1
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Picker J, Gan Z, Neumann C, George A, Turchanin A. Low defect density in MoS 2 monolayers grown on Au(111) by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. Micron 2024; 186:103708. [PMID: 39208700 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2024.103708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Monolayers of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) possess high potential for applications in novel electronic and optoelectronic devices and therefore the development of methods for their scalable growth is of high importance. Among different suggested approaches, metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) is the most promising one for technological applications because of its lower growth temperature compared to the most other methods, e.g., conventional chemical vapor or atomic layer deposition (CVD, ALD). Here we demonstrate for the first time the epitaxial growth of MoS2 monolayers on Au(111) by MOCVD at 450 °C. We confirm the high quality of the grown TMD monolayers down to the atomic scale using several complementary methods. These include Raman spectroscopy, non-contact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The topographic corrugation of the MoS2 monolayer on Au(111), revealed in a moiré structure, was measured as ≈20 pm by nc-AFM. The estimated defect density calculated from STM images of the as-grown MoS2 monolayers is in the order of 1012 vacancies/cm2. The defects are mainly caused by single sulfur vacancies. Our approach is a step forward towards the technologically relevant growth of high-quality, large-area TMD monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Picker
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 10, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Ziyang Gan
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 10, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Christof Neumann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 10, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Antony George
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 10, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Andrey Turchanin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 10, Jena 07743, Germany; Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Philosophenweg 7a, Jena 07743, Germany; Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP), Albert-Einstein-Straße 6, Jena 07745, Germany.
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2
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Giessibl FJ, Weymouth AJ. Decoding the surface of a complex oxide. Science 2024; 385:1166-1167. [PMID: 39265032 DOI: 10.1126/science.ads0942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy reveals the elusive structure of the aluminum oxide surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz J Giessibl
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alfred John Weymouth
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
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3
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Hütner JI, Conti A, Kugler D, Mittendorfer F, Kresse G, Schmid M, Diebold U, Balajka J. Stoichiometric reconstruction of the Al 2O 3(0001) surface. Science 2024; 385:1241-1244. [PMID: 39265005 DOI: 10.1126/science.adq4744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Macroscopic properties of materials stem from fundamental atomic-scale details, yet for insulators, resolving surface structures remains a challenge. We imaged the basal (0001) plane of α-aluminum oxide (α-Al2O3) using noncontact atomic force microscopy with an atomically defined tip apex. The surface formed a complex ([Formula: see text] × [Formula: see text])R±9° reconstruction. The lateral positions of the individual oxygen and aluminum surface atoms come directly from experiment; we determined with computational modeling how these connect to the underlying crystal bulk. Before the restructuring, the surface Al atoms assume an unfavorable, threefold planar coordination; the reconstruction allows a rehybridization with subsurface O that leads to a substantial energy gain. The reconstructed surface remains stoichiometric, Al2O3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Conti
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Kugler
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Georg Kresse
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Schmid
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Diebold
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Balajka
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria
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4
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Tian Y, Huang B, Song Y, Zhang Y, Guan D, Hong J, Cao D, Wang E, Xu L, Shao-Horn Y, Jiang Y. Effect of ion-specific water structures at metal surfaces on hydrogen production. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7834. [PMID: 39244565 PMCID: PMC11380671 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52131-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Water structures at electrolyte/electrode interfaces play a crucial role in determining the selectivity and kinetics of electrochemical reactions. Despite extensive experimental and theoretical efforts, atomic-level details of ion-specific water structures on metal surfaces remain unclear. Here we show, using scanning tunneling microscopy and noncontact atomic force microscopy, that we can visualize water layers containing alkali metal cations on a charged Au(111) surface with atomic resolution. Our results reveal that Li+ cations are elevated from the surface, facilitating the formation of an ice-like water layer between the Li+ cations and the surface. In contrast, K+ and Cs+ cations are in direct contact with the surface. We observe that the water network structure transitions from a hexagonal arrangement with Li+ to a distorted hydrogen-bonding configuration with Cs+. These observations are consistent with surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy data and suggest that alkali metal cations significantly impact hydrogen evolution reaction kinetics and efficiency. Our findings provide insights into ion-specific water structures on metal surfaces and underscore the critical role of spectator ions in electrochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tian
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China.
| | - Botao Huang
- Electrochemical Energy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yizhi Song
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yirui Zhang
- Electrochemical Energy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dong Guan
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jiani Hong
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Duanyun Cao
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Enge Wang
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, P. R. China
- Songshan Lake Materials Lab, Institute of Physics, CAS and School of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang, P. R. China
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Light-Element Quantum Materials and Research Center for Light-Element Advanced Materials, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Limei Xu
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, P. R. China.
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Light-Element Quantum Materials and Research Center for Light-Element Advanced Materials, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China.
| | - Yang Shao-Horn
- Electrochemical Energy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Ying Jiang
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, P. R. China.
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Light-Element Quantum Materials and Research Center for Light-Element Advanced Materials, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China.
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5
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Martin-Jimenez D, Zhong Q, Schirmeisen A, Ebeling D. Imaging the adsorption sites of organic molecules on metallic surfaces by an adaptive tunnelling current feedback. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:475703. [PMID: 39173655 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad726a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) allows submolecular resolution imaging of organic molecules deposited on a surface by using CO-functionalized qPlus sensors under ultrahigh vacuum and low temperature conditions. However, the experimental determination of the adsorption sites of these organic molecules requires the precise identification of the atomic structure of the surface on which they are adsorbed. Here, we develop an automation method for AFM imaging that provides in a single image both, submolecular resolution on organic molecules and atomic resolution on the surrounding metallic surface. The method is based on an adaptive tunnelling current feedback system that is regulated according to the response of the AFM observables, which guarantees that both the molecules and the surface atoms are imaged under optimum conditions. Therewith, the approach is suitable for imaging adsorption sites of several adjacent and highly mobile molecules such as 2-iodotriphenylene on Ag(111) in a single scan. The proposed method with the adaptive feedback system facilitates statistical analysis of molecular adsorption geometries and could in the future contribute to autonomous AFM imaging as it adapts the feedback parameters depending on the sample properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Martin-Jimenez
- Instituto de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Qigang Zhong
- Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - André Schirmeisen
- Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Daniel Ebeling
- Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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6
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Le Ster M, Pawłowski S, Lutsyk I, Kowalczyk PJ. Fourier transform-based post-processing drift compensation and calibration method for scanning probe microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2024; 263:113984. [PMID: 38744124 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2024.113984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) is ubiquitous in nanoscale science allowing the observation of features in real space down to the angstrom resolution. The scanning nature of SPM, wherein a sharp tip rasters the surface during which a physical setpoint is maintained via a control feedback loop, often implies that the image is subject to drift effects, leading to distortion of the resulting image. While there are in-operando methods to compensate for the drift, correcting the residual linear drift in obtained images is often neglected. In this paper, we present a reciprocal space-based technique to compensate the linear drift in atomically-resolved scanning probe microscopy images without distinction of the fast and slow scanning directions; furthermore this method does not require the set of SPM images obtained for the different scanning directions. Instead, the compensation is made possible by the a priori knowledge of the lattice parameters. The method can also be used to characterize and calibrate the SPM instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Le Ster
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, Department of Solid-State Physics, Pomorska 149/153, Lodz, 90-236, Poland.
| | - S Pawłowski
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, Department of Solid-State Physics, Pomorska 149/153, Lodz, 90-236, Poland
| | - I Lutsyk
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, Department of Solid-State Physics, Pomorska 149/153, Lodz, 90-236, Poland
| | - P J Kowalczyk
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, Department of Solid-State Physics, Pomorska 149/153, Lodz, 90-236, Poland.
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7
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Wiesener P, Förster S, Merkel M, Schulze Lammers B, Fuchs H, Amirjalayer S, Mönig H. Standardization of Chemically Selective Atomic Force Microscopy for Metal Oxide Surfaces. ACS NANO 2024; 18:21948-21956. [PMID: 39103158 PMCID: PMC11342932 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c03155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
The structures of metal oxide surfaces and inherent defects are vital for a variety of applications in materials science and chemistry. While scanning probe microscopy can reveal atomic-scale details, elemental discrimination usually requires indirect assumptions and extensive theoretical modeling. Here, atomic force microscopy with O-terminated copper tips on a variety of sample systems demonstrates not only a clear and universal chemical contrast but also immediate access to the atomic configuration of defects. The chemically selective contrast is explained by purely electrostatic interactions between the negatively charged tip-apex and the strongly varying electrostatic potential of metal and oxygen sites. These results offer a standardized methodology for the direct characterization of even the most complex metal oxide surfaces, providing fundamental insight into atomic-scale processes in these material systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wiesener
- Universität
Münster, Physikalisches
Institut, Münster 48149, Germany
- Center
for Nanotechnology, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Stefan Förster
- Martin-Luther-Universität
Halle-Wittenberg Institut für
Physik, Halle 06120, Germany
| | - Milena Merkel
- Universität
Münster, Physikalisches
Institut, Münster 48149, Germany
- Center
for Nanotechnology, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Bertram Schulze Lammers
- Universität
Münster, Physikalisches
Institut, Münster 48149, Germany
- Center
for Nanotechnology, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Universität
Münster, Physikalisches
Institut, Münster 48149, Germany
- Center
for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Saeed Amirjalayer
- Universität
Münster, Physikalisches
Institut, Münster 48149, Germany
- Center
for Nanotechnology, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Harry Mönig
- Universität
Münster, Physikalisches
Institut, Münster 48149, Germany
- Center
for Nanotechnology, Münster 48149, Germany
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8
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Chahib O, Yin Y, Liu JC, Li C, Glatzel T, Ding F, Yuan Q, Meyer E, Pawlak R. Probing charge redistribution at the interface of self-assembled cyclo-P 5 pentamers on Ag(111). Nat Commun 2024; 15:6542. [PMID: 39095352 PMCID: PMC11297031 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50862-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus pentamers (cyclo-P5) are unstable in nature but can be synthesized at the Ag(111) surface. Unlike monolayer black phosphorous, little is known about their electronic properties when in contact with metal electrodes, although this is crucial for future applications. Here, we characterize the atomic structure of cyclo-P5 assembled on Ag(111) using atomic force microscopy with functionalized tips and density functional theory. Combining force and tunneling spectroscopy, we find that a strong charge transfer induces an inward dipole moment at the cyclo-P5/Ag interface as well as the formation of an interface state. We probe the image potential states by field-effect resonant tunneling and quantify the increase of the local change of work function of 0.46 eV at the cyclo-P5 assembly. Our experimental approach suggest that the cyclo-P5/Ag interface has the characteristic ingredients of a p-type semiconductor-metal Schottky junction with potential applications in field-effect transistors, diodes, or solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Outhmane Chahib
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yuling Yin
- Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Energy Engineering, Shenzhen University of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Jung-Ching Liu
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Feng Ding
- Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Energy Engineering, Shenzhen University of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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9
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Frezza F, Sánchez-Grande A, Canola S, Lamancová A, Mutombo P, Chen Q, Wäckerlin C, Ernst KH, Muntwiler M, Zema N, Di Giovannantonio M, Nachtigallová D, Jelínek P. Controlling On-Surface Photoactivity: The Impact of π-Conjugation in Anhydride-Functionalized Molecules on a Semiconductor Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405983. [PMID: 38699982 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis has become a prominent method for growing low-dimensional carbon-based nanomaterials on metal surfaces. However, the necessity of decoupling organic nanostructures from metal substrates to exploit their properties requires either transfer methods or new strategies to perform reactions directly on inert surfaces. The use of on-surface light-induced reactions directly on semiconductor/insulating surfaces represents an alternative approach to address these challenges. Here, exploring the photochemical activity of different organic molecules on a SnSe semiconductor surface under ultra-high vacuum, we present a novel on-surface light-induced reaction. The selective photodissociation of the anhydride group is observed, releasing CO and CO2. Moreover, we rationalize the relationship between the photochemical activity and the π-conjugation of the molecular core. The different experimental behaviour of two model anhydrides was elucidated by theoretical calculations, showing how the molecular structure influences the distribution of the excited states. Our findings open new pathways for on-surface synthesis directly on technologically relevant substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Frezza
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 16200, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 78/7, 11519, Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Ana Sánchez-Grande
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 16200, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Sofia Canola
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 16200, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Lamancová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo námĕstí 542/2, 160 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pingo Mutombo
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 16200, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Qifan Chen
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 16200, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Christian Wäckerlin
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Ernst
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 16200, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Nicola Zema
- CNR - Istituto di Struttura della Materia (CNR-ISM), via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Di Giovannantonio
- CNR - Istituto di Struttura della Materia (CNR-ISM), via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Dana Nachtigallová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo námĕstí 542/2, 160 00, Prague, Czech Republic
- IT4Innovations, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Jelínek
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 16200, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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10
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Liu Y, Lv H, Guo Y, Zhu H, Shang Z, Zhao Y, Lin Y, Tai X, Guo Z, Cui X, Zhao J, Yuan B, Liu Y, Zhang G, Sun Z, Wu X, Xie Y, Wu C. Interfacial Charge-Transfer Excitonic Insulator in a Two-Dimensional Organic-Inorganic Superlattice. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39022834 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Excitonic insulators are long-sought-after quantum materials predicted to spontaneously open a gap by the Bose condensation of bound electron-hole pairs, namely, excitons, in their ground state. Since the theoretical conjecture, extensive efforts have been devoted to pursuing excitonic insulator platforms for exploring macroscopic quantum phenomena in real materials. Reliable evidence of excitonic character has been obtained in layered chalcogenides as promising candidates. However, owing to the interference of intrinsic lattice instabilities, it is still debatable whether those features, such as the charge density wave and gap opening, are primarily driven by the excitonic effect or by the lattice transition. Herein, we develop an intercalation chemistry strategy for obtaining a novel charge-transfer excitonic insulator in organic-inorganic superlattice interfaces that serves as an ideal platform to decouple the excitonic effect from the lattice effect. In this system, we observe a narrow excitonic gap, formation of a charge density wave without periodic lattice distortion, and metal-insulator transition, providing visualized evidence of exciton condensation occurring in thermal equilibrium. Our findings identify self-assembly intercalation chemistry as a new strategy for developing novel excitonic insulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Haifeng Lv
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yuqiao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hongen Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
| | - Zhengmin Shang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
| | - Yingcheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yue Lin
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Tai
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Ziyang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Cui
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jiyin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Bingkai Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
| | - Guobin Zhang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yi Xie
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Changzheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
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11
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Wu D, Zhao Z, Lin B, Song Y, Qi J, Jiang J, Yuan Z, Cheng B, Zhao M, Tian Y, Wang Z, Wu M, Bian K, Liu KH, Xu LM, Zeng XC, Wang EG, Jiang Y. Probing structural superlubricity of two-dimensional water transport with atomic resolution. Science 2024; 384:1254-1259. [PMID: 38870285 DOI: 10.1126/science.ado1544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Low-dimensional water transport can be drastically enhanced under atomic-scale confinement. However, its microscopic origin is still under debate. In this work, we directly imaged the atomic structure and transport of two-dimensional water islands on graphene and hexagonal boron nitride surfaces using qPlus-based atomic force microscopy. The lattice of the water island was incommensurate with the graphene surface but commensurate with the boron nitride surface owing to different surface electrostatics. The area-normalized static friction on the graphene diminished as the island area was increased by a power of ~-0.58, suggesting superlubricity behavior. By contrast, the friction on the boron nitride appeared insensitive to the area. Molecular dynamic simulations further showed that the friction coefficient of the water islands on the graphene could reduce to <0.01.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Wu
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhengpu Zhao
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bo Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yizhi Song
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jiajie Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jian Jiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Zifeng Yuan
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bowei Cheng
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mengze Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ye Tian
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhichang Wang
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Muhong Wu
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Light-Element Quantum Materials and Research Centre for Light-Element Advanced Materials, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Institute of Physics, CAS and School of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Ke Bian
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kai-Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Light-Element Quantum Materials and Research Centre for Light-Element Advanced Materials, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Li-Mei Xu
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Light-Element Quantum Materials and Research Centre for Light-Element Advanced Materials, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiao Cheng Zeng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - En-Ge Wang
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Light-Element Quantum Materials and Research Centre for Light-Element Advanced Materials, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Institute of Physics, CAS and School of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
- Tsientang Institute for Advanced Study, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Light-Element Quantum Materials and Research Centre for Light-Element Advanced Materials, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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12
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Dong Y, Dou G, Wei Z, Ji S, Dai H, Tang K, Sun L. Size-Effect-Based Dimension Compensations in Wet Etching for Micromachined Quartz Crystal Microstructures. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:784. [PMID: 38930754 PMCID: PMC11205438 DOI: 10.3390/mi15060784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Microfabrication technology with quartz crystals is gaining importance as the miniaturization of quartz MEMS devices is essential to ensure the development of portable and wearable electronics. However, until now, there have been no reports of dimension compensation for quartz device fabrication. Therefore, this paper studied the wet etching process of Z-cut quartz crystal substrates for making deep trench patterns using Au/Cr metal hard masks and proposed the first quartz fabrication dimension compensation strategy. The size effect of various sizes of hard mask patterns on the undercut developed in wet etching was experimentally investigated. Quartz wafers masked with initial vias ranging from 3 μm to 80 μm in width were etched in a buffered oxide etch solution (BOE, HF:NH4F = 3:2) at 80 °C for prolonged etching (>95 min). It was found that a larger hard mask width resulted in a smaller undercut, and a 30 μm difference in hard mask width would result in a 17.2% increase in undercut. In particular, the undercuts were mainly formed in the first 5 min of etching with a relatively high etching rate of 0.7 μm/min (max). Then, the etching rate decreased rapidly to 27%. Furthermore, based on the etching width compensation and etching position compensation, new solutions were proposed for quartz crystal device fabrication. And these two kinds of compensation solutions were used in the fabrication of an ultra-small quartz crystal tuning fork with a resonant frequency of 32.768 kHz. With these approaches, the actual etched size of critical parts of the device only deviated from the designed size by 0.7%. And the pattern position symmetry of the secondary lithography etching process was improved by 96.3% compared to the uncompensated one. It demonstrated significant potential for improving the fabrication accuracy of quartz crystal devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yide Dong
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; (Y.D.); (Z.W.); (H.D.); (K.T.)
| | - Guangbin Dou
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; (Y.D.); (Z.W.); (H.D.); (K.T.)
| | - Zibiao Wei
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; (Y.D.); (Z.W.); (H.D.); (K.T.)
| | - Shanshan Ji
- Nanjing Jingxin Optoelectronics Research Institute, Nanjing 210096, China;
| | - Huihui Dai
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; (Y.D.); (Z.W.); (H.D.); (K.T.)
| | - Kaiqin Tang
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; (Y.D.); (Z.W.); (H.D.); (K.T.)
| | - Litao Sun
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; (Y.D.); (Z.W.); (H.D.); (K.T.)
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13
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Tomaru T, Hidaka H, Kouchi A, Watanabe N. Atomic force microscopy observation of surface morphologies and measurements of local contact potential differences of amorphous solid water samples deposited at 15 and 100 K. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:15232-15239. [PMID: 38747284 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05523j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
We use an ultra-high vacuum cryogenic atomic force microscope to investigate the surface morphology of amorphous solid water (ASW) prepared by oblique deposition of water vapor onto Si(111)7 × 7 substrates at temperatures of 15 and 100 K. Height-height correlation function analysis of topographic images suggests that ASW at 15 K has a columnar structure and that the typical diameter of the column is 5-10 nm. At 100 K, the typical diameter is 10-30 nm, although columnar features are less prominent. The surface roughness (i.e., deviation of the height) is greater at 15 K than at 100 K, indicating that the surface at 100 K exhibits a relatively flat morphology. This result implies that transient diffusion of deposited water molecules affects the surface morphology at 100 K. In addition, measurements of the local contact potential difference between the tip and the ASW surface suggest that the magnitude of the negative surface potential at the microscopic scale, which is attributed to spontaneous polarisation, cannot simply be scaled by the thickness of ASW as predicted in previous experiments with Kelvin probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuto Tomaru
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 0600819, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Hidaka
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 0600819, Japan.
| | - Akira Kouchi
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 0600819, Japan.
| | - Naoki Watanabe
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 0600819, Japan.
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14
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Nony L, Clair S, Uehli D, Herrero A, Themlin JM, Campos A, Para F, Pioda A, Loppacher C. Stiffness calibration of qPlus sensors at low temperature through thermal noise measurements. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 15:580-602. [PMID: 38887532 PMCID: PMC11181211 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.15.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Non-contact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) offers a unique experimental framework for topographical imaging of surfaces with atomic and/or sub-molecular resolution. The technique also permits to perform frequency shift spectroscopy to quantitatively evaluate the tip-sample interaction forces and potentials above individual atoms or molecules. The stiffness of the probe, k, is then required to perform the frequency shift-to-force conversion. However, this quantity is generally known with little precision. An accurate stiffness calibration is therefore mandatory if accurate force measurements are targeted. In nc-AFM, the probe may either be a silicon cantilever, a quartz tuning fork (QTF), or a length extensional resonator (LER). When used in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) and at low temperature, the technique mostly employs QTFs, based on the so-called qPlus design, which actually covers different types of sensors in terms of size and design of the electrodes. They all have in common a QTF featuring a metallic tip glued at the free end of one of its prongs. In this study, we report the stiffness calibration of a particular type of qPlus sensor in UHV and at 9.8 K by means of thermal noise measurements. The stiffness calibration of such high-k sensors, featuring high quality factors (Q) as well, requires to master both the acquisition parameters and the data post-processing. Our approach relies both on numerical simulations and experimental results. A thorough analysis of the thermal noise power spectral density of the qPlus fluctuations leads to an estimated stiffness of the first flexural eigenmode of ≃2000 N/m, with a maximum uncertainty of 10%, whereas the static stiffness of the sensor without tip is expected to be ≃3300 N/m. The former value must not be considered as being representative of a generic value for any qPlus, as our study stresses the influence of the tip on the estimated stiffness and points towards the need for the individual calibration of these probes. Although the framework focuses on a particular kind of sensor, it may be adapted to any high-k, high-Q nc-AFM probe used under similar conditions, such as silicon cantilevers and LERs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Nony
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IM2NP, UMR 7334, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Sylvain Clair
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IM2NP, UMR 7334, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Uehli
- SPECS Zürich GmbH, Technoparkstrasse 1, 8005 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Aitziber Herrero
- SPECS Zürich GmbH, Technoparkstrasse 1, 8005 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Themlin
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IM2NP, UMR 7334, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Andrea Campos
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, FSCM (FR1739), CP2M, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Franck Para
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IM2NP, UMR 7334, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Alessandro Pioda
- SPECS Zürich GmbH, Technoparkstrasse 1, 8005 Zürich, Switzerland
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15
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Bian K, Zheng W, Chen X, Zhang S, Stöhr R, Denisenko A, Yang S, Wrachtrup J, Jiang Y. A scanning probe microscope compatible with quantum sensing at ambient conditions. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:053707. [PMID: 38819258 DOI: 10.1063/5.0202756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
We designed and built up a new type of ambient scanning probe microscope (SPM), which is fully compatible with state-of-the-art quantum sensing technology based on the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond. We chose a qPlus-type tuning fork (Q up to ∼4400) as the current/force sensor of SPM for its high stiffness and stability under various environments, which yields atomic resolution under scanning tunneling microscopy mode and 1.2-nm resolution under atomic force microscopy mode. The tip of SPM can be used to directly image the topography of nanoscale targets on diamond surfaces for quantum sensing and to manipulate the electrostatic environment of NV centers to enhance their sensitivity up to a single proton spin. In addition, we also demonstrated scanning magnetometry and electrometry with a spatial resolution of ∼20 nm. Our new system not only paves the way for integrating atomic/molecular-scale color-center qubits onto SPM tips to produce quantum tips but also provides the possibility of fabricating color-center qubits with nanoscale or atomic precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Bian
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wentian Zheng
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiakun Chen
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shichen Zhang
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rainer Stöhr
- Third Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Stuttgart 70569, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Andrej Denisenko
- Third Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Stuttgart 70569, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Sen Yang
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- Third Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Stuttgart 70569, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Ying Jiang
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Light-Element Quantum Materials and Research Center for Light-Element Advanced Materials, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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16
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Söll A, Lopriore E, Ottesen A, Luxa J, Pasquale G, Sturala J, Hájek F, Jarý V, Sedmidubský D, Mosina K, Sokolović I, Rasouli S, Grasser T, Diebold U, Kis A, Sofer Z. High-κ Wide-Gap Layered Dielectric for Two-Dimensional van der Waals Heterostructures. ACS NANO 2024; 18:10397-10406. [PMID: 38557003 PMCID: PMC11025129 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
van der Waals heterostructures of two-dimensional materials have unveiled frontiers in condensed matter physics, unlocking unexplored possibilities in electronic and photonic device applications. However, the investigation of wide-gap, high-κ layered dielectrics for devices based on van der Waals structures has been relatively limited. In this work, we demonstrate an easily reproducible synthesis method for the rare-earth oxyhalide LaOBr, and we exfoliate it as a 2D layered material with a measured static dielectric constant of 9 and a wide bandgap of 5.3 eV. Furthermore, our research demonstrates that LaOBr can be used as a high-κ dielectric in van der Waals field-effect transistors with high performance and low interface defect concentrations. Additionally, it proves to be an attractive choice for electrical gating in excitonic devices based on 2D materials. Our work demonstrates the versatile realization and functionality of 2D systems with wide-gap and high-κ van der Waals dielectric environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aljoscha Söll
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Edoardo Lopriore
- Institute
of Electrical and Microengineering, École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute
of Materials Science and Engineering, École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Asmund Ottesen
- Institute
of Electrical and Microengineering, École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute
of Materials Science and Engineering, École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jan Luxa
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriele Pasquale
- Institute
of Electrical and Microengineering, École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute
of Materials Science and Engineering, École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jiri Sturala
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - František Hájek
- Institute
of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vítězslav Jarý
- Institute
of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - David Sedmidubský
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kseniia Mosina
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Igor Sokolović
- Institute
of Microelectronics, TU Wien, Gußhausstraße 27−29, 1040 Vienna, Austria
- Institute
of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8−10, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Saeed Rasouli
- Institute
of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8−10, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tibor Grasser
- Institute
of Microelectronics, TU Wien, Gußhausstraße 27−29, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Diebold
- Institute
of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8−10, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andras Kis
- Institute
of Electrical and Microengineering, École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute
of Materials Science and Engineering, École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zdeněk Sofer
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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17
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Rothe K, Néel N, Kröger J. Unveiling the nature of atomic defects in graphene on a metal surface. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 15:416-425. [PMID: 38655541 PMCID: PMC11035987 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.15.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Low-energy argon ion bombardment of graphene on Ir(111) induces atomic-scale defects at the surface. Using a scanning tunneling microscope, the two smallest defects appear as a depression without discernible interior structure suggesting the presence of vacancy sites in the graphene lattice. With an atomic force microscope, however, only one kind can be identified as a vacancy defect with four missing carbon atoms, while the other kind reveals an intact graphene sheet. Spatially resolved spectroscopy of the differential conductance and the measurement of total-force variations as a function of the lateral and vertical probe-defect distance corroborate the different character of the defects. The tendency of the vacancy defect to form a chemical bond with the microscope probe is reflected by the strongest attraction at the vacancy center as well as by hysteresis effects in force traces recorded for tip approach to and retraction from the Pauli repulsion range of vertical distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Rothe
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Nicolas Néel
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Jörg Kröger
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
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18
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Verhage M, van der Minne E, Kiens EM, Korol L, Spiteri RJ, Koster G, Green RJ, Baeumer C, Flipse CFJ. Electronic and Structural Disorder of the Epitaxial La 0.67Sr 0.33MnO 3 Surface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16. [PMID: 38619160 PMCID: PMC11056928 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Understanding and tuning epitaxial complex oxide films are crucial in controlling the behavior of devices and catalytic processes. Substrate-induced strain, doping, and layer growth are known to influence the electronic and magnetic properties of the bulk of the film. In this study, we demonstrate a clear distinction between the bulk and surface of thin films of La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 in terms of chemical composition, electronic disorder, and surface morphology. We use a combined experimental approach of X-ray-based characterization methods and scanning probe microscopy. Using X-ray diffraction and resonant X-ray reflectivity, we uncover surface nonstoichiometry in the strontium and lanthanum alongside an accumulation of oxygen vacancies. With scanning tunneling microscopy, we observed an electronic phase separation (EPS) on the surface related to this nonstoichiometry. The EPS is likely driving the temperature-dependent resistivity transition and is a cause of proposed mixed-phase ferromagnetic and paramagnetic states near room temperature in these thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Verhage
- Molecular
Materials and Nanosystems (M2N)—Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AP, Netherlands
| | - Emma van der Minne
- MESA+
Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede 7522 NB, Netherlands
| | - Ellen M. Kiens
- MESA+
Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede 7522 NB, Netherlands
| | - Lucas Korol
- Department
of Physics & Engineering Physics, University
of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5A2, Canada
| | - Raymond J. Spiteri
- Department
of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5A2, Canada
| | - Gertjan Koster
- MESA+
Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede 7522 NB, Netherlands
| | - Robert J. Green
- Department
of Physics & Engineering Physics, University
of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5A2, Canada
- Stewart
Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, University
of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Christoph Baeumer
- MESA+
Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede 7522 NB, Netherlands
- Peter
Gruenberg
Institute and JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum
Juelich GmbH, Juelich 52428, Germany
| | - Cornelis F. J. Flipse
- Molecular
Materials and Nanosystems (M2N)—Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AP, Netherlands
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19
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Yin R, Zhu X, Fu Q, Hu T, Wan L, Wu Y, Liang Y, Wang Z, Qiu ZL, Tan YZ, Ma C, Tan S, Hu W, Li B, Wang ZF, Yang J, Wang B. Artificial kagome lattices of Shockley surface states patterned by halogen hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2969. [PMID: 38582766 PMCID: PMC10998891 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47367-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Artificial electronic kagome lattices may emerge from electronic potential landscapes using customized structures with exotic supersymmetries, benefiting from the confinement of Shockley surface-state electrons on coinage metals, which offers a flexible approach to realizing intriguing quantum phases of matter that are highly desired but scarce in available kagome materials. Here, we devise a general strategy to construct varieties of electronic kagome lattices by utilizing the on-surface synthesis of halogen hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (XHOFs). As a proof of concept, we demonstrate three XHOFs on Ag(111) and Au(111) surfaces, which correspondingly deliver regular, breathing, and chiral breathing diatomic-kagome lattices with patterned potential landscapes, showing evident topological edge states at the interfaces. The combination of scanning tunnelling microscopy and noncontact atomic force microscopy, complemented by density functional theory and tight-binding calculations, directly substantiates our method as a reliable and effective way to achieve electronic kagome lattices for engineering quantum states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoting Yin
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Xiang Zhu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Tianyi Hu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Lingyun Wan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Yingying Wu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Yifan Liang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Zhengya Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Zhen-Lin Qiu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yuan-Zhi Tan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Chuanxu Ma
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China.
| | - Shijing Tan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Bin Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Z F Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China.
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20
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Tian Y, Song Y, Xia Y, Hong J, Huang Y, Ma R, You S, Guan D, Cao D, Zhao M, Chen J, Song C, Liu K, Xu LM, Gao YQ, Wang EG, Jiang Y. Nanoscale one-dimensional close packing of interfacial alkali ions driven by water-mediated attraction. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 19:479-484. [PMID: 38049594 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01550-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
The permeability and selectivity of biological and artificial ion channels correlate with the specific hydration structure of single ions. However, fundamental understanding of the effect of ion-ion interaction remains elusive. Here, via non-contact atomic force microscopy measurements, we demonstrate that hydrated alkali metal cations (Na+ and K+) at charged surfaces could come into close contact with each other through partial dehydration and water rearrangement processes, forming one-dimensional chain structures. We prove that the interplay at the nanoscale between the water-ion and water-water interaction can lead to an effective ion-ion attraction overcoming the ionic Coulomb repulsion. The tendency for different ions to become closely packed follows the sequence K+ > Na+ > Li+, which is attributed to their different dehydration energies and charge densities. This work highlights the key role of water molecules in prompting close packing and concerted movement of ions at charged surfaces, which may provide new insights into the mechanism of ion transport under atomic confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tian
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yizhi Song
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijie Xia
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiani Hong
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yupeng Huang
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Runze Ma
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Sifan You
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Guan
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Duanyun Cao
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengze Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Frontiers Science Centre for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Chen
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Light-Element Quantum Materials and Research Center for Light-Element Advanced Materials, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Song
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaihui Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Frontiers Science Centre for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Light-Element Quantum Materials and Research Center for Light-Element Advanced Materials, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Mei Xu
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Light-Element Quantum Materials and Research Center for Light-Element Advanced Materials, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi Qin Gao
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - En-Ge Wang
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Light-Element Quantum Materials and Research Center for Light-Element Advanced Materials, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Institute of Physics, CAS and School of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying Jiang
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Light-Element Quantum Materials and Research Center for Light-Element Advanced Materials, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Bolat R, Guevara JM, Leinen P, Knol M, Arefi HH, Maiworm M, Findeisen R, Temirov R, Hofmann OT, Maurer RJ, Tautz FS, Wagner C. Electrostatic potentials of atomic nanostructures at metal surfaces quantified by scanning quantum dot microscopy. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2259. [PMID: 38480707 PMCID: PMC10937982 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46423-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The discrete and charge-separated nature of matter - electrons and nuclei - results in local electrostatic fields that are ubiquitous in nanoscale structures and relevant in catalysis, nanoelectronics and quantum nanoscience. Surface-averaging techniques provide only limited experimental access to these potentials, which are determined by the shape, material, and environment of the nanostructure. Here, we image the potential over adatoms, chains, and clusters of Ag and Au atoms assembled on Ag(111) and quantify their surface dipole moments. By focusing on the total charge density, these data establish a benchmark for theory. Our density functional theory calculations show a very good agreement with experiment and allow a deeper analysis of the dipole formation mechanisms, their dependence on fundamental atomic properties and on the shape of the nanostructures. We formulate an intuitive picture of the basic mechanisms behind dipole formation, allowing better design choices for future nanoscale systems such as single-atom catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rustem Bolat
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Experimentalphysik IV A, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Straße, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jose M Guevara
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Philipp Leinen
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Marvin Knol
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Experimentalphysik IV A, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Straße, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hadi H Arefi
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael Maiworm
- Control and Cyber-Physical Systems Laboratory, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64277, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Rolf Findeisen
- Control and Cyber-Physical Systems Laboratory, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64277, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ruslan Temirov
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, 50937, Köln, Germany
| | - Oliver T Hofmann
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Reinhard J Maurer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, UK
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, UK
| | - F Stefan Tautz
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Experimentalphysik IV A, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Straße, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Wagner
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
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22
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Pitters J, Croshaw J, Achal R, Livadaru L, Ng S, Lupoiu R, Chutora T, Huff T, Walus K, Wolkow RA. Atomically Precise Manufacturing of Silicon Electronics. ACS NANO 2024; 18:6766-6816. [PMID: 38376086 PMCID: PMC10919096 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Atomically precise manufacturing (APM) is a key technique that involves the direct control of atoms in order to manufacture products or components of products. It has been developed most successfully using scanning probe methods and has received particular attention for developing atom scale electronics with a focus on silicon-based systems. This review captures the development of silicon atom-based electronics and is divided into several sections that will cover characterization and atom manipulation of silicon surfaces with scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy, development of silicon dangling bonds as atomic quantum dots, creation of atom scale devices, and the wiring and packaging of those circuits. The review will also cover the advance of silicon dangling bond logic design and the progress of silicon quantum atomic designer (SiQAD) simulators. Finally, an outlook of APM and silicon atom electronics will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Pitters
- Nanotechnology
Research Centre, National Research Council
of Canada, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Jeremiah Croshaw
- Department
of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Roshan Achal
- Department
of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
- Quantum
Silicon Inc., Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Lucian Livadaru
- Department
of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
- Quantum
Silicon Inc., Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Samuel Ng
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Robert Lupoiu
- School
of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Taras Chutora
- Department
of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Taleana Huff
- Canadian
Bank Note Company, Ottawa, Ontario K1Z 1A1, Canada
| | - Konrad Walus
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Robert A. Wolkow
- Department
of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
- Quantum
Silicon Inc., Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
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23
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Roos AK, Scarano E, Arvidsson EK, Holmgren E, Haviland DB. Design, fabrication, and characterization of kinetic-inductive force sensors for scanning probe applications. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 15:242-255. [PMID: 38379930 PMCID: PMC10877079 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.15.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
We describe a transducer for low-temperature atomic force microscopy based on electromechanical coupling due to a strain-dependent kinetic inductance of a superconducting nanowire. The force sensor is a bending triangular plate (cantilever) whose deflection is measured via a shift in the resonant frequency of a high-Q superconducting microwave resonator at 4.5 GHz. We present design simulations including mechanical finite-element modeling of surface strain and electromagnetic simulations of meandering nanowires with large kinetic inductance. We discuss a lumped-element model of the force sensor and describe the role of an additional shunt inductance for tuning the coupling to the transmission line used to measure the microwave resonance. A detailed description of our fabrication is presented, including information about the process parameters used for each layer. We also discuss the fabrication of sharp tips on the cantilever using focused electron beam-induced deposition of platinum. Finally, we present measurements that characterize the spread of mechanical resonant frequency, the temperature dependence of the microwave resonance, and the sensor's operation as an electromechanical transducer of force.
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Affiliation(s)
- August K Roos
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Hannes Alfvéns väg 12, SE-114 19 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ermes Scarano
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Hannes Alfvéns väg 12, SE-114 19 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisabet K Arvidsson
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Hannes Alfvéns väg 12, SE-114 19 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Holmgren
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Hannes Alfvéns väg 12, SE-114 19 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David B Haviland
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Hannes Alfvéns väg 12, SE-114 19 Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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Wang X, Zahl P, Wang H, Altman EI, Schwarz UD. How Precisely Can Individual Molecules Be Analyzed? A Case Study on Locally Quantifying Forces and Energies Using Scanning Probe Microscopy. ACS NANO 2024; 18:4495-4506. [PMID: 38265359 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Recent advances in scanning probe microscopy methodology have enabled the measurement of tip-sample interactions with picometer accuracy in all three spatial dimensions, thereby providing a detailed site-specific and distance-dependent picture of the related properties. This paper explores the degree of detail and accuracy that can be achieved in locally quantifying probe-molecule interaction forces and energies for adsorbed molecules. Toward this end, cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc), a promising CO2 reduction catalyst, was studied on Ag(111) as a model system using low-temperature, ultrahigh vacuum noncontact atomic force microscopy. Data were recorded as a function of distance from the surface, from which detailed three-dimensional maps of the molecule's interaction with the tip for normal and lateral forces as well as the tip-molecule interaction potential were constructed. The data were collected with a CO molecule at the tip apex, which enabled a detailed visualization of the atomic structure. Determination of the tip-substrate interaction as a function of distance allowed isolation of the molecule-tip interactions; when analyzing these in terms of a Lennard-Jones-type potential, the atomically resolved equilibrium interaction energies between the CO tethered to the tip and the CoPc molecule could be recovered. Interaction energies peaked at less than 160 meV, indicating a physisorption interaction. As expected, the interaction was weakest at the aromatic hydrogens around the periphery of the molecule and strongest surrounding the metal center. The interaction, however, did not peak directly above the Co atom but rather in pockets surrounding it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhe Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Percy Zahl
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Lab, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Hailiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Eric I Altman
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Udo D Schwarz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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25
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Franceschi G, Brandstetter S, Balajka J, Sokolović I, Pavelec J, Setvín M, Schmid M, Diebold U. Interaction of surface cations of cleaved mica with water in vapor and liquid forms. Faraday Discuss 2024; 249:84-97. [PMID: 37791454 PMCID: PMC10845011 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00093a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Natural minerals contain ions that become hydrated when they come into contact with water in vapor and liquid forms. Muscovite mica - a common phyllosilicate with perfect cleavage planes - is an ideal system to investigate the details of ion hydration. The cleaved mica surface is decorated by an array of K+ ions that can be easily exchanged with other ions or protons when immersed in an aqueous solution. Despite the vast interest in the atomic-scale hydration processes of these K+ ions, experimental data under controlled conditions have remained elusive. Here, atomically resolved non-contact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) is combined with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to investigate the cation hydration upon dosing water vapor at 100 K in ultra-high vacuum (UHV). The cleaved surface is further exposed to ultra-clean liquid water at room temperature, which promotes ion mobility and partial ion-to-proton substitution. The results offer the first direct experimental views of the interaction of water with muscovite mica under UHV. The findings are in line with previous theoretical predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Franceschi
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10/E134, 1040 Wien, Austria.
| | - Sebastian Brandstetter
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10/E134, 1040 Wien, Austria.
| | - Jan Balajka
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10/E134, 1040 Wien, Austria.
| | - Igor Sokolović
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10/E134, 1040 Wien, Austria.
| | - Jiří Pavelec
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10/E134, 1040 Wien, Austria.
| | - Martin Setvín
- Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Charles University in Prague, V Holesovickach 2, 180 00 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Schmid
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10/E134, 1040 Wien, Austria.
| | - Ulrike Diebold
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10/E134, 1040 Wien, Austria.
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26
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Brill L, Brandhoff J, Gruenewald M, Calcinelli F, Hofmann OT, Forker R, Fritz T. Partial restoration of aromaticity of pentacene-5,7,12,14-tetrone on Cu(111). NANOSCALE 2024; 16:2654-2661. [PMID: 38230573 PMCID: PMC10832359 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04848a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The π-conjugation of organic molecules can be strongly influenced when functional groups are added to a molecule, for example when pentacene is converted into pentacene-5,7,12,14-tetrone (P4O) by substitution of four H-atoms with four O-atoms, leading to four CO double bonds. In fact, although free P4O resembles the parent hydrocarbon pentacene structurally at a first glance, its electronic properties differ drastically and can be more accurately described by three benzene units connected via four carbonyl groups. If P4O is deposited onto Cu(111), the electronic interaction across the interface has previously been reported to fully restore the π-conjugation through a weakening of the CO double bonds and a redistribution of electrons, both of which have been explained with the model of surface-induced aromatic stabilization. Here, we observe for the case of P4O on Cu(111) that the molecule does not exhibit full π-conjugation upon interaction with the surface, likely because of the special electronic nature of the hybridized P4O on Cu(111). Our results are derived from CO-functionalized noncontact atomic force microscopy measurements in combination with dispersion-corrected density functional theory calculations yielding bond lengths and molecular geometries. To characterize the aromaticity, we apply the harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Brill
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Solid State Physics, Helmholtzweg 5, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Jonas Brandhoff
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Solid State Physics, Helmholtzweg 5, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Marco Gruenewald
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Solid State Physics, Helmholtzweg 5, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Fabio Calcinelli
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 16/II, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Oliver T Hofmann
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 16/II, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Roman Forker
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Solid State Physics, Helmholtzweg 5, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Torsten Fritz
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Solid State Physics, Helmholtzweg 5, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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27
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Franceschi G, Conti A, Lezuo L, Abart R, Mittendorfer F, Schmid M, Diebold U. How Water Binds to Microcline Feldspar (001). J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:15-22. [PMID: 38156776 PMCID: PMC10788961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Microcline feldspar (KAlSi3O8) is a common mineral with important roles in Earth's ecological balance. It participates in carbon, potassium, and water cycles, contributing to CO2 sequestration, soil formation, and atmospheric ice nucleation. To understand the fundamentals of these processes, it is essential to establish microcline's surface atomic structure and its interaction with the omnipresent water molecules. This work presents atomic-scale results on microcline's lowest-energy surface and its interaction with water, combining ultrahigh vacuum investigations by noncontact atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy with density functional theory calculations. An ordered array of hydroxyls bonded to silicon or aluminum readily forms on the cleaved surface at room temperature. The distinct proton affinities of these hydroxyls influence the arrangement and orientation of the first water molecules binding to the surface, holding potential implications for the subsequent condensation of water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Conti
- Institute
of Applied Physics, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Luca Lezuo
- Institute
of Applied Physics, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer Abart
- Department
of Lithospheric Research, Universität
Wien, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Michael Schmid
- Institute
of Applied Physics, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Diebold
- Institute
of Applied Physics, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria
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28
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Brown T, Blowey PJ, Sweetman A. Precise determination of molecular adsorption geometries by room temperature non-contact atomic force microscopy. Commun Chem 2024; 7:8. [PMID: 38184736 PMCID: PMC10771516 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01093-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
High resolution force measurements of molecules on surfaces, in non-contact atomic force microscopy, are often only performed at cryogenic temperatures, due to needing a highly stable system, and a passivated probe tip (typically via CO-functionalisation). Here we show a reliable protocol for acquiring three-dimensional force map data over both single organic molecules and assembled islands of molecules, at room temperature. Isolated cobalt phthalocyanine and islands of C60 are characterised with submolecular resolution, on a passivated silicon substrate (B:Si(111)-[Formula: see text]). Geometries of cobalt phthalocyanine are determined to a ~ 10 pm accuracy. For the C60, the protocol is sufficiently robust that areas spanning 10 nm × 10 nm are mapped, despite the difficulties of room temperature operation. These results provide a proof-of-concept for gathering high-resolution three-dimensional force maps of networks of complex, non-planar molecules on surfaces, in conditions more analogous to real-world application.
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Freeman M, Applestone R, Behn W, Brar V. Haptic sensation-based scanning probe microscopy: Exploring perceived forces for optimal intuition-driven control. Ultramicroscopy 2024; 255:113856. [PMID: 37783064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2023.113856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a cryogenic scanning probe microscope (SPM) that has been modified to be controlled with a haptic device, such that the operator can 'feel' the surface of a sample under investigation. This system allows for direct tactile sensation of the atoms in and on top of a crystal, and allows the operator to perceive, by using different SPM modalities, sensations that are representative of the relevant atomic forces and tunneling processes controlling the SPM. In particular, we operate the microscope in modes of (1) conventional STM feedback, (2) energy-dependent electron density imaging, (3) q-plus AFM frequency shift based force sensing, and (4) atomic manipulation/sliding. We also use software to modify the haptic feedback sensation to mimic different interatomic forces, including covalent bonding, Coulomb repulsion, Van der Waals repulsion and a full Lennard-Jones potential. This manner of SPM control creates new opportunities for human-based intuition scanning, and also acts as a novel educational tool to aid in understanding materials at an atomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Freeman
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - R Applestone
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - W Behn
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - V Brar
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
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30
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Zhang BQ, Ma FC, Xu JN, Ren DD, Zhou D, Pan T, Zhou L, Pu Q, Zeng ZC. Calibration of the oscillation amplitude of quartz tuning fork-based force sensors with astigmatic displacement microscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:015007. [PMID: 38284812 DOI: 10.1063/5.0183470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Quartz tuning forks and qPlus-based force sensors offer an alternative approach to silicon cantilevers for investigating tip-sample interactions in scanning probe microscopy. The high-quality factor (Q) and stiffness of these sensors prevent the tip from jumping to the contact, even at sub-nanometer amplitude. The qPlus configuration enables simultaneous scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy, achieving spatial resolution and spectroscopy at the subatomic level. However, to enable precise measurement of tip-sample interaction forces, confidence in these measurements is contingent upon the accurate calibration of the spring constant and oscillation amplitude of the sensor. Here, we have developed a method called astigmatic displacement microscopy with picometer sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Qin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei-Cen Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Nan Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Dou-Dou Ren
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Pan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaosheng Pu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Cong Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
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31
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Song P, Li X, Cui J, Chen K, Chu Y. Investigation on the Impact of Excitation Amplitude on AFM-TM Microcantilever Beam System's Dynamic Characteristics and Implementation of an Equivalent Circuit. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 24:107. [PMID: 38202969 PMCID: PMC10781406 DOI: 10.3390/s24010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Alterations in the dynamical properties of an atomic force microscope microcantilever beam system in tapping mode can appreciably impact its measurement precision. Understanding the influence mechanism of dynamic parameter changes on the system's motion characteristics is vital to improve the accuracy of the atomic force microscope in tapping mode (AFM-TM). In this study, we categorize the mathematical model of the AFM-TM microcantilever beam system into systems 1 and 2 based on actual working conditions. Then, we analyze the alterations in the dynamic properties of both systems due to external excitation variations using bifurcation diagrams, phase trajectories, Lyapunov indices, and attraction domains. The numerical simulation results show that when the dimensionless external excitation g < 0.183, the motion state of system 2 is period 1. When g < 0.9, the motion state of system 1 is period 1 motion. Finally, we develop the equivalent circuit model of the AFM-TM microcantilever beam and perform related software simulations, along with practical circuit experiments. Our experimental results indicate that the constructed equivalent circuit can effectively analyze the dynamic characteristics of the AFM-TM microcantilever beam system in the presence of complex external environmental factors. It is observed that the practical circuit simulation attenuates high-frequency signals, resulting in a 31.4% reduction in excitation amplitude compared to numerical simulation results. This provides an essential theoretical foundation for selecting external excitation parameters for AFM-TM cantilever beams and offers a novel method for analyzing the dynamics of micro- and nanomechanical systems, as well as other nonlinear systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijie Song
- School of Electrical Engineering. Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
- Gansu Institute of Metrology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Gansu Institute of Metrology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Jianjun Cui
- Geometric Sciences Institute, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100013, China; (J.C.)
| | - Kai Chen
- Geometric Sciences Institute, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100013, China; (J.C.)
| | - Yandong Chu
- School of Electrical Engineering. Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
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32
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Cao N, Björk J, Corral-Rascon E, Chen Z, Ruben M, Senge MO, Barth JV, Riss A. The role of aromaticity in the cyclization and polymerization of alkyne-substituted porphyrins on Au(111). Nat Chem 2023; 15:1765-1772. [PMID: 37723257 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Aromaticity is an established and widely used concept for the prediction of the reactivity of organic molecules. However, its role remains largely unexplored in on-surface chemistry, where the interaction with the substrate can alter the electronic and geometric structure of the adsorbates. Here we investigate how aromaticity affects the reactivity of alkyne-substituted porphyrin molecules in cyclization and coupling reactions on a Au(111) surface. We examine and quantify the regioselectivity in the reactions by scanning tunnelling microscopy and bond-resolved atomic force microscopy at the single-molecule level. Our experiments show a substantially lower reactivity of carbon atoms that are stabilized by the aromatic diaza[18]annulene pathway of free-base porphyrins. The results are corroborated by density functional theory calculations, which show a direct correlation between aromaticity and thermodynamic stability of the reaction products. These insights are helpful to understand, and in turn design, reactions with aromatic species in on-surface chemistry and heterogeneous catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Cao
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Jonas Björk
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - Zhi Chen
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Mario Ruben
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Centre Européen de Science Quantique, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (UMR 7006), CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Mathias O Senge
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), Focus Group-Molecular and Interfacial Engineering of Organic Nanosystems, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes V Barth
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.
| | - Alexander Riss
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.
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33
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Zimron-Politi N, Tung RC. Contact resonance atomic force microscopy using long elastic tips. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 35:075503. [PMID: 37949047 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad0bd2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a new theoretical model for contact resonance atomic force microscopy, which incorporates the elastic dynamics of a long sensing tip is presented. The model is based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and includes coupling effects from the two-beam structure, also known as an 'L-shaped' beam in the literature. Here, high-accuracy prediction of the sample stiffness, using several vibration modes with a relative error smaller than 10% for practical working ranges, is demonstrated. A discussion on the model's capability to predict the dynamic phenomena of eigenmode veering and crossing, as the force applied to the sample increases, is presented. The L-shaped beam model presented here is also applicable for structural applications such as: micro-electro-mechanical systems, energy harvesting, and unmanned aerial vehicle landing gear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav Zimron-Politi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557-0312, United States of America
| | - Ryan C Tung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557-0312, United States of America
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34
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Ishida N, Mano T. Quantitative characterization of built-in potential profile across GaAs p-n junctions using Kelvin probe force microscopy with qPlus sensor AFM. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 35:065708. [PMID: 37944481 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad0b5e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The electrostatic potential distribution in materials and devices plays an important role in controlling the behaviors of charge carriers. Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) is a powerful technique for measuring the surface potential at a high spatial resolution. However, the measured surface potential often deviates from the potential deep in the bulk owing to certain factors. Here, we performed KPFM measurements across the p-n junction, in which such factors were eliminated as much as possible by selecting the sample, force sensor, and measurement mode. The measured surface potential distribution agrees well with the line shape of the simulated bulk potential. Our results demonstrate that KPFM is capable of quantitatively characterizing potential distributions whose changes occur on the order of 10 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Ishida
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Takaaki Mano
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
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35
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Auer A, Eder B, Giessibl FJ. Electrochemical AFM/STM with a qPlus sensor: A versatile tool to study solid-liquid interfaces. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:174201. [PMID: 37909458 DOI: 10.1063/5.0168329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) that can be simultaneously performed with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) using metallic tips attached to self-sensing quartz cantilevers (qPlus sensors) has advanced the field of surface science by allowing for unprecedented spatial resolution under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. Performing simultaneous AFM and STM with atomic resolution in an electrochemical cell offers new possibilities to locally image both the vertical layering of the interfacial water and the lateral structure of the electrochemical interfaces. Here, a combined AFM/STM instrument realized with a qPlus sensor and a home-built potentiostat for electrochemical applications is presented. We demonstrate its potential by simultaneously imaging graphite with atomic resolution in acidic electrolytes. Additionally, we show its capability to precisely measure the interfacial solvent layering along the surface normal as a function of the applied potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Auer
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Eder
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Franz J Giessibl
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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36
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Schelchshorn M, Stilp F, Weiss M, Giessibl FJ. On the origin and elimination of cross coupling between tunneling current and excitation in scanning probe experiments that utilize the qPlus sensor. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:113704. [PMID: 38010157 DOI: 10.1063/5.0151615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The qPlus sensor allows for the simultaneous operation of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). When operating a combined qPlus sensor STM/AFM at large tunneling currents, a hitherto unexplained tunneling current-induced cross coupling can occur, which has already been observed decades ago. Here, we study this phenomenon both theoretically and experimentally; its origin is voltage drops on the order of μV that lead to an excitation or a damping of the oscillation, depending on the sign of the current. Ideally, the voltage drops would be phase-shifted by π/2 with respect to a proper phase angle for driving and would, thus, not be a problem. However, intrinsic RC components in the current wiring lead to a phase shift that does enable drive or damping. Our theoretical model fully describes the experimental findings, and we also propose a way to prevent current-induced excitation or damping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schelchshorn
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Stilp
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marco Weiss
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Franz J Giessibl
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
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37
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Okabayashi N, Frederiksen T, Liebig A, Giessibl FJ. Dynamic Friction Unraveled by Observing an Unexpected Intermediate State in Controlled Molecular Manipulation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:148001. [PMID: 37862665 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.148001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
The pervasive phenomenon of friction has been studied at the nanoscale via a controlled manipulation of single atoms and molecules with a metallic tip, which enabled a precise determination of the static friction force necessary to initiate motion. However, little is known about the atomic dynamics during manipulation. Here, we reveal the complete manipulation process of a CO molecule on a Cu(110) surface at low temperatures using a combination of noncontact atomic force microscopy and density functional theory simulations. We found that an intermediate state, inaccessible for the far-tip position, is enabled in the reaction pathway for the close-tip position, which is crucial to understanding the manipulation process, including dynamic friction. Our results show how friction forces can be controlled and optimized, facilitating new fundamental insights for tribology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Okabayashi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Thomas Frederiksen
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48013, Spain
| | - Alexander Liebig
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg D-93053, Germany
| | - Franz J Giessibl
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg D-93053, Germany
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38
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Yin R, Wang Z, Tan S, Ma C, Wang B. On-Surface Synthesis of Graphene Nanoribbons with Atomically Precise Structural Heterogeneities and On-Site Characterizations. ACS NANO 2023; 17:17610-17623. [PMID: 37666005 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are strips of graphene, with widths of a few nanometers, that are promising candidates for future applications in nanodevices and quantum information processing due to their highly tunable structure-dependent electronic, spintronic, topological, and optical properties. Implantation of periodic structural heterogeneities, such as heteroatoms, nanopores, and non-hexagonal rings, has become a powerful manner for tailoring the designer properties of GNRs. The bottom-up synthesis approach, by combining on-surface chemical reactions based on rationally designed molecular precursors and in situ tip-based microscopic and spectroscopic techniques, promotes the construction of atomically precise GNRs with periodic structural modulations. However, there are still obstacles and challenges lying on the way toward the understanding of the intrinsic structure-property relations, such as the strong screening and Fermi level pinning effect of the normally used transition metal substrates and the lack of collective tip-based techniques that can cover multi-internal degrees of freedom of the GNRs. In this Perspective, we briefly review the recent progress in the on-surface synthesis of GNRs with diverse structural heterogeneities and highlight the structure-property relations as characterized by the noncontact atomic force microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy. We furthermore motivate to deliver the need for developing strategies to achieve quasi-freestanding GNRs and for exploiting multifunctional tip-based techniques to collectively probe the intrinsic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoting Yin
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhengya Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shijing Tan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Chuanxu Ma
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
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39
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Winkler R, Ciria M, Ahmad M, Plank H, Marcuello C. A Review of the Current State of Magnetic Force Microscopy to Unravel the Magnetic Properties of Nanomaterials Applied in Biological Systems and Future Directions for Quantum Technologies. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2585. [PMID: 37764614 PMCID: PMC10536909 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Magnetism plays a pivotal role in many biological systems. However, the intensity of the magnetic forces exerted between magnetic bodies is usually low, which demands the development of ultra-sensitivity tools for proper sensing. In this framework, magnetic force microscopy (MFM) offers excellent lateral resolution and the possibility of conducting single-molecule studies like other single-probe microscopy (SPM) techniques. This comprehensive review attempts to describe the paramount importance of magnetic forces for biological applications by highlighting MFM's main advantages but also intrinsic limitations. While the working principles are described in depth, the article also focuses on novel micro- and nanofabrication procedures for MFM tips, which enhance the magnetic response signal of tested biomaterials compared to commercial nanoprobes. This work also depicts some relevant examples where MFM can quantitatively assess the magnetic performance of nanomaterials involved in biological systems, including magnetotactic bacteria, cryptochrome flavoproteins, and magnetic nanoparticles that can interact with animal tissues. Additionally, the most promising perspectives in this field are highlighted to make the reader aware of upcoming challenges when aiming toward quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Winkler
- Christian Doppler Laboratory—DEFINE, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria; (R.W.); (H.P.)
| | - Miguel Ciria
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Margaret Ahmad
- Photobiology Research Group, IBPS, UMR8256 CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Harald Plank
- Christian Doppler Laboratory—DEFINE, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria; (R.W.); (H.P.)
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Electron Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Carlos Marcuello
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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40
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Seeholzer T, Tarau D, Hollendonner L, Auer A, Rachel R, Grohmann D, Giessibl FJ, Weymouth AJ. A Next-Generation qPlus-Sensor-Based AFM Setup: Resolving Archaeal S-Layer Protein Structures in Air and Liquid. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:6949-6957. [PMID: 37527455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c02875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Surface-layer (S-layer) proteins form the outermost envelope in many bacteria and most archaea and arrange in two-dimensional quasicrystalline structures via self-assembly. We investigated S-layer proteins extracted from the archaeon Pyrobaculum aerophilium with a qPlus sensor-based atomic force microscope (AFM) in both liquid and ambient conditions and compared it to transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images under vacuum conditions. For AFM scanning, a next-generation liquid cell and a new protocol for creating long and sharp sapphire tips was introduced. Initial AFM images showed only layers of residual detergent molecules (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS), which are used to isolate the S-layer proteins from the cells. SDS was not visible in the TEM images, requiring more thorough sample preparation for AFM measurements. These improvements allowed us to resolve the crystallike structure of the S-layer samples with frequency-modulation AFM in both air and liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Seeholzer
- Faculty of Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Daniela Tarau
- Institute of Microbiology and Archaea Centre, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Lea Hollendonner
- Faculty of Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Andrea Auer
- Faculty of Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Reinhard Rachel
- Institute of Microbiology and Archaea Centre, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Dina Grohmann
- Institute of Microbiology and Archaea Centre, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
- Regensburg Center for Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Franz J Giessibl
- Faculty of Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Alfred J Weymouth
- Faculty of Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
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41
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Scheidt J, Diener A, Maiworm M, Müller KR, Findeisen R, Driessens K, Tautz FS, Wagner C. Concept for the Real-Time Monitoring of Molecular Configurations during Manipulation with a Scanning Probe Microscope. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:13817-13836. [PMID: 37492192 PMCID: PMC10364088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c02072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
A bold vision in nanofabrication is the assembly of functional molecular structures using a scanning probe microscope (SPM). This approach requires continuous monitoring of the molecular configuration during manipulation. Until now, this has been impossible because the SPM tip cannot simultaneously act as an actuator and an imaging probe. Here, we implement configuration monitoring using experimental data other than images collected during the manipulation process. We model the manipulation as a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) and approximate the actual configuration in real time using a particle filter. To achieve this, the models underlying the POMDP are precomputed and organized in the form of a finite-state automaton, allowing the use of complex atomistic simulations. We exemplify the configuration monitoring process and reveal structural motifs behind measured force gradients. The proposed methodology marks an important step toward the piece-by-piece creation of supramolecular structures in a robotic and possibly automated manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Scheidt
- Peter
Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum
Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Jülich
Aachen Research Alliance (JARA)-Fundamentals of Future Information
Technology, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Data
Science and Knowledge Engineering, Maastricht
University, 6229 EN Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Diener
- Peter
Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum
Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Jülich
Aachen Research Alliance (JARA)-Fundamentals of Future Information
Technology, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Data
Science and Knowledge Engineering, Maastricht
University, 6229 EN Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Maiworm
- Laboratory
for Systems Theory and Automatic Control, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Robert Müller
- Max
Planck Institute for Informatics, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Machine Learning
Group, Technische Universität Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Artificial Intelligence, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, South Korea
| | - Rolf Findeisen
- Control
and Cyber-Physical Systems Laboratory, Technische
Universität Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Kurt Driessens
- Data
Science and Knowledge Engineering, Maastricht
University, 6229 EN Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - F. Stefan Tautz
- Peter
Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum
Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Jülich
Aachen Research Alliance (JARA)-Fundamentals of Future Information
Technology, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Department
of Artificial Intelligence, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, South Korea
| | - Christian Wagner
- Peter
Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum
Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Jülich
Aachen Research Alliance (JARA)-Fundamentals of Future Information
Technology, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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42
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Ruiz VG, Wagner C, Maaß F, Arefi HH, Stremlau S, Tegeder P, Tautz FS, Tkatchenko A. Accurate quantification of the stability of the perylene-tetracarboxylic dianhydride on Au(111) molecule-surface interface. Commun Chem 2023; 6:136. [PMID: 37400714 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00925-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying inorganic/organic hybrid systems is a stepping stone towards the design of increasingly complex interfaces. A predictive understanding requires robust experimental and theoretical tools to foster trust in the obtained results. The adsorption energy is particularly challenging in this respect, since experimental methods are scarce and the results have large uncertainties even for the most widely studied systems. Here we combine temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), single-molecule atomic force microscopy (AFM), and nonlocal density-functional theory (DFT) calculations, to accurately characterize the stability of a widely studied interface consisting of perylene-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) molecules on Au(111). This network of methods lets us firmly establish the adsorption energy of PTCDA/Au(111) via TPD (1.74 ± 0.10 eV) and single-molecule AFM (2.00 ± 0.25 eV) experiments which agree within error bars, exemplifying how implicit replicability in a research design can benefit the investigation of complex materials properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor G Ruiz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christian Wagner
- Peter Grünberg Institut, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA)-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Friedrich Maaß
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hadi H Arefi
- Peter Grünberg Institut, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA)-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Stephan Stremlau
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petra Tegeder
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - F Stefan Tautz
- Peter Grünberg Institut, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA)-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Experimentalphysik IV A, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Straße, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexandre Tkatchenko
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
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43
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Tang B, Song Y, Qin M, Tian Y, Wu ZW, Jiang Y, Cao D, Xu L. Machine learning-aided atomic structure identification of interfacial ionic hydrates from AFM images. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwac282. [PMID: 37266561 PMCID: PMC10232042 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwac282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Relevant to broad applied fields and natural processes, interfacial ionic hydrates have been widely studied by using ultrahigh-resolution atomic force microscopy (AFM). However, the complex relationship between the AFM signal and the investigated system makes it difficult to determine the atomic structure of such a complex system from AFM images alone. Using machine learning, we achieved precise identification of the atomic structures of interfacial water/ionic hydrates based on AFM images, including the position of each atom and the orientations of water molecules. Furthermore, it was found that structure prediction of ionic hydrates can be achieved cost-effectively by transfer learning using neural network trained with easily available interfacial water data. Thus, this work provides an efficient and economical methodology that not only opens up avenues to determine atomic structures of more complex systems from AFM images, but may also help to interpret other scientific studies involving sophisticated experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binze Tang
- International Center for Quantum Materials, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Yizhi Song
- International Center for Quantum Materials, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Mian Qin
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Ye Tian
- International Center for Quantum Materials, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Zhen Wei Wu
- Institute of Nonequilibrium Systems, School of Systems Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- International Center for Quantum Materials, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing100871, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Light-Element Quantum Materials and Research Center for Light-Element Advanced Materials, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Duanyun Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing100081, China
- Beijing Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing401120, China
| | - Limei Xu
- International Center for Quantum Materials, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing100871, China
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Light-Element Quantum Materials and Research Center for Light-Element Advanced Materials, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
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44
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Xiang BK, Wang SY, Wang YF, Zhu JJ, Xu HT, Wang YH. Flux focusing with a superconducting nanoneedle for scanning SQUID susceptometry. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:78. [PMID: 37313472 PMCID: PMC10258195 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00553-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A nanofabricated superconducting quantum interference device (nano-SQUID) is a direct and sensitive flux probe used for magnetic imaging of quantum materials and mesoscopic devices. Due to the functionalities of superconductive integrated circuits, nano-SQUIDs fabricated on chips are particularly versatile, but their spatial resolution has been limited by their planar geometries. Here, we use femtosecond laser 3-dimensional (3D) lithography to print a needle onto a nano-SQUID susceptometer to overcome the limits of the planar structure. The nanoneedle coated with a superconducting shell focused the flux from both the field coil and the sample. We performed scanning imaging with such a needle-on-SQUID (NoS) device on superconducting test patterns with topographic feedback. The NoS showed improved spatial resolution in both magnetometry and susceptometry relative to the planarized counterpart. This work serves as a proof-of-principle for integration and inductive coupling between superconducting 3D nanostructures and on-chip Josephson nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. K. Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - S. Y. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - Y. F. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - J. J. Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - H. T. Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - Y. H. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, 201315 Shanghai, China
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45
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Liang K, Bi L, Zhu Q, Zhou H, Li S. Ultrafast Dynamics Revealed with Time-Resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: A Review. ACS APPLIED OPTICAL MATERIALS 2023; 1:924-938. [PMID: 37260467 PMCID: PMC10227725 DOI: 10.1021/acsaom.2c00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A scanning tunneling microscope (STM) capable of performing pump-probe spectroscopy integrates unmatched atomic-scale resolution with high temporal resolution. In recent years, the union of electronic, terahertz, or visible/near-infrared pulses with STM has contributed to our understanding of the atomic-scale processes that happen between milliseconds and attoseconds. This time-resolved STM (TR-STM) technique is evolving into an unparalleled approach for exploring the ultrafast nuclear, electronic, or spin dynamics of molecules, low-dimensional structures, and material surfaces. Here, we review the recent advancements in TR-STM; survey its application in measuring the dynamics of three distinct systems, nucleus, electron, and spin; and report the studies on these transient processes in a series of materials. Besides the discussion on state-of-the-art techniques, we also highlight several emerging research topics about the ultrafast processes in nanoscale objects where we anticipate that the TR-STM can help broaden our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangkai Liang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0309, United States
- Materials
Science and Engineering Program, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0418, United States
| | - Liya Bi
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0309, United States
- Materials
Science and Engineering Program, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0418, United States
| | - Qingyi Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0309, United States
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0309, United States
- Materials
Science and Engineering Program, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0418, United States
| | - Shaowei Li
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0309, United States
- Materials
Science and Engineering Program, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0418, United States
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46
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Carracedo-Cosme J, Romero-Muñiz C, Pou P, Pérez R. Molecular Identification from AFM Images Using the IUPAC Nomenclature and Attribute Multimodal Recurrent Neural Networks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:22692-22704. [PMID: 37126486 PMCID: PMC10176476 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Spectroscopic methods─like nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, and UV/visible spectroscopies─applied to molecular ensembles have so far been the workhorse for molecular identification. Here, we propose a radically different chemical characterization approach, based on the ability of noncontact atomic force microscopy with metal tips functionalized with a CO molecule at the tip apex (referred as HR-AFM) to resolve the internal structure of individual molecules. Our work demonstrates that a stack of constant-height HR-AFM images carries enough chemical information for a complete identification (structure and composition) of quasiplanar organic molecules, and that this information can be retrieved using machine learning techniques that are able to disentangle the contribution of chemical composition, bond topology, and internal torsion of the molecule to the HR-AFM contrast. In particular, we exploit multimodal recurrent neural networks (M-RNN) that combine convolutional neural networks for image analysis and recurrent neural networks to deal with language processing, to formulate the molecular identification as an imaging captioning problem. The algorithm is trained using a data set─which contains almost 700,000 molecules and 165 million theoretical AFM images─to produce as final output the IUPAC name of the imaged molecule. Our extensive test with theoretical images and a few experimental ones shows the potential of deep learning algorithms in the automatic identification of molecular compounds by AFM. This achievement supports the development of on-surface synthesis and overcomes some limitations of spectroscopic methods in traditional solution-based synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Carracedo-Cosme
- Quasar Science Resources S.L., Camino de las Ceudas 2, E-28232 Las Rozas de Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Romero-Muñiz
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Sevilla, P.O. Box 1065, 41080 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Pablo Pou
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Pérez
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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47
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Néel N, Kröger J. Orbital and Skeletal Structure of a Single Molecule on a Metal Surface Unveiled by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:3946-3952. [PMID: 37078645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Atomic-scale spatial characteristics of a phthalocyanine orbital and skeleton are obtained on a metal surface with a scanning tunneling microscope and a CO-functionalized tip. Intriguingly, the high spatial resolution of the intramolecular electronic patterns is achieved without resonant tunneling into the orbital and despite the hybridization of the molecule with the reactive Cu substrate. The resolution can be fine-tuned by the tip-molecule distance, which controls the p-wave and s-wave contribution of the molecular probe to the imaging process. The detailed structure is deployed to minutely track the translation of the molecule in a reversible interconversion of rotational variants and to quantify relaxations of the adsorption geometry. Entering into the Pauli repulsion imaging mode, the intramolecular contrast loses its orbital character and reflects the molecular skeleton instead. The assignment of pyrrolic-hydrogen sites becomes possible, which in the orbital patterns remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Néel
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Jörg Kröger
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
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48
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Liu JC, Pawlak R, Wang X, Chen H, D’Astolfo P, Drechsel C, Zhou P, Häner R, Decurtins S, Aschauer U, Liu SX, Wulfhekel W, Meyer E. Proximity-Induced Superconductivity in Atomically Precise Nanographene on Ag/Nb(110). ACS MATERIALS LETTERS 2023; 5:1083-1090. [PMID: 37034384 PMCID: PMC10074385 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.2c00955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Obtaining a robust superconducting state in atomically precise nanographene (NG) structures by proximity to a superconductor could foster the discovery of topological superconductivity in graphene. On-surface synthesis of such NGs has been achieved on noble metals and metal oxides; however, it is still absent on superconductors. Here, we present a synthetic method to induce superconductivity of polymeric chains and NGs adsorbed on the superconducting Nb(110) substrate covered by thin Ag films. Using atomic force microscopy at low temperature, we characterize the chemical structure of each subproduct formed on the superconducting Ag layer. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy further allows us to elucidate the electronic properties of these nanostructures, which consistently show a superconducting gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ching Liu
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xing Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Hongyan Chen
- Physikalisches
Institut, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Philipp D’Astolfo
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carl Drechsel
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Robert Häner
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Decurtins
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Aschauer
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Shi-Xia Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Wulf Wulfhekel
- Physikalisches
Institut, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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49
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Allen A, Abdur Rashid M, Rahe P, Jarvis SP, O'Shea JN, Dunn JL, Moriarty P. Self-assembly and tiling of a prochiral hydrogen-bonded network: bi-isonicotinic acid on coinage metal surfaces. Mol Phys 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2023.2192824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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50
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Abstract
Belonging to the enyne family, enetriynes comprise a distinct electron-rich all-carbon bonding scheme. However, the lack of convenient synthesis protocols limits the associated application potential within, e.g., biochemistry and materials science. Herein we introduce a pathway for highly selective enetriyne formation via tetramerization of terminal alkynes on a Ag(100) surface. Taking advantage of a directing hydroxyl group, we steer molecular assembly and reaction processes on square lattices. Induced by O2 exposure the terminal alkyne moieties deprotonate and organometallic bis-acetylide dimer arrays evolve. Upon subsequent thermal annealing tetrameric enetriyne-bridged compounds are generated in high yield, readily self-assembling into regular networks. We combine high-resolution scanning probe microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations to examine the structural features, bonding characteristics and the underlying reaction mechanism. Our study introduces an integrated strategy for the precise fabrication of functional enetriyne species, thus providing access to a distinct class of highly conjugated π-system compounds.
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