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Muungani G, van Zyl WE. A CaCuSi 4O 10/GCE electrochemical sensor for detection of norfloxacin in pharmaceutical formulations. RSC Adv 2023; 13:12799-12808. [PMID: 37114019 PMCID: PMC10126821 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01702h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study reports on a calcium copper tetrasilicate (CaCuSi4O10)/glassy carbon electrode (GCE) electrochemical sensor developed for rapid sensing and quantification of an antibacterial drug, norfloxacin, using both cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. The sensor was fabricated by modifying a glassy carbon electrode with the CaCuSi4O10. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was performed and the Nyquist plot showed that the CaCuSi4O10/GCE had a lower charge transfer resistance of 22.1 Ω cm2 compared to the GCE with a charge transfer resistance of 43.5 Ω cm2. Differential pulse voltammetry showed that the optimum pH for the electrochemical detection of norfloxacin in potassium phosphate buffer solution (PBS) electrolyte was pH 4.5 and an irreversible oxidative peak was found at 1.067 V. Two linear ranges were established at 0.01 to 0.55 μM and 0.55 μM to 82.1 μM, and the limit of detection was ca. 0.0046 μM. We further demonstrated that the electrochemical oxidation was controlled by both diffusion and adsorption processes. The sensor was investigated in the presence of interferents and was found to be selective toward norfloxacin. The pharmaceutical drug analysis was done to establish method reliability and a significantly low standard deviation of 2.3% was achieved. The results suggest that the sensor can be applied in the detection of norfloxacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregarious Muungani
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus Durban 4000 South Africa +27 31 260 3199
| | - Werner E van Zyl
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus Durban 4000 South Africa +27 31 260 3199
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2
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Dual drug delivery system based on biodegradable modified poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-NiO nanocomposite and sequential release of drugs. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-04029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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3
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Millanao AR, Mora AY, Villagra NA, Bucarey SA, Hidalgo AA. Biological Effects of Quinolones: A Family of Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Agents. Molecules 2021; 26:7153. [PMID: 34885734 PMCID: PMC8658791 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Broad antibacterial spectrum, high oral bioavailability and excellent tissue penetration combined with safety and few, yet rare, unwanted effects, have made the quinolones class of antimicrobials one of the most used in inpatients and outpatients. Initially discovered during the search for improved chloroquine-derivative molecules with increased anti-malarial activity, today the quinolones, intended as antimicrobials, comprehend four generations that progressively have been extending antimicrobial spectrum and clinical use. The quinolone class of antimicrobials exerts its antimicrobial actions through inhibiting DNA gyrase and Topoisomerase IV that in turn inhibits synthesis of DNA and RNA. Good distribution through different tissues and organs to treat Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria have made quinolones a good choice to treat disease in both humans and animals. The extensive use of quinolones, in both human health and in the veterinary field, has induced a rise of resistance and menace with leaving the quinolones family ineffective to treat infections. This review revises the evolution of quinolones structures, biological activity, and the clinical importance of this evolving family. Next, updated information regarding the mechanism of antimicrobial activity is revised. The veterinary use of quinolones in animal productions is also considered for its environmental role in spreading resistance. Finally, considerations for the use of quinolones in human and veterinary medicine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R. Millanao
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Farmacia, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile;
| | - Aracely Y. Mora
- Programa de Doctorado en Bioquímica, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile;
| | - Nicolás A. Villagra
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370071, Chile;
| | - Sergio A. Bucarey
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile;
| | - Alejandro A. Hidalgo
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370071, Chile
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Hayes K, O'Halloran F, Cotter L. A review of antibiotic resistance in Group B Streptococcus: the story so far. Crit Rev Microbiol 2020; 46:253-269. [PMID: 32363979 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1758626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is the leading cause of neonatal disease worldwide, and invasive disease in adults is becoming more prevalent. Currently, some countries adopt an intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis regime to help prevent the transmission of GBS from mother to neonate during delivery. This precaution has reduced the incidence of GBS-associated early-onset disease; however, rates of late-onset disease and stillbirths associated with GBS infections remain unchanged. GBS is still recognized as being universally susceptible to beta-lactam antibiotics; however, there have been reports of reduced susceptibility to beta-lactams, including penicillin, in some countries. Resistance to second-line antibiotics, such as erythromycin and clindamycin, remains high amongst GBS, with several countries noting increased resistance rates in recent years. Moreover, resistance to other antibiotic classes, such as fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides, also continues to rise. In instances where patients are allergic to penicillin and second-line antibiotics are ineffective, vancomycin is administered. While vancomycin, a last resort antibiotic, still remains largely effective, there have been two documented cases of vancomycin resistance in GBS. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in GBS and outlines the specific resistance mechanisms identified in GBS isolates to date.
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Allaka TR, Anireddy JS. Novel 7-substituted Fluoroquinolone Citrate Conjugates as Powerful Antibacterial and Anticancer Agents: Synthesis and Molecular Docking Studies. CURR ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1877946809666191007125408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the synthesis and evaluation of norfloxacin analogues of dimethyl citrate conjugates were described and their antibacterial and anticancer activities were assessed. The cognate 7-substituted norfloxacin citrate conjugates are active against various strains of bacteria, including MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) with higher activity than ciprofloxacin. Screening results indicated that compound 10 possessed good antibacterial activity against several microorganisms, with MIC values in the range of 0.16-0.35 mg/mL and MBCs in the range of 0.55-0.84 mg/mL. Experiments indicated that 9 demonstrated the most significant activity towards the HCT-15 cell line with IC50 value 8.2 ± 0.139 and against the HT-29 cell line with IC50 8.9 ± 0.122. The title compounds were also evaluated for determining the molecular and pharmacokinetic properties and drug-likeness model scores by using the Molinspiration-2008 and MolSoft-2007 softwares. The region isomeric conjugates followed the Lipinski’s rule of five can be considered as potential antibacterial and anticancer bioavailable oral leads. Compounds 9 and 10 possessed maximum drug-likeness scores. The docking pose interactions of target compounds with the active site of enzyme PDB: 2ZCS of Staphylococcus aureus were estimated by using Autodock 4.2, to calculate the affinity, binding orientation of the ligand with the target protein and to explore the finest conformations. The target compounds, 7, 8, 9, 10, with protein, were loaded separately into Auto dock tools (ADT) and evaluated. The citrate conjugates, 8, 9, showed better docking scores with amino acids Lys17, Ser21, Val268, Lys273 and Arg171, Arg265, Val268, Val273 with the binding energy -5.70, -5.57 kcal/mol and dissociation constant 66.62, 82.13 µM respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejeswara R. Allaka
- Centre for Chemical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Science & Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, Telangana 500 085, India
| | - Jaya S. Anireddy
- Centre for Chemical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Science & Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, Telangana 500 085, India
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Abdel‐Aal MAA, Abdel‐Aziz SA, Shaykoon MSA, Abuo‐Rahma GEA. Towards anticancer fluoroquinolones: A review article. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2019; 352:e1800376. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201800376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. A. Abdel‐Aal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of PharmacyMinia UniversityMinia Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of PharmacyAl‐Azhar UniversityAssiut Egypt
| | - Salah A. Abdel‐Aziz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of PharmacyAl‐Azhar UniversityAssiut Egypt
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Wan Z, Rajashekara G, Fuchs J, Carcache de Blanco E, Pascall MA. Incorporation of Selected Antimicrobial Small Molecule Compounds into Tapioca Starch and the Effects on Thickness, Moisture, and Oxygen Mass Transfer, and Mechanical Properties of the Films. STARCH-STARKE 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201700060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zilu Wan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio USA
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- OARDC Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio USA
| | - James Fuchs
- Department of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio USA
| | | | - Melvin A. Pascall
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio USA
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Kumar S, Kumar G, Tripathi AK, Seena S, Koh J. Enhanced fluorescence norfloxacin substituted naphthalimide derivatives: Molecular docking and antibacterial activity. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Abstract
DNA topoisomerases are proven therapeutic targets of antibacterial agents. Quinolones, especially fluoroquinolones, are the most successful topoisomerase-targeting antibacterial drugs. These drugs target type IIA topoisomerases in bacteria. Recent structural and biochemical studies on fluoroquinolones have provided the molecular basis for both their mechanism of action, as well as the molecular basis of bacterial resistance. Due to the development of drug resistance, including fluoroquinolone resistance, among bacterial pathogens, there is an urgent need to discover novel antibacterial agents. Recent advances in topoisomerase inhibitors may lead to the development of novel antibacterial drugs that are effective against fluoroquinolone-resistant pathogens. They include type IIA topoisomerase inhibitors that either interact with the GyrB/ParE subunit or form nick-containing ternary complexes. In addition, several topoisomerase I inhibitors have recently been identified. Thus, DNA topoisomerases remain important targets of antibacterial agents.
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10
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Li T, Guo J, Zhang H. Design and examination of potent pseudosubstrate-based oligonucleotide inhibitors against bacterial topoisomerase IV. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4817-4822. [PMID: 29017783 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Topoisomerase IV is an enzyme that is mainly responsible for unwinding interlocked DNA strands at the final stage of prokaryotic DNA replication. Due to its exclusivity in prokaryotes, topoisomerase IV has been identified as a validated target for quinolone-based antibiotics in the past years for treating bacterial infection. In consideration that bacterial resistance to such antibiotics has occurred constantly, several newly designed pseudosubstrate oligonucleotides as DNA topoisomerase IV inhibitors have been examined during our recent investigations. Among them, the nick-, gap- and mismatched base pair-containing oligonucleotides displayed significantly high inhibitory effects toward topoisomerase IV. It is our anticipation that the outcomes of our current studies could be beneficial for the future development of pseudosubstrate-based enzyme inhibitors as well as new types of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Li
- Lexington High School, 251 Waltham Street, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Juanjuan Guo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Hao Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
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Na SH, Jeon H, Kim YJ, Kwon HI, Selasi GN, Nicholas A, Yun CS, Lee SH, Lee JC. Antimicrobial activity of novel 4H-4-oxoquinolizine compounds against extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2016; 49:107-111. [PMID: 27908580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to screen lead compounds exhibiting potent in vitro antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii strains from a library of chemical compounds. In a high-throughput screening analysis of 7520 compounds representative of 340,000 small molecules, two 4H-4-oxoquinolizine compounds were the most active against A. baumannii ATCC 17978. Subsequent selection and analysis of 70 4H-4-oxoquinolizine compounds revealed that the top 7 compounds were extremely active against extensively drug-resistant (XDR) A. baumannii isolates. These compounds commonly carried a 1-cyclopropyl-7-fluoro-4-oxo-4H-quinolizine-3-carboxylic acid core structure but had different C-8 and/or C-9 moieties. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the seven compounds against fluoroquinolone-resistant A. baumannii isolates were found to be in the range of 0.02-1.70 µg/mL regardless of the mutation types in the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of GyrA and ParC. Cytotoxicity of the seven compounds was observed in HeLa and U937 cells at a concentration of 50 µg/mL, which was >32.5- to 119-fold higher than the MIC90 for A. baumannii isolates. In conclusion, novel 4H-4-oxoquinolizine compounds represent a promising scaffold on which to develop antimicrobial agents against drug-resistant A. baumannii strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Hyeon Na
- Department of Microbiology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, South Korea
| | - Hyejin Jeon
- Department of Microbiology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, South Korea
| | - Yoo Jeong Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, South Korea
| | - Hyo Il Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, South Korea
| | - Gati Noble Selasi
- Department of Microbiology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, South Korea
| | - Asiimwe Nicholas
- Department of Microbiology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, South Korea
| | - Chang-Soo Yun
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, South Korea
| | - Sang Ho Lee
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, South Korea
| | - Je Chul Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, South Korea.
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Oppegard LM, Schwanz HA, Towle TR, Kerns RJ, Hiasa H. Fluoroquinolones stimulate the DNA cleavage activity of topoisomerase IV by promoting the binding of Mg(2+) to the second metal binding site. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1860:569-75. [PMID: 26723176 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluoroquinolones target bacterial type IIA topoisomerases, DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV (Topo IV). Fluoroquinolones trap a topoisomerase-DNA covalent complex as a topoisomerase-fluoroquinolone-DNA ternary complex and ternary complex formation is critical for their cytotoxicity. A divalent metal ion is required for type IIA topoisomerase-catalyzed strand breakage and religation reactions. Recent studies have suggested that type IIA topoisomerases use two metal ions, one structural and one catalytic, to carry out the strand breakage reaction. METHODS We conducted a series of DNA cleavage assays to examine the effects of fluoroquinolones and quinazolinediones on Mg(2+)-, Mn(2+)-, or Ca(2+)-supported DNA cleavage activity of Escherichia coli Topo IV. RESULTS In the absence of any drug, 20-30 mM Mg(2+) was required for the maximum levels of the DNA cleavage activity of Topo IV, whereas approximately 1mM of either Mn(2+) or Ca(2+) was sufficient to support the maximum levels of the DNA cleavage activity of Topo IV. Fluoroquinolones promoted the Topo IV-catalyzed strand breakage reaction at low Mg(2+) concentrations where Topo IV alone could not efficiently cleave DNA. CONCLUSIONS AND GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE At low Mg(2+) concentrations, fluoroquinolones may stimulate the Topo IV-catalyzed strand breakage reaction by promoting Mg(2+) binding to metal binding site B through the structural distortion in DNA. As Mg(2+) concentration increases, fluoroquinolones may inhibit the religation reaction by either stabilizing Mg(2+) at site B or inhibition the binding of Mg(2+) to site A. This study provides a molecular basis of how fluoroquinolones stimulate the Topo IV-catalyzed strand breakage reaction by modulating Mg(2+) binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Oppegard
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 6-120 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Heidi A Schwanz
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa, 115 S Grand Ave., S321 Pharmacy Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Tyrell R Towle
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa, 115 S Grand Ave., S321 Pharmacy Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Robert J Kerns
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa, 115 S Grand Ave., S321 Pharmacy Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Hiroshi Hiasa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 6-120 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Ye Z, Wang L, Wen J. A simple and sensitive method for determination of Norfloxacin in pharmaceutical preparations. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502015000200020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
<p>In this approach, a new voltammetric method for determination of norfloxacin was proposed with high sensitivity and wider detection linear range. The used voltammetric sensor was fabricated simply by coating a layer of graphene oxide (GO) and Nafion composited film on glassy carbon electrode. The advantage of proposed method was sensitive electrochemical response for norfloxacin, which was attributed to the excellent electrical conductivity of GO and the accumulating function of Nafion under optimum experimental conditions, the present method revealed a good linear response for determination of norfloxacin in the range of 1×10<sup>-8</sup>mol/L-7×10<sup>-6</sup> mol/L with a detection limit of 5×10<sup>-9</sup> mol/L. The proposed method was successfully applied in the determination of norfloxacin in capsules with satisfactory results.</p>
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14
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Debnath A, Mogha NK, Masram DT. Metal complex of the first-generation quinolone antimicrobial drug nalidixic acid: structure and its biological evaluation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 175:2659-67. [PMID: 25547815 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1450-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel binuclear squire planar complex of nalidixic acid with Ag(I) metal ion with the formula [Ag(Nal)2] has been synthesized. The synthesized metal complex was characterized using CHN analysis, Fourier-transformed infra-red (FT-IR), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), ultra violet-visible (Uv-vis) and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD). The newly synthesized complex shows more advanced antifungal activity compared to the parent quinolone against four fungi, namely Pythium aphanidermatum, Sclerotinia rolfsii, Rhizoctonia solani and Rhizoctonia bataticola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Debnath
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
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15
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Debnath A, Hussain F, Masram DT. Synthesis, Characterization, and Antifungal Studies of Cr(III) Complex of Norfloxacin and Bipiridyl Ligand. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2014; 2014:457478. [PMID: 25276111 PMCID: PMC4168151 DOI: 10.1155/2014/457478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel slightly distorted octahedral complex of Cr(III) of norfloxacin (Nor) with the formula [Cr(III)(Nor)(Bipy)Cl2]Cl·2CH3OH has been synthesized hydrothermally in the presence of a N-containing heterocyclic compound 2,2'-bipyridyl (Bipy). The complex was characterized with FT-IR, elemental analysis, UV-visible spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. Spectral studies suggest that the Nor acts as a deprotonated bidentate ligand. Thermal studies were also carried out. The synthesised complex was screened against four fungi Pythium aphanidermatum (PA), Sclerotinia rolfsii (SR), Rhizoctonia solani (RS), and Rhizoctonia bataticola (RB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Debnath
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Firasat Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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Zaffiri L, Gardner J, Toledo-Pereyra LH. History of antibiotics: from fluoroquinolones to daptomycin (Part 2). J INVEST SURG 2014; 26:167-79. [PMID: 23869821 DOI: 10.3109/08941939.2013.808461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In the Modern Era, physicians attested to the reciprocal influence among a technologically advanced society, rapid scientific progresses in medicine, and the need for new antimicrobials. The results of these changes were not only seen in the prolongation of life expectancy but also by the emergence of new pathogens. We first observed the advent of Gram-negative bacteria as a major source of nosocomial infections. The treatment of these microorganisms was complicated by the appearance and spread of drug resistance. We first focused on the development of two major classes of antimicrobials still currently used for the treatment of Gram-negative bacteria, such as fluoroquinolones and carbapenemes. Subsequently, we directed our attention to the growth of the incidence of infections due to Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Although the first MRSA was already isolated in 1961, the treatment of this new pathogen has been based on the efficacy of vancomycin for more than four decades. Only in the last 15 yr, we assisted in the development of new antimicrobial agents such as linezolid and daptomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Zaffiri
- Western Michigan University School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
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Cheng G, Hao H, Dai M, Liu Z, Yuan Z. Antibacterial action of quinolones: From target to network. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 66:555-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Arafa NMS, Abdel-Rahman M, El-khadragy MF, Kassab RB. Evaluation of the Possible Epileptogenic Activity of Ciprofloxacin: The Role of Nigella sativa on Amino Acids Neurotransmitters. Neurochem Res 2012; 38:174-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0905-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Sanyal G, Doig P. Bacterial DNA replication enzymes as targets for antibacterial drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 7:327-39. [PMID: 22458504 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2012.660478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The bacterial replisome is composed of a large number of enzymes, which work in exquisite coordination to accomplish chromosomal replication. Effective inhibition inside the bacterial cell of any of the 'essential' enzymes of the DNA replication pathway should be detrimental to cell survival. AREAS COVERED This review covers DNA replication enzymes that have been shown to have a potential for delivering antibacterial compounds or drug candidates including: type II topoisomerases, a clinically validated target family, and DNA ligase, which has yielded inhibitors with in vivo efficacy. A few of the 'replisome' enzymes that are structurally and functionally well characterized and have been subjects of antibacterial discovery efforts are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Identification of several essential genes in the bacterial replication pathway raised hopes that targeting these gene products would lead to novel antibacterials. However, none of these novel, single gene targets have delivered antibacterial drug candidates into clinical trials. This lack of productivity may be due to the target properties and inhibitor identification approaches employed. For DNA primase, DNA helicase and other replisome targets, with the exception of DNA ligase, the exploitation of structure for lead generation has not been tested to the same extent that it has for DNA gyrase. Utilization of structural information should be considered to augment HTS efforts and initiate fragment-based lead generation. The complex protein-protein interactions involved in regulation of replication may explain why biochemical approaches have been less productive for some replisome targets than more independently functioning targets such as DNA ligase or DNA gyrase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Sanyal
- Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Dr, Waltham, MA 02451, USA.
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Azéma J, Guidetti B, Korolyov A, Kiss R, Roques C, Constant P, Daffé M, Malet-Martino M. Synthesis of lipophilic dimeric C-7/C-7-linked ciprofloxacin and C-6/C-6-linked levofloxacin derivatives. Versatile in vitro biological evaluations of monomeric and dimeric fluoroquinolone derivatives as potential antitumor, antibacterial or antimycobacterial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:6025-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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21
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Hardin AH, Sarkar SK, Seol Y, Liou GF, Osheroff N, Neuman KC. Direct measurement of DNA bending by type IIA topoisomerases: implications for non-equilibrium topology simplification. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:5729-43. [PMID: 21421557 PMCID: PMC3141238 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Type IIA topoisomerases modify DNA topology by passing one segment of duplex DNA (transfer or T-segment) through a transient double-strand break in a second segment of DNA (gate or G-segment) in an ATP-dependent reaction. Type IIA topoisomerases decatenate, unknot and relax supercoiled DNA to levels below equilibrium, resulting in global topology simplification. The mechanism underlying this non-equilibrium topology simplification remains speculative. The bend angle model postulates that non-equilibrium topology simplification scales with the bend angle imposed on the G-segment DNA by the binding of a type IIA topoisomerase. To test this bend angle model, we used atomic force microscopy and single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer to measure the extent of bending imposed on DNA by three type IIA topoisomerases that span the range of topology simplification activity. We found that Escherichia coli topoisomerase IV, yeast topoisomerase II and human topoisomerase IIα each bend DNA to a similar degree. These data suggest that DNA bending is not the sole determinant of non-equilibrium topology simplification. Rather, they suggest a fundamental and conserved role for DNA bending in the enzymatic cycle of type IIA topoisomerases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley H Hardin
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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22
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Pitts SL, Liou GF, Mitchenall LA, Burgin AB, Maxwell A, Neuman KC, Osheroff N. Use of divalent metal ions in the DNA cleavage reaction of topoisomerase IV. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:4808-17. [PMID: 21300644 PMCID: PMC3113566 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been known that type II topoisomerases require divalent metal ions in order to cleave DNA. Kinetic, mutagenesis and structural studies indicate that the eukaryotic enzymes utilize a novel variant of the canonical two-metal-ion mechanism to promote DNA scission. However, the role of metal ions in the cleavage reaction mediated by bacterial type II enzymes has been controversial. Therefore, to resolve this critical issue, this study characterized the DNA cleavage reaction of Escherichia coli topoisomerase IV. We utilized a series of divalent metal ions with varying thiophilicities in conjunction with oligonucleotides that replaced bridging and non-bridging oxygen atoms at (and near) the scissile bond with sulfur atoms. DNA scission was enhanced when thiophilic metal ions were used with substrates that contained bridging sulfur atoms. In addition, the metal-ion dependence of DNA cleavage was sigmoidal in nature, and rates and levels of DNA cleavage increased when metal ion mixtures were used in reactions. Based on these findings, we propose that topoisomerase IV cleaves DNA using a two-metal-ion mechanism in which one of the metal ions makes a critical interaction with the 3′-bridging atom of the scissile phosphate and facilitates DNA scission by the bacterial type II enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Pitts
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA
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23
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Abstract
Antibiotic drug-target interactions, and their respective direct effects, are generally well characterized. By contrast, the bacterial responses to antibiotic drug treatments that contribute to cell death are not as well understood and have proven to be complex as they involve many genetic and biochemical pathways. In this Review, we discuss the multilayered effects of drug-target interactions, including the essential cellular processes that are inhibited by bactericidal antibiotics and the associated cellular response mechanisms that contribute to killing. We also discuss new insights into these mechanisms that have been revealed through the study of biological networks, and describe how these insights, together with related developments in synthetic biology, could be exploited to create new antibacterial therapies.
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Morales-Cid G, Fekete A, Simonet BM, Lehmann R, Cárdenas S, Zhang X, Valcárcel M, Schmitt-Kopplin P. In Situ Synthesis of Magnetic Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Composites for the Clean-up of (Fluoro)Quinolones from Human Plasma Prior to Ultrahigh Pressure Liquid Chromatography Analysis. Anal Chem 2010; 82:2743-52. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902631h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Morales-Cid
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Department of BioGeoChemistry and Analytics, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstraβe 1, D-85758 Neuherberg, Germany, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus de Rabanales, University of Cordoba, E-14071 Cordoba, Spain, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry (Central Laboratory), Department of Internal Medicine 4, University Hospital of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen,
| | - Agnes Fekete
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Department of BioGeoChemistry and Analytics, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstraβe 1, D-85758 Neuherberg, Germany, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus de Rabanales, University of Cordoba, E-14071 Cordoba, Spain, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry (Central Laboratory), Department of Internal Medicine 4, University Hospital of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen,
| | - Bartolomé M. Simonet
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Department of BioGeoChemistry and Analytics, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstraβe 1, D-85758 Neuherberg, Germany, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus de Rabanales, University of Cordoba, E-14071 Cordoba, Spain, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry (Central Laboratory), Department of Internal Medicine 4, University Hospital of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen,
| | - Rainer Lehmann
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Department of BioGeoChemistry and Analytics, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstraβe 1, D-85758 Neuherberg, Germany, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus de Rabanales, University of Cordoba, E-14071 Cordoba, Spain, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry (Central Laboratory), Department of Internal Medicine 4, University Hospital of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen,
| | - Soledad Cárdenas
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Department of BioGeoChemistry and Analytics, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstraβe 1, D-85758 Neuherberg, Germany, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus de Rabanales, University of Cordoba, E-14071 Cordoba, Spain, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry (Central Laboratory), Department of Internal Medicine 4, University Hospital of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen,
| | - Xianmin Zhang
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Department of BioGeoChemistry and Analytics, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstraβe 1, D-85758 Neuherberg, Germany, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus de Rabanales, University of Cordoba, E-14071 Cordoba, Spain, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry (Central Laboratory), Department of Internal Medicine 4, University Hospital of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen,
| | - Miguel Valcárcel
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Department of BioGeoChemistry and Analytics, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstraβe 1, D-85758 Neuherberg, Germany, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus de Rabanales, University of Cordoba, E-14071 Cordoba, Spain, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry (Central Laboratory), Department of Internal Medicine 4, University Hospital of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen,
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Department of BioGeoChemistry and Analytics, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstraβe 1, D-85758 Neuherberg, Germany, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus de Rabanales, University of Cordoba, E-14071 Cordoba, Spain, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry (Central Laboratory), Department of Internal Medicine 4, University Hospital of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen,
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Musa KAK, Eriksson LA. Theoretical Assessment of Norfloxacin Redox and Photochemistry. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:10803-10. [DOI: 10.1021/jp904671s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klefah A. K. Musa
- Örebro Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden, and School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Leif A. Eriksson
- Örebro Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden, and School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Morales-Cid G, Cárdenas S, Simonet BM, Valcárcel M. Fully Automatic Sample Treatment by Integration of Microextraction by Packed Sorbents into Commercial Capillary Electrophoresis−Mass Spectrometry Equipment: Application to the Determination of Fluoroquinolones in Urine. Anal Chem 2009; 81:3188-93. [DOI: 10.1021/ac900234j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Morales-Cid
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus de Rabanales, University of Cordoba, E-14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Soledad Cárdenas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus de Rabanales, University of Cordoba, E-14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Bartolomé M. Simonet
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus de Rabanales, University of Cordoba, E-14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Miguel Valcárcel
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus de Rabanales, University of Cordoba, E-14071 Cordoba, Spain
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Drlica K, Hiasa H, Kerns R, Malik M, Mustaev A, Zhao X. Quinolones: action and resistance updated. Curr Top Med Chem 2009; 9:981-98. [PMID: 19747119 PMCID: PMC3182077 DOI: 10.2174/156802609789630947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The quinolones trap DNA gyrase and DNA topoisomerase IV on DNA as complexes in which the DNA is broken but constrained by protein. Early studies suggested that drug binding occurs largely along helix-4 of the GyrA (gyrase) and ParC (topoisomerase IV) proteins. However, recent X-ray crystallography shows drug intercalating between the -1 and +1 nucleotides of cut DNA, with only one end of the drug extending to helix-4. These two models may reflect distinct structural steps in complex formation. A consequence of drug-enzyme-DNA complex formation is reversible inhibition of DNA replication; cell death arises from subsequent events in which bacterial chromosomes are fragmented through two poorly understood pathways. In one pathway, chromosome fragmentation stimulates excessive accumulation of highly toxic reactive oxygen species that are responsible for cell death. Quinolone resistance arises stepwise through selective amplification of mutants when drug concentrations are above the MIC and below the MPC, as observed with static agar plate assays, dynamic in vitro systems, and experimental infection of rabbits. The gap between MIC and MPC can be narrowed by compound design that should restrict the emergence of resistance. Resistance is likely to become increasingly important, since three types of plasmid-borne resistance have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Drlica
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, UMDNJ, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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Chirivino E, Giordano C, Faini S, Cellai L, Fragai M. Tuning sensitivity in paramagnetic NMR detection of ligand-DNA interactions. ChemMedChem 2008; 2:1153-6. [PMID: 17589886 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Chirivino
- Magnetic Resonance Center, University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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31
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Electrochemical Behavior of Norfloxacin and Its Determination at Poly(methyl red) Film Coated Glassy Carbon Electrode. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2008. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2008.29.5.988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Huang KJ, Liu X, Xie WZ, Yuan HX. Electrochemical behavior and voltammetric determination of norfloxacin at glassy carbon electrode modified with multi walled carbon nanotubes/Nafion. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2008; 64:269-74. [PMID: 18358704 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A simple and rapid electrochemical method is developed for the determination of trace-level norfloxacin, based on the excellent properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The MWCNTs/Nafion film-coated glassy carbon electrode (GCE) is constructed and the electrochemical behavior of norfloxacin at the electrode is investigated in detail. The results indicate that MWCNTs modified glassy carbon electrode exhibited efficiently electrocatalytic oxidation for norfloxacin (NFX) with relatively high sensitivity, stability and life time. Under conditions of cyclic voltammetry, the current for oxidation of selected analyte is enhanced significantly in comparison to the bare GCE. The electrocatalytic behavior is further exploited as a sensitive detection scheme for the analyte determinations by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). Under optimized condition in voltammetric method the concentration calibration range and detection limit (S/N=3) are 0.1-100 micromol/L and 5 x 10(-8)mol/L for NFX. The proposed method was successfully applied to NFX determination in tablets. The analytical performance of this sensor has been evaluated for detection of the analyte in urine as a real sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Jing Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, PR China.
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Drlica
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 225 Warren St., Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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Katsarou ME, Efthimiadou EK, Psomas G, Karaliota A, Vourloumis D. Novel Copper(II) Complex of N-Propyl-norfloxacin and 1,10-Phenanthroline with Enhanced Antileukemic and DNA Nuclease Activities. J Med Chem 2008; 51:470-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jm7013259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Katsarou
- Laboratory for Chemical Biology, Institute of Physical Chemistry, NCSR “Demokritos”, GR-153 10 Ag. Paraskevi Attikis, Greece, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, GR-15771 Athens, Greece, and Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni K. Efthimiadou
- Laboratory for Chemical Biology, Institute of Physical Chemistry, NCSR “Demokritos”, GR-153 10 Ag. Paraskevi Attikis, Greece, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, GR-15771 Athens, Greece, and Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Psomas
- Laboratory for Chemical Biology, Institute of Physical Chemistry, NCSR “Demokritos”, GR-153 10 Ag. Paraskevi Attikis, Greece, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, GR-15771 Athens, Greece, and Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexandra Karaliota
- Laboratory for Chemical Biology, Institute of Physical Chemistry, NCSR “Demokritos”, GR-153 10 Ag. Paraskevi Attikis, Greece, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, GR-15771 Athens, Greece, and Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dionisios Vourloumis
- Laboratory for Chemical Biology, Institute of Physical Chemistry, NCSR “Demokritos”, GR-153 10 Ag. Paraskevi Attikis, Greece, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, GR-15771 Athens, Greece, and Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Richter SN, Giaretta G, Comuzzi V, Leo E, Mitchenall LA, Fisher LM, Maxwell A, Palumbo M. Hot-spot consensus of fluoroquinolone-mediated DNA cleavage by Gram-negative and Gram-positive type II DNA topoisomerases. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:6075-85. [PMID: 17766248 PMCID: PMC2094056 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV are selective targets of fluoroquinolones. Topoisomerase IV versus gyrase and Gram-positive versus Gram-negative behavior was studied based on the different recognition of DNA sequences by topoisomerase-quinolone complexes. A careful statistical analysis of preferred bases was performed on a large number (>400) of cleavage sites. We found discrete preferred sequences that were similar when using different enzymes (i.e. gyrase and topoisomerase IV) from the same bacterial source, but in part diverse when employing enzymes from different origins (i.e. Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pneumoniae). Subsequent analysis on the wild-type and mutated consensus sequences showed that: (i) Gn/Cn-rich sequences at and around the cleavage site are hot spots for quinolone-mediated strand breaks, especially for E. coli topoisomerases: we elucidated positions required for quinolone and enzyme recognition; (ii) for S. pneumoniae enzymes only, A and T at positions -2 and +6 are discriminating cleavage determinants; (iii) symmetry of the target sequence is a key trait to promote cleavage and (iv) the consensus sequence adopts a heteronomous A/B conformation, which may trigger DNA processing by the enzyme-drug complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara N. Richter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy, Molecular Genetics Group, Molecular and Metabolic Signalling Centre, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE and Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Giulia Giaretta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy, Molecular Genetics Group, Molecular and Metabolic Signalling Centre, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE and Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Valentina Comuzzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy, Molecular Genetics Group, Molecular and Metabolic Signalling Centre, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE and Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Elisabetta Leo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy, Molecular Genetics Group, Molecular and Metabolic Signalling Centre, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE and Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Lesley A. Mitchenall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy, Molecular Genetics Group, Molecular and Metabolic Signalling Centre, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE and Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - L. Mark Fisher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy, Molecular Genetics Group, Molecular and Metabolic Signalling Centre, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE and Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Anthony Maxwell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy, Molecular Genetics Group, Molecular and Metabolic Signalling Centre, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE and Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Manlio Palumbo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy, Molecular Genetics Group, Molecular and Metabolic Signalling Centre, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE and Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. +39049 827 5699+39049 827 5366
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Koss MJ, Eder M, Blumenkranz MS, Klauss V, Ta CN, de Kaspar HM. Wirksamkeit neuer Fluorchinolone gegenüber der bakteriellen Normalflora der Bindehaut. Ophthalmologe 2007; 104:21-7. [PMID: 17160378 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-006-1453-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our aim was to determine the antibiotic susceptibility of the preoperative conjunctival bacterial flora against 25 commonly used antibiotics, especially the new fluoroquinolones levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, and moxifloxacin. PATIENTS AND METHODS The Kirby-Bauer disk-diffusion technique was used to test for the in vitro antibiotic susceptibility of conjunctival bacterial strains isolated from 160 patients (median=74 years, mean=71 years) undergoing cataract surgery at the Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, CA, USA. RESULTS Among the 256 bacteria isolated, 201 (79%) were coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), 26 Staphylococcus aureus, 15 Streptococcus group D and 14 gram-negative rods. A total of 100 of these 256 strains (39%) were classified as multiresitant (resistant to>or=five antibiotics). The resistance rate (RR) of commonly used antibiotics for all CNS was: gatifloxacin=moxifloxacin<gentamycin=tobramycin=levofloxacin=neomycin<ciprofloxacin=ofloxacin<erythromycin. The RR for S. aureus and the gram-negative rods was low and insignificant in comparison to the other antibiotics tested. None of the Streptococcus group D were resistant to gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, or moxifloxacin, however, they were highly resistant (RR over 30%) to the other antibiotics. Some 50% of the bacteria were resistant to erythromycin. CONCLUSION Newer generation fluoroquinolones provide excellent efficacy against coagulase-negative staphylococci and Streptococcus group D despite a high number of multiresitant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Koss
- Universitätsaugenklinik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany.
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Li SY, Chen YL, Wang C, Tzeng CC. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of certain pyrido[3,2-g]quinoline derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:7370-6. [PMID: 16887354 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2006] [Revised: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present report describes the synthesis and evaluation of tricyclic pyrido[3,2-g]quinoline derivatives in which an additional pyridine ring is linearly fused on the antibacterial quinoline-3-carboxylic acid. Among them, only diethyl 4,6-diamino-10-methylpyrido[3,2-g]quinoline-3,7-dicarboxylate (9a) and diethyl 4,6-bis-(3-dimethylaminopropylamino)-10-methylpyrido[3,2-g]quinoline-3,7-dicarboxylate (9d) were able to completely inhibit cell proliferation of MCF7 (Breast), NCI-H460 (Lung), and SF-268 (CNS) implying either amino or dimethylaminopropyl moiety at C-4 and C-6 positions is crucial for the antiproliferative activity of pyrido[3,2-g]quinoline derivatives. Compounds 9a-9d were further evaluated for their activity against the growth of MCF-7 and two prostate cancer cell lines, LNCaP and PC-3. Results indicated the antiproliferative activity decreased in an order 9d>9a>>9b and 9c. Compound 9d was the most cytotoxic with an IC50 value of 5.63 and 3.96 microM, respectively, against LNCaP and MCF-7. Flow cytometric analyses revealed that growth inhibition of LNCaP by 9d was due to cell cycle arrest in G1 phase, and followed by apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yu Li
- Faculty of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
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Torriero AAJ, Salinas E, Raba J, Silber JJ. Sensitive determination of ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin in biological fluids using an enzymatic rotating biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2006; 22:109-15. [PMID: 16426835 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2005.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2005] [Revised: 12/13/2005] [Accepted: 12/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The high sensitivity that can be attained using an enzymatic system and mediated by catechol has been verified by on-line interfacing of a rotating biosensor and continuous-flow/stopped-flow/continuous-flow processing. Horseradish peroxidase, HRP, [EC 1.11.1.7], immobilized on a rotating disk, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide catalyzed the oxidation of catechol, whose back electrochemical reduction was detected on glassy carbon electrode surface at -200mV. Thus, when ciprofloxacin (CF) or norfloxacin (NF) was added to the solution, these piperazine-containing compounds participate in Michael addition reactions with catechol to form the corresponding aminoquinone derivative, decreasing the peak current obtained in proportion with the increase of its concentration. CF was used as the model piperazine-containing compound for the study. The influence of indicator composition on the nature of the analytical response has been assessed through examining the electrochemical properties of three derivatives. Interference by electroactive species (ascorbate, urate, and tyrosine) and other physiological constituents (cysteine, glutathione) has also been assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel A J Torriero
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Chacabuco y Pedernera 5700, San Luis, Argentina.
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39
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Mueller-Planitz F, Herschlag D. Interdomain communication in DNA topoisomerase II. DNA binding and enzyme activation. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:23395-404. [PMID: 16782968 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m604119200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Topoisomerase II catalyzes the ATP-dependent transport of a DNA segment (T-DNA) through a transient double strand break in another DNA segment (G-DNA). A fundamental mechanistic question is how the individual steps in this process are coordinated. We probed communication between the DNA binding sites and the individual enzymatic activities, ATP hydrolysis, and DNA cleavage. We employed short DNA duplexes to control occupancy at the two binding sites of wild-type enzyme and a variant with a G-DNA site mutation. The DNA concentration dependence of ATP hydrolysis and a fluorescence anisotropy assay provided thermodynamic information about DNA binding. The results suggest that G-DNA binds with higher affinity than T-DNA. Enzyme with only G-DNA bound is competent to cleave DNA, indicating that T-DNA is dispensable for DNA cleavage. The ATPase activity of enzyme bound solely to G-DNA is partially stimulated. Full stimulation requires binding of T-DNA. Both DNA binding sites therefore signal to the ATPase domains. The results support and extend current mechanistic models for topoisomerase II-catalyzed DNA transport and provide a framework for future mechanistic dissection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Mueller-Planitz
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5307, USA
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40
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Macvanin M, Hughes D. Hyper-susceptibility of a fusidic acid-resistant mutant of Salmonella to different classes of antibiotics. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005; 247:215-20. [PMID: 15935566 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2005] [Revised: 04/12/2005] [Accepted: 05/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusidic acid resistance (Fus(R)) in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is caused by mutations in fusA, encoding elongation factor G (EF-G). Pleiotropic phenotypes are observed in Fus(R) mutants. Thus, the fusA1 allele (EF-G P413L) is associated with slow growth rate, reduced ppGpp and RpoS levels, reduced heme levels, and increased sensitivity to oxidative stress. The fusA1-15 allele, (EF-G P413L and T423I) derived from fusA1 in a selection for growth rate compensation, is partially compensated in each of these phenotypic defects but maintains its resistance to fusidic acid. We show here that the fusA1 allele is associated with sensitivity to ultraviolet light and increased susceptibility to the inhibitory action of several unrelated antibiotic classes (beta-lactam, fluoroquinolone, aminoglycoside, rifampicin, and chloramphenicol). The fusA1-15 allele, in contrast, is less susceptible to UV and to other antibiotics than fusA1. The hyper-susceptibility to multiple antibiotics associated with fusA1 and fusA1-15 is revealed in a novel growth competition assay at sub-MIC concentrations, but not in a standard MIC assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Macvanin
- Microbiology Programme, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 596, S-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
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41
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Komp Lindgren P, Marcusson LL, Sandvang D, Frimodt-Møller N, Hughes D. Biological cost of single and multiple norfloxacin resistance mutations in Escherichia coli implicated in urinary tract infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:2343-51. [PMID: 15917531 PMCID: PMC1140522 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.6.2343-2351.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2004] [Revised: 01/19/2005] [Accepted: 02/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to fluoroquinolones in urinary tract infection (UTIs) caused by Escherichia coli is associated with multiple mutations, typically those that alter DNA gyrase and DNA topoisomerase IV and those that regulate AcrAB-TolC-mediated efflux. We asked whether a fitness cost is associated with the accumulation of these multiple mutations. Mutants of the susceptible E. coli UTI isolate Nu14 were selected through three to five successive steps with norfloxacin. Each selection was performed with the MIC of the selected strain. After each selection the MIC was measured; and the regions of gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE, previously associated with resistance mutations, and all of marOR and acrR were sequenced. The first selection step yielded mutations in gyrA, gyrB, and marOR. Subsequent selection steps yielded mutations in gyrA, parE, and marOR but not in gyrB, parC, or acrR. Resistance-associated mutations were identified in almost all isolates after selection steps 1 and 2 but in less than 50% of isolates after subsequent selection steps. Selected strains were competed in vitro, in urine, and in a mouse UTI infection model against the starting strain, Nu14. First-step mutations were not associated with significant fitness costs. However, the accumulation of three or more resistance-associated mutations was usually associated with a large reduction in biological fitness, both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, in some lineages a partial restoration of fitness was associated with the accumulation of additional mutations in late selection steps. We suggest that the relative biological costs of multiple mutations may influence the evolution of E. coli strains that develop resistance to fluoroquinolones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Komp Lindgren
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Box 596, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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42
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Dao-Thi MH, Van Melderen L, De Genst E, Afif H, Buts L, Wyns L, Loris R. Molecular basis of gyrase poisoning by the addiction toxin CcdB. J Mol Biol 2005; 348:1091-102. [PMID: 15854646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2005] [Revised: 03/17/2005] [Accepted: 03/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Gyrase is an ubiquitous bacterial enzyme that is responsible for disentangling DNA during DNA replication and transcription. It is the target of the toxin CcdB, a paradigm for plasmid addiction systems and related bacterial toxin-antitoxin systems. The crystal structure of CcdB and the dimerization domain of the A subunit of gyrase (GyrA14) dictates an open conformation for the catalytic domain of gyrase when CcdB is bound. The action of CcdB is one of a wedge that stabilizes a dead-end covalent gyrase:DNA adduct. Although CcdB and GyrA14 form a globally symmetric complex where the two 2-fold axes of both dimers align, the complex is asymmetric in its details. At the centre of the interaction site, the Trp99 pair of CcdB stacks with the Arg462 pair of GyrA14, explaining why the Arg462Cys mutation in the A subunit of gyrase confers resistance to CcdB. Overexpression of GyrA14 protects Escherichia coli cells against CcdB, mimicking the action of the antidote CcdA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh-Hoa Dao-Thi
- Laboratorium voor Ultrastructuur, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Building E, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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43
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Rafii F, Park M, Novak JS. Alterations in DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV in resistant mutants of Clostridium perfringens found after in vitro treatment with fluoroquinolones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:488-92. [PMID: 15673722 PMCID: PMC547304 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.2.488-492.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To compare mutations in the DNA gyrase (gyrA and gyrB) and topoisomerase IV (parC and parE) genes of Clostridium perfringens, which are associated with in vitro exposure to fluoroquinolones, resistant mutants were selected from eight strains by serial passage in the presence of increasing concentrations of norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, or trovafloxacin. The nucleotide sequences of the entire gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE genes of 42 mutants were determined. DNA gyrase was the primary target for each fluoroquinolone, and topoisomerase IV was the secondary target. Most mutations appeared in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of gyrA (resulting in changes of Asp-87 to Tyr or Gly-81 to Cys) and parC (resulting in changes of Asp-93 or Asp-88 to Tyr or Ser-89 to Ile); only two mutations were found in gyrB, and only two mutations were found in parE. More mutants with multiple gyrA and parC mutations were produced with gatifloxacin than with the other fluoroquinolones tested. Allelic diversity was observed among the resistant mutants, for which the drug MICs increased 2- to 256-fold. Both the structures of the drugs and their concentrations influenced the selection of mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Rafii
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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Dupont P, Aubry A, Cambau E, Gutmann L. Contribution of the ATP binding site of ParE to susceptibility to novobiocin and quinolones in Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Bacteriol 2005; 187:1536-40. [PMID: 15687222 PMCID: PMC545609 DOI: 10.1128/jb.187.4.1536-1540.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Streptococcus pneumoniae, an H103Y substitution in the ATP binding site of the ParE subunit of topoisomerase IV was shown to confer quinolone resistance and hypersensitivity to novobiocin when associated with an S84F change in the A subunit of DNA gyrase. We reconstituted in vitro the wild-type topoisomerase IV and its ParE mutant. The ParE mutant enzyme showed a decreased activity for decatenation at subsaturating ATP levels and was more sensitive to inhibition by novobiocin but was as sensitive to quinolones. These results show that the ParE alteration H103Y alone is not responsible for quinolone resistance and agree with the assumption that it facilitates the open conformation of the ATP binding site that would lead to novobiocin hypersensitivity and to a higher requirement of ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Dupont
- INSERM E0004, Laboratoire de Recherche Moléculaire sur les Antibiotiques, 15, rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, Université Paris VI, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France
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45
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Uthman A, Heller-Vitouch C, Stary A, Bilina A, Kuchinka-Koch A, Söltz-Szöts J, Tschachler E. High-frequency of quinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Austria with a common pattern of triple mutations in GyrA and ParC genes. Sex Transm Dis 2005; 31:616-8. [PMID: 15389000 DOI: 10.1097/01.olq.0000140019.18390.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Quinolones have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity and are widely used for the treatment of uncomplicated Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections. A dramatic increase in the number of reported N. gonorrhoeae infections as well as quinolone-resistant isolates in Vienna prompted us to investigate the pattern of mutations in these isolates. GOALS The goal of this study was to investigate the pattern of mutations in GyrA and ParC genes in quinolone-resistant N. gonorrhoeae clinical isolates in Vienna from 1999 to 2002. STUDY The antibiotic susceptibility of N. gonorrhoeae clinical isolates and point mutations of the GyrA and ParC genes of 104 clinical isolates were analyzed. RESULTS Quinolone-resistant N. gonorrhoeae isolates increased from 3.9% (3 of 77) in 1999 to 59.4% (120 of 202) in 2002. As expected, none of the 46 N. gonorrhoeae quinolone-sensitive strains showed mutations at these positions of GyrA and ParC genes with the exception of 1 isolate, which had a single mutation at GyrA 91. Unlike what has been previously reported for other geographic areas, 96.6% (56 of 58) of the quinolone-resistant isolates harbored common triple mutations at Gyr 91, 95, and ParC 86. The majority of these isolates (76.8%) belong to the PPNG phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that the pattern of mutations in GyrA and ParC subunits of N. gonorrhoeae in Austria differs from that reported from other geographic areas. The differences may either be the result of the difference in bacterial subtypes or various antibiotic regimens used in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aumaid Uthman
- Ludwig Boltzmann-Institute for Investigation of Infectious Venerodermatological Diseases, Vienna, Austria
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46
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Leo E, Gould KA, Pan XS, Capranico G, Sanderson MR, Palumbo M, Fisher LM. Novel symmetric and asymmetric DNA scission determinants for Streptococcus pneumoniae topoisomerase IV and gyrase are clustered at the DNA breakage site. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:14252-63. [PMID: 15659402 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m500156200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Topoisomerase (topo) IV and gyrase are bacterial type IIA DNA topoisomerases essential for DNA replication and chromosome segregation that act via a transient double-stranded DNA break involving a covalent enzyme-DNA "cleavage complex." Despite their mechanistic importance, the DNA breakage determinants are not understood for any bacterial type II enzyme. We investigated DNA cleavage by Streptococcus pneumoniae topo IV and gyrase stabilized by gemifloxacin and other antipneumococcal fluoroquinolones. Topo IV and gyrase induce distinct but overlapping repertoires of double-strand DNA breakage sites that were essentially identical for seven different quinolones and were augmented (in intensity) by positive or negative supercoiling. Sequence analysis of 180 topo IV and 126 gyrase sites promoted by gemifloxacin on pneumococcal DNA revealed the respective consensus sequences: G(G/c)(A/t)A*GNNCt(T/a)N(C/a) and GN4G(G/c)(A/c)G*GNNCtTN(C/a) (preferred bases are underlined; disfavored bases are in small capitals; N indicates no preference; and asterisk indicates DNA scission between -1 and +1 positions). Both enzymes show strong preferences for bases clustered symmetrically around the DNA scission site, i.e. +1G/+4C, -4G/+8C, and particularly the novel -2A/+6T, but with no preference at +2/+3 within the staggered 4-bp overhang. Asymmetric elements include -3G and several unfavored bases. These cleavage preferences, the first for Gram-positive type IIA topoisomerases, differ markedly from those reported for Escherichia coli topo IV (consensus (A/G)*T/A) and gyrase, which are based on fewer sites. However, both pneumococcal enzymes cleaved an E. coli gyrase site suggesting overlap in gyrase determinants. We propose a model for the cleavage complex of topo IV/gyrase that accommodates the unique -2A/+6T and other preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Leo
- Molecular Genetics Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences-Biochemistry and Immunology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
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Oehlers L, Mazzitelli CL, Brodbelt JS, Rodriguez M, Kerwin S. Evaluation of complexes of DNA duplexes and novel benzoxazoles or benzimidazoles by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2004; 15:1593-1603. [PMID: 15519226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2004.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2004] [Revised: 07/19/2004] [Accepted: 07/22/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry is used to compare the metal ion binding and metal-mediated DNA binding of benzoxazole (1, 2, 3, 4) and benzimidazole (5) compounds and to elucidate the putative binding modes and stoichiometries. The observed metal versus non-metal-mediated DNA binding, as well as the specificity of DNA binding, is correlated with the biological activities of the analogs. The ESI-MS spectra for the antibacterial benzoxazole and benzimidazole analogs 4 and 5 demonstrated non-specific and non-metal-mediated binding to DNA, with the appearance of DNA complexes containing multiple ligands. The anticancer analog 2 demonstrates a clear preference for metal-mediated DNA interactions, with an apparent selectivity for Ni2+ -mediated binding over the more physiologically relevant Mg2+ or Zn2+ cations. Complexation between DNA and the biologically inactive analog 1 was not observed, either in the absence or presence of metal cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Oehlers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, USA
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48
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Blondeau JM. Fluoroquinolones: mechanism of action, classification, and development of resistance. Surv Ophthalmol 2004; 49 Suppl 2:S73-8. [PMID: 15028482 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2004.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The fluoroquinolones represent an evolving class of broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents used in the prevention and treatment of a variety of ocular infections; however, resistance to currently available agents in the class has been emerging among ocular pathogens. This article reviews the mechanism of action of existing and new fluoroquinolones and discusses the structure-activity relationship of the fluoroquinolones as it relates to the classification of these compounds. This article also highlights the mechanism of resistance among common ocular pathogens and discusses the potential need for newer fluoroquinolones in ophthalmology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Blondeau
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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49
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Abstract
Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-June Ming
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biomolecular Science, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620-5250, USA.
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50
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Shea ME, Hiasa H. The RuvAB Branch Migration Complex Can Displace Topoisomerase IV·Quinolone·DNA Ternary Complexes. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:48485-90. [PMID: 13679378 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m304217200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinolone antimicrobial drugs target both DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV (Topo IV) and convert these essential enzymes into cellular poisons. Topoisomerase poisoning results in the inhibition of DNA replication and the generation of double-strand breaks. Double-strand breaks are repaired by homologous recombination. Here, we have investigated the interaction between the RuvAB branch migration complex and the Topo IV.quinolone.DNA ternary complex. A strand-displacement assay is employed to assess the helicase activity of the RuvAB complex in vitro. RuvAB-catalyzed strand displacement requires both RuvA and RuvB proteins, and it is stimulated by a 3'-non-hybridized tail. Interestingly, Topo IV.quinolone.DNA ternary complexes do not inhibit the translocation of the RuvAB complex. In fact, Topo IV.quinolone.DNA ternary complexes are reversed and displaced from the DNA upon their collisions with the RuvAB complex. These results suggest that the RuvAB branch migration complex can actively remove quinolone-induced covalent topoisomerase.DNA complexes from DNA and complete the homologous recombination process in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly E Shea
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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