FPR2-/-) were treated with fibrillary Aβ1-42, and the effect of the new FPR2 agonist MR-39 on the release of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines was assessed. Similarly, APP/PS1 double-transgenic AD mice were treated for 20 weeks with MR-39, and immunohistological staining was performed to assess neuronal loss, gliosis, and Aβ load in the hippocampus and cortex. The data indicated that MR-39 was able to reduce the Aβ1-42-induced release of proinflammatory cytokines and to improve the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines in mouse hippocampal organotypic cultures. The observed effect was apparently related to the inhibition of the MyD88/TRAF6/NFкB signaling pathway and a decrease in NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Administration of MR-39 to APP/PS1 mice improved neuronal survival and decreased microglial cell density and plaque load.These results suggest that FPR2 may be a promising target for alleviating the inflammatory process associated with AD and that MR-39 may be a useful therapeutic agent for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Trojan
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Immunoendocrinology Laboratory, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Str, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kinga Tylek
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Immunoendocrinology Laboratory, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Str, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Nicole Schröder
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Iris Kahl
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lars-Ove Brandenburg
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Marcello Leopoldo
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Agnieszka Basta-Kaim
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Immunoendocrinology Laboratory, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Str, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Enza Lacivita
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
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Brelstaff JH, Mason M, Katsinelos T, McEwan WA, Ghetti B, Tolkovsky AM, Spillantini MG. Microglia become hypofunctional and release metalloproteases and tau seeds when phagocytosing live neurons with P301S tau aggregates. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg4980. [PMID: 34669475 PMCID: PMC8528424 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg4980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The microtubule-associated protein tau aggregates in multiple neurodegenerative diseases, causing inflammation and changing the inflammatory signature of microglia by unknown mechanisms. We have shown that microglia phagocytose live neurons containing tau aggregates cultured from P301S tau mice due to neuronal tau aggregate-induced exposure of the “eat me” signal phosphatidylserine. Here, we show that after phagocytosing tau aggregate-bearing neurons, microglia become hypophagocytic while releasing seed-competent insoluble tau aggregates. These microglia express a senescence-like phenotype, demonstrated by acidic β-galactosidase activity, secretion of paracrine senescence-associated cytokines, and maturation of matrix remodeling enzymes, results that are corroborated in P301S mouse brains and ex vivo brain slices. In particular, the nuclear factor κB–dependent activation of matrix metalloprotease 3 (MMP3/stromelysin1) was replicated in brains from patients with tauopathy. These data show that microglia that have been activated to ingest live tau aggregates-bearing neurons behave hormetically, becoming hypofunctional while acting as vectors of tau aggregate spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack H. Brelstaff
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Clifford Allbutt Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Matthew Mason
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Clifford Allbutt Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Taxiarchis Katsinelos
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Clifford Allbutt Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cambridge, Island Research Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - William A. McEwan
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Clifford Allbutt Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cambridge, Island Research Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Bernardino Ghetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Aviva M. Tolkovsky
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Clifford Allbutt Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Maria Grazia Spillantini
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Clifford Allbutt Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
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15
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Tao L, Liu Q, Zhang F, Fu Y, Zhu X, Weng X, Han H, Huang Y, Suo Y, Chen L, Gao X, Wei X. Microglia modulation with 1070-nm light attenuates Aβ burden and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease mouse model. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:179. [PMID: 34493703 PMCID: PMC8423759 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00617-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Photobiomodulation, by utilizing low-power light in the visible and near-infrared spectra to trigger biological responses in cells and tissues, has been considered as a possible therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease (AD), while its specific mechanisms have remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate that cognitive and memory impairment in an AD mouse model can be ameliorated by 1070-nm light via reducing cerebral β-amyloid (Aβ) burden, the hallmark of AD. The glial cells, including microglia and astrocytes, play important roles in Aβ clearance. Our results show that 1070-nm light pulsed at 10 Hz triggers microglia rather than astrocyte responses in AD mice. The 1070-nm light-induced microglia responses with alteration in morphology and increased colocalization with Aβ are sufficient to reduce Aβ load in AD mice. Moreover, 1070-nm light pulsed at 10 Hz can reduce perivascular microglia and promote angiogenesis to further enhance Aβ clearance. Our study confirms the important roles of microglia and cerebral vessels in the use of 1070-nm light for the treatment of AD mice and provides a framework for developing a novel therapeutic approach for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lechan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Fuli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yuting Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xiaofu Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Hongbin Han
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Lab of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Device and Technique, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Zhejiang Brainhealth Medical Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 314400, China
| | - Yuanzhen Suo
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
- Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Clinical Translational Research, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Xiaoling Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Xunbin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Peking University, Beijing, 100081, China.
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China.
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16
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Transcriptional signature in microglia associated with Aβ plaque phagocytosis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3015. [PMID: 34021136 PMCID: PMC8140091 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23111-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of microglia cells in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is well recognized, however their molecular and functional diversity remain unclear. Here, we isolated amyloid plaque-containing (using labelling with methoxy-XO4, XO4+) and non-containing (XO4−) microglia from an AD mouse model. Transcriptomics analysis identified different transcriptional trajectories in ageing and AD mice. XO4+ microglial transcriptomes demonstrated dysregulated expression of genes associated with late onset AD. We further showed that the transcriptional program associated with XO4+ microglia from mice is present in a subset of human microglia isolated from brains of individuals with AD. XO4− microglia displayed transcriptional signatures associated with accelerated ageing and contained more intracellular post-synaptic material than XO4+ microglia, despite reduced active synaptosome phagocytosis. We identified HIF1α as potentially regulating synaptosome phagocytosis in vitro using primary human microglia, and BV2 mouse microglial cells. Together, these findings provide insight into molecular mechanisms underpinning the functional diversity of microglia in AD. Microglia associated with Aβ plaques may have a distinct transcriptional signature compared to those in plaque-free areas of the brain in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) models. Here the authors show that amyloid plaque phagocytosis is associated with a specific microglia transcriptional signature in a mouse model of AD.
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17
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High-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training alleviate β-amyloid deposition by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Neuroreport 2021; 31:425-432. [PMID: 32150150 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent study has demonstrated that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) have the same effect to alleviate β-amyloid pathology in the hippocampus of APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) mice. Activation of nucleotide binding and oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is pivotal and has been demonstrated to accelerate β-amyloid accumulation. The present study aimed to examine whether the exercise-induced β-amyloid reduction was associated with changes in NLRP3 inflammasome activation. APP/PS1 transgenic mice were randomly assigned to a transgenic sedentary group, HIIT group and MICT group. Nontransgenic littermates were used as wild-type sedentary group. Mice in HIIT and MICT groups were subjected to treadmill exercise for 12 weeks, 5 days/week. The results showed that compared with transgenic sedentary group, β-amyloid deposition in the hippocampus of HIIT and MICT groups were significantly reduced. Moreover, both HIIT and MICT groups displayed significant increases in the expression of microglial phagocytic receptors triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2, CD36 and scavenger receptor class A compared with transgenic sedentary group. In addition, HIIT and MICT had the same effect to inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation, as evidenced by significant reduction in IL-1β, active caspase-1p20, NLRP3 and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase activating and recruitment domain (ASC) levels as well as decreased NLRP3/ASC colocalization. These findings indicate that HIIT appears to be an effective intervention as MICT to reduced β-amyloid deposition by regulating NLRP3 inflammasome-controlled microglial phagocytosis.
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18
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Molecular Mechanisms of Astaxanthin as a Potential Neurotherapeutic Agent. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19040201. [PMID: 33916730 PMCID: PMC8065559 DOI: 10.3390/md19040201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders are diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system that affect millions of people, and the numbers are rising gradually. In the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, the roles of many signaling pathways were elucidated; however, the exact pathophysiology of neurological disorders and possible effective therapeutics have not yet been precisely identified. This necessitates developing multi-target treatments, which would simultaneously modulate neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. The present review aims to explore the potential therapeutic use of astaxanthin (ASX) in neurological and neuroinflammatory diseases. ASX, a member of the xanthophyll group, was found to be a promising therapeutic anti-inflammatory agent for many neurological disorders, including cerebral ischemia, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, autism, and neuropathic pain. An effective drug delivery system of ASX should be developed and further tested by appropriate clinical trials.
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19
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Moelgg K, Jummun F, Humpel C. Spreading of Beta-Amyloid in Organotypic Mouse Brain Slices and Microglial Elimination and Effects on Cholinergic Neurons. Biomolecules 2021; 11:434. [PMID: 33804246 PMCID: PMC7999593 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) is one of the major characteristics in Alzheimer´s disease (AD). The "spreading hypothesis" suggests that a pathological protein (similar to prions) spreads over the entire brain. The aim of the present study was to use organotypic brain slices of postnatal day 8-10 mice. Using collagen hydrogels, we applied different Aβ peptides onto brain slices and analyzed spreading as well as glial reactions after eight weeks of incubation. Our data showed that from all tested Aβ peptides, human Aβ42 had the most potent activity to spread over into adjacent "target" areas. This effect was potentiated when brain slices from transgenic AD mice (APP_SweDI) were cultured. When different brain areas were connected to the "target slice" the spreading activity was more intense, originating from ventral striatum and brain stem. Reactive glial-fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) astrogliosis increased over time, but Aβ depositions co-localized only with Iba1+ microglia but not with astrocytes. Application of human Aβ42 did not cause a degeneration of cholinergic neurons. We concluded that human Aβ42 spreads over into other "target areas", causing activation of glial cells. Most of the spread Aβ42 was taken up by microglia, and thus toxic free Aβ could not damage cholinergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christian Humpel
- Laboratory of Psychiatry and Experimental Alzheimer’s Research, Department Psychiatry I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (K.M.); (F.J.)
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20
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Leng F, Edison P. Neuroinflammation and microglial activation in Alzheimer disease: where do we go from here? Nat Rev Neurol 2021; 17:157-172. [PMID: 33318676 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-020-00435-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1290] [Impact Index Per Article: 430.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common form of neurodegenerative disease, estimated to contribute 60-70% of all cases of dementia worldwide. According to the prevailing amyloid cascade hypothesis, amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition in the brain is the initiating event in AD, although evidence is accumulating that this hypothesis is insufficient to explain many aspects of AD pathogenesis. The discovery of increased levels of inflammatory markers in patients with AD and the identification of AD risk genes associated with innate immune functions suggest that neuroinflammation has a prominent role in the pathogenesis of AD. In this Review, we discuss the interrelationships between neuroinflammation and amyloid and tau pathologies as well as the effect of neuroinflammation on the disease trajectory in AD. We specifically focus on microglia as major players in neuroinflammation and discuss the spatial and temporal variations in microglial phenotypes that are observed under different conditions. We also consider how these cells could be modulated as a therapeutic strategy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangda Leng
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Paul Edison
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK.
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21
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TREM2, microglia, and Alzheimer's disease. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 195:111438. [PMID: 33516818 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) has been suggested to play a crucial role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, as revealed by genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Since then, rapidly increasing literature related to TREM2 has focused on elucidating its role in AD pathology. In this review, we summarize our understanding of TREM2 biology, explore TREM2 functions in microglia, address the multiple mechanisms of TREM2 in AD, and raise key questions for further investigations to elucidate the detailed roles and molecular mechanisms of TREM2 in microglial responses. A major breakthrough in our understanding of TREM2 is based on our hypothesis suggesting that TREM2 may act as a multifaceted player in microglial functions in AD brain homeostasis. We conclude that TREM2 can not only influence microglial functions in amyloid and tau pathologies but also participate in inflammatory responses and metabolism, acting alone or with other molecules, such as apolipoprotein E (APOE). This review provides novel insight into the broad role of TREM2 in microglial function in AD and enables us to develop new strategies aimed at the immune system to treat AD pathogenesis.
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22
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Pineau H, Sim VL. From Cell Culture to Organoids-Model Systems for Investigating Prion Strain Characteristics. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11010106. [PMID: 33466947 PMCID: PMC7830147 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are the hallmark protein folding neurodegenerative disease. Their transmissible nature has allowed for the development of many different cellular models of disease where prion propagation and sometimes pathology can be induced. This review examines the range of simple cell cultures to more complex neurospheres, organoid, and organotypic slice cultures that have been used to study prion disease pathogenesis and to test therapeutics. We highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each system, giving special consideration to the importance of strains when choosing a model and when interpreting results, as not all systems propagate all strains, and in some cases, the technique used, or treatment applied, can alter the very strain properties being studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey Pineau
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada;
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Valerie L. Sim
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada;
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Correspondence:
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23
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Delbridge ARD, Huh D, Brickelmaier M, Burns JC, Roberts C, Challa R, Raymond N, Cullen P, Carlile TM, Ennis KA, Liu M, Sun C, Allaire NE, Foos M, Tsai HH, Franchimont N, Ransohoff RM, Butts C, Mingueneau M. Organotypic Brain Slice Culture Microglia Exhibit Molecular Similarity to Acutely-Isolated Adult Microglia and Provide a Platform to Study Neuroinflammation. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:592005. [PMID: 33473245 PMCID: PMC7812919 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.592005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are central nervous system (CNS) resident immune cells that have been implicated in neuroinflammatory pathogenesis of a variety of neurological conditions. Their manifold context-dependent contributions to neuroinflammation are only beginning to be elucidated, which can be attributed in part to the challenges of studying microglia in vivo and the lack of tractable in vitro systems to study microglia function. Organotypic brain slice cultures offer a tissue-relevant context that enables the study of CNS resident cells and the analysis of brain slice microglial phenotypes has provided important insights, in particular into neuroprotective functions. Here we use RNA sequencing, direct digital quantification of gene expression with nCounter® technology and targeted analysis of individual microglial signature genes, to characterize brain slice microglia relative to acutely-isolated counterparts and 2-dimensional (2D) primary microglia cultures, a widely used in vitro surrogate. Analysis using single cell and population-based methods found brain slice microglia exhibited better preservation of canonical microglia markers and overall gene expression with stronger fidelity to acutely-isolated adult microglia, relative to in vitro cells. We characterized the dynamic phenotypic changes of brain slice microglia over time, after plating in culture. Mechanical damage associated with slice preparation prompted an initial period of inflammation, which resolved over time. Based on flow cytometry and gene expression profiling we identified the 2-week timepoint as optimal for investigation of microglia responses to exogenously-applied stimuli as exemplified by treatment-induced neuroinflammatory changes observed in microglia following LPS, TNF and GM-CSF addition to the culture medium. Altogether these findings indicate that brain slice cultures provide an experimental system superior to in vitro culture of microglia as a surrogate to investigate microglia functions, and the impact of soluble factors and cellular context on their physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex R D Delbridge
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Biogen Postdoctoral Scientist Program, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Dann Huh
- Translational Biology, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Margot Brickelmaier
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Jeremy C Burns
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Chris Roberts
- Translational Biology, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Ravi Challa
- Translational Biology, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Naideline Raymond
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Patrick Cullen
- Translational Biology, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - Katelin A Ennis
- Genetic and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Mei Liu
- Biogen Postdoctoral Scientist Program, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Chao Sun
- Biogen Postdoctoral Scientist Program, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Normand E Allaire
- Biogen Postdoctoral Scientist Program, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Marianna Foos
- Biogen Postdoctoral Scientist Program, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Hui-Hsin Tsai
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - Richard M Ransohoff
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Cherie Butts
- Digital & Quantitative Medicine, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Michael Mingueneau
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
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24
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A Unifying Hypothesis for Alzheimer's Disease: From Plaques to Neurodegeneration. Trends Neurosci 2020; 42:310-322. [PMID: 31006494 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that amyloid β is highly toxic to synapses in a phospho-Tau-dependent manner. Here, I present a hypothesis that links previous evidence from the first rise of amyloid β through to Tau tangles and neurodegeneration. In the immediate vicinity of plaques, concentrated soluble amyloid β occurs in equilibrium with deposited forms. Initially, plaques cover only a small percentage of brain volume. Microglia, by efficiently removing damaged synapses, may prevent spread of damage along the axon, restricting damage to the immediate vicinity of plaques. However, as plaque load increases, as seen in Alzheimer's disease, an individual axon may suffer multiple points of damage, leading to dissociation of Tau, formation of a tangle, and loss of the axon. As more axons suffer this fate, the network eventually degenerates. According to this hypothesis, the degree of plaque load that an individual can tolerate would depend on the efficiency of their microglia in removing amyloid-β-damaged synapses and the distribution of plaques, relative to axon trajectories, would determine the eventual cognitive symptoms.
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25
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Vergallo A, Lista S, Lemercier P, Chiesa PA, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Potier MC, Habert MO, Baldacci F, Cavedo E, Caraci F, Dubois B, Hampel H. Association of plasma YKL-40 with brain amyloid-β levels, memory performance, and sex in subjective memory complainers. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 96:22-32. [PMID: 32920471 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, a key early pathomechanistic alteration of Alzheimer's disease, may represent either a detrimental or a compensatory mechanism or both (according to the disease stage). YKL-40, a glycoprotein highly expressed in differentiated glial cells, is a candidate biomarker for in vivo tracking neuroinflammation in humans. We performed a longitudinal study in a monocentric cohort of cognitively healthy individuals at risk for Alzheimer's disease exploring whether age, sex, and the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele affect plasma YKL-40 concentrations. We investigated whether YKL-40 is associated with brain amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition, neuronal activity, and neurodegeneration as assessed via neuroimaging biomarkers. Finally, we investigated whether YKL-40 may predict cognitive performance. We found an age-associated increase of YKL-40 and observed that men display higher concentrations than women, indicating a potential sexual dimorphism. Moreover, YKL-40 was positively associated with memory performance and negatively associated with brain Aβ deposition (but not with metabolic signal). Consistent with translational studies, our results suggest a potentially protective effect of glia on incipient brain Aβ accumulation and neuronal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vergallo
- Sorbonne University, GRC no 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; Department of Neurology, Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.
| | - Simone Lista
- Sorbonne University, GRC no 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; Department of Neurology, Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Pablo Lemercier
- Sorbonne University, GRC no 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; Department of Neurology, Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Patrizia A Chiesa
- Sorbonne University, GRC no 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; Department of Neurology, Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Marie-Claude Potier
- ICM Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, CNRS UMR7225, INSERM U1127, UPMC, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Odile Habert
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Paris, France; Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, Paris, France; Département de Médecine Nucléaire, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Filippo Baldacci
- Sorbonne University, GRC no 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; Department of Neurology, Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Enrica Cavedo
- Sorbonne University, GRC no 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; Department of Neurology, Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Filippo Caraci
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Oasi Research Institute - IRCCS, Troina, Italy
| | - Bruno Dubois
- Sorbonne University, GRC no 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; Department of Neurology, Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Harald Hampel
- Sorbonne University, GRC no 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
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26
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POSCAbilities: The Application of the Prion Organotypic Slice Culture Assay to Neurodegenerative Disease Research. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10071079. [PMID: 32698402 PMCID: PMC7407827 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal, transmissible neurodegenerative disorders whose pathogenesis is driven by the misfolding, self-templating and cell-to-cell spread of the prion protein. Other neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Huntington’s disease, share some of these prion-like features, with different aggregation-prone proteins. Consequently, researchers have begun to apply prion-specific techniques, like the prion organotypic slice culture assay (POSCA), to these disorders. In this review we explore the ways in which the prion phenomenon has been used in organotypic cultures to study neurodegenerative diseases from the perspective of protein aggregation and spreading, strain propagation, the role of glia in pathogenesis, and efficacy of drug treatments. We also present an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of this culture system compared to in vivo and in vitro models and provide suggestions for new directions.
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27
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Zuroff LR, Torbati T, Hart NJ, Fuchs DT, Sheyn J, Rentsendorj A, Koronyo Y, Hayden EY, Teplow DB, Black KL, Koronyo-Hamaoui M. Effects of IL-34 on Macrophage Immunological Profile in Response to Alzheimer's-Related Aβ 42 Assemblies. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1449. [PMID: 32765504 PMCID: PMC7378440 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-34 (IL-34) is a recently discovered cytokine that acts as a second ligand of the colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) in addition to macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). Similar to M-CSF, IL-34 also stimulates bone marrow (BM)-derived monocyte survival and differentiation into macrophages. Growing evidence suggests that peripheral BM-derived monocyte/macrophages (BMMO) play a key role in the physiological clearance of cerebral amyloid β-protein (Aβ). Aβ42 forms are especially neurotoxic and highly associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). As a ligand of CSF1R, IL-34 may be relevant to innate immune responses in AD. To investigate how IL-34 affects macrophage phenotype in response to structurally defined and stabilized Aβ42 oligomers and preformed fibrils, we characterized murine BMMO cultured in media containing M-CSF, IL-34, or regimens involving both cytokines. We found that the immunological profile and activation phenotype of IL-34-stimulated BMMO differed significantly from those cultured with M-CSF alone. Specifically, macrophage uptake of fibrillar or oligomeric Aβ42 was markedly reduced following exposure to IL-34 compared to M-CSF. Surface expression of type B scavenger receptor CD36, known to facilitate Aβ recognition and uptake, was modified following treatment with IL-34. Similarly, IL-34 macrophages expressed lower levels of proteins involved in both Aβ uptake (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2, TREM2) as well as Aβ-degradation (matrix metallopeptidase 9, MMP-9). Interestingly, intracellular compartmentalization of Aβ visualized by staining of early endosome antigen 1 (EEA1) was not affected by IL-34. Macrophage characteristics associated with an anti-inflammatory and pro-wound healing phenotype, including processes length and morphology, were also quantified, and macrophages stimulated with IL-34 alone displayed less process elongation in response to Aβ42 compared to those cultured with M-CSF. Further, monocytes treated with IL-34 alone yielded fewer mature macrophages than those treated with M-CSF alone or in combination with IL-34. Our data indicate that IL-34 impairs monocyte differentiation into macrophages and reduces their ability to uptake pathological forms of Aβ. Given the critical role of macrophage-mediated Aβ clearance in both murine models and patients with AD, future work should investigate the therapeutic potential of modulating IL-34 in vivo to increase macrophage-mediated Aβ clearance and prevent disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah R Zuroff
- Neurosurgery Department, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tania Torbati
- Neurosurgery Department, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Western University of Health Sciences College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Nadav J Hart
- Neurosurgery Department, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Dieu-Trang Fuchs
- Neurosurgery Department, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Julia Sheyn
- Neurosurgery Department, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Altan Rentsendorj
- Neurosurgery Department, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yosef Koronyo
- Neurosurgery Department, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Eric Y Hayden
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - David B Teplow
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Keith L Black
- Neurosurgery Department, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Neurosurgery Department, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Applied Cellular Biology and Physiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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28
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Kelliny S, Lam HY, Parikh A, Wang YJ, Bobrovskaya L, Upton R, Zhou XF. Preclinical Study of the Pharmacokinetics of p75ECD-Fc, a Novel Human Recombinant Protein for Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease, in Sprague Dawley Rats. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 21:235-244. [DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666200502015203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background:
p75ECD-Fc is a recombinant human protein that has recently been developed as a novel
therapy for Alzheimer’s disease. Current studies showed that it is able to alleviate Alzheimer’s disease pathologies in
animal models of dementia. Thus, knowledge about the pharmacokinetic behavior and tissue distribution of this
novel protein is crucial in order to better understand its pharmacodynamics and more importantly for its clinical
development.
Methods:
The aim of this study is to characterize the pharmacokinetics of p75ECD-Fc after single intravenous and
subcutaneous injection of 3mg/kg in Sprague Dawley rats. We calculated the bioavailability of the SC route and
studied the distribution of that protein in different tissues, cerebrospinal fluid and urine using ELISA and immunofluorescence
techniques. In-vitro stability of the drug was also assessed. Data obtained were analyzed with
Non-compartmental pharmacokinetic method using R.
Results:
Results showed that the bioavailability of SC route was 66.15%. Half-life time was 7.5 ± 1.7 and 6.2 ± 2.4
days for IV and SC injection, respectively. Tissue distribution of p75ECD-Fc was modest with the ability to penetrate
the blood brain barrier. It showed high in vitro stability in human plasma.
Conclusion:
These acceptable pharmacokinetic properties of p75ECD-Fc present it as a potential candidate for clinical
development for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Kelliny
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ho Yin Lam
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ankit Parikh
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Yan-Jiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Larisa Bobrovskaya
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Richard Upton
- Australian Centre for Pharmacometrics, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Xin-Fu Zhou
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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29
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Sabogal-Guáqueta AM, Marmolejo-Garza A, de Pádua VP, Eggen B, Boddeke E, Dolga AM. Microglia alterations in neurodegenerative diseases and their modeling with human induced pluripotent stem cell and other platforms. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 190:101805. [PMID: 32335273 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the main innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Unlike neurons and glial cells, which derive from ectoderm, microglia migrate early during embryo development from the yolk-sac, a mesodermal-derived structure. Microglia regulate synaptic pruning during development and induce or modulate inflammation during aging and chronic diseases. Microglia are sensitive to brain injuries and threats, altering their phenotype and function to adopt a so-called immune-activated state in response to any perceived threat to the CNS integrity. Here, we present a short overview on the role of microglia in human neurodegenerative diseases and provide an update on the current model systems to study microglia, including cell lines, iPSC-derived microglia with an emphasis in their transcriptomic profile and integration into 3D brain organoids. We present various strategies to model and study their role in neurodegeneration providing a relevant platform for the development of novel and more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica María Sabogal-Guáqueta
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, section Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area-School of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Alejandro Marmolejo-Garza
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, section Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vítor Passos de Pádua
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Neurology Department, Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bart Eggen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, section Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Boddeke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, section Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Amalia M Dolga
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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30
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Yuan C, Aierken A, Xie Z, Li N, Zhao J, Qing H. The age-related microglial transformation in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 92:82-91. [PMID: 32408056 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory responses mediated by microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, have long been a subject of study in the field of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Microglia express a wide range of receptors that act as molecular sensors, through which they can fulfill their various functions. In this review, we first analyzed the changes in the expression levels of microglial membrane receptors SR-A, TREM2, CD36, CD33, and CR3 in aging and AD and described the different roles of these receptors in amyloid-beta clearance and inflammatory responses. Two classical hallmarks of AD are extracellular amyloid-beta deposits and intracellular aggregated phosphorylated tau. In AD, microglia reaction was initially thought to be triggered by amyloid deposits. New evidence showed it also associated with increased phosphorylation of tau. However, which first appeared and induced activated microglia is not clear. Then we summarized diverse opinions on it. Besides, as AD is tightly linked to aging, and microglia changes dramatically on aging, yet the relative impacts of both aging and microglia are less frequently considered, so at last, we discussed the roles of aging microglia in AD. We hope to provide a reference for subsequent research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxu Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Ailikemu Aierken
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Xie
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Nuomin Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Materials Processing Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Hong Qing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.
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31
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Humpel C. Organotypic Brain Slices of ADULT Transgenic Mice: A Tool to Study Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:172-181. [PMID: 30543174 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666181212153138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic mice have been extensively used to study the Alzheimer pathology. In order to reduce, refine and replace (3Rs) the number of animals, ex vivo cultures are used and optimized. Organotypic brain slices are the most potent ex vivo slice culture models, keeping the 3-dimensional structure of the brain and being closest to the in vivo situation. Organotypic brain slice cultures have been used for many decades but were mainly prepared from postnatal (day 8-10) old rats or mice. More recent work (including our lab) now aims to culture organotypic brain slices from adult mice including transgenic mice. Especially in Alzheimer´s disease research, brain slices from adult transgenic mice will be useful to study beta-amyloid plaques, tau pathology and glial activation. This review will summarize the studies using organotypic brain slice cultures from adult mice to mimic Alzheimer's disease and will highlight advantages and also pitfalls using this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Humpel
- Laboratory of Psychiatry and Experimental Alzheimer's Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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32
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Hongo N, Takamura Y, Nishimaru H, Matsumoto J, Tobe K, Saito T, Saido TC, Nishijo H. Astaxanthin Ameliorated Parvalbumin-Positive Neuron Deficits and Alzheimer's Disease-Related Pathological Progression in the Hippocampus of AppNL-G-F/NL-G-F Mice. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:307. [PMID: 32218736 PMCID: PMC7078363 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that oxidative stress due to amyloid β (Aβ) accumulation is involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) through the formation of amyloid plaque, which leads to hyperphosphorylation of tau, microglial activation, and cognitive deficits. The dysfunction or phenotypic loss of parvalbumin (PV)-positive neurons has been implicated in cognitive deficits. Astaxanthin is one of carotenoids and known as a highly potent antioxidant. We hypothesized that astaxanthin's antioxidant effects may prevent the onset of cognitive deficits in AD by preventing AD pathological processes associated with oxidative stress. In the present study, we investigated the effects of astaxanthin intake on the cognitive and pathological progression of AD in a mouse model of AD. The AppNL-G-F/NL-G-F mice were fed with or without astaxanthin from 5-to-6 weeks old, and cognitive functions were evaluated using a Barnes maze test at 6 months old. PV-positive neurons were investigated in the hippocampus. Aβ42 deposits, accumulation of microglia, and phosphorylated tau (pTau) were immunohistochemically analyzed in the hippocampus. The hippocampal anti-oxidant status was also investigated. The Barnes maze test indicated that astaxanthin significantly ameliorated memory deficits. Astaxanthin reduced Aβ42 deposition and pTau-positive areal fraction, while it increased PV-positive neuron density and microglial accumulation per unit fraction of Aβ42 deposition in the hippocampus. Furthermore, astaxanthin increased total glutathione (GSH) levels, although 4-hydroxy-2,3-trans-nonenal (4-HNE) protein adduct levels (oxidative stress marker) remained high in the astaxanthin supplemented mice. The results indicated that astaxanthin ameliorated memory deficits and significantly reversed AD pathological processes (Aβ42 deposition, pTau formation, GSH decrease, and PV-positive neuronal deficits). The elevated GSH levels and resultant recovery of PV-positive neuron density, as well as microglial activation, may prevent these pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Hongo
- System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yusaku Takamura
- System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishimaru
- System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Jumpei Matsumoto
- System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Tobe
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako-shi, Japan.,Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako-shi, Japan
| | - Hisao Nishijo
- System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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33
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Cieślik M, Czapski GA, Wójtowicz S, Wieczorek I, Wencel PL, Strosznajder RP, Jaber V, Lukiw WJ, Strosznajder JB. Alterations of Transcription of Genes Coding Anti-oxidative and Mitochondria-Related Proteins in Amyloid β Toxicity: Relevance to Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:1374-1388. [PMID: 31734880 PMCID: PMC7061023 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01819-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that pathological forms of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide contribute to neuronal degeneration and synaptic loss in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we investigated the impact of exogenous Aβ1-42 oligomers (AβO) and endogenously liberated Aβ peptides on transcription of genes for anti-oxidative and mitochondria-related proteins in cell lines (neuronal SH-SY5Y and microglial BV2) and in brain cortex of transgenic AD (Tg-AD) mice, respectively. Our results demonstrated significant AβO-evoked changes in transcription of genes in SH-SY5Y cells, where AβO enhanced expression of Sod1, Cat, mt-Nd1, Bcl2, and attenuated Sirt5, Sod2 and Sdha. In BV2 line, AβO increased the level of mRNA for Sod2, Dnm1l, Bcl2, and decreased for Gpx4, Sirt1, Sirt3, mt-Nd1, Sdha and Mfn2. Then, AβO enhanced free radicals level and impaired mitochondrial membrane potential only in SH-SY5Y cells, but reduced viability of both cell types. Inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 and activator of sirtuin-1 more efficiently enhanced viability of SH-SY5Y than BV2 affected by AβO. Analysis of brain cortex of Tg-AD mice confirmed significant downregulation of Sirt1, Mfn1 and mt-Nd1 and upregulation of Dnm1l. In human AD brain, changes of microRNA pattern (miRNA-9, miRNA-34a, miRNA-146a and miRNA-155) seem to be responsible for decrease in Sirt1 expression. Overall, our results demonstrated a diverse response of neuronal and microglial cells to AβO toxicity. Alterations of genes encoding Sirt1, Mfn1 and Drp1 in an experimental model of AD suggest that modulation of mitochondria dynamics and Sirt1, including miRNA strategy, may be crucial for improvement of AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Cieślik
- Department of Cellular Signaling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz A Czapski
- Department of Cellular Signaling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia Wójtowicz
- Department of Cellular Signaling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iga Wieczorek
- Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Environmental Agents, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Przemysław L Wencel
- Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Environmental Agents, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert P Strosznajder
- Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Environmental Agents, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Vivian Jaber
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Walter J Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
- Bollinger Professor of Alzheimer's disease, LSU Neuroscience Center and Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Joanna B Strosznajder
- Department of Cellular Signaling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
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34
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Klimmt J, Dannert A, Paquet D. Neurodegeneration in a dish: advancing human stem-cell-based models of Alzheimer's disease. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 61:96-104. [PMID: 32112992 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem-cell-based models enable investigation of pathomechanisms in disease-relevant human brain cell types and therefore offer great potential for mechanistic and translational studies on neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). While current AD models allow analysis of early disease phenotypes including Aβ accumulation and Tau hyperphosphorylation, they still fail to fully recapitulate later hallmarks such as protein aggregation and neurodegeneration. This impedes the identification of pathomechanisms and novel therapeutic targets. We discuss strategies to overcome these drawbacks and optimize physiological properties and translational potential of iPSC-based models by improving culture formats, increasing cellular diversity, applying genome editing, and implementing maturation and ageing paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Klimmt
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Angelika Dannert
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Dominik Paquet
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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35
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Richter M, Vidovic N, Biber K, Dolga A, Culmsee C, Dodel R. The neuroprotective role of microglial cells against amyloid beta-mediated toxicity in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Brain Pathol 2020; 30:589-602. [PMID: 31769564 PMCID: PMC8018096 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
During Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression, microglial cells play complex roles and have potentially detrimental as well as beneficial effects. The use of appropriate model systems is essential for characterizing and understanding the roles of microglia in AD pathology. Here, we used organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSCs) to investigate the impact of microglia on amyloid beta (Aβ)-mediated toxicity. Neurons in OHSCs containing microglia were not vulnerable to cell death after 7 days of repeated treatment with Aβ1-42 oligomer-enriched preparations. However, when clodronate was used to remove microglia, treatment with Aβ1-42 resulted in significant neuronal death. Further investigations indicated signs of endoplasmic reticulum stress and caspase activation after Aβ1-42 challenge only when microglia were absent. Interestingly, microglia provided protection without displaying any classic signs of activation, such as an amoeboid morphology or the release of pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g., IL-6, TNF-α, NO). Furthermore, depleting microglia or inhibiting microglial uptake mechanisms resulted in significant more Aβ deposition compared to that observed in OHSCs containing functional microglia, suggesting that microglia efficiently cleared Aβ. Because inhibiting microglial uptake increased neuronal cell death, the ability of microglia to engulf Aβ is thought to contribute to its protective properties. Our study argues for a beneficial role of functional ramified microglia whereby they act against the accumulation of neurotoxic forms of Aβ and support neuronal resilience in an in situ model of AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Richter
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Natascha Vidovic
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Chair of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Knut Biber
- Molecular Psychiatry, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Amalia Dolga
- Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Carsten Culmsee
- Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Richard Dodel
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Chair of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Croft CL, Futch HS, Moore BD, Golde TE. Organotypic brain slice cultures to model neurodegenerative proteinopathies. Mol Neurodegener 2019; 14:45. [PMID: 31791377 PMCID: PMC6889333 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-019-0346-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Organotypic slice cultures of brain or spinal cord have been a longstanding tool in neuroscience research but their utility for understanding Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative proteinopathies has only recently begun to be evaluated. Organotypic brain slice cultures (BSCs) represent a physiologically relevant three-dimensional model of the brain. BSCs support all the central nervous system (CNS) cell types and can be produced from brain areas involved in neurodegenerative disease. BSCs can be used to better understand the induction and significance of proteinopathies underlying the development and progression of AD and other neurodegenerative disorders, and in the future may serve as bridging technologies between cell culture and in vivo experiments for the development and evaluation of novel therapeutic targets and strategies. We review the initial development and general use of BSCs in neuroscience research and highlight the advantages of these cultures as an ex vivo model. Subsequently we focus on i) BSC-based modeling of AD and other neurodegenerative proteinopathies ii) use of BSCs to understand mechanisms underlying these diseases and iii) how BSCs can serve as tools to screen for suitable therapeutics prior to in vivo investigations. Finally, we will examine i) open questions regarding the use of such cultures and ii) how emerging technologies such as recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAV) may be combined with these models to advance translational research relevant to neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Croft
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - H S Futch
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - B D Moore
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - T E Golde
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA. .,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA. .,McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Spangenberg E, Severson PL, Hohsfield LA, Crapser J, Zhang J, Burton EA, Zhang Y, Spevak W, Lin J, Phan NY, Habets G, Rymar A, Tsang G, Walters J, Nespi M, Singh P, Broome S, Ibrahim P, Zhang C, Bollag G, West BL, Green KN. Sustained microglial depletion with CSF1R inhibitor impairs parenchymal plaque development in an Alzheimer's disease model. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3758. [PMID: 31434879 PMCID: PMC6704256 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11674-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many risk genes for the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are exclusively or highly expressed in myeloid cells. Microglia are dependent on colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) signaling for their survival. We designed and synthesized a highly selective brain-penetrant CSF1R inhibitor (PLX5622) allowing for extended and specific microglial elimination, preceding and during pathology development. We find that in the 5xFAD mouse model of AD, plaques fail to form in the parenchymal space following microglial depletion, except in areas containing surviving microglia. Instead, Aβ deposits in cortical blood vessels reminiscent of cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Altered gene expression in the 5xFAD hippocampus is also reversed by the absence of microglia. Transcriptional analyses of the residual plaque-forming microglia show they exhibit a disease-associated microglia profile. Collectively, we describe the structure, formulation, and efficacy of PLX5622, which allows for sustained microglial depletion and identify roles of microglia in initiating plaque pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Spangenberg
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | | | - Lindsay A Hohsfield
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Joshua Crapser
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jack Lin
- Plexxikon Inc, Berkeley, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Nicole Y Phan
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kim N Green
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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Replenishment of Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures with Neonatal or Adult Microglia. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31392682 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9658-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
This protocol describes a method to deplete and repopulate organotypic hippocampal slice cultures with ramified microglia. We describe the slice culture preparation from newborn mice, standard culturing of neonatal microglia, and the acute isolation of microglia from adult mouse brain. Furthermore, we outline the technique for the replenishment of microglia-depleted slice cultures with different microglia populations and subsequent morphological analysis. We show that neonatal and adult microglia acquire specific ramified morphologies, which in case of adult microglia are indistinguishable from the in vivo situation. This procedure not only allows the functional investigation of microglia with different degrees of ramification but also enables the construction of chimeric slice cultures with respect to the microglia phenotype. Preparation of slice cultures can be completed in 3.5 h, preparation of mixed-glial cultures in 4 h, isolation of adult microglia can be accomplished in 3.5 h, and replenishment in 30 min.
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39
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Microglia-Mediated Synapse Loss in Alzheimer's Disease. J Neurosci 2019; 38:2911-2919. [PMID: 29563239 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1136-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are emerging as key players in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus far, microglia have rather been known as modulator of neurodegeneration with functions limited to neuroinflammation and release of neurotoxic molecules. However, several recent studies have demonstrated a direct role of microglia in "neuro" degeneration observed in AD by promoting phagocytosis of neuronal, in particular, synaptic structures. While some of the studies address the involvement of the β-amyloid peptides in the process, studies also indicate that this could occur independent of amyloid, further elevating the importance of microglia in AD. Here we review these recent studies and also speculate about the possible cellular mechanisms, and how they could be regulated by risk genes and sleep. Finally, we deliberate on possible avenues for targeting microglia-mediated synapse loss for therapy and prevention.Dual Perspectives Companion Paper: Alzheimer's Disease and Sleep-Wake Disturbances: Amyloid, Astrocytes, and Animal Models by William M. Vanderheyden, Miranda M. Lim, Erik S. Musiek, and Jason R. Gerstner.
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40
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Tumor-associated reactive astrocytes aid the evolution of immunosuppressive environment in glioblastoma. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2541. [PMID: 31186414 PMCID: PMC6559986 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10493-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive astrocytes evolve after brain injury, inflammatory and degenerative diseases, whereby they undergo transcriptomic re-programming. In malignant brain tumors, their function and crosstalk to other components of the environment is poorly understood. Here we report a distinct transcriptional phenotype of reactive astrocytes from glioblastoma linked to JAK/STAT pathway activation. Subsequently, we investigate the origin of astrocytic transformation by a microglia loss-of-function model in a human organotypic slice model with injected tumor cells. RNA-seq based gene expression analysis of astrocytes reveals a distinct astrocytic phenotype caused by the coexistence of microglia and astrocytes in the tumor environment, which leads to a large release of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as TGFβ, IL10 and G-CSF. Inhibition of the JAK/STAT pathway shifts the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines towards a pro-inflammatory environment. The complex interaction of astrocytes and microglia cells promotes an immunosuppressive environment, suggesting that tumor-associated astrocytes contribute to anti-inflammatory responses. Astrocytes play important roles in neuroinflammatory diseases. Here the authors characterize human glioblastoma-associated astrocytes by gene expression and demonstrate their immunosuppressive role promoted by interactions with tumor and microglia cells in an organotypic model.
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41
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Maezawa I, Nguyen HM, Di Lucente J, Jenkins DP, Singh V, Hilt S, Kim K, Rangaraju S, Levey AI, Wulff H, Jin LW. Kv1.3 inhibition as a potential microglia-targeted therapy for Alzheimer's disease: preclinical proof of concept. Brain 2019; 141:596-612. [PMID: 29272333 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia significantly contribute to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease but an effective microglia-targeted therapeutic approach is not yet available clinically. The potassium channels Kv1.3 and Kir2.1 play important roles in regulating immune cell functions and have been implicated by in vitro studies in the 'M1-like pro-inflammatory' or 'M2-like anti-inflammatory' state of microglia, respectively. We here found that amyloid-β oligomer-induced expression of Kv1.3 and Kir2.1 in cultured primary microglia. Likewise, ex vivo microglia acutely isolated from the Alzheimer's model 5xFAD mice co-expressed Kv1.3 and Kir2.1 as well as markers traditionally associated with M1 and M2 activation suggesting that amyloid-β oligomer induces a microglial activation state that is more complex than previously thought. Using the orally available, brain penetrant small molecule Kv1.3 blocker PAP-1 as a tool, we showed that pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic microglial responses induced by amyloid-β oligomer required Kv1.3 activity in vitro and in hippocampal slices. Since we further observed that Kv1.3 was highly expressed in microglia of transgenic Alzheimer's mouse models and human Alzheimer's disease brains, we hypothesized that pharmacological Kv1.3 inhibition could mitigate the pathology induced by amyloid-β aggregates. Indeed, treating APP/PS1 transgenic mice with a 5-month oral regimen of PAP-1, starting at 9 months of age, when the animals already manifest cognitive deficits and amyloid pathology, reduced neuroinflammation, decreased cerebral amyloid load, enhanced hippocampal neuronal plasticity, and improved behavioural deficits. The observed decrease in cerebral amyloid deposition was consistent with the in vitro finding that PAP-1 enhanced amyloid-β uptake by microglia. Collectively, these results provide proof-of-concept data to advance Kv1.3 blockers to Alzheimer's disease clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Maezawa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, 2805 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Hai M Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jacopo Di Lucente
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, 2805 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - David Paul Jenkins
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Vikrant Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Silvia Hilt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, 2700 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Kyoungmi Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Med Sci 1-C, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Srikant Rangaraju
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Allan I Levey
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Heike Wulff
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Lee-Way Jin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, 2805 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.,Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of California Davis Medical Center, 4860 Y Street, Suite 3900, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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42
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Yi Y, Han J, Park MH, Park N, Nam E, Jin HK, Bae JS, Lim MH. Tunable regulatory activities of 1,10-phenanthroline derivatives towards acid sphingomyelinase and Zn(ii)-amyloid-β. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:5847-5850. [PMID: 31042246 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01005j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We report a new series of small molecules able to achieve the tunability of modulatory activities against acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) and Zn(ii)-bound amyloid-β [Zn(ii)-Aβ], two pathological targets found in the brain affected by Alzheimer's disease. Rational tuning of the hydrophobicity and Zn(ii) binding affinity of the 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) framework successfully yielded compounds as chemical modulators for ASM (4 and 5), Zn(ii)-Aβ (phen, 1, and 2), or both (3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelim Yi
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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43
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Linsley JW, Tripathi A, Epstein I, Schmunk G, Mount E, Campioni M, Oza V, Barch M, Javaherian A, Nowakowski TJ, Samsi S, Finkbeiner S. Automated four-dimensional long term imaging enables single cell tracking within organotypic brain slices to study neurodevelopment and degeneration. Commun Biol 2019; 2:155. [PMID: 31069265 PMCID: PMC6494885 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0411-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Current approaches for dynamic profiling of single cells rely on dissociated cultures, which lack important biological features existing in tissues. Organotypic slice cultures preserve aspects of structural and synaptic organisation within the brain and are amenable to microscopy, but established techniques are not well adapted for high throughput or longitudinal single cell analysis. Here we developed a custom-built, automated confocal imaging platform, with improved organotypic slice culture and maintenance. The approach enables fully automated image acquisition and four-dimensional tracking of morphological changes within individual cells in organotypic cultures from rodent and human primary tissues for at least 3 weeks. To validate this system, we analysed neurons expressing a disease-associated version of huntingtin (HTT586Q138-EGFP), and observed that they displayed hallmarks of Huntington's disease and died sooner than controls. By facilitating longitudinal single-cell analyses of neuronal physiology, our system bridges scales necessary to attain statistical power to detect developmental and disease phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy W Linsley
- Gladstone Center for Systems and Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Atmiyata Tripathi
- Gladstone Center for Systems and Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Irina Epstein
- Gladstone Center for Systems and Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Galina Schmunk
- 2Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Elliot Mount
- Gladstone Center for Systems and Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Matthew Campioni
- Gladstone Center for Systems and Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Viral Oza
- Gladstone Center for Systems and Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Mariya Barch
- Gladstone Center for Systems and Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Ashkan Javaherian
- Gladstone Center for Systems and Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Tomasz J Nowakowski
- 2Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Siddharth Samsi
- 3Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, L-4367 Luxembourg
- 9Present Address: MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA 02421 USA
| | - Steven Finkbeiner
- Gladstone Center for Systems and Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
- 4Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
- 5Biomedical Sciences and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
- 6Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
- 7Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
- 8Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
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Galloway DA, Phillips AEM, Owen DRJ, Moore CS. Phagocytosis in the Brain: Homeostasis and Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:790. [PMID: 31040847 PMCID: PMC6477030 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are resident macrophages of the central nervous system and significantly contribute to overall brain function by participating in phagocytosis during development, homeostasis, and diseased states. Phagocytosis is a highly complex process that is specialized for the uptake and removal of opsonized and non-opsonized targets, such as pathogens, apoptotic cells, and cellular debris. While the role of phagocytosis in mediating classical innate and adaptive immune responses has been known for decades, it is now appreciated that phagocytosis is also critical throughout early neural development, homeostasis, and initiating repair mechanisms. As such, modulating phagocytic processes has provided unexplored avenues with the intent of developing novel therapeutics that promote repair and regeneration in the CNS. Here, we review the functional consequences that phagocytosis plays in both the healthy and diseased CNS, and summarize how phagocytosis contributes to overall pathophysiological mechanisms involved in brain injury and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan A Galloway
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Alexandra E M Phillips
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David R J Owen
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Craig S Moore
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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Oxidative Stress-Tolerant Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth Decrease Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Damage in Organotypic Brain Slice Cultures from Adult Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081858. [PMID: 30991705 PMCID: PMC6514841 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress causes severe tissue injury of the central nervous system in ischemic brain damage (IBD), traumatic brain injury (TBI) and neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, we used hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) to induce oxidative stress in organotypic brain slice cultures (OBSCs), and investigated the protective effects of oxidative stress-tolerant (OST) stem cells harvested from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) which were co-cultivated with OBSCs. Using presto blue assay and immunostaining, we demonstrated that both normal SHED and OST-SHED could prevent H₂O₂-induced cell death, and increase the numbers of mature neuron and neuronal progenitors in the hippocampus of OBSCs. During co-cultivation, OST-SHED, but not normal SHED, exhibited neuronal cell morphology and expressed neuronal markers. Results from ELISA showed that both normal SHED and OST-SHED significantly decreased oxidative DNA damage in H₂O₂-treated OBSCs. SHED could also produce neurotrophic factor BDNF (brain derived neurotrophic factor) and promoted the production of IL-6 in OBSCs. Although OST-SHED had lower cell viability, the neuronal protection of OST-SHED was significantly superior to that of normal SHED. Our findings suggest that SHED, especially OST-SHED, could prevent oxidative stress induced brain damage. OST-SHED can be explored as a new therapeutic tool for IBD, TBI and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Studying Heterotypic Cell⁻Cell Interactions in the Human Brain Using Pluripotent Stem Cell Models for Neurodegeneration. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040299. [PMID: 30939814 PMCID: PMC6523455 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cerebral organoids derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide novel tools for recapitulating the cytoarchitecture of the human brain and for studying biological mechanisms of neurological disorders. However, the heterotypic interactions of neurovascular units, composed of neurons, pericytes (i.e., the tissue resident mesenchymal stromal cells), astrocytes, and brain microvascular endothelial cells, in brain-like tissues are less investigated. In addition, most cortical organoids lack a microglia component, the resident immune cells in the brain. Impairment of the blood-brain barrier caused by improper crosstalk between neural cells and vascular cells is associated with many neurodegenerative disorders. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), with a phenotype overlapping with pericytes, have promotion effects on neurogenesis and angiogenesis, which are mainly attributed to secreted growth factors and extracellular matrices. As the innate macrophages of the central nervous system, microglia regulate neuronal activities and promote neuronal differentiation by secreting neurotrophic factors and pro-/anti-inflammatory molecules. Neuronal-microglia interactions mediated by chemokines signaling can be modulated in vitro for recapitulating microglial activities during neurodegenerative disease progression. In this review, we discussed the cellular interactions and the physiological roles of neural cells with other cell types including endothelial cells and microglia based on iPSC models. The therapeutic roles of MSCs in treating neural degeneration and pathological roles of microglia in neurodegenerative disease progression were also discussed.
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47
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Jin LW, Lucente JD, Nguyen HM, Singh V, Singh L, Chavez M, Bushong T, Wulff H, Maezawa I. Repurposing the KCa3.1 inhibitor senicapoc for Alzheimer's disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2019; 6:723-738. [PMID: 31019997 PMCID: PMC6469250 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Microglia play a pivotal role in the initiation and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We here tested the therapeutic hypothesis that the Ca2+‐activated potassium channel KCa3.1 constitutes a potential target for treating AD by reducing neuroinflammation. Methods To determine if KCa3.1 is relevant to AD, we tested if treating cultured microglia or hippocampal slices with Aβ oligomer (AβO) activated KCa3.1 in microglia, and if microglial KCa3.1 was upregulated in 5xFAD mice and in human AD brains. The expression/activity of KCa3.1 was examined by qPCR, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and whole‐cell patch‐clamp. To investigate the role of KCa3.1 in AD pathology, we resynthesized senicapoc, a clinically tested KCa3.1 blocker, and determined its pharmacokinetic properties and its effect on microglial activation, Aβ deposition and hippocampal long‐term potentiation (hLTP) in 5xFAD mice. Results We found markedly enhanced microglial KCa3.1 expression/activity in brains of both 5xFAD mice and AD patients. In hippocampal slices, microglial KCa3.1 expression/activity was increased by AβO treatment, and its inhibition diminished the proinflammatory and hLTP‐impairing activities of AβO. Senicapoc exhibited excellent brain penetrance and oral availability, and in 5xFAD mice, reduced neuroinflammation, decreased cerebral amyloid load, and enhanced hippocampal neuronal plasticity. Interpretation Our results prompt us to propose repurposing senicapoc for AD clinical trials, as senicapoc has excellent pharmacological properties and was safe and well‐tolerated in a prior phase‐3 clinical trial for sickle cell anemia. Such repurposing has the potential to expedite the urgently needed new drug discovery for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Way Jin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of California Davis Medical Center Sacramento California
| | - Jacopo Di Lucente
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of California Davis Medical Center Sacramento California
| | - Hai M Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology University of California Davis Davis California
| | - Vikrant Singh
- Department of Pharmacology University of California Davis Davis California
| | - Latika Singh
- Department of Pharmacology University of California Davis Davis California
| | - Monique Chavez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of California Davis Medical Center Sacramento California
| | - Trevor Bushong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of California Davis Medical Center Sacramento California
| | - Heike Wulff
- Department of Pharmacology University of California Davis Davis California
| | - Izumi Maezawa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of California Davis Medical Center Sacramento California
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48
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, the most common cause of dementia, is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by amyloid-beta deposits in extracellular plaques, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles of aggregated tau, synaptic dysfunction and neuronal death. Transgenic rodent models to study Alzheimer’s mimic features of human disease such as age-dependent accumulation of abnormal beta-amyloid and tau, synaptic dysfunction, cognitive deficits and neurodegeneration. These models have proven vital for improving our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying AD and for identifying promising therapeutic approaches. However, modelling neurodegenerative disease in animals commonly involves aging animals until they develop harmful phenotypes, often coupled with invasive procedures. We have developed a novel organotypic brain slice culture model to study Alzheimer’s disease using 3xTg-AD mice which brings the potential of substantially reducing the number of rodents used in dementia research from an estimated 20,000 per year. Using a McIllwain tissue chopper, we obtain 36 x 350 micron slices from each P8-P9 mouse pup for culture between 2 weeks and 6 months on semi-permeable 0.4 micron pore membranes, considerably reducing the numbers of animals required to investigate multiple stages of disease. This tractable model also allows the opportunity to modulate multiple pathways in tissues from a single animal. We believe that this model will most benefit dementia researchers in the academic and drug discovery sectors. We validated the slice culture model against aged mice, showing that the molecular phenotype closely mimics that displayed
in vivo, albeit in an accelerated timescale. We showed beneficial outcomes following treatment of slices with agents previously shown to have therapeutic effects
in vivo, and we also identified new mechanisms of action of other compounds. Thus, organotypic brain slice cultures from transgenic mouse models expressing Alzheimer’s disease-related genes may provide a valid and sensitive replacement for
in vivo studies that do not involve behavioural analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara L Croft
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Wendy Noble
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 9RX, UK
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Jorfi M, D'Avanzo C, Kim DY, Irimia D. Three-Dimensional Models of the Human Brain Development and Diseases. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:10.1002/adhm.201700723. [PMID: 28845922 PMCID: PMC5762251 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Deciphering the human brain pathophysiology remains one of the greatest challenges of the 21st century. Neurological disorders represent a significant proportion of diseases burden; however, the complexity of the brain physiology makes it challenging to model its diseases. Simple in vitro models have been very useful for precise measurements in controled conditions. However, existing models are limited in their ability to replicate complex interactions between various cells in the brain. Studying human brain requires sophisticated models to reconstitute the tangled architecture and functions of brain cells. Recently, advances in the development of three-dimensional (3D) brain cell culture models have begun to recapitulate various aspects of the human brain physiology in vitro and replicate basic disease processes of Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and microcephaly. In this review, we discuss the progress, advantages, limitations, and future directions of 3D cell culture systems for modeling the human brain development and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Jorfi
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, 02129, USA
| | - Carla D'Avanzo
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, 02129, USA
| | - Doo Yeon Kim
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, 02129, USA
| | - Daniel Irimia
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, 02129, USA
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50
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Shen Z, Li X, Bao X, Wang R. Microglia-targeted stem cell therapies for Alzheimer disease: A preclinical data review. J Neurosci Res 2017. [PMID: 28643422 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a severe, life-threatening illness characterized by gradual memory loss. The classic histological features of AD include extracellular formation of β-amyloid plaques (Aβ), intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), and synaptic loss. Recently, accumulated evidence has confirmed the critical role of microglia in the development and exacerbation of AD. When Aβ forms deposits, microglia quickly respond to restore brain physiology by activating a series of repair mechanisms. However, prolonged microglial activation is considered detrimental and may aggravate AD progression. To date, there are no curative therapies for AD. The advent of stem cell transplantation offers novel strategies to treat AD in animal models. Furthermore, studies have reported that transplanted stem cells might ameliorate AD symptoms by regulating microglial functions, from detrimental to protective. This review focuses on the crucial functions of microglia in AD and examines the reactions of microglia to transplanted stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyuan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xinjie Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Renzhi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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