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Ferrara AL, Palestra F, Piscitelli F, Petraroli A, Suffritti C, Firinu D, López-Lera A, Caballero T, Bork K, Spadaro G, Marone G, Di Marzo V, Bova M, Loffredo S. Altered levels of phospholipases C, diacylglycerols, endocannabinoids, and N-acylethanolamines in patients with hereditary angioedema due to FXII mutation. Allergy 2024. [PMID: 38935036 DOI: 10.1111/all.16197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by local, self-limiting edema due to temporary increase in vascular permeability. HAE with normal C1 esterase inhibitor (C1INH) activity includes the form with mutations in the F12 gene encoding for coagulation factor XII (FXII-HAE) causing an overproduction of bradykinin (BK) leading to angioedema attack. BK binding to B2 receptors (BK2R) leads to an activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and subsequent generation of second messengers: diacylglycerols (DAGs) and possibly the endocannabinoids (eCBs), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and anandamide (AEA), and eCB-related N-acylethanolamines [palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and oleoylethanolamide (OEA)]. To date, there are no data on the role of these lipid mediators in FXII-HAE. METHODS Here, we analyzed plasma levels of PLC, DAGs, and eCBs in 40 patients with FXII-HAE and 40 sex- and age-matched healthy individuals. RESULTS Plasma PLC activity was increased in FXII-HAE patients compared to controls. Concentrations of DAG 18:1-20:4, a lipid second messenger produced by PLC, were higher in FXII-HAE compared to controls, and positively correlated with PLC activity and cleaved high molecular kininogen (cHK). Also the concentrations of the DAG metabolite, 2-AG were altered in FXII-HAE. AEA and OEA were decreased in FXII-HAE patients compared to controls; by contrast, PEA, was increased. The levels of all tested mediators did not differ between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Moreover, C1INH-HAE patients had elevated plasma levels of PLC, which correlated with cHK, but the levels of DAGs and eCBs were the same as controls. CONCLUSIONS BK overproduction and BKR2 activation are linked to alteration of PLCs and their metabolites in patients with FXII-HAE. Our results may pave way to investigations on the functions of these mediators in the pathophysiology of FXII-HAE, and provide new potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lise Ferrara
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research, University of Naples Federico II, WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Palestra
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research, University of Naples Federico II, WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Angelica Petraroli
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research, University of Naples Federico II, WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
- Italian Network for Hereditary and Acquired Angioedema, Napoli, Italy
| | - Chiara Suffritti
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Firinu
- Italian Network for Hereditary and Acquired Angioedema, Napoli, Italy
- Internal Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alberto López-Lera
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), CIBERER (U754), Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Caballero
- Allergy Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), CIBERER (U754), Madrid, Spain
| | - Konrad Bork
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Spadaro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research, University of Naples Federico II, WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
- Italian Network for Hereditary and Acquired Angioedema, Napoli, Italy
| | - Gianni Marone
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research, University of Naples Federico II, WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore", National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Quèbec, and Centre NUTRISS, Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Maria Bova
- Department of Internal Medicine, A.O.R.N. Antonio Cardarelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Loffredo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research, University of Naples Federico II, WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
- Italian Network for Hereditary and Acquired Angioedema, Napoli, Italy
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore", National Research Council, Naples, Italy
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Maghsoudi S, Shuaib R, Van Bastelaere B, Dakshinamurti S. Adenylyl cyclase isoforms 5 and 6 in the cardiovascular system: complex regulation and divergent roles. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1370506. [PMID: 38633617 PMCID: PMC11021717 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1370506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) are crucial effector enzymes that transduce divergent signals from upstream receptor pathways and are responsible for catalyzing the conversion of ATP to cAMP. The ten AC isoforms are categorized into four main groups; the class III or calcium-inhibited family of ACs comprises AC5 and AC6. These enzymes are very closely related in structure and have a paucity of selective activators or inhibitors, making it difficult to distinguish them experimentally. AC5 and AC6 are highly expressed in the heart and vasculature, as well as the spinal cord and brain; AC6 is also abundant in the lungs, kidney, and liver. However, while AC5 and AC6 have similar expression patterns with some redundant functions, they have distinct physiological roles due to differing regulation and cAMP signaling compartmentation. AC5 is critical in cardiac and vascular function; AC6 is a key effector of vasodilatory pathways in vascular myocytes and is enriched in fetal/neonatal tissues. Expression of both AC5 and AC6 decreases in heart failure; however, AC5 disruption is cardio-protective, while overexpression of AC6 rescues cardiac function in cardiac injury. This is a comprehensive review of the complex regulation of AC5 and AC6 in the cardiovascular system, highlighting overexpression and knockout studies as well as transgenic models illuminating each enzyme and focusing on post-translational modifications that regulate their cellular localization and biological functions. We also describe pharmacological challenges in the design of isoform-selective activators or inhibitors for AC5 and AC6, which may be relevant to developing new therapeutic approaches for several cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Maghsoudi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Rabia Shuaib
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ben Van Bastelaere
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Shyamala Dakshinamurti
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Couttas TA, Boost C, Pahlisch F, Sykorova EB, Leweke JE, Koethe D, Endepols H, Rohleder C, Leweke FM. Simultaneous Assessment of Serum Levels and Pharmacologic Effects of Cannabinoids on Endocannabinoids and N-Acylethanolamines by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023; 8:657-669. [PMID: 35580134 PMCID: PMC10442685 DOI: 10.1089/can.2021.0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The primary compounds of Cannabis sativa, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), inflict a direct influence on the endocannabinoid system-a complex lipid signaling network with a central role in neurotransmission and control of inhibitory and excitatory synapses. These phytocannabinoids often interact with endogenously produced endocannabinoids (eCBs), as well as their structurally related N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), to drive neurobiological, nociceptive, and inflammatory responses. Identifying and quantifying changes in these lipid neuromodulators can be challenging owing to their low abundance in complex matrices. Materials and Methods: This article describes a robust liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the extraction and quantification of the eCBs anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, along with their congener NAEs oleoylethanolamine and palmitoylethanolamine, and phytocannabinoids CBD, Δ9-THC, and 11-Nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, a major metabolite of Δ9-THC. Our method was applied to explore pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects from intraperitoneal injections of Δ9-THC and CBD on circulating levels of eCBs and NAEs in rodent serum. Results: Detection limits ranged from low nanomolar to picomolar in concentration for eCBs (0.012-0.24 pmol/mL), NAEs (0.059 pmol/mL), and phytocannabinoids (0.24-0.73 pmol/mL). Our method displayed good linearity for calibration curves of all analytes (R2>0.99) as well as acceptable accuracy and precision, with quality controls not deviating >15% from their nominal value. Our LC-MS/MS method reliably identified changes to these endogenous lipid mediators that followed a causal relationship, which was dependent on both the type of phytocannabinoid administered and its pharmaceutical preparation. Conclusion: We present a rapid and reliable method for the simultaneous quantification of phytocannabinoids, eCBs, and NAEs in serum using LC-MS/MS. The accuracy and sensitivity of our assay infer it can routinely monitor endogenous levels of these lipid neuromodulators in serum and their response to external stimuli, including cannabimimetic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. Couttas
- Brain and Mind Centre, Translational Research Collective, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Carola Boost
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Franziska Pahlisch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Eliska B. Sykorova
- Brain and Mind Centre, Translational Research Collective, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Judith E. Leweke
- Brain and Mind Centre, Translational Research Collective, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Koethe
- Brain and Mind Centre, Translational Research Collective, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Heike Endepols
- Department of Multimodal Imaging, Max-Planck-Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Juelich, Germany
| | - Cathrin Rohleder
- Brain and Mind Centre, Translational Research Collective, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen University, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Multimodal Imaging, Max-Planck-Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany
- Endosane Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - F. Markus Leweke
- Brain and Mind Centre, Translational Research Collective, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Gao P, Luo X, Yin B, Jiao Z, Piao J, Zhao A, Yang P. Effects of Coupled-/soluble-Copper, Generating from Copper-doped Titanium Dioxide Nanotubes on Cell Response. RECENT PATENTS ON NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 17:150-158. [PMID: 35034600 DOI: 10.2174/1872210516666220114120412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelialization in vitro is a very common method for surface modification of cardiovascular materials. However, mature endothelial cells are not suitable because of the difficulty in obtaining and immunogenicity. METHODS In this patent work, we determined the appropriate amount of copper by constructing a copper- loaded titanium dioxide nanotube array that can catalyze the release of nitric oxide, compared the effects of coupled-/soluble-copper on stem cells, and then induced stem cells to differentiate into endothelial cells. RESULTS The results showed that it had a strong promotion effect on the differentiation of stem cells into endothelial cells, which might be used for endothelialization in vitro. CONCLUSION SEM and EDS results prove that a high content of copper ions are indeed doped onto the surface of nanotubes with small amounts of Cu release. The release of NO confirms that the release of several samples within a period of time is within the physiological concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Gao
- Key Lab. for Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Material Sciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Luo
- Key Lab. for Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Material Sciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Benli Yin
- Key Lab. for Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Material Sciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Zhisha Jiao
- Nanyang Grain and Oil Quality Inspection Center, Nanyang, Henan, P.R. China
| | - JunJi Piao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Ansha Zhao
- Key Lab. for Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Material Sciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Ping Yang
- Key Lab. for Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Material Sciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
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De Laurentiis A, Correa F, Fernández-Solari J. Endocannabinoid system in the neuroendocrine response to LPS-induced immune challenge. J Endocr Soc 2022; 6:bvac120. [PMID: 36042978 PMCID: PMC9419496 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvac120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system plays a key role in the intersection of the nervous, endocrine, and immune system, regulating not only their functions but also how they interplay with each other. Endogenous ligands, named endocannabinoids, are produced “on demand” to finely regulate the synthesis and secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters, as well as to regulate the production of cytokines and other proinflammatory mediators.
It is well known that immune challenges, such as exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the main component of the Gram-negative bacteria cell wall, disrupts not only the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis but also affects other endocrine systems such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and the release of oxytocin from the neurohypophysis. Here we explore which actors and molecular mechanisms are involved in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea De Laurentiis
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Odontología, Cátedra de Fisiología, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UBA/CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Argentina
| | - Fernando Correa
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UBA/CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Argentina
| | - Javier Fernández-Solari
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Odontología, Cátedra de Fisiología, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Argentina
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6
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Wang M, Liu H, Ma Z. Roles of the Cannabinoid System in the Basal Ganglia in Parkinson’s Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:832854. [PMID: 35264932 PMCID: PMC8900732 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.832854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease usually caused by neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and other etiologies. Recent studies have found that the cannabinoid system present in the basal ganglia has a strong influence on the progression of PD. Altering the cannabinoid receptor activation status by modulating endogenous cannabinoid (eCB) levels can exert an anti-movement disorder effect. Therefore, the development of drugs that modulate the endocannabinoid system may be a novel strategy for the treatment of PD. However, eCB regulation is complex, with diverse cannabinoid receptor functions and the presence of dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and γ-aminobutyric signals interacting with cannabinoid signaling in the basal ganglia region. Therefore, the study of eCB is challenging. Here, we have described the function of the cannabinoid system in the basal ganglia and its association with PD in three parts (eCBs, cannabinoid receptors, and factors regulating the cannabinoid metabolism) and summarized the mechanisms of action related to the cannabinoid analogs currently aimed at treating PD. The shortcomings identified from previous studies and the directions that should be explored in the future will provide insights into new approaches and ideas for the future development of cannabinoid-based drugs and the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengya Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Brain Science and Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Huayuan Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zegang Ma
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Brain Science and Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Zegang Ma,
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Papa A, Pasquini S, Contri C, Gemma S, Campiani G, Butini S, Varani K, Vincenzi F. Polypharmacological Approaches for CNS Diseases: Focus on Endocannabinoid Degradation Inhibition. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030471. [PMID: 35159280 PMCID: PMC8834510 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Polypharmacology breaks up the classical paradigm of “one-drug, one target, one disease” electing multitarget compounds as potential therapeutic tools suitable for the treatment of complex diseases, such as metabolic syndrome, psychiatric or degenerative central nervous system (CNS) disorders, and cancer. These diseases often require a combination therapy which may result in positive but also negative synergistic effects. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is emerging as a particularly attractive therapeutic target in CNS disorders and neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Huntington’s disease (HD), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), pain, and epilepsy. ECS is an organized neuromodulatory network, composed by endogenous cannabinoids, cannabinoid receptors type 1 and type 2 (CB1 and CB2), and the main catabolic enzymes involved in the endocannabinoid inactivation such as fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL). The multiple connections of the ECS with other signaling pathways in the CNS allows the consideration of the ECS as an optimal source of inspiration in the development of innovative polypharmacological compounds. In this review, we focused our attention on the reported polypharmacological examples in which FAAH and MAGL inhibitors are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Papa
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.P.); (S.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Silvia Pasquini
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (C.C.); (K.V.); (F.V.)
| | - Chiara Contri
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (C.C.); (K.V.); (F.V.)
| | - Sandra Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.P.); (S.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.P.); (S.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.P.); (S.G.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0577-234161
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (C.C.); (K.V.); (F.V.)
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (C.C.); (K.V.); (F.V.)
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Rieck S, Kilgus S, Meyer JH, Huang H, Zhao L, Matthey M, Wang X, Schmitz-Valckenberg S, Fleischmann BK, Wenzel D. Inhibition of Vascular Growth by Modulation of the Anandamide/Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Axis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:2974-2989. [PMID: 34615374 PMCID: PMC8608012 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.316973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objective: Pathological angiogenesis is a hallmark of various diseases characterized by local hypoxia and inflammation. These disorders can be treated with inhibitors of angiogenesis, but current compounds display a variety of side effects and lose efficacy over time. This makes the identification of novel signaling pathways and pharmacological targets involved in angiogenesis a top priority. Approach and Results: Here, we show that inactivation of FAAH (fatty acid amide hydrolase), the enzyme responsible for degradation of the endocannabinoid anandamide, strongly impairs angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Both, the pharmacological FAAH inhibitor URB597 and anandamide induce downregulation of gene sets for cell cycle progression and DNA replication in endothelial cells. This is underscored by cell biological experiments, in which both compounds inhibit proliferation and migration and evoke cell cycle exit of endothelial cells. This prominent antiangiogenic effect is also of pathophysiological relevance in vivo, as laser-induced choroidal neovascularization in the eye of FAAH−/− mice is strongly reduced. Conclusions: Thus, elevation of endogenous anandamide levels by FAAH inhibition represents a novel antiangiogenic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Rieck
- Institute of Physiology I, Life&Brain Center, Medical Faculty (S.R., S.K., B.K.F., D.W.), University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Sofia Kilgus
- Institute of Physiology I, Life&Brain Center, Medical Faculty (S.R., S.K., B.K.F., D.W.), University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Johanna H Meyer
- Department of Ophthalmology (J.H.M., S.S.-V.), University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong (H.H., L.Z., X.W.)
| | - Lan Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong (H.H., L.Z., X.W.)
| | - Michaela Matthey
- Department of Systems Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University of Bochum, Germany (M.M., D.W.)
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong (H.H., L.Z., X.W.)
| | - Steffen Schmitz-Valckenberg
- Department of Ophthalmology (J.H.M., S.S.-V.), University of Bonn, Germany.,John A. Moran Eye Center, Ophthalmology & Visual Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (S.S.-V.)
| | - Bernd K Fleischmann
- Institute of Physiology I, Life&Brain Center, Medical Faculty (S.R., S.K., B.K.F., D.W.), University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniela Wenzel
- Institute of Physiology I, Life&Brain Center, Medical Faculty (S.R., S.K., B.K.F., D.W.), University of Bonn, Germany.,Department of Systems Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University of Bochum, Germany (M.M., D.W.)
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Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs produce antinociceptive effects mainly through peripheral cyclooxygenase inhibition. In opposition to the classical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, paracetamol and dipyrone exert weak anti-inflammatory activity, their antinociceptive effects appearing to be mostly due to mechanisms other than peripheral cyclooxygenase inhibition. In this review, we classify classical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, paracetamol and dipyrone as “non-opioid analgesics” and discuss the mechanisms mediating participation of the endocannabinoid system in their antinociceptive effects. Non-opioid analgesics and their metabolites may activate cannabinoid receptors, as well as elevate endocannabinoid levels through different mechanisms: reduction of endocannabinoid degradation via fatty acid amide hydrolase and/or cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition, mobilization of arachidonic acid for the biosynthesis of endocannabinoids due to cyclooxygenase inhibition, inhibition of endocannabinoid cellular uptake directly or through the inhibition of nitric oxide synthase production, and induction of endocannabinoid release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhan Deniz Topuz
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Trakya University School of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Özgur Gündüz
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Trakya University School of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Çetin Hakan Karadağ
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Trakya University School of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ulugöl
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Trakya University School of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey
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10
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Tripathi RKP. A perspective review on fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 188:111953. [PMID: 31945644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is an important enzyme creditworthy of hydrolyzing endocannabinoids and related-amidated signalling lipids, discovery of which has pioneered novel arena of pharmacological canvasses to unwrap its curative potency in various diseased circumstances. It presents contemporary basis for understanding molecules regulating and mediating inflammatory reactions, pain, anxiety, depression, and neurodegeneration. FAAH inhibitors form vital approach for discovery of therapeutic agents that are concerned with local elevation of endocannabinoids under certain stimuli, debarring adverse/unwanted secondary effects from global activation of cannabinoid receptors by exogenous cannabimimetics. During past decades, several molecules with excellent potency developed through tailor-made approaches entered into clinical trials, but none could reach market. Hence, hunt for novel, non-toxic and selective FAAH inhibitors are on horizon. This review summarizes present perception on FAAH in conjunction with its structure, mechanism of catalysis and biological functions. It also foregrounds recent development of molecules belonging to diverse chemical classes as potential FAAH inhibitors bobbing up from in-depth chemical, mechanistic and computational studies published since 2015-November 2019, focusing on their potency. This review will assist readers to obtain rationale on FAAH as potential target for addressing various disease conditions, acquiring significant knowledge on recently established inhibitor scaffolds and their development potentials. New technologies including MD-MM simulations and 3D-QSAR studies allow mechanistic characterization of enzyme. Assessment of in-vitro and in-vivo efficacy of existing FAAH inhibitors will facilitate researchers to design novel ligands utilizing modern drug design methods. The discussions will also impose precaution in decision making process, quashing possibility of late stage failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rati Kailash Prasad Tripathi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Sushruta School of Medical and Paramedical Sciences, Assam University (A Central University), Silchar, Assam, 788011, India; Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
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11
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Badal S, Smith KN, Rajnarayanan R. Analysis of natural product regulation of cannabinoid receptors in the treatment of human disease. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 180:24-48. [PMID: 28583800 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The organized, tightly regulated signaling relays engaged by the cannabinoid receptors (CBs) and their ligands, G proteins and other effectors, together constitute the endocannabinoid system (ECS). This system governs many biological functions including cell proliferation, regulation of ion transport and neuronal messaging. This review will firstly examine the physiology of the ECS, briefly discussing some anomalies in the relay of the ECS signaling as these are consequently linked to maladies of global concern including neurological disorders, cardiovascular disease and cancer. While endogenous ligands are crucial for dispatching messages through the ECS, there are also commonalities in binding affinities with copious exogenous ligands, both natural and synthetic. Therefore, this review provides a comparative analysis of both types of exogenous ligands with emphasis on natural products given their putative safer efficacy and the role of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) in uncovering the ECS. Efficacy is congruent to both types of compounds but noteworthy is the effect of a combination therapy to achieve efficacy without unideal side-effects. An example is Sativex that displayed promise in treating Huntington's disease (HD) in preclinical models allowing for its transition to current clinical investigation. Despite the in vitro and preclinical efficacy of Δ9-THC to treat neurodegenerative ailments, its psychotropic effects limit its clinical applicability to treating feeding disorders. We therefore propose further investigation of other compounds and their combinations such as the triterpene, α,β-amyrin that exhibited greater binding affinity to CB1 than CB2 and was more potent than Δ9-THC and the N-alkylamides that exhibited CB2 selective affinity; the latter can be explored towards peripherally exclusive ECS modulation. The synthetic CB1 antagonist, Rimonabant was pulled from commercial markets for the treatment of diabetes, however its analogue SR144528 maybe an ideal lead molecule towards this end and HU-210 and Org27569 are also promising synthetic small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Badal
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica.
| | - K N Smith
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - R Rajnarayanan
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14228, USA
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12
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Cui HJ, Liu S, Yang R, Fu GH, Lu Y. N-stearoyltyrosine protects primary cortical neurons against oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced apoptosis through inhibiting anandamide inactivation system. Neurosci Res 2017; 123:8-18. [PMID: 28499834 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
N-stearoylthrosine (NST), a synthesized anandamide (AEA) analogue, plays a neuroprotective role in neurodegenerative diseases and cerebrovascular diseases. Several studies have demonstrated that the endocannabinoids systems (ECS) are involved in the neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemic injury. Oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced neuronal injury elevated the levels of endocannabinoids and activated ECS. This research was conducted to investigate the neuroprotective effect of NST against OGD-induced neuronal injury in cultured primary cortical neurons and the potential mechanism involved. Cortical neurons were treated with NST at indicate concentrations for 30min prior to injury and OGD injured neurons were incubated with normal conditions for 0-24h. The best neuroprotective effect of NST against OGD-induced injury occurred at 10μM. All data indicated that the neuroprotective effect of NST against OGD-induced injury resulted from blocking anandamide membrane transporter (AMT) (IC50=11.74nM) and inhibiting fatty acid amide hydrolase activity (FAAH) (IC50=16.54nM). Our findings demonstrated that NST has an important role in cerebral ischemic injury pathological progression through activating cannabinoid receptors by inhibiting AEA inactivation system. These data suggested a potential role for NST in the therapeutic consideration of cerebral ischemic injury. However, inhibition of AEA inactivation system may provide a neuroprotective effect during cerebral ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Jing Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Sha Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Guo-Hui Fu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China.
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13
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Carnevali L, Rivara S, Nalivaiko E, Thayer JF, Vacondio F, Mor M, Sgoifo A. Pharmacological inhibition of FAAH activity in rodents: A promising pharmacological approach for psychological—cardiac comorbidity? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 74:444-452. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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14
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Wolfson ML, Aisemberg J, Correa F, Franchi AM. Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Infiltration Downregulates Decidual FAAH Activity in an LPS-Induced Embryo Resorption Model. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:1441-1447. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Luis Wolfson
- Laboratory of Physiopathology of Pregnancy and Labor; Center for Pharmacological and Botanical Studies (CEFYBO), CONICET-UBA; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Julieta Aisemberg
- Laboratory of Physiopathology of Pregnancy and Labor; Center for Pharmacological and Botanical Studies (CEFYBO), CONICET-UBA; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Fernando Correa
- Laboratory of Physiopathology of Pregnancy and Labor; Center for Pharmacological and Botanical Studies (CEFYBO), CONICET-UBA; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Ana María Franchi
- Laboratory of Physiopathology of Pregnancy and Labor; Center for Pharmacological and Botanical Studies (CEFYBO), CONICET-UBA; Buenos Aires Argentina
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15
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Ni X, Geller EB, Eppihimer MJ, Eisenstein TK, Adler MW, Tuma RF. Win 55212-2, a cannabinoid receptor agonist, attenuates leukocyte/endothelial interactions in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model. Mult Scler 2016; 10:158-64. [PMID: 15124761 DOI: 10.1191/1352458504ms1009oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common of the immune demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system (C NS). Leukocyte/endothelial interactions are important steps in the progression of the disease and substances that interfere with these activities have been evaluated as potential therapeutic agents. C annabinoid receptor agonists have been shown to downregulate immune responses and there is preliminary evidence that they may slow the progress of MS. The purpo se of this investigation was to determine how cannabinoid recepto r agonists interfere with leukocyte rolling and adhesion. This was investigated in an experimental autoimmune encephalo myelitis (EAE) model using six to eight week old C 57BL/6 mice. Mouse myelin oligodendrocyte protein and pertussis toxin were used to induce EAE. WIN 55212-2, C B1 and C B2 antagonist were given. By use of in vivo intravital microscopy, leukocyte/endothelial interactio ns were evaluated via a cranial window implanted two days before. The results demonstrated that EAE increases leukocyte rolling and firm adhesion in the brain, and that this increased leukocyte/endothelial interactio n can be attenuated by administration of WIN 55212-2. Furthermore, use of the selective antagonists for the C B1 recepto r (SR 141716A) and the C B2 receptor (SR144528) in this study demonstrated that the cannabinoid’s inhibitory effects on leukocyte/endothelial interactions can be mediated by activating C B2 receptor.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Benzoxazines
- Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology
- Cell Adhesion/drug effects
- Cell Adhesion/immunology
- Cell Communication/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Female
- Leukocyte Rolling/drug effects
- Leukocytes/cytology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Morpholines/pharmacology
- Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Naphthalenes/pharmacology
- Paralysis/drug therapy
- Paralysis/immunology
- Paralysis/pathology
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/agonists
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ni
- Department of Physiology, Temple University, 3420 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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16
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Benyó Z, Ruisanchez É, Leszl-Ishiguro M, Sándor P, Pacher P. Endocannabinoids in cerebrovascular regulation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 310:H785-801. [PMID: 26825517 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00571.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The cerebral blood flow is tightly regulated by myogenic, endothelial, metabolic, and neural mechanisms under physiological conditions, and a large body of recent evidence indicates that inflammatory pathways have a major influence on the cerebral blood perfusion in certain central nervous system disorders, like hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, and vascular dementia. All major cell types involved in cerebrovascular control pathways (i.e., smooth muscle, endothelium, neurons, astrocytes, pericytes, microglia, and leukocytes) are capable of synthesizing endocannabinoids and/or express some or several of their target proteins [i.e., the cannabinoid 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2) receptors and the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 ion channel]. Therefore, the endocannabinoid system may importantly modulate the regulation of cerebral circulation under physiological and pathophysiological conditions in a very complex manner. Experimental data accumulated since the late 1990s indicate that the direct effect of cannabinoids on cerebral vessels is vasodilation mediated, at least in part, by CB1 receptors. Cannabinoid-induced cerebrovascular relaxation involves both a direct inhibition of smooth muscle contractility and a release of vasodilator mediator(s) from the endothelium. However, under stress conditions (e.g., in conscious restrained animals or during hypoxia and hypercapnia), cannabinoid receptor activation was shown to induce a reduction of the cerebral blood flow, probably via inhibition of the electrical and/or metabolic activity of neurons. Finally, in certain cerebrovascular pathologies (e.g., subarachnoid hemorrhage, as well as traumatic and ischemic brain injury), activation of CB2 (and probably yet unidentified non-CB1/non-CB2) receptors appear to improve the blood perfusion of the brain via attenuating vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Benyó
- Institute of Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and
| | - Éva Ruisanchez
- Institute of Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and
| | - Miriam Leszl-Ishiguro
- Institute of Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and
| | - Péter Sándor
- Institute of Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and
| | - Pál Pacher
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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17
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Gasperi V, Evangelista D, Savini I, Del Principe D, Avigliano L, Maccarrone M, Catani MV. Downstream effects of endocannabinoid on blood cells: implications for health and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3235-52. [PMID: 25957591 PMCID: PMC11113859 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1924-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (eCBs), among which N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) are the most biologically active members, are polyunsaturated lipids able to bind cannabinoid, vanilloid and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Depending on the target engaged, these bioactive mediators can regulate different signalling pathways, at both central and peripheral levels. The biological action of eCBs is tightly controlled by a plethora of metabolic enzymes which, together with the molecular targets of these substances, form the so-called "endocannabinoid system". The ability of eCBs to control manifold peripheral functions has received a great deal of attention, especially in the light of their widespread distribution in the body. In particular, eCBs are important regulators in blood, where they modulate haematopoiesis, platelet aggregation and apoptosis, as well as chemokine release and migration of immunocompetent cells. Here, we shall review the current knowledge on the pathophysiological roles of eCBs in blood. We shall also discuss the involvement of eCBs in those disorders affecting the haematological system, including cancer and inflammation. Knowledge gained to date underlines a fundamental role of the eCB system in blood, thus suggesting that it may represent a therapeutic promise for a broad range of diseases involving impaired hematopoietic cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Gasperi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Evangelista
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Savini
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Luciana Avigliano
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Center of Integrated Research, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- European Center for Brain Research (CERC)/Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Valeria Catani
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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18
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Cui H, Yang R, Liu S, Fu G, Lu Y. N-stearoyltyrosine protects primary cortical neurons against Aβ(1–40)-induced injury through inhibiting endocannabinoid degradation. Life Sci 2015; 124:91-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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19
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Nicolussi S, Gertsch J. Endocannabinoid transport revisited. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2015; 98:441-85. [PMID: 25817877 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are arachidonic acid-derived endogenous lipids that activate the endocannabinoid system which plays a major role in health and disease. The primary endocannabinoids are anandamide (AEA, N-arachidonoylethanolamine) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol. While their biosynthesis and metabolism have been studied in detail, it remains unclear how endocannabinoids are transported across the cell membrane. In this review, we critically discuss the different models of endocannabinoid trafficking, focusing on AEA cellular uptake which is best studied. The evolution of the current knowledge obtained with different AEA transport inhibitors is reviewed and the confusions caused by the lack of their specificity discussed. A comparative summary of the most important AEA uptake inhibitors and the studies involving their use is provided. Based on a comprehensive literature analysis, we propose a model of facilitated AEA membrane transport followed by intracellular shuttling and sequestration. We conclude that novel and more specific probes will be essential to identify the missing targets involved in endocannabinoid membrane transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Nicolussi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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20
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Involvement of Anandamide Transporter in Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide Expression Stimulated by Nitroglycerin and Influence of ALDH2 Glu504Lys Polymorphism. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2014; 64:460-4. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Gasperi V, Ceci R, Tantimonaco M, Talamonti E, Battista N, Parisi A, Florio R, Sabatini S, Rossi A, Maccarrone M. The fatty acid amide hydrolase in lymphocytes from sedentary and active subjects. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 46:24-32. [PMID: 23793235 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3182a10ce6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Endocannabinoids (eCB) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels change during physical activity, thus suggesting their involvement in the modulation of exercise-related processes like inflammation and energy homeostasis. To investigate whether lifestyle might affect the activity of the eCB-degrading enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), active and sedentary subjects were enrolled. METHODS Plasma IL-6 levels and lymphocyte FAAH activity of eight physically active male subjects (mean ± SEM; age = 39.3 ± 2.9 yr, body mass index = 21.1 ± 0.4 kg·m), usually practicing aerobic exercise (8.1 ± 1.2 h·wk), and eight sedentary subjects (38.8 ± 3.7 yr, body mass index = 23.1 ± 0.8 kg·m) were measured. Also, in vitro effect of IL-6 was tested on FAAH expression and activity and on FAAH promoter activity in lymphocytes from sedentary subjects. RESULTS Under resting conditions (at least 12 h from the last exercise), the active group showed plasma IL-6 levels (2.74 ± 0.73 pg·mL) and lymphocyte FAAH activity (215.7 ± 38.5 pmol·min·mg protein) significantly higher than those measured in the sedentary group (0.20 ± 0.02 pg·mL, and 42.0 ± 4.2 pmol·min·mg protein). Increased IL-6 levels paralleled increased FAAH activity, and consistently, the in vitro treatment of lymphocytes from sedentary individuals with 10 ng·mL IL-6 for 48 h significantly increased FAAH expression and activity. Transient transfection experiments showed that IL-6 induced the expression of a reporter gene under the control of a cAMP response element-like region in the human FAAH promoter. A mutation in the same element abolished IL-6 up-regulation, demonstrating that this cytokine regulates FAAH activity at the transcriptional level. CONCLUSION IL-6 leads to activation of the FAAH promoter, thus enhancing FAAH activity that modulates the eCB tone in physically active people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Gasperi
- 1Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, ITALY; 2Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Foro Italico University of Rome, Rome, ITALY; 3Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Teramo, Teramo, ITALY; 4Center of Integrated Research, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, ITALY; and 5European Center for Brain Research/Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, ITALY
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22
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Tantimonaco M, Ceci R, Sabatini S, Catani MV, Rossi A, Gasperi V, Maccarrone M. Physical activity and the endocannabinoid system: an overview. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:2681-98. [PMID: 24526057 PMCID: PMC11113821 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1575-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recognized as a "disease modifier", physical activity (PA) is increasingly viewed as a more holistic, cost-saving method for prevention, treatment and management of human disease conditions. The traditional view that PA engages the monoaminergic and endorphinergic systems has been challenged by the discovery of the endocannabinoid system (ECS), composed of endogenous lipids, their target receptors, and metabolic enzymes. Indeed, direct and indirect evidence suggests that the ECS might mediate some of the PA-triggered effects throughout the body. Moreover, it is now emerging that PA itself is able to modulate ECS in different ways. Against this background, in the present review we shall discuss evidence of the cross-talk between PA and the ECS, ranging from brain to peripheral districts and highlighting how ECS must be tightly regulated during PA, in order to maintain its beneficial effects on cognition, mood, and nociception, while avoiding impaired energy metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Tantimonaco
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Foro Italico University of Rome, Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Ceci
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Foro Italico University of Rome, Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Sabatini
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Foro Italico University of Rome, Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Valeria Catani
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Rossi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Gasperi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Center of Integrated Research, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
- European Center for Brain Research/Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
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23
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Pulgar VM, Yamaleyeva LM, Varagic J, McGee CM, Bader M, Dechend R, Howlett AC, Brosnihan KB. Increased angiotensin II contraction of the uterine artery at early gestation in a transgenic model of hypertensive pregnancy is reduced by inhibition of endocannabinoid hydrolysis. Hypertension 2014; 64:619-25. [PMID: 24935942 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.03633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Increased vascular sensitivity to angiotensin II (Ang II) is a marker of a hypertensive human pregnancy. Recent evidence of interactions between the renin-angiotensin system and the endocannabinoid system suggests that anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol may modulate Ang II contraction. We hypothesized that these interactions may contribute to the enhanced vascular responses in hypertensive pregnancy. We studied Ang II contraction in isolated uterine artery (UA) at early gestation in a rat model that mimics many features of preeclampsia, the transgenic human angiotensinogen×human renin (TgA), and control Sprague-Dawley rats. We determined the role of the cannabinoid receptor 1 by blockade with SR171416A, and the contribution of anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol degradation to Ang II contraction by inhibiting their hydrolyzing enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (with URB597) or monoacylglycerol lipase (with JZL184), respectively. TgA UA showed increased maximal contraction and sensitivity to Ang II that was inhibited by indomethacin. Fatty acid amide hydrolase blockade decreased Ang IIMAX in Sprague-Dawley UA, and decreased both Ang IIMAX and sensitivity in TgA UA. Monoacylglycerol lipase blockade had no effect on Sprague-Dawley UA and decreased Ang IIMAX and sensitivity in TgA UA. Blockade of the cannabinoid receptor 1 in TgA UA had no effect. Immunolocalization of fatty acid amide hydrolase and monoacylglycerol lipase showed a similar pattern between groups; fatty acid amide hydrolase predominantly localized in endothelium and monoacylglycerol lipase in smooth muscle cells. We demonstrated an increased Ang II contraction in TgA UA before initiation of the hypertensive phenotype. Anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol reduced Ang II contraction in a cannabinoid receptor 1-independent manner. These renin-angiotensin system-endocannabinoid system interactions may contribute to the enhanced vascular reactivity in early stages of hypertensive pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Pulgar
- From Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.M.P.), Surgical Sciences (L.M.Y., J.V., C.M.M., K.B.B.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (K.B.B.), Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.M.P.) and Physiology and Pharmacology (A.C.H.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Infrastructure Center, Winston-Salem State University, NC (V.M.P.); Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.); and Charité University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany (M.B., R.D.).
| | - Liliya M Yamaleyeva
- From Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.M.P.), Surgical Sciences (L.M.Y., J.V., C.M.M., K.B.B.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (K.B.B.), Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.M.P.) and Physiology and Pharmacology (A.C.H.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Infrastructure Center, Winston-Salem State University, NC (V.M.P.); Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.); and Charité University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany (M.B., R.D.)
| | - Jasmina Varagic
- From Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.M.P.), Surgical Sciences (L.M.Y., J.V., C.M.M., K.B.B.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (K.B.B.), Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.M.P.) and Physiology and Pharmacology (A.C.H.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Infrastructure Center, Winston-Salem State University, NC (V.M.P.); Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.); and Charité University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany (M.B., R.D.)
| | - Carolynne M McGee
- From Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.M.P.), Surgical Sciences (L.M.Y., J.V., C.M.M., K.B.B.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (K.B.B.), Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.M.P.) and Physiology and Pharmacology (A.C.H.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Infrastructure Center, Winston-Salem State University, NC (V.M.P.); Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.); and Charité University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany (M.B., R.D.)
| | - Michael Bader
- From Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.M.P.), Surgical Sciences (L.M.Y., J.V., C.M.M., K.B.B.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (K.B.B.), Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.M.P.) and Physiology and Pharmacology (A.C.H.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Infrastructure Center, Winston-Salem State University, NC (V.M.P.); Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.); and Charité University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany (M.B., R.D.)
| | - Ralf Dechend
- From Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.M.P.), Surgical Sciences (L.M.Y., J.V., C.M.M., K.B.B.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (K.B.B.), Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.M.P.) and Physiology and Pharmacology (A.C.H.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Infrastructure Center, Winston-Salem State University, NC (V.M.P.); Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.); and Charité University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany (M.B., R.D.)
| | - Allyn C Howlett
- From Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.M.P.), Surgical Sciences (L.M.Y., J.V., C.M.M., K.B.B.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (K.B.B.), Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.M.P.) and Physiology and Pharmacology (A.C.H.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Infrastructure Center, Winston-Salem State University, NC (V.M.P.); Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.); and Charité University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany (M.B., R.D.)
| | - K Bridget Brosnihan
- From Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.M.P.), Surgical Sciences (L.M.Y., J.V., C.M.M., K.B.B.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (K.B.B.), Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.M.P.) and Physiology and Pharmacology (A.C.H.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Infrastructure Center, Winston-Salem State University, NC (V.M.P.); Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.); and Charité University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany (M.B., R.D.)
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2-Arachidonoylglycerol modulates human endothelial cell/leukocyte interactions by controlling selectin expression through CB1 and CB2 receptors. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 51:79-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Luce V, Fernandez Solari J, Rettori V, De Laurentiis A. The inhibitory effect of anandamide on oxytocin and vasopressin secretion from neurohypophysis is mediated by nitric oxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 188:31-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Fowler CJ. Transport of endocannabinoids across the plasma membrane and within the cell. FEBS J 2013; 280:1895-904. [PMID: 23441874 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are readily accumulated from the extracellular space by cells. Although their uptake properties have the appearance of a process of facilitated diffusion, it is by no means clear as to whether there is a plasma membrane transporter dedicated to this task. Intracellular carrier proteins that shuttle the endocannabinoid anandamide from the plasma membrane to its intracellular targets such as the metabolic enzyme, fatty acid amide hydrolase, have been identified. These include proteins with other primary functions, such as fatty-acid-binding proteins and heat shock protein 70, and possibly a fatty acid amide hydrolase-like anandamide transporter protein. Thus, anandamide uptake can be adequately described as a diffusion process across the plasma membrane followed by intracellular carrier-mediated transport to effector molecules, catabolic enzymes and sequestration sites, although it is recognized that different cells are likely to utilize different mechanisms of endocannabinoid transport depending upon the utility of the endocannabinoid for the cell in question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Fowler
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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Ho WSV. Modulation by 17β-estradiol of anandamide vasorelaxation in normotensive and hypertensive rats: a role for TRPV1 but not fatty acid amide hydrolase. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 701:49-56. [PMID: 23340220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that endocannabinoid signaling is modulated by 17β-estradiol (17Eβ) however it is unclear if this applies to the cardiovascular actions of anandamide, a major endocannabinoid. This study examined the in vitro effects of 17Eβ on vasorelaxation to anandamide in myograph-mounted small mesenteric arteries obtained from Wistar rats and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHRs) of both sexes. Treatment with 1μM 17Eβ but not its enantiomer 17Eα significantly enhanced relaxation to anandamide in male Wistar rats. This effect was independent of a functional endothelium but was blocked by the Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptor antagonist SB366791 (2μM) or prolonged treatment with the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin (10μM). A TRPV1-dependent potentiation by 17Eβ was also observed in male SHRs, but not in female Wistar rats or female SHRs. Whilst inhibition of anandamide hydrolysis by 1μM URB597 (an inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase; FAAH) similarly augmented anandamide relaxation in male, but not female, Wistar rats and SHRs, URB597 did not affect the 17Eβ-induced potentiation. Female SHRs displayed a larger maximal relaxation to anandamide; however sex difference was not found in Wistar rats. We conclude that pharmacological levels of 17Eβ potentiate mesenteric relaxation to anandamide through mechanisms dependent on TRPV1 receptors but not FAAH-mediated hydrolysis in male Wistar rats and male SHRs. Sexual dimorphism was observed in the modulatory effects of 17Eβ and URB597, which does not necessarily lead to a greater anandamide response in female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-S V Ho
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, St. George's University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK.
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28
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Chicca A, Marazzi J, Nicolussi S, Gertsch J. Evidence for bidirectional endocannabinoid transport across cell membranes. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:34660-82. [PMID: 22879589 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.373241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research on the trafficking of anandamide (AEA) across cell membranes, little is known about the membrane transport of other endocannabinoids, such as 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Previous studies have provided data both in favor and against a cell membrane carrier-mediated transport of endocannabinoids, using different methodological approaches. Because AEA and 2-AG undergo rapid and almost complete intracellular hydrolysis, we employed a combination of radioligand assays and absolute quantification of cellular and extracellular endocannabinoid levels. In human U937 leukemia cells, 100 nm AEA and 1 μm 2-AG were taken up through a fast and saturable process, reaching a plateau after 5 min. Employing differential pharmacological blockage of endocannabinoid uptake, breakdown, and interaction with intracellular binding proteins, we show that eicosanoid endocannabinoids harboring an arachidonoyl chain compete for a common membrane target that regulates their transport, whereas other N-acylethanolamines did not interfere with AEA and 2-AG uptake. By combining fatty acid amide hydrolase or monoacyl glycerol lipase inhibitors with hydrolase-inactive concentrations of the AEA transport inhibitors UCM707 (1 μm) and OMDM-2 (5 μm), a functional synergism on cellular AEA and 2-AG uptake was observed. Intriguingly, structurally unrelated AEA uptake inhibitors also blocked the cellular release of AEA and 2-AG. We show, for the first time, that UCM707 and OMDM-2 inhibit the bidirectional movement of AEA and 2-AG across cell membranes. Our findings suggest that a putative endocannabinoid cell membrane transporter controls the cellular AEA and 2-AG trafficking and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Chicca
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, National Center of Competence in Research TransCure, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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29
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Lisboa S, Guimarães F. Differential role of CB1 and TRPV1 receptors on anandamide modulation of defensive responses induced by nitric oxide in the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray. Neuropharmacology 2012; 62:2455-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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NOD2 signaling contributes to host defense in the lungs against Escherichia coli infection. Infect Immun 2012; 80:2558-69. [PMID: 22547547 DOI: 10.1128/iai.06230-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pneumonia remains a significant cause of mortality in the United States. The innate immune response is the first line of defense against invading bacteria. Neutrophil recruitment to the lungs is the first step in a multistep sequence leading to bacterial clearance. Ligand interaction with pattern-recognizing receptors (PRRs) leads to chemokine production, which drives neutrophils to the site of infection. Although we demonstrated that RIP2 is important for host defense in the lungs against Escherichia coli, the individual roles of NOD1 and NOD2 in pulmonary defense have not been addressed. Here, we explored the role of NOD2 in neutrophil-mediated host defense against an extracellular pathogen, E. coli. We found enhanced bacterial burden and reduced neutrophil and cytokine/chemokine levels in the lungs of NOD2⁻/⁻ mice following E. coli infection. Furthermore, we observed reduced activation of NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the lungs of NOD2⁻/⁻ mice upon E. coli challenge. Moreover, NOD2⁻/⁻ neutrophils show impaired intracellular bacterial killing. Using NOD2/RIP2⁻/⁻ mice, we observed bacterial burden and neutrophil accumulation in the lungs similar to those seen with NOD2⁻/⁻ mice. In addition, bone marrow-derived macrophages obtained from NOD2/RIP2⁻/⁻ mice demonstrate a reduction in activation of NF-κB and MAPKs similar to that seen with NOD2⁻/⁻ mice in response to E. coli. These findings unveil a previously unrecognized role of the NOD2-RIP2 axis for host defense against extracellular Gram-negative bacteria. This pathway may represent a novel target for the treatment of lung infection/inflammation.
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Batra S, Cai S, Balamayooran G, Jeyaseelan S. Intrapulmonary administration of leukotriene B(4) augments neutrophil accumulation and responses in the lung to Klebsiella infection in CXCL1 knockout mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:3458-68. [PMID: 22379035 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In prior studies, we demonstrated that 1) CXCL1/KC is essential for NF-κB and MAPK activation and expression of CXCL2/MIP-2 and CXCL5/LPS-induced CXC chemokine in Klebsiella-infected lungs, and 2) CXCL1 derived from hematopoietic and resident cells contributes to host immunity against Klebsiella. However, the role of CXCL1 in mediating neutrophil leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) production is unclear, as is the contribution of these factors to host immunity. In this study, we investigated 1) the role of CXCL1 in LTB(4), NADPH oxidase, and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression in lungs and neutrophils, and 2) whether LTB(4) postinfection reverses innate immune defects in CXCL1(-/-) mice via regulation of NADPH oxidase and iNOS. Our results demonstrate reduced neutrophil influx, attenuated LTB(4) levels, and decreased ROS and iNOS production in the lungs of CXCL1(-/-) mice after Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Using neutrophil depletion and repletion, we found that neutrophils are the predominant source of pulmonary LTB(4) after infection. To treat immune defects in CXCL1(-/-) mice, we intrapulmonarily administered LTB(4). Postinfection, LTB(4) treatment reversed immune defects in CXCL1(-/-) mice and improved survival, neutrophil recruitment, cytokine/chemokine expression, NF-κB/MAPK activation, and ROS/RNS production. LTB(4) also enhanced myeloperoxidase, H(2)O(2,) RNS production, and bacterial killing in K. pneumoniae-infected CXCL1(-/-) neutrophils. These novel results uncover important roles for CXCL1 in generating ROS and RNS in neutrophils and in regulating host immunity against K. pneumoniae infection. Our findings suggest that LTB(4) could be used to correct defects in neutrophil recruitment and function in individuals lacking or expressing malfunctional CXCL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Batra
- Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Center for Experimental Infectious Disease Research, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Ito T, Mishima Y, Ito A, Kameyama N, Harada H, Iwata O, Watanabe S, Ushijima K. Propofol protects against anandamide-induced injury in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Kurume Med J 2012; 58:15-20. [PMID: 22027193 DOI: 10.2739/kurumemedj.58.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoid anandamide, arachidonylethanolamine (AEA), is considered to be a causative mediator of hemorrhagic or septic shock, inducing death of several types of cells by producing free radicals such as reactive oxygen species (ROS). Propofol contains a phenolic hydroxyl group that donates electrons to the free radicals, and thus functions as an antioxidant. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of propofol against AEA-induced cell injury. After incubation with propofol at concentrations of 10, 50 or 100 µM, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were stimulated with 10 µM of AEA for 24 h. ROS production, caspase-3 activity, and cell viability were evaluated 1, 8, and 24 h after the administration of 10 µM of AEA, respectively. Propofol (50 µM) significantly attenuated cell death induced by AEA, showing a protective effect against ROS production and caspase-3 activity. These results suggest that propofol at concentrations used during clinical anesthesia protects HUVECs against AEA-induced injury, in part by suppressing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Ito
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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Shi RZ, Hu CP, Luo D, Li D, Pan W, Li SX, Yang TL, Li YJ, Zhang GG. Decreased anandamide transporter activity and calcitonin gene-related peptide production in spontaneously hypertensive rats: role of angiotensin II. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 680:81-7. [PMID: 22318155 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Revised: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the role of angiotensin II in regulating the anandamide transporter activity and resultant calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) production in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Systolic blood pressure, plasma levels of anandamide, angiotensin II and CGRP, CGRP mRNA expression in dorsal root ganglion and anandamide transporter activity in peripheral blood lymphocytes were measured in SHRs treated with selective angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist losartan. Rat peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated to examine the effect of exogenous angiotensin II on anandamide-induced CGRP mRNA expression, anandamide transporter activity and intracellular reactive oxygen species production in presence or absence of losartan and antioxidant n-acetyl-cysteine. In SHRs, the plasma level of angiotensin II and anandamide was elevated, but the anandamide transporter activity was attenuated concomitantly with decreased CGRP production. Treatment with losartan for 2weeks produced depressor effect, restored the reduced anandamide transporter activity, decreased the plasma anandamide level and increased the plasma level and mRNA expression of CGRP in SHRs. In cultured lymphocytes, up-regulation of CGRP mRNA expression by exogenous administration of anandamide was inhibited by anandamide transporter blocker and angiotensin II. Angiotensin II also inhibited the anandamide transporter activity concentration-dependently while increased intracellular reactive oxygen species production, which was reversed by pretreatment with losartan or n-acetyl-cysteine. The present findings suggest that angiotensin II plays a critical role in mediating the decrease in anandamide transporter activity and CGRP production in SHRs, which is likely due to activation angiotensin II type 1 receptor and resultant reactive oxygen species production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Zheng Shi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
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Tedesco L, Valerio A, Dossena M, Cardile A, Ragni M, Pagano C, Pagotto U, Carruba MO, Vettor R, Nisoli E. Cannabinoid receptor stimulation impairs mitochondrial biogenesis in mouse white adipose tissue, muscle, and liver: the role of eNOS, p38 MAPK, and AMPK pathways. Diabetes 2010; 59:2826-36. [PMID: 20739683 PMCID: PMC2963541 DOI: 10.2337/db09-1881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor is involved in whole-body and cellular energy metabolism. We asked whether CB1 receptor stimulation was able to decrease mitochondrial biogenesis in different metabolically active tissues of obese high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The effects of selective CB1 agonist arachidonyl-2-chloroethanolamide (ACEA) and endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol on endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression were examined, as were mitochondrial DNA amount and mitochondrial biogenesis parameters in cultured mouse and human white adipocytes. These parameters were also investigated in white adipose tissue (WAT), muscle, and liver of mice chronically treated with ACEA. Moreover, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation was investigated in WAT and isolated mature adipocytes from eNOS(-/-) and wild-type mice. eNOS, p38 MAPK, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and mitochondrial biogenesis were investigated in WAT, muscle, and liver of HFD mice chronically treated with ACEA. RESULTS ACEA decreased mitochondrial biogenesis and eNOS expression, activated p38 MAPK, and reduced AMPK phosphorylation in white adipocytes. The ACEA effects on mitochondria were antagonized by nitric oxide donors and by p38 MAPK silencing. White adipocytes from eNOS(-/-) mice displayed higher p38 MAPK phosphorylation than wild-type animals under basal conditions, and ACEA was ineffective in cells lacking eNOS. Moreover, mitochondrial biogenesis was downregulated, while p38 MAPK phosphorylation was increased and AMPK phosphorylation was decreased in WAT, muscle, and liver of ACEA-treated mice on a HFD. CONCLUSIONS CB1 receptor stimulation decreases mitochondrial biogenesis in white adipocytes, through eNOS downregulation and p38 MAPK activation, and impairs mitochondrial function in metabolically active tissues of dietary obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tedesco
- Integrated Laboratories Network, Center for Study and Research on Obesity, and the Department of Pharmacology, Chemotherapy and Medical Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Valerio
- Integrated Laboratories Network, Center for Study and Research on Obesity, and the Department of Pharmacology, Chemotherapy and Medical Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marta Dossena
- Integrated Laboratories Network, Center for Study and Research on Obesity, and the Department of Pharmacology, Chemotherapy and Medical Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Cardile
- Integrated Laboratories Network, Center for Study and Research on Obesity, and the Department of Pharmacology, Chemotherapy and Medical Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ragni
- Integrated Laboratories Network, Center for Study and Research on Obesity, and the Department of Pharmacology, Chemotherapy and Medical Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Pagano
- Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Uberto Pagotto
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, and the Center for Applied Biomedical Research S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele O. Carruba
- Integrated Laboratories Network, Center for Study and Research on Obesity, and the Department of Pharmacology, Chemotherapy and Medical Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Vettor
- Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Enzo Nisoli
- Integrated Laboratories Network, Center for Study and Research on Obesity, and the Department of Pharmacology, Chemotherapy and Medical Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
- Corresponding author: Enzo Nisoli,
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Abstract
Since the first endocannabinoid anandamide was identified in 1992, extensive research has been conducted to characterize the elements of the tightly controlled endocannabinoid signaling system. While it was established that the activity of endocannabinoids are terminated by a two-step process that includes cellular uptake and degradation, there is still a continuing debate about the mechanistic role of these processes in inactivating anandamide signals.
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Howlett AC, Blume LC, Dalton GD. CB(1) cannabinoid receptors and their associated proteins. Curr Med Chem 2010; 17:1382-93. [PMID: 20166926 DOI: 10.2174/092986710790980023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CB1 receptors are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) abundant in neurons, in which they modulate neurotransmission. The CB(1) receptor influence on memory and learning is well recognized, and disease states associated with CB(1) receptors are observed in addiction disorders, motor dysfunction, schizophrenia, and in bipolar, depression, and anxiety disorders. Beyond the brain, CB(1) receptors also function in liver and adipose tissues, vascular as well as cardiac tissue, reproductive tissues and bone. Signal transduction by CB(1) receptors occurs through interaction with Gi/o proteins to inhibit adenylyl cyclase, activate mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), inhibit voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels, activate K(+) currents (K(ir)), and influence Nitric Oxide (NO) signaling. CB(1) receptors are observed in internal organelles as well as plasma membrane. beta-Arrestins, adaptor protein AP-3, and G-protein receptor-associated sorting protein 1 (GASP1) modulate cellular trafficking. Cannabinoid Receptor Interacting Protein1a (CRIP1a) is an accessory protein whose function has not been delineated. Factor Associated with Neutral sphingomyelinase (FAN) regulates ceramide signaling. Such diversity in cellular signaling and modulation by interacting proteins suggests that agonists and allosteric modulators could be developed to specifically regulate unique, cell type-specific responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyn C Howlett
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Rettori V, De Laurentiis A, Fernandez-Solari J. Alcohol and endocannabinoids: Neuroendocrine interactions in the reproductive axis. Exp Neurol 2010; 224:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Ligresti A, De Petrocellis L, Hernán Pérez de la Ossa D, Aberturas R, Cristino L, Moriello AS, Finizio A, Gil M, Torres AI, Molpeceres J, Di Marzo V. Exploiting nanotechnologies and TRPV1 channels to investigate the putative anandamide membrane transporter. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10239. [PMID: 20422025 PMCID: PMC2858646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Considerable efforts have been made to characterize the pathways regulating the extracellular levels of the endocannabinoid anandamide. However, none of such pathways has been so argued as the existence of a carrier-mediated transport of anandamide across the membrane. Apart from the lack of molecular evidence for such a carrier, the main reasons of this controversy lie in the methodologies currently used to study anandamide cellular uptake. Furthermore, the main evidence in favor of the existence of an “anandamide transporter” relies on synthetic inhibitors of this process, the selectivity of which has been questioned. Methodology/Principal Findings We used the cytosolic binding site for anandamide on TRPV1 channels as a biosensor to detect anandamide entry into cells, and exploited nanotechnologies to study anandamide membrane transport into intact TRPV1-overexpressing HEK-293 cells. Both fluorescence and digital holographic (DH) quantitative phase microscopy were used to study TRPV1 activation. Poly-ε-caprolactone nanoparticles (PCL-NPs) were used to incorporate anandamide, which could thus enter the cell and activate TRPV1 channels bypassing any possible specific protein(s) involved in the uptake process. We reasoned that in the absence of such protein(s), pharmacological tools previously shown to inhibit the “anandamide transporter” would affect in the same way the uptake of anandamide and PCL-NP-anandamide, and hence the activation of TRPV1. However, when masked into PCL-NPs, anandamide cellular uptake became much less sensitive to these agents, although it maintained the same pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics as that of “free” anandamide. Conclusions We found here that several agents previously reported to inhibit anandamide cellular uptake lose their efficacy when anandamide is prevented from interacting directly with plasma membrane proteins, thus arguing in favor of the specificity of such agents for the putative “anandamide transporter”, and of the existence of such mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Ligresti
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Pozzuoli and Naples, Italy
| | - Luciano De Petrocellis
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Pozzuoli and Naples, Italy
- Institute of Cybernetics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | | | - Rosario Aberturas
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Alcalá University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luigia Cristino
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Pozzuoli and Naples, Italy
- Institute of Cybernetics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Aniello Schiano Moriello
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Pozzuoli and Naples, Italy
- Institute of Cybernetics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Andrea Finizio
- Institute of Cybernetics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Mª.Esther Gil
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana-Isabel Torres
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Molpeceres
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Alcalá University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Pozzuoli and Naples, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Taylor AH, Amoako AA, Bambang K, Karasu T, Gebeh A, Lam PMW, Marzcylo TH, Konje JC. Endocannabinoids and pregnancy. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:921-30. [PMID: 20302856 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acylethanolamides such as anandamide (AEA), and monoacylglycerols like 2-arachidonoylglycerol are endocannabinoids that bind to cannabinoid, vanilloid and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. These compounds, their various receptors, the purported membrane transporter(s), and related enzymes that synthesize and degrade them are collectively referred to as the "endocannabinoid system (ECS)". Poorly defined cellular and molecular mechanisms control the biological actions of the ECS. Over the last decade evidence has been emerging to suggest that the ECS plays a significant role in various aspects of human reproduction. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of this role especially the involvement of AEA and related ECS elements in regulating oogenesis, embryo oviductal transport, blastocyst implantation, placental development and pregnancy outcomes, and sperm survival, motility, capacitation and acrosome reaction. Additionally, the possibility that plasma and tissue AEA and other cannabinoids may represent reliable diagnostic markers of natural and assisted reproduction and pregnancy outcomes in women will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony H Taylor
- Reproductive Sciences Section, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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Hamza M, Dionne RA. Mechanisms of non-opioid analgesics beyond cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibition. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2010; 2:1-14. [PMID: 19779578 DOI: 10.2174/1874467210902010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Non-opioid analgesics including both selective and non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors and acetaminophen are the most widely used treatments for pain. Inhibition of COX is thought to be largely responsible for both the therapeutic and adverse effects of this class of drugs. Accumulating evidence over the past two decades has demonstrated effects of non-opioids beyond the inhibition of COX and prostaglandin synthesis that might also explain their therapeutic and adverse effects. These include their interaction with endocannabinoids, nitric oxide, monoaminergic, and cholinergic systems. Moreover, the recent development of microarray technology that allows the study of human gene expression suggests multiple pathways that may be related to the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of non-opioids. The present review will discuss the multiple actions of non-opioids and their interactions with these systems during inflammation and pain, suggesting that COX inhibition is an incomplete explanation for the actions of non-opioids and proposes the involvement of multiple selective targets for their analgesic, as well as, their adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Hamza
- National Institute of Nursing Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Greco R, Gasperi V, Sandrini G, Bagetta G, Nappi G, Maccarrone M, Tassorelli C. Alterations of the endocannabinoid system in an animal model of migraine: evaluation in cerebral areas of rat. Cephalalgia 2010; 30:296-302. [PMID: 19515121 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2009.01924.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are involved in the modulation of pain and hyperalgesia. In this study we investigated the role of the endocannabinoid system in the migraine model based on nitroglycerin-induced hyperalgesia in the rat. Male rats were injected with nitroglycerin (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle and sacrificed 4 h later. The medulla, the mesencephalon and the hypothalamus were dissected out and utilized for the evaluation of activity of fatty acid amide hydrolase (that degrades the endocannabinoid anandamide), monoacylglycerol lipase (that degrades the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol), and binding sites specific for cannabinoid (CB) receptors. The findings obtained show that nitroglycerin-induced hyperalgesia is associated with increased activity of both hydrolases and increased density of CB binding sites in the mesencephalon. In the hypothalamus we observed an increase in the activity of fatty acid amide hydrolase associated with an increase in density of CB binding sites, while in the medulla only the activity of fatty acid amide hydrolase was increased. Anandamide also proved effective in preventing nitroglycerin-induced activation (c-Fos) of neurons in the nucleus trigeminalis caudalis. These data strongly support the involvement of the endocannabinoid system in the modulation of nitroglycerin-induced hyperalgesia, and, possibly, in the pathophysiological mechanisms of migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Greco
- IRCCS Neurological Institute C Mondino Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Kupczyk P, Reich A, Szepietowski JC. Cannabinoid system in the skin - a possible target for future therapies in dermatology. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18:669-79. [PMID: 19664006 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00923.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoids and their derivatives are group of more than 60 biologically active chemical agents, which have been used in natural medicine for centuries. The major agent of exogenous cannabinoids is Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9)-THC), natural psychoactive ingredient of marijuana. However, psychoactive properties of these substances limited their use as approved medicines. Recent discoveries of endogenous cannabinoids (e.g. arachidonoylethanolamide, 2-arachidonoylglycerol or palmithyloethanolamide) and their receptors initiated discussion on the role of cannabinoid system in physiological conditions as well as in various diseases. Based on the current knowledge, it could be stated that cannabinoids are important mediators in the skin, however their role have not been well elucidated yet. In our review, we summarized the current knowledge about the significant role of the cannabinoid system in the cutaneous physiology and pathology, pointing out possible future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kupczyk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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Guindon J, Hohmann AG. The endocannabinoid system and pain. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2009; 8:403-21. [PMID: 19839937 DOI: 10.2174/187152709789824660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of cannabinoids has been the topic of extensive investigation following the discovery of cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous ligands. Cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous ligands are present at supraspinal, spinal and peripheral levels. Cannabinoids suppress behavioral responses to noxious stimulation and suppress nociceptive processing through activation of cannabinoid CB(1) and CB(2) receptor subtypes. Endocannabinoids, the brain's own cannabis-like substances, share the same molecular target as Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, the main psychoactive component in cannabis. Endocannabinoids serve as synaptic circuit breakers and regulate multiple physiological and pathological conditions, e.g. regulation of food intake, immunomodulation, inflammation, analgesia, cancer, addictive behavior, epilepsy and others. This review will focus on uncovering the roles of anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, the two best characterized endocannabinoids identified to date, in controlling nociceptive responding. The roles of anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, released under physiological conditions, in modulating nociceptive responding at different levels of the neuraxis will be emphasized in this review. Effects of modulation of endocannabinoid levels through inhibition of endocannabinoid hydrolysis and uptake is also compared with effects of exogenous administration of synthetic endocannabinoids in acute, inflammatory and neuropathic pain models. Finally, the therapeutic potential of the endocannabinoid signaling system is discussed in the context of identifying novel pharmacotherapies for the treatment of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josée Guindon
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-3013, USA
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Effect of nitric oxide donors on membrane tritium accumulation of endocannabinoids and related endogenous lipids. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 621:10-8. [PMID: 19715690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Revised: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) are metabolised by cells by hydrolysis to arachidonic acid followed by esterification into phospholipids. Here, we report that nitric oxide (NO) donors significantly increase the amount of tritium accumulated in the cell membranes of RBL2H3 rat basophilic cells, 3T3-L1 mouse fibroblast cells and b.End5 mouse brain endothelioma cells following incubation of the intact cells with AEA labelled in the arachidonate part of the molecule. Similar results were seen with 2-AG and with arachidonic acid, whilst the NO donors reduced the accumulation of tritium after incubation of RBL2H3 cells with AEA labelled in the ethanolamine part of the molecule. Pretreatment of intact cells with NO donors did not increase the activity of the enzyme mainly responsible for metabolism of AEA, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Furthermore, inhibition of FAAH completely blocked the effect produced by NO donors in cells with a large FAAH component, suggesting that for AEA, the effects were downstream of the enzyme. These data raise the possibility that the cellular processing of endocannabinoids following its uptake can be regulated by nitric oxide.
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Role of anandamide transporter in regulating calcitonin gene-related peptide production and blood pressure in hypertension. J Hypertens 2009; 27:1224-32. [PMID: 19462497 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e328329bbd7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the role of anandamide (AEA) transporter in regulating calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) production and blood pressure. METHODS AND RESULTS Plasma levels of AEA, CGRP, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and nitric oxide in patients with essential hypertension, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and 2 kidney 1 clip hypertensive rats and the CGRP mRNA expression in dorsal root ganglion of rats were measured. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated to examine the AEA transporter activity, the role of AEA transporter in regulating CGRP mRNA expression or the effect of exogenous ADMA on AEA transporter activity. In both hypertensive patients and SHRs, the plasma level of AEA was elevated, but the AEA transporter activity was attenuated concomitantly with decreased CGRP production. Moreover, plasma ADMA level in SHRs was elevated accompanied by decreased nitric oxide level. By contrast, the plasma AEA level was elevated accompanied by increased CGRP production in 2 kidney 1 clip hypertensive rats, and there were no significant changes in plasma levels of ADMA, nitric oxide and the AEA transporter activity. In vitro, exogenous administration of AEA upregulated CGRP mRNA expression in lymphocytes, which was inhibited by AEA transporter blocker, AM404, and the AEA transporter activity was reduced by ADMA. CONCLUSION Decreased plasma CGRP level in patients with essential hypertension or SHRs is likely due to the reduced AEA transporter activity, and the increased ADMA level may account for the reduced AEA transporter activity.
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Vercelli CA, Aisemberg J, Billi S, Cervini M, Ribeiro ML, Farina M, Franchi AM. Anandamide regulates lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide synthesis and tissue damage in the murine uterus. Reprod Biomed Online 2009; 18:824-31. [PMID: 19490788 DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In women, the association between chronic marijuana smoking and early miscarriage has long been known. Anandamide, a major endocannabinoid, mimics some of the psychotropic, hypnotic and analgesic effects of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, the psychoactive component of marijuana. The uterus contains the highest concentrations of anandamide yet discovered in mammalian tissues and this suggests that it might play a role in reproduction. The production of small amounts of nitric oxide (NO) regulates various physiological events including implantation and myometrial relaxation, but in an inflammatory setting such as sepsis, NO has toxic effects as it is a free radical. The results presented in this study indicate that anandamide modulates NO production induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in an in-vitro murine model. It was shown that LPS-induced NO synthesis and tissue damage were mediated by anandamide, as a cannabinoid receptor type I antagonist could block the effect of LPS (P < 0.001). This endotoxin inhibited anandamide uterine degradation (P < 0.05) and increased the expression of one of its synthesizing enzymes (P < 0.05). Contrary to the known anti-inflammatory and protective effects, in this model anandamide seems to act as a pro-inflammatory molecule modulating the production of NO induced by LPS. This proinflammatory effect of anandamide may be implicated in pathological reproductive events such as septic abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Vercelli
- Laboratory of Physiopathology of Pregnancy and Labour, Centre for Pharmacological and Botanical Studies, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Sudhahar V, Shaw S, Imig JD. Mechanisms involved in oleamide-induced vasorelaxation in rat mesenteric resistance arteries. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 607:143-50. [PMID: 19326479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid amides are a new class of signaling lipids that have been implicated in diverse physiological and pathological conditions. Oleamide is a fatty acid amide that induces vasorelaxation. Here, we investigated the mechanisms behind the vasorelaxation effect of oleamide in rat mesenteric resistance arteries. Oleamide-induced concentration dependent (0.01 microM-10 microM) vasorelaxation in mesenteric resistance arteries. This relaxation was unaffected by the presence of the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors. The cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor antagonist, AM251 and the non-CB1/CB2 cannabinoid receptor antagonist, O-1918, attenuated the oleamide vasodilatory response, however the cannabinoid CB2 receptor antagonist, AM630, did not affect the vascular response. Moreover, inhibition of the transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) 1 receptor with capsazepine shifted the oleamide-induced vasorelaxation response to the right. In agreement with the vascular functional data, the cannabinoid CB1 and TRPV1 receptor proteins were expressed in mesenteric resistance arteries but cannabinoid CB2 receptors and the FAAH enzyme were not. In endothelium-denuded arteries, the oleamide-mediated vasorelaxation was attenuated and cannabinoid CB1 or non-CB1/CB2 cannabinoid receptor blockade did not further reduce the dilatory response whereas TRPV1 antagonism further decreased the response. These findings indicate that cannabinoid receptors on the endothelium and endothelium-independent TRPV1 receptors contribute to the oleamide vasodilatory response. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the oleamide-induced vasorelaxation is mediated, in part, by cannabinoid CB1 receptors, non-CB1/CB2 cannabinoid receptors, and TRPV1 receptors in rat mesenteric resistance arteries. These mechanisms are overlapping in respect to oleamide-induced mesenteric resistance artery dilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varadarajan Sudhahar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
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Endocannabinoid System and Nitric Oxide are Involved in the Deleterious Effects of Lipopolysaccharide on Murine Decidua. Placenta 2009; 30:579-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Oddi S, Fezza F, Pasquariello N, D'Agostino A, Catanzaro G, De Simone C, Rapino C, Finazzi-Agrò A, Maccarrone M. Molecular Identification of Albumin and Hsp70 as Cytosolic Anandamide-Binding Proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 16:624-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 04/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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