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Zhang J, Li H, Deng Q, Huang AM, Qiu W, Wang L, Xiang Z, Yang R, Liang J, Liu Z. Correlation between omega-3 intake and the incidence of diabetic retinopathy based on NHANES from 2005 to 2008. Acta Diabetol 2024:10.1007/s00592-024-02267-4. [PMID: 38625392 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-024-02267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
AIMS To identify correlations between omega-3 intake and incidence of diabetic retinopathy (DR). METHODS This was a cross-sectional study using data from participants over age 40 in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2008. Metrics included participants' intake of omega-3 fatty acids, specifically three types of representative polyunsaturated fatty acids, DR prevalence, and demographic characteristics. Multiple logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between omega-3 intake and DR. RESULTS Of the 1243 participants included in this study, omega-3 intake was lower in patients with DR relative to those without DR. Of the three polyunsaturated fatty acids within the omega-3 fatty acid family that we focused on, participants without DR consumed more docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) than those with DR. In contrast, there was no significant difference in the intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Higher omega-3 intake was associated with a decreased risk of DR. In a crude model, the odds ratio (OR) was 0.548 (95% CI 0.315, 0.951; p = 0.033). In the fully adjusted model of omega-3 (model II), the adjusted OR was 0.525 (95% CI 0.306, 0.901; p = 0.021). DPA and DHA were also associated with a decreased risk of DR. In the full adjustment model (model II) of DPA and DHA, the adjusted ORs were 0.0002 (95% CI 0.000, 0.166; p = 0.014) and 0.293 (95% CI 0.105, 0.819; p = 0.020). Subgroup analysis showed that the protective effect of omega-3 against DR was more significant in younger patients (p value = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS In this cross-sectional study of the U.S. general population, we found that increased intake of omega-3 and its components, specifically DPA and DHA were negatively associated with DR incidence. This suggests that omega-3 may be a potential protective factor for DR and may help to prevent or delay the onset and progression of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Zhang
- Ophthalmic Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, China
| | - Huangdong Li
- Ophthalmic Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Deng
- Ophthalmic Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, China
- Zhejiang Provincal People's Hospital Bijie Hospital, Bijie, 551700, Guizhou, China
| | - Amy Michelle Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Wangjian Qiu
- Ophthalmic Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen Songgang District People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518105, China
| | - Li Wang
- Ophthalmic Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Ophthalmic Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruiming Yang
- Ophthalmic Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiamian Liang
- Ophthalmic Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiping Liu
- Ophthalmic Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, China.
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Pei H, Wang L, Xia X, Dong C, Tan B, Zhang Y, Lin Z, Ding J. Sulfamethoxazole stress endangers the gut health of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) and affects host metabolism. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 273:116099. [PMID: 38422788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) is a frequently detected antibiotic in the environment, and there is a growing concern about its potential toxic effects on aquatic organisms. sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicas) is a benthic invertebrate whose gut acts as a primary immune defense and serves critical protective barrier. In this study, growth performance, histology, gut microbiota, and metabolomics analyses were performed to investigate the toxic response in the intestine of sea cucumber effects caused by SMZ stress for 56 d by evaluating with different concentrations of SMZ (0, 1.2×10-3, and 1.2 mg/L). The weight gain rate of sea cucumbers under SMZ stress showed significant decrease, indicating that the growth of sea cucumbers was hindered. Analysis of the intestinal morphological features indicated that SMZ stimulation resulted in atrophy of the sea cucumber gut. In the 1.2×10-3 mg/L concentration, the thickness of muscle and mucosal layers was reduced by 12.40% and 21.39%, while in the 1.2 mg/L concentration, the reductions were 35.08% and 26.98%. The abundance and diversity of sea cucumber intestinal bacteria decreased significantly (P < 0.05) under the influence of SMZ. Notably, the intestinal bacteria of sea cucumber became homogenized with the increase in SMZ concentration, and the relative abundance of Ralstonia reached 81.64% under the stress of 1.2 mg/L concentration. The SMZ stress significantly impacted host metabolism and disrupted balance, particularly in L-threonine, L-tyrosine, neuronic acid, piperine, and docosapentaenoic acid. SMZ leads to dysregulation of metabolites, resulting in growth inhibition and potential inflammatory responses that could adversely affect the normal activities of aquatic organisms. Further metabolic pathway enrichment analyses demonstrated that impaired biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis metabolic pathway were major reasons for SMZ stress-induced intestinal bacteria dysbiosis. This research aims to provide some theoretical evidence for the ecological hazard assessment of antibiotics in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Pei
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Luo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Xinglong Xia
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Changkun Dong
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Bamei Tan
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhiping Lin
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
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Ferreira I, Falcato F, Bandarra N, Rauter AP. Resolvins, Protectins, and Maresins: DHA-Derived Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators, Biosynthetic Pathways, Synthetic Approaches, and Their Role in Inflammation. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27051677. [PMID: 35268778 PMCID: PMC8912121 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Marine organisms are an important source of natural products with unique and diverse chemical structures that may hold the key for the development of novel drugs. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid marine natural product playing a crucial regulatory role in the resolution of inflammation and acting as a precursor for the biosynthesis of the anti-inflammatory specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) resolvins, protectins, and maresins. These metabolites exert many beneficial actions including neuroprotection, anti-hypertension, or anti-tumorigenesis. As dysregulation of SPMs is associated with diseases of prolonged inflammation, the disclosure of their bioactivities may be correlated with anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving capabilities, offering new targets for drug design. The availability of these SPMs from natural resources is very low, but the evaluation of their pharmacological properties requires their access in larger amounts, as achieved by synthetic routes. In this report, the first review of the total organic syntheses carried out for resolvins, protectins, and maresins is presented. Recently, it was proposed that DHA-derived pro-resolving mediators play a key role in the treatment of COVID-19. In this work we also review the current evidence on the structures, biosynthesis, and functional and new-found roles of these novel lipid mediators of disease resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Ferreira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, Piso 5, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospecting, Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Filipa Falcato
- Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospecting, Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Narcisa Bandarra
- Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospecting, Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (N.B.); (A.P.R.); Tel.: +351-964408824 (A.P.R.)
| | - Amélia P. Rauter
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, Piso 5, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (N.B.); (A.P.R.); Tel.: +351-964408824 (A.P.R.)
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Keating CE, Browne KD, Cullen DK. Dietary manipulation of vulnerability to traumatic brain injury-induced neuronal plasma membrane permeability. Exp Neurol 2021; 340:113649. [PMID: 33600812 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can produce physical disruptions in the plasma membranes of neurons, referred to as mechanoporation, which lead to increased cell permeability. We suspect that such trauma-induced membrane disruptions may be influenced by the physical properties of the plasma membrane, such as elasticity or rigidity. These membrane properties are influenced by lipid composition, which can be modulated via diet, leading to the intriguing possibility of prophylactically altering diet to confer resiliency to this mechanism of acute neuronal damage in TBI. In this proof-of-concept study, we used three different diets-one high in polyunsaturated fatty acids suggested to increase elasticity (Fish Oil), one high in saturated fatty acids and cholesterol suggested to increase rigidity (High Fat), and one standard rat chow (Control)-to alter brain plasma membrane lipid composition before subjecting rats to lateral fluid percussion injury (FPI). Lipid analysis (n = 12 rats) confirmed that diets altered brain fatty acid composition after 4 weeks of feeding, with the Fish Oil diet increasing unsaturated fatty acids, and interestingly, the High Fat diet increasing omega-6 docosapentaenoic acid. One cohort of animals (n = 34 rats) was assessed immediately after FPI or sham injury for acute changes in neuronal membrane permeability in the injury-adjacent cortex. Surprisingly, sham animals fed Fish Oil had increased membrane permeability, suggesting altered passive membrane properties. In contrast, injured animals fed the High Fat diet displayed less intense uptake of permeability marker, suggesting a reduced extent of injury-induced plasma membrane disruption, although the density of affected cells matched the other diet groups. In a separate cohort survived for 7 days after FPI (n = 48 rats), animals fed the High Fat diet exhibited a reduced lesion area. At both time points there were no statistically significant differences in inflammation. Unexpectedly, these results indicate that the High Fat diet, as opposed to the Fish Oil diet, beneficially modulated acute plasma membrane permeability and resulted in a smaller lesion size at 7 days post-injury. Additional studies are necessary to determine the impact of these various diets on behavioral outcomes post-TBI. Further investigation is also needed to understand the physical properties in neuronal plasma membranes that may underlie increased resiliency to trauma-induced disruptions and, importantly, to understand how these properties may be influenced by targeted dietary modifications for vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn E Keating
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, 19104, USA.
| | - Kevin D Browne
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, 19104, USA.
| | - D Kacy Cullen
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, 19104, USA.
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5
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Dawson HD, Chen C, Li RW, Bell LN, Shea-Donohue T, Kringel H, Beshah E, Hill DE, Urban JF. Molecular and metabolomic changes in the proximal colon of pigs infected with Trichuris suis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12853. [PMID: 32732949 PMCID: PMC7393168 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69462-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pig whipworm Trichuris suis is important in swine production because of its negative effects on pig performance and, notably, to some humans with inflammatory bowel disease as a therapeutic agent that modulates inflammation. The proximal colon of T. suis-infected pigs exhibited general inflammation around day 21 after inoculation with infective eggs that is transcriptionally characterized by markers of type-2 immune activation, inflammation, cellular infiltration, tissue repair enzymes, pathways of oxidative stress, and altered intestinal barrier function. Prominent gene pathways involved the Th2-response, de novo cholesterol synthesis, fructose and glucose metabolism, basic amino acid metabolism, and bile acid transport. Upstream regulatory factor analysis implicated the bile acid/farnesoid X receptor in some of these processes. Metabolic analysis indicated changes in fatty acids, antioxidant capacity, biochemicals related to methylation, protein glycosylation, extracellular matrix structure, sugars, Krebs cycle intermediates, microbe-derived metabolites and altered metabolite transport. Close to 1,200 differentially expressed genes were modulated in the proximal colon of pigs with a persistent adult worm infection that was nearly 90% lower in pigs that had expelled worms. The results support a model to test diets that favorably alter the microbiome and improve host intestinal health in both pigs and humans exposed to Trichuris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry D Dawson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, USA
| | - Celine Chen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, USA
| | - Robert W Li
- Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Helene Kringel
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ethiopia Beshah
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, USA
| | - Dolores E Hill
- Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Joseph F Urban
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, USA. .,Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA.
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6
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Ahmmed MK, Ahmmed F, Tian HS, Carne A, Bekhit AED. Marine omega-3 (n-3) phospholipids: A comprehensive review of their properties, sources, bioavailability, and relation to brain health. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 19:64-123. [PMID: 33319514 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
For several decades, there has been considerable interest in marine-derived long chain n-3 fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFAs) due to their outstanding health benefits. n-3 LCPUFAs can be found in nature either in triglycerides (TAGs) or in phospholipid (PL) form. From brain health point of view, PL n-3 is more bioavailable and potent compared to n-3 in TAG form, as only PL n-3 is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and can be involved in brain biochemical reactions. However, PL n-3 has been ignored in the fish oil industry and frequently removed as an impurity during degumming processes. As a result, PL products derived from marine sources are very limited compared to TAG products. Commercially, PLs are being used in pharmaceutical industries as drug carriers, in food manufacturing as emulsifiers and in cosmetic industries as skin care agents, but most of the PLs used in these applications are produced from vegetable sources that contain less (without EPA, DPA, and DHA) or sometimes no n-3 LCPUFAs. This review provides a comprehensive account of the properties, structures, and major sources of marine PLs, and provides focussed discussion of their relationship to brain health. Epidemiological, laboratory, and clinical studies on n-3 LCPUFAs enriched PLs using different model systems in relation to brain and mental health that have been published over the past few years are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirja Kaizer Ahmmed
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Fishing and Post-Harvest Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Bangladesh
| | - Fatema Ahmmed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Alan Carne
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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7
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Drouin G, Rioux V, Legrand P. The n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA): A new player in the n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid family. Biochimie 2019; 159:36-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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8
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Watrous JD, Niiranen TJ, Lagerborg KA, Henglin M, Xu YJ, Rong J, Sharma S, Vasan RS, Larson MG, Armando A, Mora S, Quehenberger O, Dennis EA, Cheng S, Jain M. Directed Non-targeted Mass Spectrometry and Chemical Networking for Discovery of Eicosanoids and Related Oxylipins. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:433-442.e4. [PMID: 30661990 PMCID: PMC6636917 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids and related oxylipins are critical, small bioactive mediators of human physiology and inflammation. While ∼1,100 distinct species have been predicted to exist, to date, less than 150 of these molecules have been measured in humans, limiting our understanding of their role in human biology. Using a directed non-targeted mass spectrometry approach in conjunction with chemical networking of spectral fragmentation patterns, we find over 500 discrete chemical signals highly consistent with known and putative eicosanoids and related oxylipins in human plasma including 46 putative molecules not previously described. In plasma samples from 1,500 individuals, we find members of this expanded oxylipin library hold close association with markers of inflammation, as well as clinical characteristics linked with inflammation, including advancing age and obesity. These experimental and computational approaches enable discovery of new chemical entities and will shed important insight into the role of bioactive molecules in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeramie D Watrous
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Teemu J Niiranen
- Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland
| | - Kim A Lagerborg
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mir Henglin
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yong-Jiang Xu
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jian Rong
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sonia Sharma
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Sections of Preventive Medicine and Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin G Larson
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aaron Armando
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Samia Mora
- Center for Lipid Metabolomics, Divisions of Preventive and Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oswald Quehenberger
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Edward A Dennis
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Susan Cheng
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Mohit Jain
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Tu HAT, Dobson EP, Henderson LC, Barrow CJ, Adcock JL. Soy flour as an alternative to purified lipoxygenase for the enzymatic synthesis of resolvin analogues. N Biotechnol 2018; 41:25-33. [PMID: 29197557 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Specialized pro-resolving mediators are lipid signaling molecules synthesized from omega-3 and -6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which promote the resolution of the inflammatory response. They are potential drug targets for the treatment of numerous conditions linked with uncontrolled inflammation. Many of these mediators can be effectively synthesized using enzymes, such as lipoxygenases. However, these enzymes are expensive to purchase and can be difficult to isolate. In this work, we show that commercial soy flour can be used directly as a source of lipoxygenase for the biosynthesis of specialized pro-resolving mediators from DHA and other biologically important fatty acids. The reaction was optimized and the products characterized. We found that the reaction yield and products were comparable to those synthesized using a commercial 15-lipoxygenase preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang-Anh T Tu
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Vic, 3216, Australia
| | - Eleanor P Dobson
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Vic, 3216, Australia
| | - Luke C Henderson
- Carbon Nexus, Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Vic, 3216, Australia
| | - Colin J Barrow
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Vic, 3216, Australia
| | - Jacqui L Adcock
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Vic, 3216, Australia.
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Broadhurst CL, Schmidt WF, Nguyen JK, Qin J, Chao K, Kim MS. Gradient Temperature Raman Spectroscopy of Fatty Acids with One to Six Double Bonds Identifies Specific Carbons and Provides Systematic Three Dimensional Structures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/jbpc.2018.91001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Shen L, Yang Y, Ou T, Key CCC, Tong SH, Sequeira RC, Nelson JM, Nie Y, Wang Z, Boudyguina E, Shewale SV, Zhu X. Dietary PUFAs attenuate NLRP3 inflammasome activation via enhancing macrophage autophagy. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:1808-1821. [PMID: 28729463 PMCID: PMC5580895 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m075879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary PUFAs reduce atherosclerosis and macrophage inflammation, but how nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain leucine-rich repeat-containing receptor protein (NLRP3) inflammasome activation and autophagy influence PUFA-mediated atheroprotection is poorly understood. We fed Ldlr-/- mice diets containing 10% (calories) palm oil (PO) and 0.2% cholesterol, supplemented with an additional 10% of calories as PO, fish oil (FO), echium oil (EO, containing 18:4 n-3), or borage oil (BO, containing 18:3 n-6). Inflammasome activation, autophagic flux, and mitochondrial function were measured in peritoneal macrophages, blood monocytes, or liver from diet-fed mice. Compared with PO, dietary PUFAs (FO, EO, or BO) markedly inhibited inflammasome activation, shown by 1) less macrophage IL-1β secretion and caspase-1 cleavage in response to NLRP3 inflammasome activators, 2) less IL-1β secretion and caspase-1 cleavage from liver or hepatocytes in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and 3) attenuated caspase-1 activity in blood monocytes. Furthermore, PUFA-enriched diets increased LC3-II expression in macrophage, aorta, and liver samples and reduced numbers of dysfunctional mitochondria in macrophages in response to LPS and palmitate, suggesting enhanced autophagic activation. Dietary PUFAs did not attenuate NLRP3 inflammasome activation in atg5-deficient macrophages, indicating that autophagic activation is critical for the PUFA-mediated inflammasome inactivation. In conclusion, dietary PUFAs reduce atherosclerosis, in part, by activation of macrophage autophagy and attenuation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Shen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Tiantong Ou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Chia-Chi C Key
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Sarah H Tong
- Prestige Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Russel C Sequeira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Jonathan M Nelson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Yan Nie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Zhan Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Elena Boudyguina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Swapnil V Shewale
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Xuewei Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
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12
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Continuous gradient temperature Raman spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry of N-3DPA and DHA from −100 to 10 °C. Chem Phys Lipids 2017; 204:94-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Lopez-Toledano MA, Thorsteinsson T, Daak AA, Maki KC, Johns C, Rabinowicz AL, Sancilio FD. Minimal food effect for eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid bioavailability from omega-3–acid ethyl esters with an Advanced Lipid Technologies TM (ALT ® )–based formulation. J Clin Lipidol 2017; 11:394-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Axelsen PH, Murphy RC, Igarashi M, Rapoport SI. Increased ω6-Containing Phospholipids and Primary ω6 Oxidation Products in the Brain Tissue of Rats on an ω3-Deficient Diet. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164326. [PMID: 27788153 PMCID: PMC5082804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acyl (PUFA) chains in both the ω3 and ω6 series are essential for normal animal brain development, and cannot be interconverted to compensate for a dietary deficiency of one or the other. Paradoxically, a dietary ω3-PUFA deficiency leads to the accumulation of docosapentaenoate (DPA, 22:5ω6), an ω6-PUFA chain that is normally scarce in the brain. We applied a high-precision LC/MS method to characterize the distribution of DPA chains across phospholipid headgroup classes, the fatty acyl chains with which they were paired, and the extent to which they were oxidatively damaged in the cortical brain of rats on an ω3-deficient diet. Results indicate that dietary ω3-PUFA deficiency markedly increased the concentrations of phospholipids with DPA chains across all headgroup subclasses, including plasmalogen species. The concentrations of phospholipids containing docosahexaenoate chains (22:6ω3) decreased 20-25%, while the concentrations of phospholipids containing arachidonate chains (20:4ω6) did not change significantly. Although DPA chains are more saturated than DHA chains, a larger fraction of DPA chains were monohydroxylated, particularly among diacyl-phosphatidylethanolamines and plasmalogen phosphatidylethanolamines, suggesting that they were disproportionately subjected to oxidative stress. Differences in the pathological significance of ω3 and ω6 oxidation products suggest that greater oxidative damage among the ω6 PUFAs that increase in response to dietary ω3 deficiency may have pathological significance in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H. Axelsen
- Departments of Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104–6084, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Robert C. Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, Mail Stop 8303, University of Colorado at Denver Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO, 80045–0511, United States of America
| | - Miki Igarashi
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
| | - Stanley I. Rapoport
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
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15
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Abstract
Microalgae present a huge and still insufficiently tapped resource of very long-chain omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFA) for human nutrition and medicinal applications. This chapter describes the diversity of unicellular eukaryotic microalgae in respect to VLC-PUFA biosynthesis. Then, we outline the major biosynthetic pathways mediating the formation of VLC-PUFA by sequential desaturation and elongation of C18-PUFA acyl groups. We address the aspects of spatial localization of those pathways and elaborate on the role for VLC-PUFA in microalgal cells. Recent progress in microalgal genetic transformation and molecular engineering has opened the way to increased production efficiencies for VLC-PUFA. The perspectives of photobiotechnology and metabolic engineering of microalgae for altered or enhanced VLC-PUFA production are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Khozin-Goldberg
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel.
| | - Stefan Leu
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel
| | - Sammy Boussiba
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel
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16
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Balas L, Durand T. Dihydroxylated E,E,Z-docosatrienes. An overview of their synthesis and biological significance. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 61:1-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Weylandt KH. Docosapentaenoic acid derived metabolites and mediators - The new world of lipid mediator medicine in a nutshell. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 785:108-115. [PMID: 26546723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have seen the description and elucidation of a new class of anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving lipid mediators. The arachidonic acid (AA)-derived compounds in this class are called lipoxins and have been described in great detail since their discovery thirty years ago. The new players are mediators derived from fish oil omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), called resolvins, protectins and maresins. Taken together, these mediators are also called specialized pro-resolution mediators (SPMs). As compared to the AA/EPA/DHA-derived compounds, research regarding mediators formed from the n-3 and n-6 docosapentaenoic acids (DPAn-3 and DPAn-6) is sparse. However, mono- di- and trihydroxy derivates of the DPAs have anti-inflammatory properties as well, even though mechanisms of their anti-inflammatory action have not been fully elucidated. This review aims to summarize current knowledge regarding the DPA-derived SPMs and their actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten-H Weylandt
- Medical Department, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology (including Metabolic Diseases), Charité University Medicine, Campus Virchow Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Lipid Clinic, Experimental and Clinical Research Centre (ECRC), Charité University Medicine and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
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18
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Lagarde M, Calzada C, Jouvène C, Bernoud-Hubac N, Létisse M, Guichardant M, Véricel E. Functional fluxolipidomics of polyunsaturated fatty acids and oxygenated metabolites in the blood vessel compartment. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 60:41-9. [PMID: 26484703 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of bioactive oxygenated metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids and their degradation or transformation products are made through multiple enzyme processes. The kinetics of the enzymes responsible for the different steps are known to be quite diverse, although not precisely determined. The location of the metabolites biosynthesis is diverse as well. Also, the biological effects of the primary and secondary products, and their biological life span are often completely different. Consequently, phenotypes of cells in response to these bioactive lipid mediators must then depend on their concentrations at a given time. This demands a fluxolipidomics approach that can be defined as a mediator lipidomics, with all measurements done as a function of time and biological compartments. This review points out what is known, even qualitatively, in the blood vascular compartment for arachidonic acid metabolites and number of other metabolites from polyunsaturated fatty acids of nutritional value. The functional consequences are especially taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lagarde
- Université de Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, IMBL, INSA-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - C Calzada
- Université de Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, IMBL, INSA-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - C Jouvène
- Université de Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, IMBL, INSA-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - N Bernoud-Hubac
- Université de Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, IMBL, INSA-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - M Létisse
- Université de Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, IMBL, INSA-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - M Guichardant
- Université de Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, IMBL, INSA-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - E Véricel
- Université de Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, IMBL, INSA-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
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19
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Red Blood Cell Docosapentaenoic Acid (DPA n-3) is Inversely Associated with Triglycerides and C-reactive Protein (CRP) in Healthy Adults and Dose-Dependently Increases Following n-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation. Nutrients 2015; 7:6390-404. [PMID: 26247967 PMCID: PMC4555130 DOI: 10.3390/nu7085291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the long-chain omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in lipid metabolism and inflammation has been extensively studied; however, little is known about the relationship between docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5 n-3) and inflammation and triglycerides (TG). We evaluated whether n-3 DPA content of red blood cells (RBC) was associated with markers of inflammation (interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP) and fasting TG prior to n-3 supplementation in two studies (Study 1: n = 115, aged 20-44 years, body mass index (BMI) 20-30 kg/m2, TG = 34-176 mg/dL; Study 2: n = 28, aged 22-65 years, BMI 24-37 kg/m2, TG = 141-339 mg/dL). We also characterized the dose-response effects of n-3 fatty acid supplementation on RBC n-3 DPA after five months of supplementation with fish oil (Study 1: 0, 300, 600, 900, and 1800 mg/day EPA + DHA) and eight weeks of prescription n-3 ethyl esters (Study 2: 0, 850, and 3400 mg/day EPA + DHA). In Study 1, RBC n-3 DPA was inversely correlated with CRP (R2 = 36%, p < 0.001) and with fasting TG (r = -0.30, p = 0.001). The latter finding was replicated in Study 2 (r = -0.33, p = 0.04). In both studies, n-3 supplementation significantly increased RBC n-3 DPA dose-dependently. Relative increases were greater for Study 1, with increases of 29%-61% vs. 14%-26% for Study 2. The associations between RBC n-3 DPA, CRP, and fasting TG may have important implications for the prevention of atherosclerosis and chronic inflammatory diseases and warrant further study.
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20
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Murray M, Hraiki A, Bebawy M, Pazderka C, Rawling T. Anti-tumor activities of lipids and lipid analogues and their development as potential anticancer drugs. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 150:109-28. [PMID: 25603423 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Lipids have the potential for development as anticancer agents. Endogenous membrane lipids, such as ceramides and certain saturated fatty acids, have been found to modulate the viability of tumor cells. In addition, many tumors over-express cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase or cytochrome P450 enzymes that mediate the biotransformation of ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to potent eicosanoid regulators of tumor cell proliferation and cell death. In contrast, several analogous products from the biotransformation of ω-3 PUFAs impair particular tumorigenic pathways. For example, the ω-3 17,18-epoxide of eicosapentaenoic acid activates anti-proliferative and proapoptotic signaling cascades in tumor cells and the lipoxygenase-derived resolvins are effective inhibitors of inflammatory pathways that may drive tumor expansion. However, the development of potential anti-cancer drugs based on these molecules is complex, with in vivo stability a major issue. Nevertheless, recent successes with the antitumor alkyl phospholipids, which are synthetic analogues of naturally-occurring membrane phospholipid esters, have provided the impetus for development of further molecules. The alkyl phospholipids have been tested against a range of cancers and show considerable activity against skin cancers and certain leukemias. Very recently, it has been shown that combination strategies, in which alkyl phospholipids are used in conjunction with established anticancer agents, are promising new therapeutic approaches. In future, the evaluation of new lipid-based molecules in single-agent and combination treatments may also be assessed. This could provide a range of important treatment options in the management of advanced and metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Murray
- Pharmacogenomics and Drug Development Group, Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Adam Hraiki
- Pharmacogenomics and Drug Development Group, Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mary Bebawy
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Curtis Pazderka
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Tristan Rawling
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
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21
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Analysis of biologically-active, endogenous carboxylic acids based on chromatography-mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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22
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Solvent-induced 7R-dioxygenase activity of soybean 15-lipoxygenase-1 in the formation of omega-3 DPA-derived resolvin analogs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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23
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Ostermann AI, Willenberg I, Weylandt KH, Schebb NH. Development of an Online-SPE–LC–MS/MS Method for 26 Hydroxylated Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids as Rapid Targeted Metabolomics Approach for the LOX, CYP, and Autoxidation Pathways of the Arachidonic Acid Cascade. Chromatographia 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2768-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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24
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Metabolomic evaluation of the response to endocrine therapy in patients with prostate cancer. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 729:132-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Balas L, Guichardant M, Durand T, Lagarde M. Confusion between protectin D1 (PD1) and its isomer protectin DX (PDX). An overview on the dihydroxy-docosatrienes described to date. Biochimie 2014; 99:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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26
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Dayaker G, Durand T, Balas L. Total Synthesis of Neuroprotectin D1 Analogues Derived from Omega-6 Docosapentaenoic Acid (DPA) and Adrenic Acid (AdA) from a Common Pivotal, Late-Stage Intermediate. J Org Chem 2014; 79:2657-65. [DOI: 10.1021/jo500147r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gandrath Dayaker
- Faculté
de Pharmacie, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM, UMR5247 CNRS-UM1-UM2-ENSCM), 15 av. C. Flahault, BP 14491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Thierry Durand
- Faculté
de Pharmacie, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM, UMR5247 CNRS-UM1-UM2-ENSCM), 15 av. C. Flahault, BP 14491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Laurence Balas
- Faculté
de Pharmacie, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM, UMR5247 CNRS-UM1-UM2-ENSCM), 15 av. C. Flahault, BP 14491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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27
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Abstract
Fish oil contains a complex mixture of omega-3 fatty acids, of which eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are the three predominant forms. There has been a plethora of previous research on the effects and associations of fish oil supplementation with various clinical manifestations. While the majority of this work was focused on EPA and DHA as the active compounds, emerging research has begun to elucidate the specific role that DPA plays in these physiological processes and its differences with the other omega-3 fatty acids. The purpose of this review is to focus on the new studies undertaken with DPA. This review summarizes the biochemical mechanisms involved in the biosynthesis and metabolism of DPA before focusing on its effects in cardiovascular disease, immune function, and psychiatric and cognitive health. The limited studies point toward a positive role that DPA supplementation can play in these processes and that is separate and distinct from traditional supplementation with DHA and EPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puya G Yazdi
- UC Irvine Diabetes Center, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA ; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA ; Department of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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28
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Lagarde M, Bernoud-Hubac N, Calzada C, Véricel E, Guichardant M. Lipidomics of essential fatty acids and oxygenated metabolites. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:1347-58. [PMID: 23818385 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids in mammals may be oxygenated into a myriad of bioactive products through di- and monooxygenases, products that are rapidly degraded to control their action. To evaluate the phenotypes of biological systems regarding this wide family of compounds, a lipidomics approach in function of time and compartments would be relevant. The current review takes into consideration most of the diverse oxygenated metabolites of essential fatty acids at large and their immediate degradation products. Their biological function and life span are considered. Overall, this is a fluxolipidomics approach that is emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Lagarde
- Université de Lyon, UMR 1060 Inserm, IMBL, INSA-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France.
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29
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Jónasdóttir HS, Nicolardi S, Jonker W, Derks R, Palmblad M, Ioan-Facsinay A, Toes R, van der Burgt YEM, Deelder AM, Mayboroda OA, Giera M. Detection and Structural Elucidation of Esterified Oxylipids in Human Synovial Fluid by Electrospray Ionization-Fourier Transform Ion-Cyclotron Mass Spectrometry and Liquid Chromatography-Ion Trap-MS3: Detection of Esterified Hydroxylated Docosapentaenoic Acid Containing Phospholipids. Anal Chem 2013; 85:6003-10. [DOI: 10.1021/ac400826z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hulda S. Jónasdóttir
- Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics,
Albinusdreef 2, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Nicolardi
- Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics,
Albinusdreef 2, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Jonker
- Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics,
Albinusdreef 2, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rico Derks
- Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics,
Albinusdreef 2, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Magnus Palmblad
- Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics,
Albinusdreef 2, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andreea Ioan-Facsinay
- Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Department of Rheumatology, Albinusdreef
2, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - René Toes
- Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Department of Rheumatology, Albinusdreef
2, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yuri E. M. van der Burgt
- Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics,
Albinusdreef 2, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - André M. Deelder
- Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics,
Albinusdreef 2, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Oleg A. Mayboroda
- Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics,
Albinusdreef 2, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Giera
- Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics,
Albinusdreef 2, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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30
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Dobson EP, Barrow CJ, Kralovec JA, Adcock JL. Controlled formation of mono- and dihydroxy-resolvins from EPA and DHA using soybean 15-lipoxygenase. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:1439-47. [PMID: 23471029 PMCID: PMC3622336 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m036186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Resolvins and protectins are important anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution compounds derived from the enzymatic oxidation of omega-3 fatty acids all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and all-cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). We have developed a simple, controlled method to synthesize an array of resolvin and protectin analogs from fatty acid starting materials using soybean 15-lipoxygenase. The conditions were optimized for the production of both mono- and dihydroxy derivatives, with enzyme concentration and pH found to have a significant effect on the reaction products. The methods were applied to five biologically important omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid substrates. Mono- and dihydroxy compounds were successfully synthesized from all substrates and the products were characterized by normal phase (NP) HPLC, GC-MS, TOF-MS, UV-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, and NMR spectroscopy. The methods could be further applied to any polyunsaturated fatty acids containing the cis-1,4,7,10-undecatetraene moiety to produce a range of novel compounds with potential biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor P. Dobson
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia; and
| | - Colin J. Barrow
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia; and
| | | | - Jacqui L. Adcock
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia; and
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31
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Fredman G, Serhan CN. Specialized pro-resolving mediators: wiring the circuitry of effector immune and tissue homeostasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/etp.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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32
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O’Flaherty JT, Hu Y, Wooten RE, Horita DA, Samuel MP, Thomas MJ, Sun H, Edwards IJ. 15-lipoxygenase metabolites of docosahexaenoic acid inhibit prostate cancer cell proliferation and survival. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45480. [PMID: 23029040 PMCID: PMC3447860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A 15-LOX, it is proposed, suppresses the growth of prostate cancer in part by converting arachidonic, eicosatrienoic, and/or eicosapentaenoic acids to n-6 hydroxy metabolites. These metabolites inhibit the proliferation of PC3, LNCaP, and DU145 prostate cancer cells but only at ≥1-10 µM. We show here that the 15-LOX metabolites of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 17-hydroperoxy-, 17-hydroxy-, 10,17-dihydroxy-, and 7,17-dihydroxy-DHA inhibit the proliferation of these cells at ≥0.001, 0.01, 1, and 1 µM, respectively. By comparison, the corresponding 15-hydroperoxy, 15-hydroxy, 8,15-dihydroxy, and 5,15-dihydroxy metabolites of arachidonic acid as well as DHA itself require ≥10-100 µM to do this. Like DHA, the DHA metabolites a) induce PC3 cells to activate a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) reporter, express syndecan-1, and become apoptotic and b) are blocked from slowing cell proliferation by pharmacological inhibition or knockdown of PPARγ or syndecan-1. The DHA metabolites thus slow prostate cancer cell proliferation by engaging the PPARγ/syndecan-1 pathway of apoptosis and thereby may contribute to the prostate cancer-suppressing effects of not only 15-LOX but also dietary DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T. O’Flaherty
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yungping Hu
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rhonda E. Wooten
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David A. Horita
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Samuel
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Haiguo Sun
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Iris J. Edwards
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Igarashi M, Kim HW, Gao F, Chang L, Ma K, Rapoport SI. Fifteen weeks of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid deprivation increase turnover of n-6 docosapentaenoic acid in rat-brain phospholipids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1821:1235-43. [PMID: 22142872 PMCID: PMC3348251 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Docosapentaenoic acid (DPAn-6, 22:5n-6) is an n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) whose brain concentration can be increased in rodents by dietary n-3 PUFA deficiency, which may contribute to their behavioral dysfunction. We used our in vivo intravenous infusion method to see if brain DPAn-6 turnover and metabolism also were altered with deprivation. We studied male rats that had been fed for 15 weeks post-weaning an n-3 PUFA adequate diet containing 4.6% alpha-linolenic acid (α-LNA, 18:3n-3) or a deficient diet (0.2% α-LNA), each lacking docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) and arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6). [1-(14)C]DPAn-6 was infused intravenously for 5min in unanesthetized rats, after which the brain underwent high-energy microwaving, and then was analyzed. The n-3 PUFA deficient compared with adequate diet increased DPAn-6 and decreased DHA concentrations in plasma and brain, while minimally changing brain AA concentration. Incorporation rates of unesterified DPAn-6 from plasma into individual brain phospholipids were increased 5.2-7.7 fold, while turnover rates were increased 2.1-4.7 fold. The observations suggest that increased metabolism and brain concentrations of DPAn-6 and its metabolites, together with a reduced brain DHA concentration, contribute to behavioral and functional abnormalities reported with dietary n-3 PUFA deprivation in rodents. (196 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Igarashi
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Zhang MJ, Spite M. Resolvins: Anti-Inflammatory and Proresolving Mediators Derived from Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Annu Rev Nutr 2012; 32:203-27. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071811-150726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Zhang
- Diabetes and Obesity Center,
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine,
| | - Matthew Spite
- Diabetes and Obesity Center,
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine,
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202;
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Chiu CY, Gomolka B, Dierkes C, Huang NR, Schroeder M, Purschke M, Manstein D, Dangi B, Weylandt KH. Omega-6 docosapentaenoic acid-derived resolvins and 17-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid modulate macrophage function and alleviate experimental colitis. Inflamm Res 2012; 61:967-76. [PMID: 22618200 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-012-0489-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Enzymatically oxygenated lipid products derived from omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids play an important role in inflammation dampening. This study examined the anti-inflammatory effects of n-6 docosapentaenoic acid-derived (17S)-hydroxy-docosapentaenoic acid (17-HDPAn-6) and (10,17S)-dihydroxy-docosapentaenoic acid (10,17-HDPAn-6) as well as n-3 docosahexaenoic acid-derived 17(R/S)-hydroxy-docosahexaenoic acid (17-HDHA). MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of 17-HDPAn-6, 10,17-HDPAn-6 or 17-HDHA on activity and M1/M2 polarization of murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 were examined by phagocytosis assay and real-time PCR. To assess anti-inflammatory effects in vivo, dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) colitis was induced in mice treated with 17-HDPAn-6, 10,17-HDPAn-6, 17-HDHA or NaCl. RESULTS Our results show that 17-HDPAn-6, 10,17-HDPAn-6 and 17-HDHA increase phagocytosis in macrophages in vitro and promote polarization towards the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype with decreased gene expression of TNF-α and inducible Nitric oxide synthase and increased expression of the chemokine IL-1 receptor antagonist and the Scavenger receptor Type A. Intraperitoneal treatment with 17-HDPAn-6, 10,17-HDPAn-6, or 17-HDHA alleviated DSS-colitis and significantly improved body weight loss, colon epithelial damage, and macrophage infiltration. CONCLUSION These results suggest that DPAn-6-derived 17-HDPAn-6 and 10,17-HDPAn-6 as well as the DHA-derived 17-HDHA have inflammation-dampening and resolution-promoting effects that could be used to treat inflammatory conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ying Chiu
- Department of Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
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Omega-3 fatty acids cause dramatic changes in TLR4 and purinergic eicosanoid signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:8517-22. [PMID: 22586114 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1200189109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary fish oil containing ω3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), elicit cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory effects through unresolved mechanisms that may involve competition and inhibition at multiple levels. Here, we report the effects of arachidonic acid (AA), EPA, and DHA supplementation on membrane incorporation, phospholipase A(2) catalyzed release, and eicosanoid production in RAW264.7 macrophages. Using a targeted lipidomics approach, we observed that Toll-like receptor 4 and purinergic receptor activation of supplemented cells leads to the release of 22-carbon fatty acids that potently inhibit cyclooxygenase pathways. This inhibition was able to shunt metabolism of AA to lipoxygenase pathways, augmenting leukotriene and other lipoxygenase mediator synthesis. In resident peritoneal macrophages, docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) was responsible for cyclooxygenase inhibition after EPA supplementation, offering fresh insights into how EPA exerts anti-inflammatory effects indirectly through elongation to 22-carbon DPA.
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Abstract
Previous studies have revealed that C20 PUFA are significantly less oxidised to CO₂ in whole-body studies compared with SFA, MUFA and C18 PUFA. The present study determined the extent to which three long-chain PUFA, namely 20:5n-3 EPA, 22:5n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and 22:6n-3 DHA, were catabolised to CO₂ or, conversely, incorporated into tissue lipids. Rats were administered a single oral dose of 2·5 μCi [1-¹⁴C]DPA, [1-¹⁴C]EPA, [1-¹⁴C]DHA or [1-¹⁴C]oleic acid (18:1n-9; OA), and were placed in a metabolism chamber for 6 h where exhaled ¹⁴CO₂ was trapped and counted for radioactivity. Rats were euthanised after 24 h and tissues were removed for analysis of radioactivity in tissue lipids. The results showed that DPA and DHA were catabolised to CO₂ significantly less compared with EPA and OA (P<0·05). The phospholipid (PL) fraction was the most labelled for all three n-3 PUFA compared with OA in all tissues, and there was no difference between C20 and C22 n-3 PUFA in the proportion of label in the PL fraction. The DHA and DPA groups showed significantly more label than the EPA group in both skeletal muscle and heart. In the brain and heart tissue, there was significantly less label in the cholesterol fraction from the C22 n-3 PUFA group compared with the C20 n-3 PUFA group. The higher incorporation of DHA and DPA into the heart and skeletal muscle, compared with EPA, suggests that these C22 n-3 PUFA might play an important role in these tissues.
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Mozaffarian D, Wu JHY. (n-3) fatty acids and cardiovascular health: are effects of EPA and DHA shared or complementary? J Nutr 2012; 142:614S-625S. [PMID: 22279134 PMCID: PMC3278271 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.149633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Considerable research supports cardiovascular benefits of consuming omega-3 PUFA, also known as (n-3) PUFA, from fish or fish oil. Whether individual long-chain (n-3) PUFA have shared or complementary effects is not well established. We reviewed evidence for dietary and endogenous sources and cardiovascular effects on biologic pathways, physiologic risk factors, and clinical endpoints of EPA [20:5(n-3)], docosapentaenoic acid [DPA, 22:5(n-3)], and DHA [22:6(n-3)]. DHA requires direct dietary consumption, with little synthesis from or retroconversion to DPA or EPA. Whereas EPA is also largely derived from direct consumption, EPA can also be synthesized in small amounts from plant (n-3) precursors, especially stearidonic acid. In contrast, DPA appears principally derived from endogenous elongation from EPA, and DPA can also undergo retroconversion back to EPA. In experimental and animal models, both EPA and DHA modulate several relevant biologic pathways, with evidence for some differential benefits. In humans, both fatty acids lower TG levels and, based on more limited studies, favorably affect cardiac diastolic filling, arterial compliance, and some metrics of inflammation and oxidative stress. All three (n-3) PUFA reduce ex vivo platelet aggregation and DHA also modestly increases LDL and HDL particle size; the clinical relevance of such findings is uncertain. Combined EPA+DHA or DPA+DHA levels are associated with lower risk of fatal cardiac events and DHA with lower risk of atrial fibrillation, suggesting direct or indirect benefits of DHA for cardiac arrhythmias (although not excluding similar benefits of EPA or DPA). Conversely, EPA and DPA, but not DHA, are associated with lower risk of nonfatal cardiovascular endpoints in some studies, and purified EPA reduced risk of nonfatal coronary syndromes in one large clinical trial. Overall, for many cardiovascular pathways and outcomes, identified studies of individual (n-3) PUFA were relatively limited, especially for DPA. Nonetheless, the present evidence suggests that EPA and DHA have both shared and complementary benefits. Based on current evidence, increasing consumption of either would be advantageous compared to little or no consumption. Focusing on their combined consumption remains most prudent given the potential for complementary effects and the existing more robust literature on cardiovascular benefits of their combined consumption as fish or fish oil for cardiovascular benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariush Mozaffarian
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Kim HW, Rao JS, Rapoport SI, Igarashi M. Regulation of rat brain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolism during graded dietary n-3 PUFA deprivation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2011; 85:361-8. [PMID: 21880477 PMCID: PMC3208751 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Knowing threshold changes in brain lipids and lipid enzymes during dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid deprivation may elucidate dietary regulation of brain lipid metabolism. To determine thresholds, rats were fed for 15 weeks DHA-free diets having graded reductions of α-linolenic acid (α-LNA). Compared with control diet (4.6% α-LNA), plasma DHA fell significantly at 1.7% dietary α-LNA while brain DHA remained unchanged down to 0.8% α-LNA, when plasma and brain docosapentaenoic acid (DPAn-6) were increased and DHA-selective iPLA(2) and COX-1 activities were downregulated. Brain AA was unchanged by deprivation, but AA selective-cPLA(2), sPLA(2) and COX-2 activities were increased at or below 0.8% dietary α-LNA, possibly in response to elevated brain DPAn-6. In summary, homeostatic mechanisms appear to maintain a control brain DHA concentration down to 0.8% dietary DHA despite reduced plasma DHA, when DPAn-6 replaces DHA. At extreme deprivation, decreased brain iPLA(2) and COX-1 activities may reduce brain DHA loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Wook Kim
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 9, Room 1S126, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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41
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Purwaha P, Gu Y, Kelavkar U, Kang JX, Law B, Wu E, Qian SY. LC/ESR/MS study of pH-dependent radical generation from 15-LOX-catalyzed DPA peroxidation. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:1461-70. [PMID: 21807091 PMCID: PMC3163775 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) is a unique fatty acid that exists in two isomeric forms (n-3 and n-6), which differ in their physiological behaviors. DPA can undergo free radical-mediated peroxidation via lipoxygenase (LOX). 15-LOX, one of the LOX isomers, has received much attention in cancer research because of its very different expression level in normal tissues compared to tumors and some bioactive fatty acid metabolites modulating the tumorigenic pathways in cancer. However, the mechanism linking 15-LOX, DPA metabolites, and their bioactivities is still unclear, and the free radicals generated in DPA peroxidation have never been characterized. In this study, we have studied radicals formed from both soybean and human cellular (PC3-15LOS cells) 15-LOX-catalyzed peroxidation of DPAs at various pH's using a combination of LC/ESR/MS with the spin trapping technique. We observed a total of three carbon-centered radicals formed in 15-LOX-DPA (n-3) stemming from its 7-, 17-, and 20-hydroperoxides, whereas only one formed from 17-hydroperoxide in DPA (n-6). A change in the reaction pH from 8.5 (15-LOX enzyme optimum) to 7.4 (physiological) and to 6.5 (tumor, acidic) not only decreased the total radical formation but also altered the preferred site of oxygenation. This pH-dependent alteration of radical formation and oxygenation pattern may have significant implications and provide a basis for our ongoing investigations of LOXs as well as fatty acids in cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Purwaha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nursing, and Allied Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
| | - Yan Gu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nursing, and Allied Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
| | - Uddhav Kelavkar
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, 220 Hoskins Center for Biomedical Research, Memorial Health University Medical Center and; Division of Basic Medical Science, Mercer University School of Medicine - Savannah Campus, 4700 Waters Avenue, Savannah, GA 31404, USA
| | - Jing Xuan Kang
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149-13th Street, Room 4433, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Benedict Law
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nursing, and Allied Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
| | - Erxi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nursing, and Allied Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
| | - Steven Y. Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nursing, and Allied Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
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Kelly EJ, Nakano M, Rohatgi P, Yarov-Yarovoy V, Rettie AE. Finding homes for orphan cytochrome P450s: CYP4V2 and CYP4F22 in disease states. Mol Interv 2011; 11:124-32. [PMID: 21540472 DOI: 10.1124/mi.11.2.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 (CYP) 4 family of enzymes contains several recently identified membersthat are referred to as “orphan P450s” because their endogenous substrates are unknown.Human CYP4V2 and CYP4F22 are two such orphan P450s that are strongly linked to ocular andskin disease, respectively. Genetic analyses have identified a wide spectrum of mutations in the CYP4V2gene from patients suffering from Bietti’s crystalline corneoretinal dystrophy, and mutations in theCYP4F22 gene have been linked to lamellar ichthyosis. The strong gene–disease associations provideunique opportunities for elucidating the substrate specificity of these orphan P450s and unraveling thebiochemical pathways that may be impacted in patients with CYP4V2 and CYP4F22 functional deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Kelly
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Marino M, Masella R, Bulzomi P, Campesi I, Malorni W, Franconi F. Nutrition and human health from a sex-gender perspective. Mol Aspects Med 2011; 32:1-70. [PMID: 21356234 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nutrition exerts a life-long impact on human health, and the interaction between nutrition and health has been known for centuries. The recent literature has suggested that nutrition could differently influence the health of male and female individuals. Until the last decade of the 20th century, research on women has been neglected, and the results obtained in men have been directly translated to women in both the medicine and nutrition fields. Consequently, most modern guidelines are based on studies predominantly conducted on men. However, there are many sex-gender differences that are the result of multifactorial inputs, including gene repertoires, sex steroid hormones, and environmental factors (e.g., food components). The effects of these different inputs in male and female physiology will be different in different periods of ontogenetic development as well as during pregnancy and the ovarian cycle in females, which are also age dependent. As a result, different strategies have evolved to maintain male and female body homeostasis, which, in turn, implies that there are important differences in the bioavailability, metabolism, distribution, and elimination of foods and beverages in males and females. This article will review some of these differences underlying the impact of food components on the risk of developing diseases from a sex-gender perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Marino
- Department of Biology, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, I-00146 Roma, Italy
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Bannenberg G, Serhan CN. Specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators in the inflammatory response: An update. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2010; 1801:1260-73. [PMID: 20708099 PMCID: PMC2994245 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A new genus of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM) which include several families of distinct local mediators (lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and maresins) are actively involved in the clearance and regulation of inflammatory exudates to permit restoration of tissue homeostasis. Classic lipid mediators that are temporally regulated are formed from arachidonic acid, and novel local mediators were uncovered that are biosynthesized from ω-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. The biosynthetic pathways for resolvins are constituted by fatty acid lipoxygenases and cyclooxygenase-2 via transcellular interactions established by innate immune effector cells which migrate from the vasculature to inflamed tissue sites. SPM provide local control over the execution of an inflammatory response towards resolution, and include recently recognized actions of SPM such as tissue protection and host defense. The structural families of the SPM do not resemble classic eicosanoids (PG or LT) and are novel structures that function uniquely via pro-resolving cellular and molecular targets. The extravasation of inflammatory cells expressing SPM biosynthetic routes are matched by the temporal provision of essential fatty acids from circulation needed as substrate for the formation of SPM. The present review provides an update and overview of the biosynthetic pathways and actions of SPM, and examines resolution as an integrated component of the inflammatory response and its return to homeostasis via biochemically active resolution mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Bannenberg
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
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45
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Serhan CN. Novel lipid mediators and resolution mechanisms in acute inflammation: to resolve or not? THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:1576-91. [PMID: 20813960 PMCID: PMC2947253 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.100322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Because inflammation is appreciated as a unifying basis of many widely occurring diseases, the mechanisms involved in its natural resolution are of considerable interest. Using contained, self-limited inflammatory exudates and a systems approach, novel lipid-derived mediators and pathways were uncovered in the resolution of inflammatory exudates. These new families of local mediators control both the duration and magnitude of acute inflammation as well as the return of the site to homeostasis in the process of catabasis. This new genus of specialized proresolving mediators (SPM) includes essential fatty acid-derived lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and, most recently, maresins. These families were named based on their unique structures and potent stereoselective actions. The temporally initiated biosynthesis of SPM and their direct impact on leukocyte trafficking and macrophage-directed clearance mechanisms provide clear evidence that resolution is an active, programmed response at the tissue level. Moreover, SPM that possess anti-inflammatory (ie, limiting PMN infiltration) and proresolving (enhance macrophage uptake and clearance of apoptotic PMN and microbial particles) actions as well as stimulating mucosal antimicrobial responses demonstrate that anti-inflammation and proresolution are different responses of the host and novel defining properties of these molecules. The mapping of new resolution circuits has opened the possibility for understanding mechanisms that lead from acute to chronic inflammation, or to the resolution thereof, as well as to potential, resolution-based immunopharmacological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N Serhan
- Director, Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, HIM 8, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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46
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Lagarde M. Oxygenated metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids: Formation and function in blood and vascular cells. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201000045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Chen P, Véricel E, Lagarde M, Guichardant M. Poxytrins, a class of oxygenated products from polyunsaturated fatty acids, potently inhibit blood platelet aggregation. FASEB J 2010; 25:382-8. [PMID: 20833872 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-161836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an important component of marine lipids, exhibits anti-inflammatory activity related to some of its oxygenated metabolites, such as neuroprotectin/protectin D1 [NPD1/PD1; 10(R),17(S)-dihydroxy-docosa-4Z,7Z, 11E,13E,15Z,19Z-hexaenoic acid] produced through the 15-lipoxygenase pathway. However, other metabolites from DHA can be produced through this pathway, and other polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of nutritional value may be oxygenated as well. Their biological activities remain unknown. Isomers of protectin D1 were synthesized using soybean lipoxygenase and tested for their ability to inhibit human blood platelet aggregation. A geometric isomer called PDX, previously described with the 11E,13Z,15E geometry, instead of 11E,13E,15Z in PD1, inhibited platelet aggregation at submicromolar concentrations when induced by either collagen, arachidonic acid, or thromboxane. The inhibition occurred at the level of both the cyclooxygenase activity and thromboxane receptor site. Interestingly, all the metabolites tested exhibiting the E,Z,E-conjugated triene were active, whereas E,E,Z trienes (as in PD1) or all-trans (E,E,E) trienes were inactive. We conclude that PDX and other oxygenated products from PUFAs of nutritional interest, having the E,Z,E-conjugated triene motif and collectively named poxytrins (PUFA oxygenated trienes), might have antithrombotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- Université de Lyon, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 870, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)/Institut National des Sciences Appliquées–Lyon, and UMR 1235, Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, Villeurbanne, France
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Basselin M, Kim HW, Chen M, Ma K, Rapoport SI, Murphy RC, Farias SE. Lithium modifies brain arachidonic and docosahexaenoic metabolism in rat lipopolysaccharide model of neuroinflammation. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:1049-56. [PMID: 20040630 PMCID: PMC2853431 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m002469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, caused by 6 days of intracerebroventricular infusion of a low dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 0.5 ng/h), stimulates brain arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism in rats, but 6 weeks of lithium pretreatment reduces this effect. To further understand this action of lithium, we measured concentrations of eicosanoids and docosanoids generated from AA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), respectively, in high-energy microwaved rat brain using LC/MS/MS and two doses of LPS. In rats fed a lithium-free diet, low (0.5 ng/h)- or high (250 ng/h)-dose LPS compared with artificial cerebrospinal fluid increased brain unesterified AA and prostaglandin E(2) concentrations and activities of AA-selective Ca(2+)-dependent cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2))-IV and Ca(2+)-dependent secretory sPLA(2). LiCl feeding prevented these increments. Lithium had a significant main effect by increasing brain concentrations of lipoxygenase-derived AA metabolites, 5- hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE), 5-oxo-eicosatetranoic acid, and 17-hydroxy-DHA by 1.8-, 4.3- and 1.9-fold compared with control diet. Lithium also increased 15-HETE in high-dose LPS-infused rats. Ca(2+)-independent iPLA(2)-VI activity and unesterified DHA and docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3) concentrations were unaffected by LPS or lithium. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that lithium can increase brain 17-hydroxy-DHA formation, indicating a new and potentially important therapeutic action of lithium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Basselin
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Nauroth JM, Liu YC, Van Elswyk M, Bell R, Hall EB, Chung G, Arterburn LM. Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) and Docosapentaenoic Acid (DPAn-6) Algal Oils Reduce Inflammatory Mediators in Human Peripheral Mononuclear Cells In Vitro and Paw Edema In Vivo. Lipids 2010; 45:375-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-010-3406-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Lagarde M, Chen P, Véricel E, Guichardant M. Fatty acid-derived lipid mediators and blood platelet aggregation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2010; 82:227-30. [PMID: 20207119 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2010.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids of nutritional value may affect cell functions after their release from cell lipid storage sites, especially phospholipids, and specific oxygenation by cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases and cytochrome P(450). The end-products, namely prostanoids, leukotrienes, and mono-, di- and tri-hydroxy derivatives exhibit a variety of biological effects, especially on vascular cells, leukocytes and platelets. This paper reviews some results obtained with blood platelets as target cells, showing that various lipoxygenase end-products, mainly mono- and di-hydroxy derivatives, are inhibitors (IC(50) in microM range) of arachidonic acid-induced aggregation either at the cycloxygenase or thromboxane receptor site level.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lagarde
- Université de Lyon, UMR 870 Inserm/Insa-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France.
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