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Mehta NK, Rakhra K, Meetze KA, Li B, Momin N, Chang JY, Wittrup KD, Baeuerle PA, Michaelson JS. CLN-617 Retains IL2 and IL12 in Injected Tumors to Drive Robust and Systemic Immune-Mediated Antitumor Activity. Cancer Immunol Res 2024; 12:1022-1038. [PMID: 38842347 PMCID: PMC11292205 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-23-0636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Despite clinical evidence of antitumor activity, the development of cytokine therapies has been hampered by a narrow therapeutic window and limited response rates. Two cytokines of high interest for clinical development are interleukin 2 (IL2) and interleukin 12 (IL12), which potently synergize to promote the activation and proliferation of T cells and NK cells. However, the only approved human IL2 therapy, Proleukin, is rarely used in the clinic due to systemic toxicities, and no IL12 product has been approved to date due to severe dose-limiting toxicities. Here, we describe CLN-617, a first-in-class therapeutic for intratumoral (IT) injection that co-delivers IL2 and IL12 on a single molecule in a safe and effective manner. CLN-617 is a single-chain fusion protein comprised of IL2, leukocyte-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor 2 (LAIR2), human serum albumin (HSA), and IL12. LAIR2 and HSA function to retain CLN-617 in the treated tumor by binding collagen and increasing molecular weight, respectively. We found that IT administration of a murine surrogate of CLN-617, mCLN-617, eradicated established treated and untreated tumors in syngeneic models, significantly improved response to anti-PD1 checkpoint therapy, and generated a robust abscopal response dependent on cellular immunity and antigen cross-presentation. CLN-617 is being evaluated in a clinical trial in patients with advanced solid tumors (NCT06035744).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kavya Rakhra
- Cullinan Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts.
| | | | - Bochong Li
- Cullinan Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts.
| | - Noor Momin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | | | - K. Dane Wittrup
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
| | - Patrick A. Baeuerle
- Cullinan Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts.
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig Maximilians University, München, Germany.
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2
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Xu Y, Sun X, Tong Y. Interleukin-12 in multimodal tumor therapies for induction of anti-tumor immunity. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:170. [PMID: 38753073 PMCID: PMC11098992 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) can be used as an immunomodulator in cancer immunotherapy. And it has demonstrated enormous potential in inhibiting tumor growth and improving the tumor microenvironment (TME) by several preclinical models. However, some disappointing results have showed in the early clinical trials when IL-12 used as a single agent for systemic cancer therapy. Combination therapy is an effective way to significantly fulfill the great potential of IL-12 as an immunomodulator. Here, we discuss the effects of IL-12 combined with traditional methods (chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery), targeted therapy or immunotherapy in the preclinical and clinical studies. Moreover, we summarized the potential mechanism underlying the anti-tumor effect of IL-12 in the combination strategies. And we also discussed the delivery methods and tumor-targeted modification of IL-12 and outlines future prospects for IL-12 as an immunomodulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulian Xu
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, 168 Xueyuan Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xueli Sun
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, 168 Xueyuan Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunguang Tong
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, 168 Xueyuan Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Omigen, Inc, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China.
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3
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Furtunescu AR, Georgescu SR, Tampa M, Matei C. Inhibition of the JAK-STAT Pathway in the Treatment of Psoriasis: A Review of the Literature. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4681. [PMID: 38731900 PMCID: PMC11083046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a highly prevalent dermatological disease associated with an increased systemic inflammatory response. In addition, joint involvement is also present in around 20% of patients. Therefore, treatment modalities used in this condition should be simultaneously effective at improving skin manifestations, reducing inflammation, and addressing psoriatic arthritis when present. Twenty years ago, the introduction of biologic treatments for psoriasis was a turning point in the management of this condition, offering an effective and reasonably safe option for patients whose disease could not be adequately controlled with conventional therapies. At the moment, Janus Kinase inhibitors (JAKis) are a new class of promising molecules in the management of psoriasis. They are orally administered and can show benefits in patients who failed biologic therapy. We conducted a scoping review in order to identify randomized-controlled trials that investigated different JAKis in patients with plaque psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, with an emphasis on molecules that have been approved by the European Medicines Agency and the Food and Drug Administration. The added value of this study is that it collected information about JAKis approved for two different indications, plaque psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, in order to provide an integrated understanding of the range of effects that JAKis have on the whole spectrum of psoriasis manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Roxana Furtunescu
- Department of Dermatology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Dermatology, “Victor Babes” Clinical Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 030303 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Simona Roxana Georgescu
- Department of Dermatology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Dermatology, “Victor Babes” Clinical Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 030303 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mircea Tampa
- Department of Dermatology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Dermatology, “Victor Babes” Clinical Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 030303 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Clara Matei
- Department of Dermatology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
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4
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Zhu Z, Peng Q, Duan X, Li J. Interleukin-12: Structure, Function, and Its Impact in Colorectal Cancer. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2024; 44:158-169. [PMID: 38498032 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2023.0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is a heterodimer consisting of 2 subunits, p35 and p40, with unique associations and interacting functions with its family members. IL-12 is one of the most important cytokines regulating the immune system response and is integral to adaptive immunity. IL-12 has shown marked therapeutic potential in a variety of tumor types. This review therefore summarizes the characteristics of IL-12 and its application in tumor treatment, focusing on its antitumor effects in colorectal cancer (CRC) and potential radiosensitization mechanisms. We aim to provide a current reference for IL-12 and other potential CRC treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Zhu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Peng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingmei Duan
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of. China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Medicine, Southwest Medical University of China, Luzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Radiotherapy, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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5
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Chen L, Tang Y, Lang JJ, Lin Y, Yu Z, Li X, Zheng X, Mi P, Lv Y, Lin YW. Design, synthesis and evaluation of C-5 substituted pyrrolopyridine derivatives as potent Janus Kinase 1 inhibitors with excellent selectivity. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 267:116210. [PMID: 38359535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The development of highly selective Janus Kinase 1 (JAK1) inhibitors is crucial for improving efficacy and minimizing adverse effects in the clinical treatment of autoimmune diseases. In a prior study, we designed a series of C-5 4-pyrazol substituted pyrrolopyridine derivatives that demonstrated significant potency against JAK1, with a 10 ∼ 20-fold selectivity over Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2). Building on this foundation, we adopted orthogonal strategy by modifying the C-5 position with 3-pyrazol/4-pyrazol/3-pyrrol groups and tail with substituted benzyl groups on the pyrrolopyridine head to enhance both potency and selectivity. In this endeavor, we have identified several compounds that exhibit excellent potency and selectivity for JAK1. Notably, compounds 12b and 12e, which combined 4-pyrazol group at C-5 site and meta-substituted benzyl tails, displayed IC50 value with 2.4/2.2 nM and high 352-/253-fold selectivity for JAK1 over JAK2 in enzyme assays. Additionally, both compounds showed good JAK1-selective in Ba/F3-TEL-JAK1/2 cell-based assays. These findings mark a substantial improvement, as these compounds are 10-fold more potent and over 10-fold more selective than the best compound identified in our previous study. The noteworthy potency and selectivity properties of compounds 12b and 12e suggest their potential utility in furthering the development of drugs for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medicinal School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Yahua Tang
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Jia-Jia Lang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China; Key Lab of Protein Structure and Function of Universities in Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Yuqing Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medicinal School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Zhixin Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medicinal School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Xinhao Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medicinal School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Xing Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medicinal School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China; Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Vocational College of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
| | - Pengbing Mi
- Department of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medicinal School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China; Key Lab of Protein Structure and Function of Universities in Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
| | - You Lv
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China; Xi'an Amazinggene Co., Ltd, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710026, China.
| | - Ying-Wu Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China; Key Lab of Protein Structure and Function of Universities in Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
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6
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Maji L, Sengupta S, Purawarga Matada GS, Teli G, Biswas G, Das PK, Panduranga Mudgal M. Medicinal chemistry perspective of JAK inhibitors: synthesis, biological profile, selectivity, and structure activity relationship. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-023-10794-5. [PMID: 38236444 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10794-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
JAK-STAT signalling pathway was discovered more than quarter century ago. The JAK-STAT pathway protein is considered as one of the crucial hubs for cytokine secretion which mediates activation of different inflammatory, cellular responses and hence involved in different etiological factors. The various etiological factors involved are haematopoiesis, immune fitness, tissue repair, inflammation, apoptosis, and adipogenesis. The presence of the active mutation V617K plays a significant role in the progression of the JAK-STAT pathway-related disease. Consequently, targeting the JAK-STAT pathway could be a promising therapeutic approach for addressing a range of causative factors. In this current review, we provided a comprehensive discussion for the in-detail study of anatomy and physiology of the JAK-STAT pathway which contributes structural domain rearrangement, activation, and negative regulation associated with the downstream signaling pathway, relationship between different cytokines and diseases. This review also discussed the recent development of clinical trial entities. Additionally, this review also provides updates on FDA-approved drugs. In the current investigation, we have classified recently developed small molecule inhibitors of JAK-STAT pathway according to different chemical classes and we emphasized their synthetic routes, biological evaluation, selectivity, and structure-activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalmohan Maji
- Integrated Drug Discovery Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sindhuja Sengupta
- Integrated Drug Discovery Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Ghanshyam Teli
- School of Pharmacy, Sangam University, Atoon, Bhilwara, 311001, Rajasthan, India
| | - Gourab Biswas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Brainware University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Pronoy Kanti Das
- Integrated Drug Discovery Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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7
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Bonelli M, Kerschbaumer A, Kastrati K, Ghoreschi K, Gadina M, Heinz LX, Smolen JS, Aletaha D, O'Shea J, Laurence A. Selectivity, efficacy and safety of JAKinibs: new evidence for a still evolving story. Ann Rheum Dis 2024; 83:139-160. [PMID: 37923366 PMCID: PMC10850682 DOI: 10.1136/ard-2023-223850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental insight gained over the last decades led to the discovery of cytokines as pivotal drivers of inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis/psoriasis arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, atopic dermatitis and spondylarthritis. A deeper understanding of the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects of various cytokines has prompted new cytokine-targeting therapies, which revolutionised the treatment options in the last years for patients with inflammatory disorders. Disease-associated immune responses typically involve a complex interplay of multiple cytokines. Therefore, blockade of one single cytokine does not necessarily lead to a persistent remission in all patients with inflammatory disorders and fostered new therapeutic strategies targeting intracellular pathways shared by multiple cytokines. By inhibiting JAK-STAT signalling pathways common to families of cytokines, JAK-inhibitors (JAKinibs) have created a new paradigm for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Multiple agents have been approved for various disorders and more are being investigated for several new indications. Second-generation selective JAKinibs have been devised with the aim to achieve an increased selectivity and a possible reduced risk of side effects. In the current review, we will summarise the current body of evidence of pan versus selective JAKinibs and the most recent insights on new side effects and indications, including COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bonelli
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Kerschbaumer
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kastriot Kastrati
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kamran Ghoreschi
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Massimo Gadina
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Leonhard X Heinz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef S Smolen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Aletaha
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - John O'Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Arian Laurence
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Haematology, University College Hospital, UCLH Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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8
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Valle-Mendiola A, Gutiérrez-Hoya A, Soto-Cruz I. JAK/STAT Signaling and Cervical Cancer: From the Cell Surface to the Nucleus. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1141. [PMID: 37372319 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway constitutes a rapid signaling module from the cell surface to the nucleus, and activates different cellular responses, such as proliferation, survival, migration, invasion, and inflammation. When the JAK/STAT pathway is altered, it contributes to cancer progression and metastasis. STAT proteins play a central role in developing cervical cancer, and inhibiting the JAK/STAT signaling may be necessary to induce tumor cell death. Several cancers show continuous activation of different STATs, including cervical cancer. The constitutive activation of STAT proteins is associated with a poor prognosis and overall survival. The human papillomavirus (HPV) oncoproteins E6 and E7 play an essential role in cervical cancer progression, and they activate the JAK/STAT pathway and other signals that induce proliferation, survival, and migration of cancer cells. Moreover, there is a crosstalk between the JAK/STAT signaling cascade with other signaling pathways, where a plethora of different proteins activate to induce gene transcription and cell responses that contribute to tumor growth. Therefore, inhibition of the JAK/STAT pathway shows promise as a new target in cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss the role of the JAK/STAT pathway components and the role of the HPV oncoproteins associated with cellular malignancy through the JAK/STAT proteins and other signaling pathways to induce tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Valle-Mendiola
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Cell Differentiation and Cancer Research Unit, FES Zaragoza, National University of Mexico, Batalla 5 de Mayo s/n, Colonia Ejército de Oriente, Mexico City 09230, Mexico
| | - Adriana Gutiérrez-Hoya
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Cell Differentiation and Cancer Research Unit, FES Zaragoza, National University of Mexico, Batalla 5 de Mayo s/n, Colonia Ejército de Oriente, Mexico City 09230, Mexico
- Cátedra CONACYT, FES Zaragoza, National University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico
| | - Isabel Soto-Cruz
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Cell Differentiation and Cancer Research Unit, FES Zaragoza, National University of Mexico, Batalla 5 de Mayo s/n, Colonia Ejército de Oriente, Mexico City 09230, Mexico
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9
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Xue C, Yao Q, Gu X, Shi Q, Yuan X, Chu Q, Bao Z, Lu J, Li L. Evolving cognition of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway: autoimmune disorders and cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:204. [PMID: 37208335 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01468-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The Janus kinase (JAK) signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of transmembrane signal transduction that enables cells to communicate with the exterior environment. Various cytokines, interferons, growth factors, and other specific molecules activate JAK-STAT signaling to drive a series of physiological and pathological processes, including proliferation, metabolism, immune response, inflammation, and malignancy. Dysregulated JAK-STAT signaling and related genetic mutations are strongly associated with immune activation and cancer progression. Insights into the structures and functions of the JAK-STAT pathway have led to the development and approval of diverse drugs for the clinical treatment of diseases. Currently, drugs have been developed to mainly target the JAK-STAT pathway and are commonly divided into three subtypes: cytokine or receptor antibodies, JAK inhibitors, and STAT inhibitors. And novel agents also continue to be developed and tested in preclinical and clinical studies. The effectiveness and safety of each kind of drug also warrant further scientific trials before put into being clinical applications. Here, we review the current understanding of the fundamental composition and function of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. We also discuss advancements in the understanding of JAK-STAT-related pathogenic mechanisms; targeted JAK-STAT therapies for various diseases, especially immune disorders, and cancers; newly developed JAK inhibitors; and current challenges and directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qinfan Yao
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyu Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingmiao Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingfei Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhengyi Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Juan Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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10
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Lang JJ, Lv Y, Kobe B, Chen H, Tan Y, Chen L, Wang X, Mi P, Zheng X, Lin YW. Discovery of C-5 Pyrazole-Substituted Pyrrolopyridine Derivatives as Potent and Selective Inhibitors for Janus Kinase 1. J Med Chem 2023; 66:6725-6742. [PMID: 37163463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Developing selective inhibitors for Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) is a significant focus for improving the efficacy and alleviating the adverse effects in treating immune-inflammatory diseases. Herein, we report the discovery of a series of C-5 pyrazole-modified pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives as JAK1-selective inhibitors. The potential hydrogen bond between the pyrazole group and E966 in JAK1 is the key point that enhances JAK1 selectivity. These compounds exhibit 10- to 20-fold JAK1 selectivity over JAK2 in enzyme assays. Compound 12b also exhibits excellent JAK1 selectivity in Ba/F3-TEL-JAK cellular assays. Metabolism studies and the results of the hair growth model in mice indicate that compound 12b may be a viable lead compound for the development of highly JAK1-selective inhibitors for immune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jia Lang
- Department of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
- Hengyang Medical College, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Key Lab of Protein Structure and Function of Universities in Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - You Lv
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
- Xi'an Amazinggene Co., Ltd, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710026, China
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Hongfei Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Yan Tan
- Department of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Limei Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Xuechuan Wang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Pengbing Mi
- Department of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
- Key Lab of Protein Structure and Function of Universities in Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Xing Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Vocational College of Science and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Ying-Wu Lin
- Hengyang Medical College, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Key Lab of Protein Structure and Function of Universities in Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
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11
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Kumar S, Mehan S, Narula AS. Therapeutic modulation of JAK-STAT, mTOR, and PPAR-γ signaling in neurological dysfunctions. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:9-49. [PMID: 36478124 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02272-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine-activated Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) cascade is a pleiotropic pathway that involves receptor subunit multimerization. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a ubiquitously expressed serine-threonine kinase that perceives and integrates a variety of intracellular and environmental stimuli to regulate essential activities such as cell development and metabolism. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) is a prototypical metabolic nuclear receptor involved in neural differentiation and axon polarity. The JAK-STAT, mTOR, and PPARγ signaling pathways serve as a highly conserved signaling hub that coordinates neuronal activity and brain development. Additionally, overactivation of JAK/STAT, mTOR, and inhibition of PPARγ signaling have been linked to various neurocomplications, including neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. Emerging research suggests that even minor disruptions in these cellular and molecular processes can have significant consequences manifested as neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases. Of interest, target modulators have been proven to alleviate neuronal complications associated with acute and chronic neurological deficits. This research-based review explores the therapeutic role of JAK-STAT, mTOR, and PPARγ signaling modulators in preventing neuronal dysfunctions in preclinical and clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, Moga, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, Moga, India.
| | - Acharan S Narula
- Narula Research, LLC, 107 Boulder Bluff, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
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12
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JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway in Non-Infectious Uveitis. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 204:115236. [PMID: 36041544 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Non-infectious uveitis (NIU) refers to various intraocular inflammatory disorders responsible for severe visual loss. Cytokines participate in the regulation of ocular homeostasis and NIU pathological processes. Cytokine receptors transmit signals by activating Janus kinase (JAK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins. Increasing evidence from human NIU and experimental models reveals the involvement of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway in NIU pathogenesis. Several small-molecule drugs that potentially inhibit multiple cytokine-dependent pathways are under investigation for treating autoimmune diseases, implicating possible applications for NIU treatment. This review summarizes the current understanding of the diverse roles of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway in ocular homeostasis and NIU pathology, providing a rationale for targeting JAKs and STATs for NIU treatment. Moreover, available evidence for the safety and efficacy of JAK inhibitors for refractory uveitis and potential approaches for treatment optimization are discussed.
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Sewell GW, Kaser A. Interleukin-23 in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Implications for Therapeutic Intervention. J Crohns Colitis 2022; 16:ii3-ii19. [PMID: 35553667 PMCID: PMC9097674 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The interleukin-23 [IL-23] cytokine, derived predominantly from macrophages and dendritic cells in response to microbial stimulation, has emerged as a critical promoter of chronic intestinal inflammation. Genome-wide association studies linking variants in IL23R to disease protection, bolstered by experimental evidence from colitis models, and the successful application of therapies against the IL-12/IL-23 shared p40 subunit in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] all provide compelling evidence of a crucial role for IL-23 in disease pathogenesis. Moreover, targeting the p19 subunit specific for IL-23 has shown considerable promise in recent phase 2 studies in IBD. The relative importance of the diverse immunological pathways downstream of IL-23 in propagating mucosal inflammation in the gut, however, remains contentious. Here we review current understanding of IL-23 biology and explore its pleiotropic effects on T cells, and innate lymphoid, myeloid and intestinal epithelial cells in the context of the pathogenesis of IBD. We furthermore discuss these pathways in the light of recent evidence from clinical trials and indicate emerging targets amenable to therapeutic intervention and translation into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin W Sewell
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Arthur Kaser
- Corresponding author: Arthur Kaser, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK. Tel: +44 1223 331130;
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14
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Tehlirian C, Singh RSP, Pradhan V, Roberts ES, Tarabar S, Peeva E, Vincent MS, Gale JD. Oral tyrosine kinase 2 inhibitor PF-06826647 demonstrates efficacy and an acceptable safety profile in participants with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis in a phase 2b, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2022; 87:333-342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2022.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Muromoto R, Oritani K, Matsuda T. Current understanding of the role of tyrosine kinase 2 signaling in immune responses. World J Biol Chem 2022; 13:1-14. [PMID: 35126866 PMCID: PMC8790287 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v13.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune system is a complex network that clears pathogens, toxic substrates, and cancer cells. Distinguishing self-antigens from non-self-antigens is critical for the immune cell-mediated response against foreign antigens. The innate immune system elicits an early-phase response to various stimuli, whereas the adaptive immune response is tailored to previously encountered antigens. During immune responses, B cells differentiate into antibody-secreting cells, while naïve T cells differentiate into functionally specific effector cells [T helper 1 (Th1), Th2, Th17, and regulatory T cells]. However, enhanced or prolonged immune responses can result in autoimmune disorders, which are characterized by lymphocyte-mediated immune responses against self-antigens. Signal transduction of cytokines, which regulate the inflammatory cascades, is dependent on the members of the Janus family of protein kinases. Tyrosine kinase 2 (Tyk2) is associated with receptor subunits of immune-related cytokines, such as type I interferon, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-23. Clinical studies on the therapeutic effects and the underlying mechanisms of Tyk2 inhibitors in autoimmune or chronic inflammatory diseases are currently ongoing. This review summarizes the findings of studies examining the role of Tyk2 in immune and/or inflammatory responses using Tyk2-deficient cells and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Muromoto
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Kenji Oritani
- Department of Hematology, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita 286-8686, Japan
| | - Tadashi Matsuda
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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16
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Khandibharad S, Singh S. Computational System Level Approaches for Discerning Reciprocal Regulation of IL10 and IL12 in Leishmaniasis. Front Genet 2022; 12:784664. [PMID: 35126456 PMCID: PMC8807686 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.784664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
IL12 and IL10 are two of the major cytokines which control the fate of Leishmaniasis. This paper presents two models healthy state and diseased state which shows how secretion of IL12 is responsible for parasite elimination and IL10 can jeopardize the parasite elimination and promote its survival. Epigenetic modification in the host IL12 and IL10 promoter can decide the fate of parasites. It was observed that reciprocal relationship exists between IL12 and IL10 and that is majorly controlled by a transcription factor NFAT5 from Rel family of transcription factors. By targeting this transcription factor at the cellular level, it might be possible to modulate the release of powerful pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby reducing parasite survival. The mathematical models developed here serves as a step towards finding a key component that can pave a way for therapeutic investigation.
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Abstract
The Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway was discovered more than a quarter-century ago. As a fulcrum of many vital cellular processes, the JAK/STAT pathway constitutes a rapid membrane-to-nucleus signaling module and induces the expression of various critical mediators of cancer and inflammation. Growing evidence suggests that dysregulation of the JAK/STAT pathway is associated with various cancers and autoimmune diseases. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge about the composition, activation, and regulation of the JAK/STAT pathway. Moreover, we highlight the role of the JAK/STAT pathway and its inhibitors in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Maorong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Xia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China.
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China.
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18
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Hu X, Li J, Fu M, Zhao X, Wang W. The JAK/STAT signaling pathway: from bench to clinic. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:402. [PMID: 34824210 PMCID: PMC8617206 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00791-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 782] [Impact Index Per Article: 260.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway was discovered more than a quarter-century ago. As a fulcrum of many vital cellular processes, the JAK/STAT pathway constitutes a rapid membrane-to-nucleus signaling module and induces the expression of various critical mediators of cancer and inflammation. Growing evidence suggests that dysregulation of the JAK/STAT pathway is associated with various cancers and autoimmune diseases. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge about the composition, activation, and regulation of the JAK/STAT pathway. Moreover, we highlight the role of the JAK/STAT pathway and its inhibitors in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Maorong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Xia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China.
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China.
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Lee SY, Moon SJ, Moon YM, Seo HB, Ryu JG, Lee AR, Lee CR, Kim DS, Her YM, Choi JW, Kwok SK, Park SH, Cho ML. A novel cytokine consisting of the p40 and EBI3 subunits suppresses experimental autoimmune arthritis via reciprocal regulation of Th17 and Treg cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 19:79-91. [PMID: 34782759 PMCID: PMC8752814 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00798-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The interleukin (IL)-12 cytokine family is closely related to the development of T helper cells, which are responsible for autoimmune disease enhancement or suppression. IL-12 family members are generally heterodimers and share three α-subunits (p35, p19, and p28) and two β-subunits (p40 and EBI3). However, a β-sheet p40 homodimer has been shown to exist and antagonize IL-12 and IL-23 signaling 1. Therefore, we assumed the existence of a p40-EBI3 heterodimer in nature and sought to investigate its role in immune regulation. METHODS The presence of the p40-EBI3 heterodimer was confirmed by ELISA, immunoprecipitation, and western blotting. A p40-EBI3 vector and p40-EBI3-Fc protein were synthesized to confirm the immunological role of this protein in mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). The anti-inflammatory effects of p40-EBI3 were analyzed with regard to clinical, histological, and immune cell-regulating features in mice with CIA. RESULTS Clinical arthritis scores and the expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-17, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) were significantly attenuated in p40-EBI3-overexpressing and p40-EBI3-Fc-treated mice with CIA compared to vehicle-treated mice with CIA. Structural joint damage and vessel formation-related gene expression were also reduced by p40-EBI3 heterodimer treatment. In vitro, the p40-EBI3-Fc protein significantly suppressed the differentiation of Th17 cells and reciprocally induced CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ (regulatory T) cells. p40-EBI3 also inhibited osteoclast formation in a concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSION In this study, p40-EBI3 ameliorated proinflammatory conditions both in vivo and in vitro. We propose that p40-EBI3 is a novel anti-inflammatory cytokine involved in suppressing the immune response through the expansion of Treg cells and suppression of Th17 cells and osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Yeong Lee
- The Rheumatism Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Su-Jin Moon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Mee Moon
- The Rheumatism Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Beom Seo
- The Rheumatism Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun-Geol Ryu
- The Rheumatism Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - A Ram Lee
- The Rheumatism Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chae Rim Lee
- The Rheumatism Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Da-Som Kim
- The Rheumatism Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yang-Mi Her
- The Rheumatism Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Won Choi
- The Rheumatism Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Ki Kwok
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mi-La Cho
- The Rheumatism Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea. .,Department of Medical Lifescience, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
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20
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Qiu X, Sun H, Wang D, Ren J, Wang X, Zhang A, Yang K, Zhou H. Stimulus-Specific Expression, Selective Generation and Novel Function of Grass Carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella) IL-12 Isoforms: New Insights Into the Heterodimeric Cytokines in Teleosts. Front Immunol 2021; 12:734535. [PMID: 34603315 PMCID: PMC8481787 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.734535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a heterodimeric cytokine composed of a p35 subunit specific to IL-12 and a p40 subunit shared with IL-23. In this study, we unveiled the existence of two p35 paralogues in grass carp (named gcp35a and gcp35b). Notably, gcp35a and gcp35b displayed distinct inducible expression patterns, as poly I:C merely induced the gene expression of gcp35a but not gcp35b, while recombinant grass carp interferon-gamma (rgcIfn-γ) only enhanced the transcription of gcp35b but not gcp35a. Moreover, the signaling mechanisms responsible for the inducible expression of gcp35a and gcp35b mRNA were elucidated. Because of the existence of three grass carp p40 genes (gcp40a, gcp40b and gcp40c) and two p35 paralogues, six gcIl-12 isoforms were predicted by 3D modeling. Results showed that gcp40a and gcp40b but not gcp40c had the potential for forming heterodimers with both gcp35 paralogues via the disulfide bonds. Non-reducing electrophoresis experiments further disclosed that only gcp40b but not gcp40a or gcp40c could form heterodimers with gcp35 to produce secretory heterodimeric gcp35a/gcp40b (gcIl-12AB) and gcp35b/gcp40b (gcIl-12BB), which prompted us to prepare their recombinant proteins. These two recombinant proteins exhibited their extensive regulation on Ifn-γ production in various immune cells. Intriguingly, both gcIl-12 isoforms significantly enhanced the transcription of il-17a/f1 and il-22 in lymphocytes, and their regulation on il-17a/f1 expression was mediated by Stat3/Rorγt signaling, supporting the potential of gcIl-12 isoforms for inducing Th17-like responses. Additionally, stimulatory effects of gcIl-12 isoforms on il-17a/f1 and ifn-γ expression were attenuated by gcTgf-β1 via suppressing the activation of Stat3 signaling, implying that their signaling could be manipulated. In brief, our works provide new insights into the inducible expression pattern, heterodimeric generation and functional novelty of Il-12 isoforms in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyang Qiu
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Sun
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingqi Ren
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Anying Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Kun Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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21
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Harris KM, Clements MA, Kwilasz AJ, Watkins LR. T cell transgressions: Tales of T cell form and function in diverse disease states. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 41:475-516. [PMID: 34152881 PMCID: PMC8752099 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1921764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Insights into T cell form, function, and dysfunction are rapidly evolving. T cells have remarkably varied effector functions including protecting the host from infection, activating cells of the innate immune system, releasing cytokines and chemokines, and heavily contributing to immunological memory. Under healthy conditions, T cells orchestrate a finely tuned attack on invading pathogens while minimizing damage to the host. The dark side of T cells is that they also exhibit autoreactivity and inflict harm to host cells, creating autoimmunity. The mechanisms of T cell autoreactivity are complex and dynamic. Emerging research is elucidating the mechanisms leading T cells to become autoreactive and how such responses cause or contribute to diverse disease states, both peripherally and within the central nervous system. This review provides foundational information on T cell development, differentiation, and functions. Key T cell subtypes, cytokines that create their effector roles, and sex differences are highlighted. Pathological T cell contributions to diverse peripheral and central disease states, arising from errors in reactivity, are highlighted, with a focus on multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, neuropathic pain, and type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Harris
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO U.S.A
| | - Madison A. Clements
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO U.S.A
| | - Andrew J. Kwilasz
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO U.S.A
| | - Linda R. Watkins
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO U.S.A
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22
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Phytochemicals Targeting JAK-STAT Pathways in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Insights from Animal Models. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092824. [PMID: 34068714 PMCID: PMC8126249 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract that consists of Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Cytokines are thought to be key mediators of inflammation-mediated pathological processes of IBD. These cytokines play a crucial role through the Janus kinase (JAK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathways. Several small molecules inhibiting JAK have been used in clinical trials, and one of them has been approved for IBD treatment. Many anti-inflammatory phytochemicals have been shown to have potential as new drugs for IBD treatment. This review describes the significance of the JAK–STAT pathway as a current therapeutic target for IBD and discusses the recent findings that phytochemicals can ameliorate disease symptoms by affecting the JAK–STAT pathway in vivo in IBD disease models. Thus, we suggest that phytochemicals modulating JAK–STAT pathways are potential candidates for developing new therapeutic drugs, alternative medicines, and nutraceutical agents for the treatment of IBD.
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23
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Tavakoli Shirazi P, Eadie LN, Page EC, Heatley SL, Bruning JB, White DL. Constitutive JAK/STAT signaling is the primary mechanism of resistance to JAKi in TYK2-rearranged acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Lett 2021; 512:28-37. [PMID: 33971281 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Activating TYK2-rearrangements have recently been identified and implicated in the leukemogenesis of high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (HR-ALL) cases. Pre-clinical studies indicated the JAK/TYK2 inhibitor (JAKi), cerdulatinib, as a promising therapeutic against TYK2-rearranged ALL, attenuating the constitutive JAK/STAT signaling resulting from the TYK2 fusion protein. However, following a period of clinical efficacy, JAKi resistance often occurs resulting in relapse. In this study, we modeled potential mechanisms of JAKi resistance in TYK2-rearranged ALL cells in vitro in order to recapitulate possible clinical scenarios and provide a rationale for alternative therapies. Cerdulatinib resistant B-cells, driven by the MYB-TYK2 fusion oncogene, were generated by long-term exposure to the drug. Sustained treatment of MYB-TYK2-rearranged ALL cells with cerdulatinib led to enhanced and persistent JAK/STAT signaling, co-occurring with JAK1 overexpression. Hyperactivation of JAK/STAT signaling and JAK1 overexpression was reversible as cerdulatinib withdrawal resulted in re-sensitization to the drug. Importantly, histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) therapies were efficacious against cerdulatinib-resistant cells demonstrating a potential alternative therapy for use in TYK2-rearranged B-ALL patients who have lost response to JAKi treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paniz Tavakoli Shirazi
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Laura N Eadie
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Elyse C Page
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia; Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Susan L Heatley
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - John B Bruning
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Deborah L White
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Australian Genomics Health Alliance (AGHA), Australia.
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Transcription Repressor Protein ZBTB25 Associates with HDAC1-Sin3a Complex in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Infected Macrophages, and Its Inhibition Clears Pathogen by Autophagy. mSphere 2021; 6:6/1/e00036-21. [PMID: 33627504 PMCID: PMC8544881 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00036-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Downregulation of host gene expression is a key strategy employed by intracellular pathogens for their survival in macrophages and subsequent pathogenesis. In a previous study, we have shown that histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) levels go up in macrophages infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and it hypoacetylates histone H3 at the promoter of IL-12B gene, leading to its downregulation. We now show that after infection with M. tuberculosis, HDAC1 is phosphorylated, and the levels of phosphorylated HDAC1 (pHDAC1) increase significantly in macrophages. We found that transcriptional repressor protein zinc finger and BTB domain 25 (ZBTB25) and transcriptional corepressor Sin3a associate with the HDAC1 silencing complex, which is recruited to the promoter of IL-12B to downregulate its expression in infected macrophages. Knocking down of ZBTB25 enhanced release of IL-12p40 from infected macrophages. Inhibition of HDAC1 and ZBTB25 promoted colocalization of M. tuberculosis and LC3 (microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3) in autophagosomes. Induction of autophagy resulted in the killing of intracellular M. tuberculosis. Enhanced phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT4 was observed in macrophages upon treatment with HDAC1 and ZBTB inhibitors, and inhibition of JAK2/STAT4 negated the killing of the intracellular pathogen, suggesting their role in the autophagy-mediated killing of intracellular M. tuberculosis. In view of the emergence of drug resistance in M. tuberculosis, host-directed therapy is an attractive alternative strategy to combat tuberculosis (TB). HDACs have been proposed to be host targets for TB treatment. Our study indicates that ZBTB25, a functional subunit of the HDAC1/Sin3a repressor complex involved in IL-12B suppression, could be an alternative target for host-directed anti-TB therapy. IMPORTANCE Following infection with M. tuberculosis, levels of HDAC1 go up in macrophages, and it is recruited to the promoter of IL-12B where it hypoacetylates histone H3, leading to the downregulation of the gene. Here, we show that host transcriptional repressor protein ZBTB25 and transcriptional corepressor Sin3a associate with HDAC1 in the silencing complex. Knocking down of ZBTB25 prevented the recruitment of the complex to the promoter and consequently enhanced the gene expression and the release of IL-12p40 from infected macrophages. Pharmacological inhibition of ZBTB25 in infected macrophages resulted in the induction of autophagy and killing of intracellular M. tuberculosis. Drug-resistant TB is a serious challenge to TB control programs all over the world which calls for finding alternative therapeutic methods. Host-directed therapy is gaining significant momentum in treating infectious diseases. We propose that ZBTB25 is a potential target for host-directed treatment of TB.
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Gadina M, Chisolm DA, Philips RL, McInness IB, Changelian PS, O'Shea JJ. Translating JAKs to Jakinibs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:2011-2020. [PMID: 32253269 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of JAKs and STATs and their roles in cytokine and IFN action represented a significant basic advance and a new paradigm in cell signaling. This was quickly followed by discoveries pointing to their essential functions, including identification of JAK3 mutations as a cause of SCID. This and other findings predicted the use of therapeutically targeting JAKs as a new strategy for treating immune and inflammatory diseases. This now is a reality with seven approved jakinibs being used to treat multiple forms of arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and myeloproliferative neoplasms, and numerous ongoing clinical trials in other settings. This story provides interesting insights into the process of translating basic discoveries and also reveals the need to return to basic work to fill gaps that now become apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Gadina
- Translational Immunology Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Danielle A Chisolm
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Rachael L Philips
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Iain B McInness
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - John J O'Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
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Ullrich KAM, Schulze LL, Paap EM, Müller TM, Neurath MF, Zundler S. Immunology of IL-12: An update on functional activities and implications for disease. EXCLI JOURNAL 2020; 19:1563-1589. [PMID: 33408595 PMCID: PMC7783470 DOI: 10.17179/excli2020-3104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As its first identified member, Interleukin-12 (IL-12) named a whole family of cytokines. In response to pathogens, the heterodimeric protein, consisting of the two subunits p35 and p40, is secreted by phagocytic cells. Binding of IL-12 to the IL-12 receptor (IL-12R) on T and natural killer (NK) cells leads to signaling via signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) and subsequent interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production and secretion. Signaling downstream of IFN-γ includes activation of T-box transcription factor TBX21 (Tbet) and induces pro-inflammatory functions of T helper 1 (TH1) cells, thereby linking innate and adaptive immune responses. Initial views on the role of IL-12 and clinical efforts to translate them into therapeutic approaches had to be re-interpreted following the discovery of other members of the IL-12 family, such as IL-23, sharing a subunit with IL-12. However, the importance of IL-12 with regard to immune processes in the context of infection and (auto-) inflammation is still beyond doubt. In this review, we will provide an update on functional activities of IL-12 and their implications for disease. We will begin with a summary on structure and function of the cytokine itself as well as its receptor and outline the signal transduction and the transcriptional regulation of IL-12 secretion. In the second part of the review, we will depict the involvement of IL-12 in immune-mediated diseases and relevant experimental disease models, while also providing an outlook on potential translational approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A.-M. Ullrich
- Department of Medicine and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Lisa Lou Schulze
- Department of Medicine and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Paap
- Department of Medicine and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Tanja M. Müller
- Department of Medicine and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Markus F. Neurath
- Department of Medicine and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zundler
- Department of Medicine and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
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Garrido-Trigo A, Salas A. Molecular Structure and Function of Janus Kinases: Implications for the Development of Inhibitors. J Crohns Colitis 2020; 14:S713-S724. [PMID: 32083640 PMCID: PMC7395311 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines can trigger multiple signalling pathways, including Janus tyrosine kinases [JAK] and signal transducers and activators of transcription [STATS] pathways. JAKs are cytoplasmic proteins that, following the binding of cytokines to their receptors, transduce the signal by phosphorylating STAT proteins which enter the nuclei and rapidly target gene promoters to regulate gene transcription. Due to the critical involvement of JAK proteins in mediating innate and adaptive immune responses, these family of kinases have become desirable pharmacological targets in inflammatory diseases, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. In this review we provide an overview of the main cytokines that signal through the JAK/STAT pathway and the available in vivo evidence on mutant or deleted JAK proteins, and discuss the implications of pharmacologically targeting this kinase family in the context of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Garrido-Trigo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer [IDIBAPS] – CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Azucena Salas
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer [IDIBAPS] – CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain,Corresponding author: Azucena Salas, PhD, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer [IDIBAPS] – CIBEREHD, Rosselló 149-153, Barcelona 08036, Spain.
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Sunzini F, McInnes I, Siebert S. JAK inhibitors and infections risk: focus on herpes zoster. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2020; 12:1759720X20936059. [PMID: 32655703 PMCID: PMC7328488 DOI: 10.1177/1759720x20936059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is a growing interest in Janus kinase (JAK) intracellular
signalling since targeted inhibitors against these pathways are proving
effective in the treatment of a range of immune-mediated diseases, such as
rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis (PsA), inflammatory
bowel disease and atopic dermatitis. In particular, post marketing experience
and the increasing development of new pharmacological inhibitors of broad and
increasingly selective JAK pathways provide new insights into the JAK pathway
role in viral infections as well as their pathogenic role in immune-mediated
inflammatory diseases. Herein we provide an overview of the biological role of
JAK signalling and its role in immunity against viruses, with particular regard
to herpes zoster reactivation. Thereafter, we will discuss the evidence
currently available on the principal JAK inhibitors and their association with
viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Sunzini
- University of Glasgow College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Iain McInnes
- University of Glasgow College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Stefan Siebert
- University of Glasgow College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, UK
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Salas A, Hernandez-Rocha C, Duijvestein M, Faubion W, McGovern D, Vermeire S, Vetrano S, Vande Casteele N. JAK-STAT pathway targeting for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 17:323-337. [PMID: 32203403 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-020-0273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are involved in intestinal homeostasis and pathological processes associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The biological effects of cytokines, including several involved in the pathology of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, occur as a result of receptor-mediated signalling through the Janus kinase (JAK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) DNA-binding families of proteins. Although therapies targeting cytokines have revolutionized IBD therapy, they have historically targeted individual cytokines, and an unmet medical need exists for patients who do not respond to or lose response to these treatments. Several small-molecule inhibitors of JAKs that have the potential to affect multiple pro-inflammatory cytokine-dependent pathways are in clinical development for the treatment of IBD, with one agent, tofacitinib, already approved for ulcerative colitis and several other agents with demonstrated efficacy in early phase trials. This Review describes the current understanding of JAK-STAT signalling in intestinal homeostasis and disease and the rationale for targeting this pathway as a treatment for IBD. The available evidence for the efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of JAK inhibitors in IBD as well as the potential approaches to optimize treatment with these agents, such as localized delivery or combination therapy, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azucena Salas
- Department of Gastroenterology, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristian Hernandez-Rocha
- Zane Cohen Center for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital Inflammatory Bowel Disease Group, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marjolijn Duijvestein
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - William Faubion
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Dermot McGovern
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Severine Vermeire
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefania Vetrano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,IBD Center, Laboratory of Immunology in Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Niels Vande Casteele
- Robarts Clinical Trials, London, ON, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Hirashima K, Muromoto R, Minoguchi H, Matsumoto T, Kitai Y, Kashiwakura JI, Shimoda K, Oritani K, Matsuda T. The mechanism of Tyk2 deficiency-induced immunosuppression in mice involves robust IL-10 production in macrophages. Cytokine 2020; 130:155077. [PMID: 32208335 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are highly plastic in their pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory roles. Type I and II interferons (IFNs) are known to modulate macrophage activation. Tyrosine kinase 2 (Tyk2) has an intimate relationship with type I and II IFN signaling. Animal studies have shown that Tyk2 knock-out (KO) in mice is associated with reduced inflammatory responses in various mouse models of diseases. To investigate the role of Tyk2 in inflammation in more detail, we intraperitoneally injected heat-killed Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) to Tyk2 KO mice. P. acnes-induced acute peritoneal inflammation, assessed by neutrophil infiltration, was reduced in Tyk2 KO mice. The reduction was accompanied with diminished productions of inflammatory cytokines and an enhanced production of anti-inflammatory IL-10. Unexpectedly, pre-treatment of wild-type mice with the neutralizing antibodies for IFNs did not affect P. acnes-induced neutrophil infiltration. A neutralizing antibody for the IL-10 receptor in Tyk2 KO mice restored P. acnes-induced peritoneal inflammation. Enhanced production of IL-10 from Tyk2 KO peritoneal cells was suppressed by either the cyclooxygenase inhibitor diclofenac or protein kinase A inhibitor H-89. The level of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the steady-state peritoneal cavity in Tyk2 KO mice was higher than that in wild-type mice. Tyk2 KO macrophages showed an enhanced CREB phosphorylation induced by P. acnes plus PGE2. Taken together, these results showed that Tyk2 deficiency potentiates the PGE2-protein kinase A-IL-10 pathway in macrophages, and thereby contributes to potentiation of the immunosuppressive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Hirashima
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Ryuta Muromoto
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Hiroya Minoguchi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Matsumoto
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kitai
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Kashiwakura
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shimoda
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Kenji Oritani
- Department of Hematology, International University of Health and Welfare, 4-3 Kouzunomori, Narita, Chiba 286-8686, Japan
| | - Tadashi Matsuda
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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31
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Clark A, Huebinger RM, Carlson DL, Wolf SE, Song J. Serum Level of Musclin Is Elevated Following Severe Burn. J Burn Care Res 2019; 40:535-540. [DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irz101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Muscle wasting induced by severe burn worsens clinical outcomes is associated with hyperglycemia. A novel muscle-specific secretory factor, musclin, was reported to regulate glucose metabolism with a homologous sequence of natriuretic peptides. The purpose of the study was to investigate musclin expression in response to burn injury in both human and animal models. Serum was collected from 13 adult burn patients and circulating levels of musclin protein were measured via elisa. The cytokine profile was measured by Bio-Plex multiple immunoassay. Following the clinical study, we used a burn rat model with 40% TBSA to study the time course of musclin expression till day 14. Rat serum and muscle tissue sample were harvested. Finally, an in vitro study was applied to investigate whether the muscle cell C2C12 myoblast expressed musclin under 10% burn serum stimulation. Pearson analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation of musclin expression to total body surface area of burn in patients (P &= .038). Musclin expression was significantly positively correlated with IL-4, IL-7, IL-12, and IL-13 in burn patients’ serum (P < .05). In the animal study, we found that the musclin level evaluated at 6 hours and 1 day in burn rat serum (P < .05). In vitro, musclin mRNA expression significantly increased with burn serum stimulation at 24 hours (P < .05). In conclusion, serum level of musclin elevated both in human patients and burn animals; musclin was correlated with the severity of burn injury as well as with an elevated cytokine profile in patients; burn serum-stimulated musclin expression in vitro further identified the resource of musclin expression after burn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audra Clark
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ryan M Huebinger
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Deborah L Carlson
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Steven E Wolf
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Texas
| | - Juquan Song
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Texas
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32
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Sailliet N, Brosseau C, Robert JM, Brouard S. Role of JAK inhibitors and immune cells in transplantation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 47:62-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Yuan N, Yu G, Liu D, Wang X, Zhao L. An emerging role of interleukin-23 in rheumatoid arthritis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2019; 41:185-191. [PMID: 31072166 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2019.1610429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune, chronic inflammatory disease and is characterized by destruction of the articular cartilage. A number of pro-inflammatory cytokines work sequentially and in concert with one another to induce the development of RA. IL-23, a member of IL-12 family, is composed of p19 and p40 subunits and it interacts with IL-23 receptor complex to trigger plethora of biochemical actions. A number of preclinical studies have shown the role of IL-23 in the development of RA in rodents. IL-23 receptor signaling is primarily linked to the activation of JAK-STAT, tyrosine kinase 2, NF-kB, and retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptors. IL-23 produces its osteoclastogenic effects, mainly through IL-17 and Th17 cells suggesting the importance of IL-23/IL-17/Th17 in the joint inflammation and destruction in RA. Monoclonal antibodies targeted against IL-23, including tildrakizumab and guselkumab have been developed and evaluated in clinical trials. However, there are very limited clinical studies regarding the use of IL-23 modulators in RA patients. The present review discusses the different aspects of IL-23 including its structural features, signal transduction pathway, preclinical, and clinical role in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yuan
- a Department of Rheumatology , The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun , China
| | - Guimei Yu
- a Department of Rheumatology , The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun , China
| | - Di Liu
- a Department of Rheumatology , The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun , China
| | - Xiancheng Wang
- b Department of Cardiology , The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun , China
| | - Ling Zhao
- c Department of Rheumatology , The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , China
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Higazi HMKI, He L, Fang J, Sun F, Zhou Q, Huang T, He X, Wang Y, Xiong F, Yang P, Yu Q, Li J, Wagner KU, Adam BL, Zhang S, Wang CY. Loss of Jak2 protects cardiac allografts from chronic rejection by attenuating Th1 response along with increased regulatory T cells. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:624-640. [PMID: 30899367 PMCID: PMC6413256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chronic rejection acts as the most formidable obstacle for organ transplantation in clinical settings. Herein we demonstrated in a cardiac transplantation model that blockade of Janus kinase 2 (Jak2) provides protection for cardiac allografts against chronic rejection. Specifically, loss of Jak2 almost completely abolished the production of IFN-γ+ Th1 cells, while the percentage of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) was significantly increased. As a result, loss of Jak2 significantly prolonged allograft survival (58 ± 30.6 days vs. 7 ± 0.3 days). Particularly, 4 out of 13 Jak2 deficient recipients (30%) showed long-term acceptance of allografts as manifested by the graft survival time > 100 days. Cellular studies revealed that Jak2 deficiency did not impact the intrinsic proliferative capability for CD4+ T cells in response to nonspecific polyclonal and allogenic stimulation. Mechanistic studies documented that the impaired Th1 development was caused by the attenuated IFN-γ/STAT1 and IL-12/STAT4 signaling along with repressed expression of Th1 transcription factors T-bet, Hlx and Runx3. However, the IL-2/STAT5 signaling remained intact, which ensured normal Treg development in Jak2-/- naïve CD4 T cells. Together, our data support that blockade of Jak2 may have therapeutic potential for prevention and treatment of allograft rejection in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Mohammed Khair Ibrahim Higazi
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
| | - Long He
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
| | - Jing Fang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
| | - Fei Sun
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
| | - Teng Huang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiaoyu He
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
| | - Yi Wang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
| | - Fei Xiong
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
| | - Ping Yang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
| | - Qilin Yu
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
| | - Jinxiu Li
- Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital29 Bujibulan Road, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Kay-Uwe Wagner
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical CenterDRCII, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA
| | - Bao-Ling Adam
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University1120 15th Street, BI-4074, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Shu Zhang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
| | - Cong-Yi Wang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
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Vargas-Hernández A, Forbes LR. JAK/STAT proteins and their biological impact on NK cell development and function. Mol Immunol 2019; 115:21-30. [PMID: 30704805 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
NK cells are important early effectors in the innate immune response to a variety of viral infections and for elimination of tumor cells. The JAK/STAT signaling cascade is critical for NK cell development, maturation, survival, and proliferation, therefore, it is important to understand the role of this pathway in NK cell biology. Many cytokines can activate multiple JAK/STAT protein family members, creating a severe phenotype when mutations impair their function or expression. Here we discuss the impact of defective JAK/STAT signaling pathways on NK cell development, activation and cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Vargas-Hernández
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lisa R Forbes
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Houston, TX, USA.
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Mawatwal S, Behura A, Mishra A, Singh R, Dhiman R. Calcimycin induced IL-12 production inhibits intracellular mycobacterial growth by enhancing autophagy. Cytokine 2018; 111:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Han Y, Ma FY, Di Paolo J, Nikolic-Paterson DJ. An inhibitor of spleen tyrosine kinase suppresses experimental crescentic glomerulonephritis. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2018; 32:2058738418783404. [PMID: 29923438 PMCID: PMC6024518 DOI: 10.1177/2058738418783404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-selective inhibitors of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) efficiently suppress
disease in T cell-dependent models of crescentic glomerulonephritis. However,
the therapeutic potential of selective SYK inhibitors in this disease has not
been established. In addition, we lack knowledge regarding SYK expression in
non-myeloid cells in glomerulonephritis. We addressed these two issues in a rat
model of nephrotoxic serum nephritis (NTN) using a SYK inhibitor, GS-492429.
Disease was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats (Study 1) or Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats
(Study 2) by immunization with sheep IgG and administration of sheep anti-rat
nephrotoxic serum. Animals were untreated or received GS-492429 (30 mg/kg/bid)
or vehicle treatment from 2 h before nephrotoxic serum injection until being
killed 3 or 24 h later (Study 1) or 14 days later (Study 2). Two-colour confocal
microscopy found that SYK expression in NTN kidney was restricted to myeloid
cells and platelets, with no evidence of SYK expression by T cells, mesangial
cells, podocytes or tubular epithelial cells. In Study 1, GS-492429 treatment
significantly reduced glomerular neutrophil and macrophage infiltration, with
protection from glomerular thrombosis and proteinuria. In Study 2, GS-492429
treatment reduced glomerular crescent formation by 70% on day 14 NTN in
conjunction with reduced glomerular thrombosis, glomerulosclerosis and tubular
damage. This was accompanied by a marked reduction in markers of inflammation
(CCL2, TNF-α, NOS2, MMP-12). Importantly, the protective effects of GS-492429
were independent of T cell infiltration and activation and independent of
JAK/STAT3 signalling. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that a SYK
inhibitor can suppress the development of crescentic glomerulonephritis through
effects upon myeloid cells and platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Han
- 1 Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,2 Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Frank Y Ma
- 1 Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,2 Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - David J Nikolic-Paterson
- 1 Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,2 Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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Weisshof R, Golan MA, Yvellez OV, Rubin DT. The use of tofacitinib in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Immunotherapy 2018; 10:837-849. [DOI: 10.2217/imt-2018-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Janus kinases (JAK) play a major role in the immunologic pathways and specifically in signal transduction in inflammatory bowel disease. Thus, they can serve as a target for new therapeutic options. Tofacitinib is a novel, first-in-class, pan-Janus kinase inhibitor. It has been found to be effective and safe in the treatment of moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis. In this review, we will describe the drug's mechanism of action as well as the clinical evidence for its effectiveness in treating patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni Weisshof
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Maya Aharoni Golan
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Olivia V Yvellez
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - David T Rubin
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Regoli M, Man A, Gicheva N, Dumont A, Ivory K, Pacini A, Morucci G, Branca JJV, Lucattelli M, Santosuosso U, Narbad A, Gulisano M, Bertelli E, Nicoletti C. Morphological and Functional Characterization of IL-12Rβ2 Chain on Intestinal Epithelial Cells: Implications for Local and Systemic Immunoregulation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1177. [PMID: 29896198 PMCID: PMC5986899 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interaction between intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and the underlying immune systems is critical for maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis and mounting appropriate immune responses. We have previously showed that the T helper type 1 (TH1) cytokine IL-12 plays a key role in the delicate immunological balance in the gut and the lack of appropriate levels of IL-12 had important consequences for health and disease, particularly with regard to food allergy. Here, we sought to understand the role of IL-12 in the regulation of lymphoepithelial cross talk and how this interaction affects immune responses locally and systemically. Using a combination of microscopy and flow cytometry techniques we observed that freshly isolated IECs expressed an incomplete, yet functional IL-12 receptor (IL-12R) formed solely by the IL-12Rβ2 chain that albeit the lack of the complementary IL-12β1 chain responded to ex vivo challenge with IL-12. Furthermore, the expression of IL-12Rβ2 on IECs is strategically located at the interface between epithelial and immune cells of the lamina propria and using in vitro coculture models and primary intestinal organoids we showed that immune-derived signals were required for the expression of IL-12Rβ2 on IECs. The biological relevance of the IEC-associated IL-12Rβ2 was assessed in vivo in a mouse model of food allergy characterized by allergy-associated diminished intestinal levels of IL-12 and in chimeric mice that lack the IL-12Rβ2 chain on IECs. These experimental models enabled us to show that the antiallergic properties of orally delivered recombinant Lactococcus lactis secreting bioactive IL-12 (rLc-IL12) were reduced in mice lacking the IL-12β2 chain on IECs. Finally, we observed that the oral delivery of IL-12 was accompanied by the downregulation of the production of the IEC-derived proallergic cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). However, further analysis of intestinal levels of TSLP in IL-12Rβ2−/− mice suggested that this event was not directly linked to the IEC-associated IL-12Rβ2 chain. We interpreted these data as showing that IEC-associated IL12Rβ2 is a component of the cytokine network operating at the interface between the intestinal epithelium and immune system that plays a role in immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Regoli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Angela Man
- Gut Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Nadhezda Gicheva
- Gut Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kamal Ivory
- Gut Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra Pacini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gabriele Morucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Jacopo J V Branca
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Monica Lucattelli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Ugo Santosuosso
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Arjan Narbad
- Gut Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Massimo Gulisano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Eugenio Bertelli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Claudio Nicoletti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Thompson A, Orr SJ. Emerging IL-12 family cytokines in the fight against fungal infections. Cytokine 2018; 111:398-407. [PMID: 29793796 PMCID: PMC6299256 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
IL-12 and IL-23 have established roles during anti-fungal immunity. IL-27 promotes regulatory effector responses during fungal infections. IL-35 drives T cell differentiation to produce anti-inflammatory responses. Increasing evidence for IL-12 family cytokines in maintaining anti-fungal immune homeostasis.
Invasive fungal infections cause approximately 1.5 million deaths per year worldwide and are a growing threat to human health. Current anti-fungal therapies are often insufficient, therefore studies into host-pathogen interactions are critical for the development of novel therapies to improve mortality rates. Myeloid cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, express pattern recognition receptor (PRRs), which are important for fungal recognition. Engagement of these PRRs by fungal pathogens induces multiple cytokines, which in turn activate T effector responses. Interleukin (IL)-12 family members (IL-12p70, IL-23, IL-27 and IL-35) link innate immunity with the development of adaptive immunity and are also important for regulating T cell responses. IL-12 and IL-23 have established roles during anti-fungal immunity, whereas emerging roles for IL-27 and IL-35 have recently been reported. Here, we discuss the IL-12 family, focusing on IL-27 and IL-35 during anti-fungal immune responses to pathogens such as Candida and Aspergillus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiysha Thompson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Selinda J Orr
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom.
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Terrén I, Mikelez I, Odriozola I, Gredilla A, González J, Orrantia A, Vitallé J, Zenarruzabeitia O, Borrego F. Implication of Interleukin-12/15/18 and Ruxolitinib in the Phenotype, Proliferation, and Polyfunctionality of Human Cytokine-Preactivated Natural Killer Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:737. [PMID: 29713323 PMCID: PMC5911648 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A brief in vitro stimulation of natural killer (NK) cells with interleukin (IL)-12, IL-15, and IL-18 endow them a memory-like behavior, characterized by higher effector responses when they are restimulated after a resting period of time. These preactivated NK cells, also known as cytokine-induced memory-like (CIML) NK cells, have several properties that make them a promising tool in cancer immunotherapy. In the present study, we have described the effect that different combinations of IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18 have on the generation of human CIML NK cells. Our data points to a major contribution of IL-15 to CIML NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity against target cells. However, the synergistic effect of the three cytokines grant them the best polyfunctional profile, that is, cells that simultaneously degranulate (CD107a) and produce multiple cytokines and chemokines such as interferon γ, tumor necrosis factor α, and C-C motif chemokine ligand 3. We have also analyzed the involvement of each cytokine and their combinations in the expression of homing receptors CXCR4 and CD62L, as well as the expression of CD25 and IL-2-induced proliferation. Furthermore, we have tested the effects of the Jak1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib in the generation of CIML NK cells. We found that ruxolitinib-treated CIML NK cells expressed lower levels of CD25 than non-treated CIML NK cells, but exhibited similar proliferation in response to IL-2. In addition, we have also found that ruxolitinib-treated NK cells displayed reduced effector functions after the preactivation, which can be recovered after a 4 days expansion phase in the presence of low doses of IL-2. Altogether, our results describe the impact that each cytokine and the Jak1/2 pathway have in the phenotype, IL-2-induced proliferation, and effector functions of human CIML NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Terrén
- Immunopathology Group, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Idoia Mikelez
- Immunopathology Group, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
- CIC biomaGUNE, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Irati Odriozola
- Immunopathology Group, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Andrea Gredilla
- Immunopathology Group, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Javier González
- Immunopathology Group, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Ane Orrantia
- Immunopathology Group, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Joana Vitallé
- Immunopathology Group, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Borrego
- Immunopathology Group, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- Basque Center for Transfusion and Human Tissues, Galdakao, Spain
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42
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Fleischmann R. Tofacitinib in the treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis in adults. Immunotherapy 2018; 10:39-56. [DOI: 10.2217/imt-2017-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tofacitinib, a pan Janus kinase inhibitor, has been investigated as monotherapy in patients naive to methotrexate and in methotrexate incomplete responders and in combination with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in antirheumatic drug incomplete responders and TNF inhibitor failures in the Phase II and III programs. The clinical trial program demonstrated efficacy and a reasonable safety profile in these disease populations that has led to the approval of tofacitinib 5 mg twice daily orally in many countries. The pharmacology, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, efficacy and safety in the Phase II and III clinical trials, safety in the long-term extension studies and postmarketing safety reports are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Fleischmann
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 8144 Walnut Hill Lane, Dallas, Texas 75231, USA
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43
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Advances in the Development of Janus Kinase Inhibitors in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Future Prospects. Drugs 2017; 77:1057-1068. [DOI: 10.1007/s40265-017-0755-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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44
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Bhaumik S, Basu R. Cellular and Molecular Dynamics of Th17 Differentiation and its Developmental Plasticity in the Intestinal Immune Response. Front Immunol 2017; 8:254. [PMID: 28408906 PMCID: PMC5374155 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
After emerging from the thymus, naive CD4 T cells circulate through secondary lymphoid tissues, including gut-associated lymphoid tissue of the intestine. The activation of naïve CD4 T cells by antigen-presenting cells offering cognate antigen initiate differentiation programs that lead to the development of highly specialized T helper (Th) cell lineages. Although initially believed that developmental programing of effector T cells such as T helper 1 (Th1) or T helper 2 (Th2) resulted in irreversible commitment to a fixed fate, subsequent studies have demonstrated greater flexibility, or plasticity, in effector T cell stability than originally conceived. This is particularly so for the Th17 subset, differentiation of which is a highly dynamic process with overlapping developmental axes with inducible regulatory T (iTreg), T helper 22 (Th22), and Th1 cells. Accordingly, intermediary stages of Th17 cells are found in various tissues, which co-express lineage-specific transcription factor(s) or cytokine(s) of developmentally related CD4 T cell subsets. A highly specialized tissue like that of the intestine, which harbors the largest immune compartment of the body, adds several layers of complexity to the intricate process of Th differentiation. Due to constant exposure to millions of commensal microbes and periodic exposure to pathogens, the intestinal mucosa maintains a delicate balance between regulatory and effector T cells. It is becoming increasingly clear that equilibrium between tolerogenic and inflammatory axes is maintained in the intestine by shuttling the flexible genetic programming of a developing CD4 T cell along the developmental axis of iTreg, Th17, Th22, and Th1 subsets. Currently, Th17 plasticity remains an unresolved concern in the field of clinical research as targeting Th17 cells to cure immune-mediated disease might also target its related subsets. In this review, we discuss the expanding sphere of Th17 plasticity through its shared developmental axes with related cellular subsets such as Th22, Th1, and iTreg in the context of intestinal inflammation and also examine the molecular and epigenetic features of Th17 cells that mediate these overlapping developmental programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suniti Bhaumik
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rajatava Basu
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, USA
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45
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Galien R. Janus kinases in inflammatory bowel disease: Four kinases for multiple purposes. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:789-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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46
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Abstract
Of the numerous cytokines that have been isolated and characterized over the last several years, few have attracted as much attention as Interleukin-12 (IL-12). Since its discovery ten years ago, the intracellular signaling pathways activated by IL-12 have been identified, the individual components of the receptor cloned, and many of its effects on cellular immune function documented. Recombinant murine IL-12 has been subjected to extensive investigation in animal models of cancer and parasitic infection and shown great promise as an antitumor agent and a potential treatment for leishmaniasis. Preclinical data suggest that it may also be useful in the treatment of antibiotic-resistant tuberculosis and AIDS. Recombinant human IL-12 (rhIL-12) has recently entered Phase I and II clinical testing in cancer patients. The following is a brief review of the immunologic effects of IL-12, the results of animal studies, and data from recently completed clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. Mier
- Division of Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jared A. Gollob
- Division of Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Michael B. Atkins
- Division of Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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47
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Delitto D, Wallet SM, Hughes SJ. Targeting tumor tolerance: A new hope for pancreatic cancer therapy? Pharmacol Ther 2016; 166:9-29. [PMID: 27343757 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
With a 5-year survival rate of just 8%, pancreatic cancer (PC) is projected to be the second leading cause of cancer deaths by 2030. Most PC patients are not eligible for surgery with curative intent upon diagnosis, emphasizing a need for more effective therapies. However, PC is notoriously resistant to chemoradiation regimens. As an alternative, immune modulating strategies have recently achieved success in melanoma, prompting their application to other solid tumors. For such therapeutic approaches to succeed, a state of immunologic tolerance must be reversed in the tumor microenvironment and that has been especially challenging in PC. Nonetheless, knowledge of the PC immune microenvironment has advanced considerably over the past decade, yielding new insights and perspectives to guide multimodal therapies. In this review, we catalog the historical groundwork and discuss the evolution of the cancer immunology field to its present state with a specific focus on PC. Strategies currently employing immune modulation in PC are reviewed, specifically highlighting 66 clinical trials across the United States and Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Delitto
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shannon M Wallet
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Steven J Hughes
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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48
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Floss DM, Klöcker T, Schröder J, Lamertz L, Mrotzek S, Strobl B, Hermanns H, Scheller J. Defining the functional binding sites of interleukin 12 receptor β1 and interleukin 23 receptor to Janus kinases. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:2301-16. [PMID: 27193299 PMCID: PMC4945146 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-12-1645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of cells with the IL-12–type cytokine IL-12 or IL-23 results in activation of receptor-associated Janus kinases (Jak) and phosphorylation of STAT proteins in target cells. Functional association of IL 12Rβ1 with tyrosine kinase 2 and IL-23R with Jak2 is mandatory for IL-12 and/or IL-23 signaling. The interleukin (IL)-12–type cytokines IL-12 and IL-23 are involved in T-helper (Th) 1 and Th17 immunity, respectively. They share the IL-12 receptor β1 (IL-12Rβ1) as one component of their receptor signaling complexes, with IL-12Rβ2 as second receptor for IL-12 and IL-23R for IL-23 signal transduction. Stimulation with IL-12 and IL-23 results in activation of receptor-associated Janus kinases (Jak) and phosphorylation of STAT proteins in target cells. The Janus kinase tyrosine kinase (Tyk) 2 associates with IL-12Rβ1, whereas Jak2 binds to IL-23R and also to IL-12Rβ2. Receptor association of Jak2 is mediated by Box1 and Box2 motifs located within the intracellular domain of the receptor chains. Here we define the Box1 and Box2 motifs in IL-12Rβ1 and an unusual Jak2-binding site in IL-23R by the use of deletion and site-directed mutagenesis. Our data show that nonfunctional box motifs abolish IL-12– and IL-23–induced STAT3 phosphorylation and cytokine-dependent proliferation of Ba/F3 cells. Coimmunoprecipitation of Tyk2 by IL-12Rβ1 and Jak2 by IL‑23R supported these findings. In addition, our data demonstrate that association of Jak2 with IL-23R is mandatory for IL-12 and/or IL-23 signaling, whereas Tyk2 seems to be dispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen M Floss
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tobias Klöcker
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jutta Schröder
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Larissa Lamertz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Simone Mrotzek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Birgit Strobl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics/Biomodels Austria, University of Veterinary Medicine, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heike Hermanns
- Medical Clinic II, Division of Hepatology, University Hospital Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Scheller
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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49
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Layman AAK, Oliver PM. Ubiquitin Ligases and Deubiquitinating Enzymes in CD4+ T Cell Effector Fate Choice and Function. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 196:3975-82. [PMID: 27183634 PMCID: PMC5738552 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The human body is exposed to potentially pathogenic microorganisms at barrier sites such as the skin, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. To mount an effective response against these pathogens, the immune system must recruit the right cells with effector responses that are appropriate for the task at hand. Several types of CD4(+) T cells can be recruited, including Th cells (Th1, Th2, and Th17), T follicular helper cells, and regulatory T cells. These cells help to maintain normal immune homeostasis in the face of constantly changing microbes in the environment. Because these cells differentiate from a common progenitor, the composition of their intracellular milieu of proteins changes to appropriately guide their effector function. One underappreciated process that impacts the levels and functions of effector fate-determining factors is ubiquitylation. This review details our current understanding of how ubiquitylation regulates CD4(+) T cell effector identity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awo A K Layman
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Paula M Oliver
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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50
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Hernandez-Alcoceba R, Poutou J, Ballesteros-Briones MC, Smerdou C. Gene therapy approaches against cancer using in vivo and ex vivo gene transfer of interleukin-12. Immunotherapy 2016; 8:179-98. [PMID: 26786809 DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-12 is an immunostimulatory cytokine with strong antitumor properties. Systemic administration of IL-12 in cancer patients led to severe toxic effects, prompting the development of gene therapy vectors able to express this cytokine locally in tumors. Both nonviral and viral vectors have demonstrated a high antitumor efficacy in preclinical tumor models. Some of these vectors, including DNA electroporation, adenovirus and ex vivo transduced dendritic cells, were tested in patients, showing low toxicity and moderate antitumor efficacy. IL-12 activity can be potentiated by molecules with immunostimulatory, antiangiogenic or cytotoxic activity. These combination therapies are of clinical interest because they could lower the threshold for IL-12 efficacy, increasing the therapeutic potential of gene therapy and preventing the toxicity mediated by this cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Hernandez-Alcoceba
- Division of Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008 Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 3, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Joanna Poutou
- Division of Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008 Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 3, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - María Cristina Ballesteros-Briones
- Division of Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008 Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 3, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Cristian Smerdou
- Division of Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008 Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 3, Pamplona 31008, Spain
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