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Lu L, Zhu M, Wu Q, Sun Z, Chen X, Miao C. Sirt7/HIC1 complex participates in hyperglycaemia-mediated EndMT via modulation of SDC1 expression in diabetic kidney disease and metabolic memory. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18336. [PMID: 38686489 PMCID: PMC11058670 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), a primary microvascular complication arising from diabetes, may result in end-stage renal disease. Epigenetic regulation of endothelial mesenchymal transition (EndMT) has been recently reported to exert function in metabolic memory and DKD. Here, we investigated the mechanism which Sirt7 modulated EndMT in human glomerular endothelial cells (HGECs) in the occurrence of metabolic memory in DKD. Lower levels of SDC1 and Sirt7 were noted in the glomeruli of both DKD patients and diabetes-induced renal injury rats, as well as in human glomerular endothelial cells (HGECs) with high blood sugar. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) was sustained despite the normalization of glycaemic control. We also found that Sirt7 overexpression associated with glucose normalization promoted the SDC1 expression and reversed EndMT in HGECs. Furthermore, the sh-Sirt7-mediated EndMT could be reversed by SDC1 overexpression. The ChIP assay revealed enrichment of Sirt7 and H3K18ac in the SDC1 promoter region. Furthermore, hypermethylated in cancer 1 (HIC1) was found to be associated with Sirt7. Overexpression of HIC1 with normoglycaemia reversed high glucose-mediated EndMT in HGECs. The knockdown of HIC1-mediated EndMT was reversed by SDC1 upregulation. In addition, the enrichment of HIC1 and Sirt7 was observed in the same promoter region of SDC1. The overexpressed Sirt7 reversed EndMT and improved renal function in insulin-treated diabetic models. This study demonstrated that the hyperglycaemia-mediated interaction between Sirt7 and HIC1 exerts a role in the metabolic memory in DKD by inactivating SDC1 transcription and mediating EndMT despite glucose normalization in HGECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of AnesthesiologyFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Minmin Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Qichao Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhirong Sun
- Department of AnesthesiologyFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xiangyuan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Changhong Miao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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Wu M, Hao Y, Wu X, Zhu M, Chen X, Qi J, Yu Z, Xu H. SirT7-mediated transcription of fascin in hyperglycemic glomerular endothelial cells contributes to EndMT in diabetic nephropathy. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2024; 56:586-596. [PMID: 38449390 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2024002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the main cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. It is reported that the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) in glomerular endothelial cells plays an important role in DN. As a specific form of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, EndMT may involve common regulators of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Fascin has been shown to mediate epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. In addition, SirT7 has been confir med to contribute to inflammation in hyperglycemic endothelial cells via the modulation of gene transcription. In this study, we speculate that SirT7 modulates fascin transcription and is thus involved in EndMT in hyperglycemic glomerular endothelial cells. Our data indicate that α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and fascin levels are increased, while CD31 levels are decreased in the kidneys of DN rats. Consistently, our cellular experiments reveal that high glucose treatment elevates fascin levels and induces EndMT in human glomerular endothelial cells (HGECs). Moreover, silencing of fascin inhibits EndMT in hyperglycaemic HGECs. In addition, SirT7 is found to be decreased in hyperglycemic cells and in the kidneys of DN mice. Moreover, the inhibition of SirT7 increases fascin level and mediates EndMT. An increase in SirtT7 expression decreases fascin expression, inhibits EndMT, and improves renal function in hyperglycemic cells and DN mice. SirT7 is found to bind to the promoter region of fascin. In summary, the present study indicates that SirT7 transcribes fascin to contribute to hyperglycemia-induced EndMT in DN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengchen Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yingxiang Hao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xinwan Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Minmin Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiangyuan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jie Qi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Zhuang Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Hongjiao Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
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Hall IF, Kishta F, Xu Y, Baker AH, Kovacic JC. Endothelial to mesenchymal transition: at the axis of cardiovascular health and disease. Cardiovasc Res 2024; 120:223-236. [PMID: 38385523 PMCID: PMC10939465 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvae021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) line the luminal surface of blood vessels and play a major role in vascular (patho)-physiology by acting as a barrier, sensing circulating factors and intrinsic/extrinsic signals. ECs have the capacity to undergo endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), a complex differentiation process with key roles both during embryonic development and in adulthood. EndMT can contribute to EC activation and dysfunctional alterations associated with maladaptive tissue responses in human disease. During EndMT, ECs progressively undergo changes leading to expression of mesenchymal markers while repressing EC lineage-specific traits. This phenotypic and functional switch is considered to largely exist in a continuum, being characterized by a gradation of transitioning stages. In this report, we discuss process plasticity and potential reversibility and the hypothesis that different EndMT-derived cell populations may play a different role in disease progression or resolution. In addition, we review advancements in the EndMT field, current technical challenges, as well as therapeutic options and opportunities in the context of cardiovascular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Fernando Hall
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Franceska Kishta
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Yang Xu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Andrew H Baker
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6229ER, The Netherlands
| | - Jason C Kovacic
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Lowy Packer Building, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School and University of New South Wales, 390 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
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Yue L, Chen F, Liu X, Wu C, Wang J, Lai J, Zhu H. miR-23b-3p Ameliorates LPS-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis by Inhibiting EndMT via DPP4 Inhibition. Mol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12033-023-00992-9. [PMID: 38150089 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00992-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome is a disease triggered by severe pulmonary and systemic inflammation that may lead to fibrosis and the decline of lung function. Lung capillary endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is one of the primary sources of fibroblasts in pulmonary fibrosis. The role of miRNAs as molecular markers of pulmonary fibrosis, and miRNAs as nucleic acid drugs has attracted increasing attention. To mock EndMT process, Human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMECs) were induced with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Similarly, LPS treatment was used to generate a mouse model of LPS-induced EndMT and pulmonary fibrosis. LPS-induced EndMT in HPMECs resulted in a significant reduction of miR-23b-3p. miR-23b-3p inhibited the interstitial transition of HPMECs, and miR-23b-3p could mediate this process via inhibiting dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4). Dual-luciferase assays confirmed the regulatory mechanism of miR-23b-3p. In our mouse model of LPS-induced pulmonary fibrosis, miR-23b-3p and a DPP4 inhibitor (sitagliptin) individually alleviated LPS-induced EndMT progression and pulmonary fibrosis, and their combined use achieved the strongest remission effect. To sum up, miR-23b-3p alleviates EndMT in pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting the expression of DPP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Yue
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoyu Wu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiying Lai
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongquan Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, 128 Jinling Avenue, Zhanggong District, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
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Chen HL, Peng K, Zeng DM, Yan J, Huang YQ, Jiang PY, Du YF, Ling X, Wu J. High-Salt Diet Aggravates Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Glomerular Fibrosis in Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rats. Am J Hypertens 2023; 36:660-666. [PMID: 37179466 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpad048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both diabetic and hypertensive nephropathy eventually progress to glomerulosclerosis. Previous studies revealed a potential role of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) in the pathophysiology of glomerulosclerosis in diabetic rats. Therefore, we hypothesized that EndMT was also involved in the development of glomerulosclerosis in salt-sensitive hypertension. We aimed to explore the effects of high-salt diet on endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) in glomerulosclerosis in Dahl salt-sensitive (Dahl-SS) rats. METHODS Eight-week-old male rats were fed high-salt (8%NaCl; DSH group) or normal salt (0.3%NaCl; DSN group) for eight weeks, with systolic blood pressure (SBP), serum creatinine, urea, 24-hour urinary protein/sodium, renal interlobar artery blood flow, and pathological examination measured. We also examined endothelial-(CD31) and fibrosis-related protein(α-SMA) expressions in glomeruli. RESULTS High-salt diet increased SBP (DSH vs. DSN, 205.2 ± 8.9 vs. 135.4 ± 7.9 mm Hg, P < 0.01), 24-hour urinary protein (132.55 ± 11.75 vs. 23.52 ± 5.94 mg/day, P < 0.05), urine sodium excretions (14.09 ± 1.49 vs. 0.47 ± 0.06 mmol/day, P < 0.05), and renal interlobar artery resistance. Glomerulosclerosis increased (26.1 ± 4.6 vs. 7.3 ± 1.6%, P < 0.05), glomerular CD31 expressions decreased while α-SMA expression increased in DSH group. Immunofluorescence staining showed that CD31 and α-SMA co-expressed in glomeruli of the DSH group. The degree of glomerulosclerosis negatively correlated with CD31 expressions (r = -0.823, P < 0.01) but positively correlated with α-SMA expressions (r = 0.936, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that a high-salt diet led to glomerulosclerosis involving the EndMT process, which played an essential role in glomerulosclerosis in hypertensive Dahl-SS rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Lin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Kuang Peng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Dian-Mei Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Ya-Qi Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Pei-Yong Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Ya-Fang Du
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Xiang Ling
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
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Davaapil H, Hopkins J, Bonnin N, Papadaki V, Leung A, Kosuge H, Tashima T, Nakakido M, Sekido R, Tsumoto K, Sagoo MS, Ohnuma SI. PRELP secreted from mural cells protects the function of blood brain barrier through regulation of endothelial cell-cell integrity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1147625. [PMID: 37936982 PMCID: PMC10626469 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1147625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Proline/arginine-rich end leucine-rich repeat protein (PRELP), is a small secreted proteoglycan expressed by pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells surrounding the brain vasculature of adult mouse. Methods: We utilised a Prelp knockout (Prelp -/-) mouse model to interrogate vasculature integrity in the brain alongside performing in vitro assays to characterise PRELP application to endothelial cells lines. Our findings were supplemented with RNA expression profiling to elucidate the mechanism of how PRELP maintains neurovasculature function. Results: Prelp -/- mice presented with neuroinflammation and reducedneurovasculature integrity, resulting in IgG and dextran leakage in the cerebellum and cortex. Histological analysis of Prelp -/- mice revealed reducedcell-cell integrity of the blood brain barrier, capillary attachment of pericytes andastrocyte end-feet. RNA-sequencing analysis found that cell-cell adhesion andinflammation are affected in Prelp -/- mice and gene ontology analysis as well as gene set enrichment analysis demonstrated that inflammation related processes and adhesion related processes such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition and apical junctions were significantly affected, suggesting PRELP is a regulator of cell-cell adhesion. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that adhesion junction protein expression levels of cadherin, claudin-5, and ZO-1, was suppressed in Prelp -/- mice neurovasculature. Additionally, in vitro studies revealed that PRELP application to endothelial cells enhances cell-cell integrity, induces mesenchymal-endothelial transition and inhibits TGF-β mediated damage to cell-cell adhesion. Discussion: Our study indicates that PRELP is a novel endogenous secreted regulator of neurovasculature integrity and that PRELP application may be a potential treatment for diseases associated with neurovascular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jack Hopkins
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, UCL, London, Untited Kingdom
| | - Nadia Bonnin
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, UCL, London, Untited Kingdom
| | | | - Alex Leung
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, UCL, London, Untited Kingdom
| | - Hirofumi Kosuge
- Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takumi Tashima
- Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakakido
- Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryohei Sekido
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, UCL, London, Untited Kingdom
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mandeep S. Sagoo
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, UCL, London, Untited Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, Untited Kingdom
- Retinoblastoma Genetic Screening Unit, Barts Health NHS Trust, Royal London Hospital, London, Untited Kingdom
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7
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Su M, Sang S, Liang T, Li H. PPARG: A Novel Target for Yellow Tea in Kidney Stone Prevention. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11955. [PMID: 37569334 PMCID: PMC10418378 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241511955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney stones are a common urological disorder with increasing prevalence worldwide. The treatment of kidney stones mainly relies on surgical procedures or extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, which can effectively remove the stones but also result in some complications and recurrence. Therefore, finding a drug or natural compound that can prevent and treat kidney stones is an important research topic. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of yellow tea on kidney stone formation and its mechanisms of action. We induced kidney stones in rats by feeding them an ethylene glycol diet and found that yellow tea infusion reduced crystal deposits, inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis in a dose-dependent manner. Through network pharmacology and quantitative structure-activity relationship modeling, we analyzed the interaction network between the compounds in yellow tea and kidney stone-related targets and verified it through in vitro and in vivo experiments. Our results showed that flavonoids in yellow tea could bind directly or indirectly to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) protein and affect kidney stone formation by regulating PPARG transcription factor activity. In conclusion, yellow tea may act as a potential PPARG agonist for the prevention and treatment of renal oxidative damage and fibrosis caused by kidney stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Su
- Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Siyao Sang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Taotao Liang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Hui Li
- Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Fudan-Datong Institute of Chinese Origin, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Datong 037006, China
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8
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Lin SC, Yu G, Lee YC, Song JH, Song X, Zhang J, Panaretakis T, Logothetis CJ, Komatsu Y, Yu-Lee LY, Wang G, Lin SH. Endothelial-to-osteoblast transition in normal mouse bone development. iScience 2023; 26:105994. [PMID: 36798441 PMCID: PMC9926118 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.105994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) in bone induces bone-forming lesions. We have previously shown that PCa-induced bone originates from endothelial cells (ECs) that have undergone EC-to-osteoblast (OSB) transition. Here, we investigated whether EC-to-OSB transition also occurs during normal bone formation. We developed an EC and OSB dual-color reporter mouse (DRM) model that marks EC-OSB hybrid cells with red and green fluorescent proteins. We observed EC-to-OSB transition (RFP and GFP co-expression) in both endochondral and intramembranous bone formation during embryonic development and in adults. Co-expression was confirmed in cells isolated from DRM. Bone marrow- and lung-derived ECs underwent transition to OSBs and mineralization in osteogenic medium. RNA-sequencing revealed GATA family transcription factors were upregulated in EC-OSB hybrid cells and knockdown of GATA3 inhibited BMP4-induced mineralization. Our findings support that EC-to-OSB transition occurs during normal bone development and suggest a new paradigm regarding the endothelial origin of OSBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Chang Lin
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Guoyu Yu
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yu-Chen Lee
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jian H. Song
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xingzhi Song
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Theocharis Panaretakis
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Christopher J. Logothetis
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Komatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Li-Yuan Yu-Lee
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Guocan Wang
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sue-Hwa Lin
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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9
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MiR-302d inhibits TGFB-induced EMT and promotes MET in primary human RPE cells. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278158. [PMID: 36441751 PMCID: PMC9704570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFB)-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of retinal fibrosis, which is one of the leading causes of impaired vision. Current approaches to treating retinal fibrosis focus, among other things, on inhibiting the TGFB signaling pathway. Transient expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) is one way to inhibit the TGFB pathway post-transcriptionally. Our previous study identified the miRNA miR-302d as a regulator of multiple TGFB-related genes in ARPE-19 cells. To further explore its effect on primary cells, the effect of miR-302d on TGFB-induced EMT in primary human retinal pigment epithelium (hRPE) was investigated in vitro. METHODS hRPE cells were extracted from patients receiving enucleation. Transfection of hRPE cells with miR-302d was performed before or after TGFB1 stimulation. Live-cell imaging, immunocytochemistry staining, Western blot, and ELISA assays were utilized to identify the alterations of cellular morphology and EMT-related factors expressions in hRPE cells. RESULTS hRPE cells underwent EMT by TGFB1 exposure. The transfection of miR-302d inhibited the transition with decreased production of mesenchymal markers and increased epithelial factors. Meanwhile, the phosphorylation of SMAD2 activated by TGFB1 was suppressed. Moreover, miR-302d expression promoted TGFB1-induced fibroblast-like hRPE cells to revert towards an epithelial stage. As confirmed by ELISA, miR-302d reduced TGFB receptor 2 (TGFBR2) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) levels 48 hours after transfection. CONCLUSIONS The protective effect of miR-302d might be a promising approach for ameliorating retinal fibrosis and neovascularization. MiR-302d suppresses TGFB-induced EMT in hRPE cells via downregulation of TGFBR2, even reversing the process. Furthermore, miR-302d reduces the constitutive secretion of VEGFA from hRPE cells.
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Lee H, Han JH, Kang YJ, Hwangbo H, Yoon A, Kim HS, Lee D, Lee SY, Choi BH, Kim JJ, Kim SR, Choi YH, Hur J. CD82 attenuates TGF-β1-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition by blocking smad-dependent signaling in ARPE-19 cells. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:991056. [PMID: 36386228 PMCID: PMC9640495 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.991056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) plays a critical role in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which contributes to various fibrotic retinal disorders. In the present study, we investigated the effect of recombinant human cluster of differentiation 82 (rhCD82), a tumor metastasis suppressor, on TGF-β-induced EMT in the human RPE cell line APRE-19. The results show that TGF-β1 significantly enhanced cell migration, invasion and the expression of EMT-mediate factors in ARPE-19 cells. However, rhCD82 markedly inhibited cell mobility and the expression of epithelial marker, zonula occludens-1, as well as increased the expression of mesenchymal markers, such as vimentin and α-smooth muscle actin in TGF-β1-treated APRE-19 cells. In addition, TGF-β1 upregulated the phosphorylation of Smad, extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), but only phosphorylation of Smad was suppressed by rhCD82. Noteworthy, rhCD82 greatly suppressed the expression of TGF-β receptor I (TGFRI), TGFRII and integrins in TGF-β1-treated APRE-19 cells. In particular, the result of molecular docking analysis and structural modeling show that rhCD82 partially interacts with the TGF-β1 binding sites of TGFRI, TGFRII, integrin β1 and integrin αv. Taken together, this finding suggested that rhCD82 suppressed TGF-β1-induced EMT of RPE by blocking of Smad-dependent pathway, which is caused by rhCD82 interaction with TGFRs and integrins, suggesting new insight into CD82 as a potential therapeutic strategy in fibrotic retinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesook Lee
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hwa Han
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea
- PNU GRAND Convergence Medical Science Education Research Center, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Yun Jeong Kang
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Hyun Hwangbo
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan, South Korea
| | - Aeseon Yoon
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Sik Kim
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Dongjun Lee
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Soo Yong Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Byung Hyun Choi
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Jae-Joon Kim
- Medical Oncology and Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Seo Rin Kim
- Department of Nephrology and Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan, South Korea
- Anti-Aging Research Center and Core-Facility Center for Tissue Regeneration, Dong-eui University, Busan, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Yung Hyun Choi, ; Jin Hur,
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea
- PNU GRAND Convergence Medical Science Education Research Center, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Yung Hyun Choi, ; Jin Hur,
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11
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Wilcox EC, Edelman ER. Substratum interactions modulate interplay between endothelial cell, epithelial cell, and fibroblast phenotype and immunomodulatory function. Biomaterials 2022; 289:121785. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Pilard M, Ollivier EL, Gourdou-Latyszenok V, Couturaud F, Lemarié CA. Endothelial Cell Phenotype, a Major Determinant of Venous Thrombo-Inflammation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:864735. [PMID: 35528838 PMCID: PMC9068971 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.864735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced blood flow velocity in the vein triggers inflammation and is associated with the release into the extracellular space of alarmins or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). These molecules include extracellular nucleic acids, extracellular purinergic nucleotides (ATP, ADP), cytokines and extracellular HMGB1. They are recognized as a danger signal by immune cells, platelets and endothelial cells. Hence, endothelial cells are capable of sensing environmental cues through a wide variety of receptors expressed at the plasma membrane. The endothelium is then responding by expressing pro-coagulant proteins, including tissue factor, and inflammatory molecules such as cytokines and chemokines involved in the recruitment and activation of platelets and leukocytes. This ultimately leads to thrombosis, which is an active pro-inflammatory process, tightly regulated, that needs to be properly resolved to avoid further vascular damages. These mechanisms are often dysregulated, which promote fibrinolysis defects, activation of the immune system and irreversible vascular damages further contributing to thrombotic and inflammatory processes. The concept of thrombo-inflammation is now widely used to describe the complex interactions between the coagulation and inflammation in various cardiovascular diseases. In endothelial cells, activating signals converge to multiple intracellular pathways leading to phenotypical changes turning them into inflammatory-like cells. Accumulating evidence suggest that endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) may be a major mechanism of endothelial dysfunction induced during inflammation and thrombosis. EndMT is a biological process where endothelial cells lose their endothelial characteristics and acquire mesenchymal markers and functions. Endothelial dysfunction might play a central role in orchestrating and amplifying thrombo-inflammation thought induction of EndMT processes. Mechanisms regulating endothelial dysfunction have been only partially uncovered in the context of thrombotic diseases. In the present review, we focus on the importance of the endothelial phenotype and discuss how endothelial plasticity may regulate the interplay between thrombosis and inflammation. We discuss how the endothelial cells are sensing and responding to environmental cues and contribute to thrombo-inflammation with a particular focus on venous thromboembolism (VTE). A better understanding of the precise mechanisms involved and the specific role of endothelial cells is needed to characterize VTE incidence and address the risk of recurrent VTE and its sequelae.
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13
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Li X, Lu L, Hou W, Wang F, Huang T, Meng Z, Zhu M. The SETD8/ELK1/bach1 complex regulates hyperglycaemia-mediated EndMT in diabetic nephropathy. J Transl Med 2022; 20:147. [PMID: 35351142 PMCID: PMC8961497 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03352-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic nephropathy (DN), the most common microvascular complication in patients with diabetes, induces kidney failure. Previous research showed that endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) of human glomerular endothelial cells (HGECs) is involved in the progression of DN. Moreover, SET domain-containing protein 8 (SETD8), ETS-domain containing protein (ELK1) and BTB and CNC homology 1 (bach1) all participate in endothelial injury. In this study, we hypothesize that the SETD8/ELK1/bach1 functional axis is involved in mediating EndMT in diabetic nephropathy. Methods Immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and qPCR were performed to determine the protein and mRNA levels of genes in HGECs and the kidney tissues of participants and rats. Immunofluorescence, Co-IP and GST pulldown assays were performed to verify the direct interaction between SETD8 and ELK1. ChIP and dual-luciferase assays were performed to determine the transcriptional regulation of bach1 and Snail. AVV-SETD8 injection in rat kidney was used to verify the potential protective effect of SETD8 on DN. Results Our current study showed that hyperglycaemia triggered EndMT by increasing Snail expression both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, high glucose increased bach1 expression in HGECs, positively regulating Snail and EndMT. As a transcription factor, ELK1 was augmented and participated in hyperglycaemia-induced EndMT via modulation of bach1 expression. Moreover, ELK1 was found to associate with SETD8. Furthermore, SETD8 negatively regulated EndMT by cooperating with bach1 to regulate Snail transcription. Furthermore, histone H4-Lys-20 monomethylation (H4K20me1), which is downstream of SETD8, was accompanied by ELK1 localization at the same promoter region of bach1. ELK1 overexpression enhanced bach1 promoter activity, which disappeared after specific binding site deletion. Mutual inhibition between ELK1 and SETD8 was found in HGECs. In vivo, SETD8 overexpression decreased ELK1 and bach1 expression, as well as EndMT. Moreover, SETD8 overexpression improved the renal function of rats with DN. Conclusions SETD8 cooperates with ELK1 to regulate bach1 transcription, thus participating in the progression of DN. In addition, SETD8 interacts with bach1 to modulate Snail transcription, thus inducing EndMT in DN. SETD8 plays a core role in the SETD8/ELK1/bach1 functional axis, which participates in hyperglycaemia-mediated EndMT in DN, and SETD8 may be a potential therapeutic target for DN. Trial registration ChiCTR, ChiCTR2000029425. 2020/1/31, http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=48548 Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-022-03352-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lihong Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wenting Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ting Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhipeng Meng
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Huzhou Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University, Affiliated Central Hospital of HuZhou University, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Minmin Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Tian Y, Bi Z, Ge S, Ye B, Han W. STAT5A modulated EndMT via upregulation of ELTD1 expression in diabetic nephropathy. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2022; 49:686-695. [PMID: 35320597 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN), one of microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus, results in renal dysfunction and end-stage renal disease. Recently, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) was reported to mediate glomerular endothelial dysfunction, thus participating in the progress of fibrosis in DN. As a special type of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, EndMT and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition may share corporate modulators. It was reported that EGF, Latrophilin And Seven Transmembrane Domain Containing 1 (ELTD1) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A (STAT5A) participate in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in some situations. In this work, we proposed that STAT5A participated in high glucose-mediated EndMT via modulation of ELTD1 levels in DN. Our data indicated that hyperglycemia/high glucose-induced ELTD1 and EndMT in DN rats and hyperglycemic human glomerular endothelial cells (HGECs). Also, high glucose mediated STAT5A nuclear translocation in HGECs. Moreover, high glucose-mediated EndMT was reversed by ELTD1 silencing. Further, STAT5A was found to be elevated in DN rats and hyperglycemic HGECs. The effect of high glucose-mediated increase of ELTD1 expression and EndMT was reversed by STAT5A silencing in vitro. Further, STAT5A overexpression enhanced ELTD1 levels and EndMT, which was inhibited by si-ELTD1. ChIP and luciferase assay represented that STAT5A directly regulated ELTD1 transcription. STAT5A directly regulated ELTD1 transcription, thus participating in high glucose-mediated EndMT in glomeruli of DN. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Sixth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhua Bi
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shuaina Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Sixth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Air force medical center, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Han
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, the Sixth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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15
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Chen J, Han S, Chen J, Hu P, Zeng Z, Hu Y, Xiong H, Ke Z, Zhang Y, Xu F, Zhao G. A reciprocal feedback of miR-548ac/YB-1/Snail induces EndMT of HUVECs during acidity microenvironment. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:692. [PMID: 34930270 PMCID: PMC8691019 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02388-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Researches indicated the process of Endothelial-Mesenchymal-Transition (EndMT) of vascular endothelial cells (ECs) was critically involved in the progression of tumor. ECs demonstrated functional and phenotypic heterogeneity when located under different microenvironments. The extracellular pH of tumor tissues was acidic compared to that of normal tissues. However, there was still unclear whether the acidic microenvironment affected the EndMT of vascular ECs. Methods Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell (HUVECs) was cultured under the normal or acidic medium to evaluate the alteration of morphology, migration, permeability, and EndMT markers. Microarray assay was adopted to analyze the differential expression of miRNAs in the acidity-treated HUVECs. Gain- and loss- of function experiments were performed to evaluate the functional role of miRNA-548ac on acidity-induced EndMT of HUVECs. Luciferase reporter and Chromatin-immunoprecipitation assays were conducted to assess the downstream pathway of miRNA-548ac in acidity-induced EndMT of HUVECs. Results Our results showed that HUVECs demonstrated mesenchymal transition under acidic conditions with the increase of migration, permeability, and expression of α-SMA and Vimentin, but the expression of vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) and CD31 were reduced. In addition, the acidity-treated HUVECs remarkably facilitated the transmigration of pancreatic cancer cells. The expression of miRNA-548ac was significantly decreased in the acidity-treated HUVECs. Moreover, overexpression of miR-548ac inhibited the EndMT of HUVECs and consequently impeded the transmigration of pancreatic cancer cells. The miR-548ac inhibited the expression of YB-1 by binding to the 3’UTR of its mRNA, and YB-1 promoted the translation of Snail which was a critical regulator of EndMT. What’s more, Snail transcriptionally inhibited the expression of miR-548ac through binding to the promoter of its host gene. Conclusions Our data implicated that the acidic microenvironment promoted the EndMT of HUVECs by the miR-548ac/YB-1/Snail axis, which could contribute to the metastasis of pancreatic cancer. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-021-02388-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Chen
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Shengbo Han
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jinhuang Chen
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ping Hu
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zhu Zeng
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yuhang Hu
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Hewei Xiong
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zunxiang Ke
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Fengyu Xu
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Lu L, Li X, Zhong Z, Zhou W, Zhou D, Zhu M, Miao C. KMT5A downregulation participated in High Glucose-mediated EndMT via Upregulation of ENO1 Expression in Diabetic Nephropathy. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:4093-4107. [PMID: 34803485 PMCID: PMC8579450 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.62867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) has become the common and principal microvascular complication of diabetes that could lead to end-stage renal disease. It was reported endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) in glomeruli plays an important role in DN. Enolase1 (ENO1) and Lysine Methyltransferase 5A (KMT5A) were found to modulate epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in some situations. In the present study, we speculated KMT5A regulates ENO1 transcript, thus participating in hyperglycemia-induced EndMT in glomeruli of DN. Our study represented vimentin, αSMA and ENO1 expression elevated, and CD31 expression decreased in glomeruli of DN participants and rats. In vitro, high glucose induced EndMT by increase of ENO1 levels. Moreover, high glucose downregulated KMT5A levels and increased regulatory factor X1 (RFX1) levels. KMT5A upregulation or si-RFX1 decreased high glucose-induced ENO1 expression and EndMT. RFX1 overexpression- or sh-KMT5A-induced EndMT was attenuated by si-ENO1. Further, the association between KMT5A and RFX1 was verified. Furthermore, histone H4 lysine20 methylation (the direct target of KMT5A) and RFX1 positioned on ENO1 promoter region. sh-KMT5A enhanced positive action of RFX1 on ENO1 promoter activity. KMT5A reduction and RFX1 upregulation were verified in glomeruli of DN patients and rats. KMT5A associated with RFX1 to modulate ENO1, thus involved in hyperglycemia-mediated EndMT in glomeruli of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ziwen Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Wenchang Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Di Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Minmin Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Changhong Miao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
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17
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Peng J, Liu X, Li C, Gao M, Wang H. Sema4C modulates the migration of primary tumor-associated lymphatic endothelial cells via an ERK-mediated pathway. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1102. [PMID: 34504556 PMCID: PMC8383750 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) serve a positive role in tumor lymphatic metastasis, the regulation of LECs undergoing migration similar to that of tumor cells remains poorly understood. A previous study revealed that semaphorin 4C (Sema4C) could be a marker of LECs in cervical cancer. Thus, the present study aimed to understand the mechanism via which Sema4C could promote the development of tumor-associated characteristics in LECs in cervical cancer. Primary tumor-associated LECs (TLECs) were distinguished from cervical cancer by flow cytometry. The promigratory ability was assessed using the Transwell assay. Lentivirus infection was used to alter the expression of Sema4C in TLECs. Confocal laser scanning was used to determine the infection efficiency of lentivirus infection. Sema4C/ERK/E-cadherin pathway was measured by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting. The co-localization of Sema4C and the lymphatic marker lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1 was verified. Primary tumor-associated LECs (TLECs) were isolated from a mouse xenograft cervical tumor model. It was revealed that overexpressing Sema4C stimulated the migratory ability of TLECs, downregulated E-cadherin expression and stimulated ERK phosphorylation, whereas knocking down Sema4C had the opposite effects. The treatment of PD98059 (ERK inhibitor) blocked the pro-migratory ability of TLECs, which indicated a dependence on the ERK signaling pathway. It was identified that the Sema4C/ERK/E-cadherin pathway may be critical for the migration of TLECs, which may promote lymph node metastasis. Therefore, Sema4C could be a promising target for the treatment of cervical cancer with lymphatic metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Peng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250001, P.R. China
| | - Xijiang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Chengcheng Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250001, P.R. China
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250001, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250001, P.R. China
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Lu L, Zhong Z, Gu J, Nan K, Zhu M, Miao C. ets1 associates with KMT5A to participate in high glucose-mediated EndMT via upregulation of PFN2 expression in diabetic nephropathy. Mol Med 2021; 27:74. [PMID: 34238215 PMCID: PMC8266168 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00339-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is currently the leading cause of end-stage renal disease globally. The endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) of glomerular endothelial cells has been reported to play a crucial role in DN. As a specific form of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, EndMT and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition may exhibit mutual modulators. Profilin 2 (PFN2) has been reported to participate in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Moreover, ETS proto-oncogene 1 (ets1) and lysine methyltransferase 5A (KMT5A) have been reported to contribute to high glucose-mediated endothelial injury and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. In this study, we hypothesize ets1 associates with KMT5A to modulate PFN2 transcription, thus participating in high glucose-mediated EndMT in glomerular endothelial cells. Methods Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to detect protein levels in the kidney tissues and/or aorta tissues of human subjects and rats. Western blot, qPCR and immunofluorescence were performed using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays and dual luciferase assays were performed to assess transcriptional activity. The difference between the groups was compared by two-tailed unpaired t-tests or one-way ANOVAs. Results Our data indicated that vimentin, αSMA, S100A4 and PFN2 levels were increased, and CD31 levels were reduced in glomerular endothelial cells of DN patients and rats. Our cell experiments showed that high glucose induced EndMT by augmenting PFN2 expression in HUVECs. Moreover, high glucose increased ets1 expression. si-ets1 suppressed high glucose-induced PFN2 levels and EndMT. ets1 overexpression-mediated EndMT was reversed by si-PFN2. Furthermore, ets1 was determined to associate with KMT5A. High glucose attenuated KMT5A levels and histone H4 lysine 20 methylation (H4K20me1), one of the downstream targets of KMT5A. KMT5A upregulation suppressed high glucose-induced PFN2 levels and EndMT. sh-KMT5A-mediated EndMT was counteracted by si-PFN2. Furthermore, H4K20me1 and ets1 occupied the PFN2 promoter region. sh-KMT5A cooperated with ets1 overexpression to activate PFN2 promoter activity. Our in vivo study demonstrated that KMT5A was reduced, while ets1 was augmented, in glomerular endothelial cells of DN patients and rats. Conclusions The present study indicated that ets1 cooperated with KMT5A to transcribe PFN2, thus contributing to hyperglycemia-induced EndMT in the glomerular endothelial cells of DN patients and rats. Trial registration ChiCTR, ChiCTR2000029425. 2020/1/31, http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=48548 Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s10020-021-00339-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ziwen Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Jiahui Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ke Nan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Minmin Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Changhong Miao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Bannerman D, Pascual-Gil S, Floryan M, Radisic M. Bioengineering strategies to control epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition for studies of cardiac development and disease. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:021504. [PMID: 33948525 PMCID: PMC8068500 DOI: 10.1063/5.0033710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process that occurs in a wide range of tissues and environments, in response to numerous factors and conditions, and plays a critical role in development, disease, and regeneration. The process involves epithelia transitioning into a mobile state and becoming mesenchymal cells. The investigation of EMT processes has been important for understanding developmental biology and disease progression, enabling the advancement of treatment approaches for a variety of disorders such as cancer and myocardial infarction. More recently, tissue engineering efforts have also recognized the importance of controlling the EMT process. In this review, we provide an overview of the EMT process and the signaling pathways and factors that control it, followed by a discussion of bioengineering strategies to control EMT. Important biological, biomaterial, biochemical, and physical factors and properties that have been utilized to control EMT are described, as well as the studies that have investigated the modulation of EMT in tissue engineering and regenerative approaches in vivo, with a specific focus on the heart. Novel tools that can be used to characterize and assess EMT are discussed and finally, we close with a perspective on new bioengineering methods that have the potential to transform our ability to control EMT, ultimately leading to new therapies.
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Dagher O, Mury P, Thorin-Trescases N, Noly PE, Thorin E, Carrier M. Therapeutic Potential of Quercetin to Alleviate Endothelial Dysfunction in Age-Related Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:658400. [PMID: 33860002 PMCID: PMC8042157 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.658400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelium occupies a catalog of functions that contribute to the homeostasis of the cardiovascular system. It is a physically active barrier between circulating blood and tissue, a regulator of the vascular tone, a biochemical processor and a modulator of coagulation, inflammation, and immunity. Given these essential roles, it comes to no surprise that endothelial dysfunction is prodromal to chronic age-related diseases of the heart and arteries, globally termed cardiovascular diseases (CVD). An example would be ischemic heart disease (IHD), which is the main cause of death from CVD. We have made phenomenal advances in treating CVD, but the aging endothelium, as it senesces, always seems to out-run the benefits of medical and surgical therapies. Remarkably, many epidemiological studies have detected a correlation between a flavonoid-rich diet and a lower incidence of mortality from CVD. Quercetin, a member of the flavonoid class, is a natural compound ubiquitously found in various food sources such as fruits, vegetables, seeds, nuts, and wine. It has been reported to have a wide range of health promoting effects and has gained significant attention over the years. A growing body of evidence suggests quercetin could lower the risk of IHD by mitigating endothelial dysfunction and its risk factors, such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, accumulation of senescent endothelial cells, and endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT). In this review, we will explore these pathophysiological cascades and their interrelation with endothelial dysfunction. We will then present the scientific evidence to quercetin's anti-atherosclerotic, anti-hypertensive, senolytic, and anti-EndoMT effects. Finally, we will discuss the prospect for its clinical use in alleviating myocardial ischemic injuries in IHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olina Dagher
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Center for Research, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Pauline Mury
- Center for Research, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Pierre Emmanuel Noly
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Center for Research, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Eric Thorin
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Center for Research, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michel Carrier
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Center for Research, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
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21
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Anney P, Thériault M, Proulx S. Hydrodynamic forces influence the gene transcription of mechanosensitive intercellular junction associated genes in corneal endothelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2021; 206:108532. [PMID: 33684456 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mechanicals forces are known to influence cell behavior. In vivo, the corneal endothelium is under the influence of various mechanical forces, such as intraocular pressure (IOP) and fluid flow. In this study, we used a corneal bioreactor to understand the effect of these hydrodynamic forces on the transcription of intercellular junctions associated genes in the corneal endothelium. Native and tissue-engineered (TE) corneal endothelium were cultured in a corneal bioreactor for 7 days with 16 mmHg IOP and 5 μl/ml of medium flow. RNA was harvested, and gene expression was quantified. Cells that were used to reconstruct the TE corneal endothelia were also seeded on plastic to characterize their morphology by calculating their circularity index. For native endothelia, hydrodynamic forces increased gene expression of GJA1 (connexin 43), CDH2 (N-cadherin), TJP1 (ZO-1), ITGAV (integrin subunit αv), ITGB5 (integrin subunit β5) and CTNND1 (p120-ctn) by 1.68 ± 0.40, 1.10 ± 0.27, 3.80 ± 0.56, 1.82 ± 0.33, 1.32 ± 0.21 and 3.04 ± 0.63, respectively. For TE corneal endothelium, this fold change was 1.72 ± 0.31, 1.58 ± 0.41, 6.18 ± 1.03, 1.80 ± 0.71, 1.77 ± 0.55, 2.42 ± 0.71. Furthermore, gene transcription fold changes (hydrodynamic/control) increased linearly with TE corneal endothelium cells population morphology with r = 0.83 for TJP1 (ZO-1) and r = 0.58 for CTNND1 (p120-ctn). In fact, the more elongated the cells populations were, the greater hydrodynamic conditions increased the transcription of TJP1 (ZO-1) and CTNND1 (p120-ctn). These results suggest that hydrodynamic forces contribute to the maintenance of tight and adherens junctions of native corneal endothelial cells, as well as to the formation of tight and adherens junctions of corneal endothelial cells that are in the process of forming a functional endothelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Princia Anney
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, axe médecine régénératrice, Québec, Québec, Canada; Centre LOEX de l'Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; Département, d'ophtalmologie et ORL-CCF, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Mathieu Thériault
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, axe médecine régénératrice, Québec, Québec, Canada; Centre LOEX de l'Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Proulx
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, axe médecine régénératrice, Québec, Québec, Canada; Centre LOEX de l'Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; Département, d'ophtalmologie et ORL-CCF, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
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22
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Anbara T, Sharifi M, Aboutaleb N. Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition in the Cardiogenesis and Cardiovascular Diseases. Curr Cardiol Rev 2021; 16:306-314. [PMID: 31393254 PMCID: PMC7903503 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x15666190808100336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Today, cardiovascular diseases remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) does not only play a major role in the course of development but also contributes to several cardiovascular diseases in adulthood. EndMT is characterized by down-regulation of the endothelial proteins and highly up-regulated fibrotic specific genes and extracellular matrix-forming proteins. EndMT is also a transforming growth factor-β-driven (TGF-β) process in which endothelial cells lose their endothelial characteristics and acquire a mesenchymal phenotype with expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibroblast-specific protein 1, etc. EndMT is a vital process during cardiac development, thus disrupted EndMT gives rise to the congenital heart diseases, namely septal defects and valve abnormalities. In this review, we have discussed the main signaling pathways and mechanisms participating in the process of EndMT such as TGF-β and Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), Wnt#, and Notch signaling pathway and also studied the role of EndMT in physiological cardiovascular development and pathological conditions including myocardial infarction, pulmonary arterial hypertension, congenital heart defects, cardiac fibrosis, and atherosclerosis. As a perspective view, having a clear understanding of involving cellular and molecular mechanisms in EndMT and conducting Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with a large number of samples for involving pharmacological agents may guide us into novel therapeutic approaches of congenital disorders and heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha Anbara
- Department of Surgery, Erfan Specialty Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masuomeh Sharifi
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nahid Aboutaleb
- Physiology Research Center, Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Ma J, van der Zon G, Gonçalves MAFV, van Dinther M, Thorikay M, Sanchez-Duffhues G, ten Dijke P. TGF-β-Induced Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition Is Determined by a Balance Between SNAIL and ID Factors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:616610. [PMID: 33644053 PMCID: PMC7907445 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.616610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) plays an important role in embryonic development and disease progression. Yet, how different members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family regulate EndMT is not well understood. In the current study, we report that TGF-β2, but not bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)9, triggers EndMT in murine endothelial MS-1 and 2H11 cells. TGF-β2 strongly upregulates the transcription factor SNAIL, and the depletion of Snail is sufficient to abrogate TGF-β2-triggered mesenchymal-like cell morphology acquisition and EndMT-related molecular changes. Although SLUG is not regulated by TGF-β2, knocking out Slug also partly inhibits TGF-β2-induced EndMT in 2H11 cells. Interestingly, in addition to SNAIL and SLUG, BMP9 stimulates inhibitor of DNA binding (ID) proteins. The suppression of Id1, Id2, or Id3 expression facilitated BMP9 in inducing EndMT and, in contrast, ectopic expression of ID1, ID2, or ID3 abrogated TGF-β2-mediated EndMT. Altogether, our results show that SNAIL is critical and indispensable for TGF-β2-mediated EndMT. Although SLUG is also involved in the EndMT process, it plays less of a crucial role in it. In contrast, ID proteins are essential for maintaining endothelial traits and repressing the function of SNAIL and SLUG during the EndMT process. These data suggest that the control over endothelial vs. mesenchymal cell states is determined, at least in part, by a balance between the expression of SNAIL/SLUG and ID proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ma
- Department of Cell Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Gerard van der Zon
- Department of Cell Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Maarten van Dinther
- Department of Cell Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Midory Thorikay
- Department of Cell Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Peter ten Dijke
- Department of Cell Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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24
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Fang Y, Chang Z, Xu Z, Hu J, Zhou H, Yu S, Wan X. Osteoglycin silencing exerts inhibitory effects on myocardial fibrosis and epithelial/endothelial-mesenchymal transformation in a mouse model of myocarditis. Biofactors 2020; 46:1018-1030. [PMID: 33141515 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Osteoglycin (Ogn), a class III SLRP member with multiple glycosylation sites, has been proposed to be engaged in cardiac dysfunction and adverse remodeling in human heart failure following myocardial infarction. However, the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. Thus, we sought to define the role of Ogn in regulation of the Wnt pathway on myocardial fibrosis and epithelial/endothelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT/EndMT) in mice with myocarditis. The pathological changes are observed, while hematoxylin-eosin staining and picric acid Sirius red staining were conducted in successfully constructed myocarditis mouse models. Immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were adopted to determine Ogn and β-catenin levels and serum procollagen propeptide concentrations in the mouse myocardial tissues, respectively. Expression of Ogn and Wnt signaling pathway-related factors were measured by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot assay, cell viability by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, and cell cycle distribution and apoptosis by flow cytometry. We saw indicative pathological changes accompanied by many Ogn and β-catenin positive cells and increased serum procollagen propeptide, in the mouse myocardial tissues. Loss function assays showed reduced levels of Ogn, β-catenin, LRP6, TGF-β1, Twist, FSP-1, α-SMA and higher levels of E-cadherin and VE-cadherin, together with decreased proliferation rate, as well as increased apoptosis rate, indicating that the Wnt signaling pathway, proliferation were inhibited while apoptosis was enhanced with upon gene silencing. Coherently, depletion of Ogn inhibits myocardial fibroblasts proliferation and EMT/EndMT while facilitating myocardial fibroblasts apoptosis in myocarditis through the Wnt signaling pathway, thus serving as an intervention target for the molecular treatment of myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Fang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhitang Chang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhicheng Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Haiwen Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Songping Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xuan Wan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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25
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Li X, Sun S, Chen D, Yuan T, Chen Y, Wang D, Fang L, Lu Y, Du G. Puerarin attenuates the endothelial-mesenchymal transition induced by oxidative stress in human coronary artery endothelial cells through PI3K/AKT pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 886:173472. [PMID: 32860809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is a process in which endothelial cells lose their specific morphology/markers and undergo a dramatic remodeling of the cytoskeleton. It has been implicated in the progression of cardiovascular diseases such as cardiac fibrosis and cardiac dysfunction. Recent study indicated that puerarin could inhibit EndMT against cardiac fibrosis. However, the precise role of puerarin in EndMT and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. EndMT was induced by H2O2 (150 μM) in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs). HCAECs were exposed to H2O2 for six days with or without puerarin pretreated 2 h. The protein changes of EndMT markers (CD31, VE-cadherin, FSP1 and α-SMA) in HCAECs were detected. The levels of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (AKT) proteins were analyzed by Western Blot. Wound healing and transwell assay were carried out to examine cell chemotaxis. Puerarin mitigated H2O2-induced EndMT as indicated by alleviating the reduced expression of CD31 and VE-cadherin and inhibiting the upregulation of α-SMA and FSP1. Furthermore, the mechanisms study showed that puerarin activated the PI3K/AKT pathway by inhibiting reactive oxygen species and further attenuated EndMT. On the other hand, PI3K inhibitor LY294002 reversed this effect imposed by puerarin. Puerarin alleviated the migration of mesenchymal-like cells through reducing MMPs protein expression. These results implicated that puerarin exhibited cytoprotective effects against H2O2-induced EndMT in HCAECs through alleviating oxidative stress, activating the PI3K/AKT pathway and limiting cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shuchan Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Di Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Tianyi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yucai Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Danshu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lianhua Fang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Yang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Guanhua Du
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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26
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EMT and EndMT: Emerging Roles in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124271. [PMID: 32560057 PMCID: PMC7349630 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and endothelial–mesenchymal transition (EndMT) are physiological processes required for normal embryogenesis. However, these processes can be hijacked in pathological conditions to facilitate tissue fibrosis and cancer metastasis. In the eye, EMT and EndMT play key roles in the pathogenesis of subretinal fibrosis, the end-stage of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) that leads to profound and permanent vision loss. Predominant in subretinal fibrotic lesions are matrix-producing mesenchymal cells believed to originate from the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and/or choroidal endothelial cells (CECs) through EMT and EndMT, respectively. Recent evidence suggests that EMT of RPE may also be implicated during the early stages of AMD. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) is a key cytokine orchestrating both EMT and EndMT. Investigations in the molecular mechanisms underpinning EMT and EndMT in AMD have implicated a myriad of contributing factors including signaling pathways, extracellular matrix remodelling, oxidative stress, inflammation, autophagy, metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction. Questions arise as to differences in the mesenchymal cells derived from these two processes and their distinct mechanistic contributions to the pathogenesis of AMD. Detailed discussion on the AMD microenvironment highlights the synergistic interactions between RPE and CECs that may augment the EMT and EndMT processes in vivo. Understanding the differential regulatory networks of EMT and EndMT and their contributions to both the dry and wet forms of AMD can aid the development of therapeutic strategies targeting both RPE and CECs to potentially reverse the aberrant cellular transdifferentiation processes, regenerate the retina and thus restore vision.
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27
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Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in anticancer therapy and normal tissue damage. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:781-792. [PMID: 32467609 PMCID: PMC7272420 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0439-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) involves the phenotypic conversion of endothelial-to-mesenchymal cells, and was first discovered in association with embryonic heart development. EndMT can regulate various processes, such as tissue fibrosis and cancer. Recent findings have shown that EndMT is related to resistance to cancer therapy, such as chemotherapy, antiangiogenic therapy, and radiation therapy. Based on the known effects of EndMT on the cardiac toxicity of anticancer therapy and tissue damage of radiation therapy, we propose that EndMT can be targeted as a strategy for overcoming tumor resistance while reducing complications, such as tissue damage. In this review, we discuss EndMT and its roles in damaging cardiac and lung tissues, as well as EndMT-related effects on tumor vasculature and resistance in anticancer therapy. Modulating EndMT in radioresistant tumors and radiation-induced tissue fibrosis can especially increase the efficacy of radiation therapy. In addition, we review the role of hypoxia and reactive oxygen species as the main stimulating factors of tissue damage due to vascular damage and EndMT. We consider drugs that may be clinically useful for regulating EndMT in various diseases. Finally, we argue the importance of EndMT as a therapeutic target in anticancer therapy for reducing tissue damage. A process of cellular conversion known as endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) may offer a valuable target for treating cancer and other diseases. In EndMT, the cells lining blood vessels undergo a striking change in shape and physiology, acquiring features of cells called fibroblasts. Fibroblasts form the body’s connective tissue, but also produce scar tissue that impairs organ function. Researchers led by Yoon-Jin Lee of the Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences in Seoul, South Korea, have reviewed the impact of this transformation on human disease. EndMT is seen as a prelude to heart failure, in lung tissue affected by pulmonary fibrosis, and within tumors, where the process recruits cells that further stimulate cancer progression. The authors highlight the potential of using drugs that target EndMT to bolster the efficacy and safety of tumor therapy.
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Ma X, Zhao D, Yuan P, Li J, Yun Y, Cui Y, Zhang T, Ma J, Sun L, Ma H, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Zhang W, Huang J, Zou C, Wang Z. Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Calcific Aortic Valve Disease. ACTA CARDIOLOGICA SINICA 2020; 36:183-194. [PMID: 32425433 PMCID: PMC7220963 DOI: 10.6515/acs.202005_36(3).20200213a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) represents a significant threat to cardiovascular health worldwide, and the incidence of this sclerocalcific valve disease has rapidly increased along with a rise in life expectancy. Compelling evidence has suggested that CAVD is an actively and finely regulated pathophysiological process even though it has been referred to as "degenerative" for decades. A striking similarity has been noted in the etiopathogenesis between CAVD and atherosclerosis, a classical proliferative sclerotic vascular disease.1 Nevertheless, pharmaceutical trials that attempted to target inflammation and dyslipidemia have produced disappointing results in CAVD. While senescence is a well-documented risk factor, the sophisticated regulatory networks have not been adequately explored underlying the aberrant calcification and osteogenesis in CAVD. Valvular endothelial cells (VECs), a type of resident effector cells in aortic leaflets, are crucial in maintaining valvular integrity and homeostasis, and dysfunctional VECs are a major contributor to disease initiation and progression. Accumulating evidence suggests that VECs undergo a phenotypic and functional transition to mesenchymal or fibroblast-like cells in CAVD, a process known as the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) process. The relevance of this transition in CAVD has recently drawn great interest due to its importance in both valve genesis at an embryonic stage and CAVD development at an adult stage. Hence EndMT might be a valuable diagnostic and therapeutic target for disease prevention and treatment. This mini-review summarized the relevant literature that delineates the EndMT process and the underlying regulatory networks involved in CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University
| | - Diming Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong
| | - Peidong Yuan
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong
| | - Jinzhang Li
- College of Basic Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing
| | - Yan Yun
- Department of Radiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University
| | - Yuqi Cui
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Center for Precision Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University
| | - Jiwei Ma
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan
| | - Liangong Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University
| | - Huibo Ma
- Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao
| | - Yuman Zhang
- Emergency Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Haizhou Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University
| | - Junjie Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University
| | - Chengwei Zou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University
| | - Zhengjun Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University
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29
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Ma J, Sanchez-Duffhues G, Goumans MJ, ten Dijke P. TGF-β-Induced Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Disease and Tissue Engineering. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:260. [PMID: 32373613 PMCID: PMC7187792 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is a complex biological process that gives rise to cells with multipotent potential. EndMT is essential for the formation of the cardiovascular system during embryonic development. Emerging results link EndMT to the postnatal onset and progression of fibrotic diseases and cancer. Moreover, recent reports have emphasized the potential for EndMT in tissue engineering and regenerative applications by regulating the differentiation status of cells. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) engages in many important physiological processes and is a potent inducer of EndMT. In this review, we first summarize the mechanisms of the TGF-β signaling pathway as it relates to EndMT. Thereafter, we discuss the pivotal role of TGF-β-induced EndMT in the development of cardiovascular diseases, fibrosis, and cancer, as well as the potential application of TGF-β-induced EndMT in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ma
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Marie-José Goumans
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Peter ten Dijke
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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30
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Chowkwale M, Mahler GJ, Huang P, Murray BT. A multiscale in silico model of endothelial to mesenchymal transformation in a tumor microenvironment. J Theor Biol 2019; 480:229-240. [PMID: 31430445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial to mesenchymal transformation (EndMT) is a process in which endothelial cells gain a mesenchymal-like phenotype in response to mechanobiological signals that results in the remodeling or repair of underlying tissue. While initially associated with embryonic development, this process has since been shown to occur in adult tissue remodeling including wound healing, fibrosis, and cancer. In an attempt to understand the role of EndMT in cancer progression and metastasis, we present a multiscale, three-dimensional, in silico model. The model couples tissue level phenomena such as extracellular matrix remodeling, cellular level phenomena such as migration and proliferation, and chemical transport in the tumor microenvironment to mimic in vitro tissue models of the cancer microenvironment. The model is used to study the presence of EndMT-derived activated fibroblasts (EDAFs) and varying substrate stiffness on tumor cell migration and proliferation. The simulations accurately model the behavior of tumor cells under given conditions. The presence of EDAFs and/or an increase in substrate stiffness resulted in an increase in tumor cell activity. This model lays the foundation of further studies of EDAFs in a tumor microenvironment on a cellular and subcellular physiological level.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chowkwale
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | - G J Mahler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | - P Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Binghamton University, PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | - B T Murray
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Binghamton University, PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA.
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Bai J, Kwok WC, Thiery JP. Traditional Chinese Medicine and regulatory roles on epithelial-mesenchymal transitions. Chin Med 2019; 14:34. [PMID: 31558913 PMCID: PMC6755703 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-019-0257-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical biological process allowing epithelial cells to de-differentiate into mesenchymal cells. Orchestrated signaling pathways cooperatively induce EMT and effect physiological, sometimes pathological outcomes. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been clinically prescribed for thousands of years and recent studies have found that TCM therapies can participate in EMT regulation. In this review, the historical discovery of EMT will be introduced, followed by a brief overview of its major roles in development and diseases. The second section will focus on EMT in organ fibrosis and tissue regeneration. The third section discusses EMT-induced cancer metastasis, and details how EMT contribute to distant dissemination. Finally, new EMT players are described, namely microRNA, epigenetic modifications, and alternative splicing. TCM drugs that affect EMT proven through an evidence-based research approach will be presented in each section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Bai
- 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Wee Chiew Kwok
- 2Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jean-Paul Thiery
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health, Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
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Qingshen Buyang Formula Attenuates Renal Fibrosis in 5/6 Nephrectomized Rats via Inhibiting EMT and Wnt/ β-Catenin Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:5370847. [PMID: 31186661 PMCID: PMC6521559 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5370847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
As renal fibrosis significantly contributes to various kinds of chronic kidney diseases, this study aimed to investigate the renal protective effects of Qingshen Buyang Formula against renal fibrosis on 5/6 nephrectomized rats, and its underlying mechanisms were explored. A total of 24 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham operation group (Sham group), 5/6 nephrectomy group (5/6Nx group), and Qingshen Buyang Formula treatment group (QBF group). The intervention was intragastric administration for 12 weeks. In the end, the blood samples were collected to test renal functional parameters, urine proteins were measured, and the left kidneys were removed for histological studies, as well as mRNA and protein expression analysis. The results showed that Qingshen Buyang Formula significantly decreased BUN, Scr, and proteinuria in 5/6Nx rats. Meanwhile, it ameliorated the kidney injury and fibrosis, exemplified by the depressed expression of collagen I and fibronectin (FN), which are the main components of ECM. Furthermore, the process of EMT inhibited the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway related genes, such as Wnt4, TCF4, β-catenin, and p-GSK3β. Collectively, the Qingshen Buyang Formula can improve renal function and attenuate renal fibrosis, and its underlying mechanisms may be related with inhibiting EMT and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Lovisa S, Genovese G, Danese S. Role of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2019; 13:659-668. [PMID: 30520951 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjy201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal fibrosis is an inevitable complication in patients with inflammatory bowel disease [IBD], occurring in its two major clinical manifestations: ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Fibrosis represents the final outcome of the host reaction to persistent inflammation, which triggers a prolonged wound healing response resulting in the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, eventually leading to intestinal dysfunction. The process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition [EMT] represents an embryonic program relaunched during wound healing, fibrosis and cancer. Here we discuss the initial observations and the most recent findings highlighting the role of EMT in IBD-associated intestinal fibrosis and fistulae formation. In addition, we briefly review knowledge on the cognate process of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition [EndMT]. Understanding EMT functionality and the molecular mechanisms underlying the activation of this mesenchymal programme will permit designing new therapeutic strategies to halt the fibrogenic response in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lovisa
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Giannicola Genovese
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Silvio Danese
- IBD Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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Jiang R, Zhou Z, Liao Y, Yang F, Cheng Y, Huang J, Wang J, Chen H, Zhu T, Chao J. The emerging roles of a novel CCCH-type zinc finger protein, ZC3H4, in silica-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Toxicol Lett 2019; 307:26-40. [PMID: 30826420 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) contributes to fibrosis during silicosis. Zinc finger CCCH-type containing 4 protein (ZC3H4) is a novel CCCH-type zinc finger protein that activates inflammation in pulmonary macrophages during silicosis. However, whether ZC3H4 is involved in EMT during silicosis remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the circular ZC3H4 (circZC3H4) RNA/microRNA-212 (miR-212) axis as the upstream molecular mechanism regulating ZC3H4 expression and the downstream mechanism by which ZC3H4 regulates EMT as well as its accompanying migratory characteristics. METHODS The protein levels were assessed via Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. Scratch assays were used to analyze the increased mobility induced by silica. The CRISPR/Cas9 system and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were employed to analyze the regulatory mechanisms of ZC3H4 in EMT and migration changes. RESULTS Specific knockdown of ZC3H4 blocked EMT and migration induced by silicon dioxide (SiO2). Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress mediated the effects of ZC3H4 on EMT. circZC3H4 RNA served as an miR-212 sponge to regulate ZC3H4 expression, which played a pivotal role in EMT. Tissue samples from mice and patients confirmed the upregulation of ZC3H4 in alveolar epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS ZC3H4 may act as a novel regulator in the progression of SiO2-induced EMT, which provides a reference for further pulmonary fibrosis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China; Department of Respiration, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Zewei Zhou
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China; Department of Respiration, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Yan Liao
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Fuhuang Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Yusi Cheng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Digestive Disease, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Tiebing Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Jie Chao
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China; Department of Respiration, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China.
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Wang C, Li K, Men Y, Ding C, Du J, Liang T, Ji Z, Chen L, Wang T, Kang Q. Protein 4.1B Suppresses Tumor Metastasis by Regulating Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition Progression in Melanoma Cells. Int J Med Sci 2019; 16:529-536. [PMID: 31171904 PMCID: PMC6535657 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.27401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which involves the dramatic reorganization of the cytoskeleton, is a crucial initiating step in tumor invasion and metastasis. Protein 4.1B is a membrane-cytoskeleton cross-linker that plays an important role in tumor progression and metastasis; however, the functional roles of 4.1B in melanoma remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect and underlying mechanism of 4.1B on melanoma cells. Our results demonstrated that 4.1B expression was downregulated in murine B16 and B16-F10 melanoma cell lines. Ectopic 4.1B expression significantly inhibited the migration of melanoma cells and pulmonary metastasis. We further investigated the possible mechanism underlying the effect of 4.1B on EMT. The results showed that ectopic 4.1B expression altered the expression of representative EMT markers (E-cadherin, vimentin and N-cadherin), and inhibited the expression of three important transcription factors (Slug, Snail, and Twist) related to EMT in melanoma cells. Moreover, the expression of integrin α5, β3 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), which is known to regulate cell adhesion, migration and invasion, were suppressed. In conclusion, our data indicate that 4.1B is an important regulator during EMT progression in melanoma cells, which may present a potential target for the prevention and treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengbo Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
| | - Keyan Li
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
| | - Yingli Men
- Translational medical center, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, 33 Huanghe Road, Zhengzhou 450003, P.R.China
| | - Cong Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
| | - Juan Du
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
| | - Taotao Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyu Ji
- Henan Academy of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 40 University Road, Zhengzhou 450052, P.R. China
| | - Lixiang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
| | - Qiaozhen Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
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Danielsson F, Peterson MK, Caldeira Araújo H, Lautenschläger F, Gad AKB. Vimentin Diversity in Health and Disease. Cells 2018; 7:E147. [PMID: 30248895 PMCID: PMC6210396 DOI: 10.3390/cells7100147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vimentin is a protein that has been linked to a large variety of pathophysiological conditions, including cataracts, Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, HIV and cancer. Vimentin has also been shown to regulate a wide spectrum of basic cellular functions. In cells, vimentin assembles into a network of filaments that spans the cytoplasm. It can also be found in smaller, non-filamentous forms that can localise both within cells and within the extracellular microenvironment. The vimentin structure can be altered by subunit exchange, cleavage into different sizes, re-annealing, post-translational modifications and interacting proteins. Together with the observation that different domains of vimentin might have evolved under different selection pressures that defined distinct biological functions for different parts of the protein, the many diverse variants of vimentin might be the cause of its functional diversity. A number of review articles have focussed on the biology and medical aspects of intermediate filament proteins without particular commitment to vimentin, and other reviews have focussed on intermediate filaments in an in vitro context. In contrast, the present review focusses almost exclusively on vimentin, and covers both ex vivo and in vivo data from tissue culture and from living organisms, including a summary of the many phenotypes of vimentin knockout animals. Our aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the many diverse aspects of vimentin, from biochemical, mechanical, cellular, systems biology and medical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Danielsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | - Franziska Lautenschläger
- Campus D2 2, Leibniz-Institut für Neue Materialien gGmbH (INM) and Experimental Physics, NT Faculty, E 2 6, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Annica Karin Britt Gad
- Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, 9020105 Funchal, Portugal.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden.
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MiR-200a modulates TGF-β1-induced endothelial-to-mesenchymal shift via suppression of GRB2 in HAECs. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:215-222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Sánchez-Duffhues G, García de Vinuesa A, Ten Dijke P. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in cardiovascular diseases: Developmental signaling pathways gone awry. Dev Dyn 2017; 247:492-508. [PMID: 28891150 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The process named endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) was observed for the first time during the development of the chicken embryo several decades ago. Of interest, accumulating evidence suggests that EndMT plays a critical role in the onset and progression of multiple postnatal cardiovascular diseases. EndMT is controlled by a set of developmental signaling pathways, very similar to the process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, which determine the activity of several EndMT transcriptional effectors. Once activated, these EndMT effectors regulate the expression of endothelial- and mesenchymal-specific genes, in part by interacting with specific motifs in promoter regions, eventually leading to the down-regulation of endothelial-specific features and acquisition of a fibroblast-like phenotype. Important technical advances in lineage tracing methods combined with experimental mouse models demonstrated the pathophysiological importance of EndMT for human diseases. In this review, we discuss the major signal transduction pathways involved in the activation and regulation of the EndMT program. Furthermore, we will review the latest discoveries on EndMT, focusing on cardiovascular diseases, and in particular on its role in vascular calcification, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and organ fibrosis. Developmental Dynamics 247:492-508, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Sánchez-Duffhues
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Amaya García de Vinuesa
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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Chen Y, Yuan T, Zhang H, Yan Y, Wang D, Fang L, Lu Y, Du G. Activation of Nrf2 Attenuates Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling via Inhibiting Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition: an Insight from a Plant Polyphenol. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:1067-1081. [PMID: 28924387 PMCID: PMC5599911 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.20316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) has been demonstrated to be involved in pulmonary vascular remodeling. It is partly attributed to oxidative and inflammatory stresses in endothelial cells. In current study, we conducted a series of experiments to clarify the effect of salvianolic acid A (SAA), a kind of polyphenol compound, in the process of EndMT in human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells and in vivo therapeutic efficacy on vascular remodeling in monocrotaline (MCT)-induced EndMT. EndMT was induced by TGFβ1 in human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (HPAECs). SAA significantly attenuated EndMT, simultaneously inhibited cell migration and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. In MCT-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) model, SAA improved vascular function, decreased TGFβ1 level and inhibited inflammation. Mechanistically, SAA stimulated Nrf2 translocation and subsequent heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) up-regulation. The effect of SAA on EndMT in vitro was abolished by ZnPP, a HO-1 inhibitor. In conclusion, this study indicates a deleterious impact of oxidative stress on EndMT. Polyphenol antioxidant treatment may provide an adjunctive action to alleviate pulmonary vascular remodeling via inhibiting EndMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines
| | - Tianyi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening
| | - Huifang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines
| | - Yu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines
| | - Danshu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines
| | - Lianhua Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines
| | - Yang Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Guanhua Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening
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The mechanism of TGF-β/miR-155/c-Ski regulates endothelial-mesenchymal transition in human coronary artery endothelial cells. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20160603. [PMID: 28607031 PMCID: PMC5569159 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) have the potential to undergo fibrogenic endothelial–mesenchymal transition (EndMT), which results in matrix-producing fibroblasts and thereby contributes to the pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis. Recently, the profibrotic cytokine transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is shown to be the crucial pathogenic driver which has been verified to induce EndMT. C-Ski is an important regulator of TGF-β signaling. However, the detailed role of c-Ski and the molecular mechanisms by which c-Ski affects TGF-β-induced EndMT in HCAECs are not largely elucidated. In the present study, we treated HCAECs with TGF-β of different concentrations to induce EndMT. We found that overexpression of c-Ski in HCAECs either blocked EndMT via hindering Vimentin, Snail, Slug, and Twist expression while enhancing CD31 expression, with or without TGF-β treatment. In contrast, suppression of c-Ski further enhanced EndMT. Currently, miRNA expression disorder has been frequently reported associating with cardiac fibrosis. By using online tools, we regarded miR-155 as a candidate miRNA that could target c-Ski, which was verified using luciferase assays. C-Ski expression was negatively regulated by miR-155. TGF-β-induced EndMT was inhibited by miR-155 silence; the effect of TGF-β on Vimentin, CD31, Snail, Slug, and Twist could be partially restored by miR-155. Altogether, these findings will shed light on the role and mechanism by which miR-155 regulates TGF-β-induced HCAECs EndMT via c-Ski to affect cardiac fibrosis, and miR-155/c-Ski may represent novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets in the treatment of cardiac fibrosis.
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Kryczka J, Przygodzka P, Bogusz H, Boncela J. HMEC-1 adopt the mixed amoeboid-mesenchymal migration type during EndMT. Eur J Cell Biol 2017; 96:289-300. [PMID: 28487031 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of endothelial cells to scar and fibrotic tissue formation is undisputedly connected to their ability to undergo the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) towards fibroblast phenotype-resembling cells. The migration model of fibroblasts and fibroblast-resembling cells is still not fully understood. It may be either a Rho/ROCK-independent, an integrin- and MMP-correlated ECM degradation-dependent, a mesenchymal model or Rho/ROCK-dependent, integrin adhesion- and MMP activity-independent, an amoeboid model. Here, we hypothesized that microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) undergoing EndMT adopt an intermediate state of drifting migration model between the mesenchymal and amoeboid protrusive types in the early stages of fibrosis. We characterized the response of HMEC-1 to TGF-β2, a well-known mediator of EndMT within the microvasculature. We observed that TGF-β2 induces up to an intermediate mesenchymal phenotype in HMEC-1. In parallel, MMP-2 is upregulated and is responsible for most proteolytic activity. Interestingly, the migration of HMEC-1 undergoing EndMT is dependent on both ECM degradation and invadosome formation associated with MMP-2 proteolytic activity and Rho/ROCK cytoskeleton contraction. In conclusion, the transition from mesenchymal towards amoeboid movement highlights a molecular plasticity mechanism in endothelial cell migration in skin fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Kryczka
- Institute of Medical Biology, PAS, 106 Lodowa Street, 93232 Lodz, Poland.
| | | | - Helena Bogusz
- Institute of Medical Biology, PAS, 106 Lodowa Street, 93232 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Joanna Boncela
- Institute of Medical Biology, PAS, 106 Lodowa Street, 93232 Lodz, Poland.
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42
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Yu CH, Suriguga, Gong M, Liu WJ, Cui NX, Wang Y, Du X, Yi ZC. High glucose induced endothelial to mesenchymal transition in human umbilical vein endothelial cell. Exp Mol Pathol 2017; 102:377-383. [PMID: 28347704 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown that endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) could contribute to the progression of diabetic nephropathy, diabetic renal fibrosis, and cardiac fibrosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of high glucose and related mechanism of MAPK inhibitor or specific antioxidant on the EndMT. METHODS In vitro human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were cultured with 11mM, 30mM, 60mM and 120mM glucose for 0, 24, 48, 72 and 168h. Endothelial cell morphology was observed with microscope, and RT-PCR was used to detect mRNA expression of endothelial markers VE-cadherin and CD31, mesenchymal markers α-SMA and collagen I, and transforming growth factor TGF-β1. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to detect the expression of CD31 and α-SMA. The concentration of TGF-β1 in the supernatant was detected by ELISA. ERK1/2 phosphorylation level was detected by Western blot analysis. RESULTS High glucose induced EndMT and increased the TGF-β1 level in HUVEC cells. Cells in high glucose for 7 days showed a significant decrease in mRNA expression of CD31 and VE-cadherin, and a significant increase in that of α-SMA and collagen I, while lost CD31 staining and acquired α-SMA staining. ERK signaling pathway blocker PD98059 significantly attenuated the high glucose-induced increase in the ERK1/2 phosphorylation level. PD98059 and NAC both inhibited high glucose-induced TGF-β1 expression and attenuated EndMT marker protein synthesis. CONCLUSION High glucose could induce HUVEC cells to undergo EndMT. NAC and ERK signaling pathway may play important role in the regulation of the TGF-β1 biosynthesis during high glucose-induced EndMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hong Yu
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Suriguga
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Gong
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Juan Liu
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning-Xuan Cui
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Du
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing, China; Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China.
| | - Zong-Chun Yi
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
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Xu YP, He Q, Shen Z, Shu XL, Wang CH, Zhu JJ, Shi LP, Du LZ. MiR-126a-5p is involved in the hypoxia-induced endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition of neonatal pulmonary hypertension. Hypertens Res 2017; 40:552-561. [PMID: 28148930 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2017.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) is a clinical syndrome characterized by increased medial and adventitial thickness of the lung vasculature. The underlying mechanisms that regulate the cell phenotype alteration during PPHN remodeling are largely unknown. We randomly selected newborn rats that were exposed to hypoxia (10-12%) or room air for 2 weeks and used a microarray to identify the lung tissue microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in PPHN progression. The role of a key miRNA that affects the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) in primary cultured rat pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (RPMECs) was investigated. The expression of miR-126a-5p was elevated in the PPHN model according to microarray analysis. The relative expression of miR-126a-5p in RPMECs increased when they were exposed to hypoxia (P<0.05), consistent with the microarray results. Pecam1 expression decreased, whereas alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) increased in the hypoxic RPMECs. Knockdown of miR-126a-5p in RPMECs followed by treatment with hypoxia for 48 h resulted in a significant increase in the expression of Pecam1 and a reduction in α-SMA expression, with a simultaneous increase in PI3K (p85β) and phosphorylation of AKT at serine 473 compared with the negative control. Finally, the circulating miR-126a-5p concentration was upregulated in the PPHN model compared with healthy neonates. We concluded that hypoxia changed the cell homeostasis and that miR-126a-5p was upregulated in PPHN, which is partly responsible for hypoxia-induced EndMT. The mechanism underlying the upregulation of miR-126a-5p by hypoxia probably acts through the p85-β/p-AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ping Xu
- NICU, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Therapy of Neonatal Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi He
- NICU, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Therapy of Neonatal Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Shen
- Center Lab, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Li Shu
- Center Lab, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen-Hong Wang
- NICU, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Therapy of Neonatal Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Jun Zhu
- Department of Neonatology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Ping Shi
- NICU, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Therapy of Neonatal Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Zhong Du
- NICU, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Therapy of Neonatal Diseases, Hangzhou, China
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Cruz-Solbes AS, Youker K. Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EndMT): Role and Implications in Kidney Fibrosis. Results Probl Cell Differ 2017; 60:345-372. [PMID: 28409352 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-51436-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Tubulointerstitial injury is one of the hallmarks of renal disease. In particular, interstitial fibrosis has a prominent role in the development and progression of kidney injury. Collagen-producing fibroblasts are responsible for the ECM deposition. However, the origin of those activated fibroblasts is not clear. This chapter will discuss in detail the concept of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) in the context of fibrosis and kidney disease. In short, EMT and EndMT involve a change in cell shape, loss of polarity and increased motility associated with increased collagen production. Thus, providing a new source of fibroblasts. However, many controversies exist regarding the existence of EMT and EndMT in kidney disease, as well as its burden and role in disease development. The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of the concepts and profibrotic pathways and to present the evidence that has been published in favor and against EMT and EndMT.
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Wu M, Peng Z, Zu C, Ma J, Lu S, Zhong J, Zhang S. Losartan Attenuates Myocardial Endothelial-To-Mesenchymal Transition in Spontaneous Hypertensive Rats via Inhibiting TGF-β/Smad Signaling. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155730. [PMID: 27176484 PMCID: PMC4866756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Losartan plays an important role in the inhibition of myocardial fibrosis. But the underlying mechanism is not entirely clear. Emerging evidences have indicated that endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) plays a crucial role in cardiac fibrosis. Here the present study aims to first investigated the effect of Losartan on EndMT in cardiac fibrosis of spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHRs). Methods Male SHRs were randomly divided into three groups and fed for 12 weeks, namely the SHR group (Group S), the Losartan-treated group (Group L) and the Prazosin-treated group (Group P). Wistar-Kyoto rats served as controls (Group W). The histological changes were evaluated by Masson’s trichrome. Co-expression of CD31 and fibroblast-specific protein 1 (FSP1) were used as the markers of EndMT through immunofluorescence. The expressions of FSP1, CD31, TGF-β, Smad were detected by Western blot analysis. Results It was identified that elevated blood pressure induced a significant increase in myocardial fibrosis and EndMT in SHRs, which was reversed by Losartan and Prazosin treatment. Furthermore, the activity of TGF-β/Smad signaling was detected in the four groups. TGF-β/Smad signaling was activated in SHRs and suppressed by Losartan or Prazosin treatment. Losartan exhibited more efficiently than Prazosin in inhibiting TGF-β/Smad signaling activation, EndMT and myocardial fibrosis. Conclusion These results showed that EndMT played an important role in promoting hypertensive cardiac fibrosis, and that losartan could suppress cardiac fibrosis through the inhibition of EndMT via classical TGF-β/Smad pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road No.88, Changsha, P.R. China
- Department of Cardiology, Haikou People’s Hospital, People’s Road No.43, Haikou, Hainan, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyu Peng
- Department of Emergency, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Middle Ren-Min Road No. 139, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Changhao Zu
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road No.88, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road No.88, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Shijuan Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Haikou People’s Hospital, People’s Road No.43, Haikou, Hainan, P. R. China
| | - Jianghua Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, Haikou People’s Hospital, People’s Road No.43, Haikou, Hainan, P. R. China
| | - Saidan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road No.88, Changsha, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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Liu RR, Lv YS, Tang YX, Wang YF, Chen XL, Zheng XX, Xie SZ, Cai Y, Yu J, Zhang XN. Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A2 regulates the migration and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via pathways involving reactive oxygen species. Oncotarget 2016; 7:24348-60. [PMID: 27028999 PMCID: PMC5029706 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A2 (eIF5A2) has been identified as a critical gene in tumor metastasis. Research has suggested that reactive oxygen species (ROS) serve as signaling molecules in cancer cell proliferation and migration. However, the mechanisms linking eIF5A2 and ROS are not fully understood. Here, we investigated the effects of ROS on the eIF5A2-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migration in six hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines. Western hybridization, siRNA transfection, transwell migration assays, wound-healing assays, and immunofluorescence analysis were used. The protein levels of eIF5A2 in tumor and adjacent tissue samples from 90 HCC patients with detailed clinical, pathological, and clinical follow-up data were evaluated. Overexpression of eIF5A2 was found in cancerous tissues compared with adjacent tissues. We found that eIF5A2 overexpression in HCC was associated with reduced overall survival. Knockdown of eIF5A2 and intracellular reduction of ROS significantly suppressed the invasion and metastasis of HCC cells. Interestingly, N1-guanyl-1, 7-diaminoheptane (GC7) suppressed the intracellular ROS levels. After blocking the EMT, administration of GC7 or N-acetyl-L-cysteine did not reduce cell migration further. Based on the experimental data, we concluded that inhibition of eIF5A2 alters progression of the EMT to decrease the invasion and metastasis of HCC cells via ROS-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Rong Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, National Education Base for Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ya-Su Lv
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, National Education Base for Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yue-Xiao Tang
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, National Education Base for Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yan-Fang Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, National Education Base for Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Chen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, National Education Base for Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shang-Zhi Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, National Education Base for Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ying Cai
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, National Education Base for Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Multi-Organ Transplantation of Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Xian-Ning Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, National Education Base for Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Choi SH, Nam JK, Kim BY, Jang J, Jin YB, Lee HJ, Park S, Ji YH, Cho J, Lee YJ. HSPB1 Inhibits the Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition to Suppress Pulmonary Fibrosis and Lung Tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2016; 76:1019-30. [PMID: 26744531 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) contributes to cancer, fibrosis, and other pathologic processes. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Endothelial HSP1 (HSPB1) protects against cellular stress and has been implicated in cancer progression and pulmonary fibrosis. In this study, we investigated the role of HSPB1 in mediating the EndMT during the development of pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer. HSPB1 silencing in human pulmonary endothelial cells accelerated emergence of the fibrotic phenotype after treatment with TGFβ or other cytokines linked to pulmonary fibrosis, suggesting that HSPB1 maintains endothelial cell identity. In mice, endothelial-specific overexpression of HSPB1 was sufficient to inhibit pulmonary fibrosis by blocking the EndMT. Conversely, HSPB1 depletion in a mouse model of lung tumorigenesis induced the EndMT. In clinical specimens of non-small cell lung cancer, HSPB1 expression was absent from tumor endothelial cells undergoing the EndMT. Our results showed that HSPB1 regulated the EndMT in lung fibrosis and cancer, suggesting that HSPB1-targeted therapeutic strategies may be applicable for treating an array of fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Hyun Choi
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Kyung Nam
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bu-Yeo Kim
- Division of Constitutional Medicine Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Junho Jang
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Bae Jin
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae-June Lee
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seungwoo Park
- Research Center for Radiotherapy, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Hoon Ji
- Research Center for Radiotherapy, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaeho Cho
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon-Jin Lee
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea.
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Leukocytes: The Double-Edged Sword in Fibrosis. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:652035. [PMID: 26568664 PMCID: PMC4629055 DOI: 10.1155/2015/652035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin tissue scar formation and fibrosis are often characterized by the increased production and deposition of extracellular matrix components, accompanied by the accumulation of a vast number of myofibroblasts. Scaring is strongly associated with inflammation and wound healing to regain tissue integrity in response to skin tissue injury. However, increased and uncontrolled inflammation, repetitive injury, and individual predisposition might lead to fibrosis, a severe disorder resulting in the formation of dense and stiff tissue that loses the physical properties and physiological functions of normal tissue. Fibrosis is an extremely complicated and multistage process in which bone marrow-derived leukocytes act as both pro- and antifibrotic agents, and therefore, few, if any, effective therapies are available for the most severe and lethal forms of fibrosis. Herein, we discuss the current knowledge on the multidimensional impact of leukocytes on the induction of fibrosis, focusing on skin fibrosis.
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Saito A, Nagase T. Hippo and TGF-β interplay in the lung field. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L756-67. [PMID: 26320155 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00238.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is comprised of a kinase cascade that involves mammalian Ste20-like serine/threonine kinases (MST1/2) and large tumor suppressor kinases (LATS1/2) and leads to inactivation of transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) and yes-associated protein (YAP). Protein stability and subcellular localization of TAZ/YAP determine its ability to regulate a diverse array of biological processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, stem/progenitor cell properties, organ size control, and tumorigenesis. These actions are enabled by interactions with various transcription factors or through cross talk with other signaling pathways. Interestingly, mechanical stress has been shown to be an upstream regulator of TAZ/YAP activity, and this finding provides a novel clue for understanding how mechanical forces influence a broad spectrum of biological processes, which involve cytoskeletal structure, cell adhesion, and extracellular matrix (ECM) organization. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathway is a critical component of lung development and the progression of lung diseases including emphysema, fibrosis, and cancer. In addition, TGF-β is a key regulator of ECM remodeling and cell differentiation processes such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the Hippo pathway regarding lung development and diseases, with an emphasis on its interplay with TGF-β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Saito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Division for Health Service Promotion, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahide Nagase
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and
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Yu F, Yang H, Zhang Z, Wang Z, Xiong J. DAL-1/4.1B contributes to epithelial-mesenchymal transition via regulation of transforming growth factor-β in lung cancer cell lines. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:6072-8. [PMID: 26300315 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of the tumor suppressor gene differentially expressed in adenocarcinoma of the lung 1 (DAL‑1)/4.1B on early‑stage adenocarcinoma of the lung. The role of DAL‑1/4.1B in the epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is implicated in cancer metastasis, was examined using DAL‑1 knockdown and overexpression, followed by polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis of EMT markers, as well as cell counting and cell migration/invasion assays. The results showed that DAL‑1/4.1B has a role in transforming growth factor (TGF)‑β‑induced EMT in non‑small cell lung cancer cells. Silencing of DAL‑1/4.1B with inhibitory RNAs altered the expression of numerous EMT markers, including E‑cadherin and β‑catenin, whereas overexpression of DAL‑1/4.1B had the opposite effect. In addition, DAL‑1/4.1B expression was induced following TGF‑β treatment at the protein and mRNA level. DAL‑1/4.1B deficiency impaired TGF‑β‑induced EMT and increased cell migration and invasion. These results suggested that DAL‑1/4.1B contributed to the EMT and may be important for tumor metastasis in lung cancer. Together with the results of a previous study by our group, the present study suggested that DAL‑1/4.1B acts as a tumor suppressor in the early transformation process in lung cancer, while in later stages, it functions as an oncogene affecting the biological features of human lung carcinoma cells. The results of the present study provided evidence for the feasibility of utilizing DAL‑1/4.1B as a target for lung cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Zhanmin Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Jianping Xiong
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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