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You H, Geng S, Li S, Imani M, Brambilla D, Sun T, Jiang C. Recent advances in biomimetic strategies for the immunotherapy of glioblastoma. Biomaterials 2024; 311:122694. [PMID: 38959533 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is regarded as one of the most promising approaches for treating tumors, with a multitude of immunotherapeutic thoughts currently under consideration for the lethal glioblastoma (GBM). However, issues with immunotherapeutic agents, such as limited in vivo stability, poor blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration, insufficient GBM targeting, and represented monotherapy, have hindered the success of immunotherapeutic interventions. Moreover, even with the aid of conventional drug delivery systems, outcomes remain suboptimal. Biomimetic strategies seek to overcome these formidable drug delivery challenges by emulating nature's intelligent structures and functions. Leveraging the variety of biological structures and functions, biomimetic drug delivery systems afford a versatile platform with enhanced biocompatibility for the co-delivery of diverse immunotherapeutic agents. Moreover, their inherent capacity to traverse the BBB and home in on GBM holds promise for augmenting the efficacy of GBM immunotherapy. Thus, this review begins by revisiting the various thoughts and agents on immunotherapy for GBM. Then, the barriers to successful GBM immunotherapy are analyzed, and the corresponding biomimetic strategies are explored from the perspective of function and structure. Finally, the clinical translation's current state and prospects of biomimetic strategy are addressed. This review aspires to provide fresh perspectives on the advancement of immunotherapy for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu You
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery/Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases (Ministry of Education), Minhang Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shuo Geng
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery/Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases (Ministry of Education), Minhang Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shangkuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery/Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases (Ministry of Education), Minhang Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mohammad Imani
- Department of Science, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran 14977-13115, Iran; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Institute for Convergence Science & Technology, Tehran 14588-89694, Iran
| | - Davide Brambilla
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montreal, Montreal Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Tao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery/Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases (Ministry of Education), Minhang Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Chen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery/Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases (Ministry of Education), Minhang Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
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2
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Elhashani S, Glenn M, Raymant M, Schmid MC, Mielgo A. Expression of versican isoforms V0/V1 by pancreatic cancer associated fibroblasts increases fibroblast proliferation. Pancreatology 2024; 24:719-731. [PMID: 38719756 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2024.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Versican is a large extracellular matrix (ECM) proteoglycan with four isoforms V0-3. Elevated V0/V1 levels in breast cancer and glioma regulate cell migration and proliferation, but the role of versican in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains unclear. METHODS In this study, we evaluated the expression levels of versican isoforms, as well as their cellular source and interacting partners, in vivo, in human and mouse primary and metastatic PDAC tumours and in vitro, in pancreatic tumour cells and fibroblasts using immunostaining, confocal microscopy and qPCR techniques. We also investigated the effect of versican expression on fibroblast proliferation and migration using genetic and pharmacological approaches. RESULTS We found that versican V0/V1 is highly expressed by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in mouse and human primary and metastatic PDAC tumours. Our data also show that exposing fibroblasts to tumour-conditioned media upregulates V0 and V1 expressions, while Verbascoside (a CD44 inhibitor) downregulates V0/V1 expression. Importantly, V0/V1 knockdown significantly inhibits fibroblast proliferation. Mechanistically, we found that inhibiting hyaluronan synthesis does not affect versican co-localisation with CD44 in fibroblasts. CONCLUSION CAFs express high levels of versican V0/V1 in primary and liver metastatic PDAC tumours and versican V0/V1 supports fibroblast proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufyan Elhashani
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Mark Glenn
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Meirion Raymant
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Michael C Schmid
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Ainhoa Mielgo
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK.
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3
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Aghajani M, Jalilzadeh N, Aghebati-Maleki A, Yari A, Tabnak P, Mardi A, Saeedi H, Aghebati-Maleki L, Baradaran B. Current approaches in glioblastoma multiforme immunotherapy. Clin Transl Oncol 2024; 26:1584-1612. [PMID: 38512448 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-024-03395-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiform (GBM) is the most prevalent CNS (central nervous system) tumor in adults, with an average survival length shorter than 2 years and rare metastasis to organs other than CNS. Despite extensive attempts at surgical resecting, the inherently permeable nature of this disease has rendered relapse nearly unavoidable. Thus, immunotherapy is a feasible alternative, as stimulated immune cells can enter into the remote and inaccessible tumor cells. Immunotherapy has revolutionized patient upshots in various malignancies and might introduce different effective ways for GBM patients. Currently, researchers are exploring various immunotherapeutic strategies in patients with GBM to target both the innate and acquired immune responses. These approaches include reprogrammed tumor-associated macrophages, the use of specific antibodies to inhibit tumor progression and metastasis, modifying tumor-associated macrophages with antibodies, vaccines that utilize tumor-specific dendritic cells to activate anti-tumor T cells, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and enhanced T cells that function against tumor cells. Despite these findings, there is still room for improving the response faults of the many currently tested immunotherapies. This study aims to review the currently used immunotherapy approaches with their molecular mechanisms and clinical application in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Aghajani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nazila Jalilzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Aghebati-Maleki
- Molecular Medicine Department, Faculty of Modern Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Yari
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Peyman Tabnak
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Mardi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Saeedi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leili Aghebati-Maleki
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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4
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Dong M, Zhang X, Peng P, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Wan L, Xiang W, Liu G, Guo Y, Xiao Q, Wang B, Guo D, Zhu M, Yu X, Wan F. Hypoxia-induced TREM1 promotes mesenchymal-like states of glioma stem cells via alternatively activating tumor-associated macrophages. Cancer Lett 2024; 590:216801. [PMID: 38479552 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The mesenchymal subtype of glioblastoma (GBM) cells characterized by aggressive invasion and therapeutic resistance is thought to be dependent on cell-intrinsic alteration and extrinsic cellular crosstalk. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are pivotal in tumor progression, chemo-resistance, angiogenesis, and stemness maintenance. However, the impact of TAMs on the shifts in glioma stem cells (GSCs) states remains largely uncovered. Herein, we showed that the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM1) preferentially expressed by M2-like TAMs and induced GSCs into mesenchymal-like states by modulating the secretion of TGFβ2, which activated the TGFβR/SMAD2/3 signaling in GSCs. Furthermore, we demonstrated that TREM1 was transcriptionally regulated by HIF1a under the hypoxic environment and thus promoted an immunosuppressive type of TAMs via activating the TLR2/AKT/mTOR/c-MYC axis. Collectively, this study reveals that cellular communication between TAMs and GSCs through the TREM1-mediated TGFβ2/TGFβR axis is involved in the mesenchymal-like transitions of GSCs. Our study provides valuable insights into the regulatory mechanisms between the tumor immune microenvironment and the malignant characteristics of GBM, which can lead to potential novel strategies targeting TAMs for tumor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhai Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Peng Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital to Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441021, China
| | - Zirong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Lijun Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wang Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Guohao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yang Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qungen Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Baofeng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Dongsheng Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Xingjiang Yu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Feng Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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5
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Nusraty S, Boddeti U, Zaghloul KA, Brown DA. Microglia in Glioblastomas: Molecular Insight and Immunotherapeutic Potential. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1972. [PMID: 38893093 PMCID: PMC11171200 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16111972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive and devastating primary brain tumors, with a median survival of 15 months following diagnosis. Despite the intense treatment regimen which routinely includes maximal safe neurosurgical resection followed by adjuvant radio- and chemotherapy, the disease remains uniformly fatal. The poor prognosis associated with GBM is multifactorial owing to factors such as increased proliferation, angiogenesis, and metabolic switching to glycolytic pathways. Critically, GBM-mediated local and systemic immunosuppression result in inadequate immune surveillance and ultimately, tumor-immune escape. Microglia-the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS)-play crucial roles in mediating the local immune response in the brain. Depending on the specific pathological cues, microglia are activated into either a pro-inflammatory, neurotoxic phenotype, known as M1, or an anti-inflammatory, regenerative phenotype, known as M2. In either case, microglia secrete corresponding pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that either promote or hinder tumor growth. Herein, we review the interplay between GBM cells and resident microglia with a focus on contemporary studies highlighting the effect of GBM on the subtypes of microglia expressed, the associated cytokines/chemokines secreted, and ultimately, their impact on tumor pathogenesis. Finally, we explore how understanding the intricacies of the tumor-immune landscape can inform novel immunotherapeutic strategies against this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Desmond A. Brown
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.N.); (U.B.); (K.A.Z.)
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6
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Xu Y, Benedikt J, Ye L. Hyaluronic Acid Interacting Molecules Mediated Crosstalk between Cancer Cells and Microenvironment from Primary Tumour to Distant Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1907. [PMID: 38791985 PMCID: PMC11119954 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16101907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a prominent component of the extracellular matrix, and its interactions with HA-interacting molecules (HAIMs) play a critical role in cancer development and disease progression. This review explores the multifaceted role of HAIMs in the context of cancer, focusing on their influence on disease progression by dissecting relevant cellular and molecular mechanisms in tumour cells and the tumour microenvironment. Cancer progression can be profoundly affected by the interactions between HA and HAIMs. They modulate critical processes such as cell adhesion, migration, invasion, and proliferation. The TME serves as a dynamic platform in which HAIMs contribute to the formation of a unique niche. The resulting changes in HA composition profoundly influence the biophysical properties of the TME. These modifications in the TME, in conjunction with HAIMs, impact angiogenesis, immune cell recruitment, and immune evasion. Therefore, understanding the intricate interplay between HAIMs and HA within the cancer context is essential for developing novel therapeutic strategies. Targeting these interactions offers promising avenues for cancer treatment, as they hold the potential to disrupt critical aspects of disease progression and the TME. Further research in this field is imperative for advancing our knowledge and the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Xu
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK;
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK;
| | | | - Lin Ye
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK;
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7
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Yalcin F, Haneke H, Efe IE, Kuhrt LD, Motta E, Nickl B, Flüh C, Synowitz M, Dzaye O, Bader M, Kettenmann H. Tumor associated microglia/macrophages utilize GPNMB to promote tumor growth and alter immune cell infiltration in glioma. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2024; 12:50. [PMID: 38566120 PMCID: PMC10985997 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-024-01754-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated microglia and blood-derived macrophages (TAMs) play a central role in modulating the immune suppressive microenvironment in glioma. Here, we show that GPNMB is predominantly expressed by TAMs in human glioblastoma multiforme and the murine RCAS-PDGFb high grade glioma model. Loss of GPNMB in the in vivo tumor microenvironment results in significantly smaller tumor volumes and generates a pro-inflammatory innate and adaptive immune cell microenvironment. The impact of host-derived GPNMB on tumor growth was confirmed in two distinct murine glioma cell lines in organotypic brain slices from GPNMB-KO and control mice. Using published data bases of human glioma, the elevated levels in TAMs could be confirmed and the GPNMB expression correlated with a poorer survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Yalcin
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hannah Haneke
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ibrahim E Efe
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonard D Kuhrt
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Edyta Motta
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernadette Nickl
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Charlotte Flüh
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Synowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Omar Dzaye
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
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8
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Fu Y, Zhou Y, Wang K, Li Z, Kong W. Extracellular Matrix Interactome in Modulating Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling. Circ Res 2024; 134:931-949. [PMID: 38547250 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.324055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The ECM (extracellular matrix) is a major component of the vascular microenvironment that modulates vascular homeostasis. ECM proteins include collagens, elastin, noncollagen glycoproteins, and proteoglycans/glycosaminoglycans. ECM proteins form complex matrix structures, such as the basal lamina and collagen and elastin fibers, through direct interactions or lysyl oxidase-mediated cross-linking. Moreover, ECM proteins directly interact with cell surface receptors or extracellular secreted molecules, exerting matricellular and matricrine modulation, respectively. In addition, extracellular proteases degrade or cleave matrix proteins, thereby contributing to ECM turnover. These interactions constitute the ECM interactome network, which is essential for maintaining vascular homeostasis and preventing pathological vascular remodeling. The current review mainly focuses on endogenous matrix proteins in blood vessels and discusses the interaction of these matrix proteins with other ECM proteins, cell surface receptors, cytokines, complement and coagulation factors, and their potential roles in maintaining vascular homeostasis and preventing pathological remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Y.F., K.W., Z.L., W.K.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Informatics (Y.Z.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Y.F., K.W., Z.L., W.K.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuofan Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Y.F., K.W., Z.L., W.K.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Y.F., K.W., Z.L., W.K.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
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9
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Liang W, Liu M, Su Y, Wen Y, Wang L, Shan J, Zhao J, Xie K, Wang J. Spinster homolog 2 reduces malignancies of glioblastoma via PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway. IUBMB Life 2024; 76:140-160. [PMID: 37728571 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of glioblastoma (GBM) are unclear, and the prognosis is poor. Spinster homolog 2 (SPNS2) is reportedly involved in pathological processes such as immune response, vascular development, and cancer. However, the biological function and molecular role of SPNS2 in GBM are unclear. SPNS2 is aberrantly low expressed in glioma. Survival curves, risk scores, prognostic nomograms, and univariate and multifactorial Cox regression analyses showed that SPNS2 is an independent prognostic indicator significantly associated with glioma progression and prognosis. Cell function assays and in vivo xenograft transplantation were performed that downregulation of SPNS2 promoted GBM cell growth, migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), anti-apoptosis, drug resistance, and stemness, while overexpression of SPNS2 had the opposite effect. Meanwhile, the functional enrichment and signaling pathways of SPNS2 in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA), and RNA sequencing were analyzed by Gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). The above results were related to the inhibition of the PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway by SPNS2. In addition, we predicted that SPNS2 is closely associated with immune infiltration in the tumor microenvironment by four immune algorithms, ESTIMATE, TIMER, CIBERSORT, and QUANTISEQ. In particular, SPNS2 was negatively correlated with the infiltration of most immune cells, immunomodulators, and chemokines. Finally, single-cell sequencing analysis also revealed that SPNS2 was remarkably correlated with macrophages, and downregulation of SPNS2 promotes the expression of M2-like macrophages. This study provides new evidence that SPNS2 inhibits malignant progression, stemness, and immune infiltration of GBM cells through PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway. SPNS2 may become a new diagnostic indicator and potential immunotherapeutic target for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiye Liang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingkai Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuling Su
- Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulin Wen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiajie Shan
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keping Xie
- Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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10
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De Fazio E, Pittarello M, Gans A, Ghosh B, Slika H, Alimonti P, Tyler B. Intrinsic and Microenvironmental Drivers of Glioblastoma Invasion. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2563. [PMID: 38473812 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are diffusely infiltrating brain tumors whose prognosis is strongly influenced by their extent of invasion into the surrounding brain tissue. While lower-grade gliomas present more circumscribed borders, high-grade gliomas are aggressive tumors with widespread brain infiltration and dissemination. Glioblastoma (GBM) is known for its high invasiveness and association with poor prognosis. Its low survival rate is due to the certainty of its recurrence, caused by microscopic brain infiltration which makes surgical eradication unattainable. New insights into GBM biology at the single-cell level have enabled the identification of mechanisms exploited by glioma cells for brain invasion. In this review, we explore the current understanding of several molecular pathways and mechanisms used by tumor cells to invade normal brain tissue. We address the intrinsic biological drivers of tumor cell invasion, by tackling how tumor cells interact with each other and with the tumor microenvironment (TME). We focus on the recently discovered neuronal niche in the TME, including local as well as distant neurons, contributing to glioma growth and invasion. We then address the mechanisms of invasion promoted by astrocytes and immune cells. Finally, we review the current literature on the therapeutic targeting of the molecular mechanisms of invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerson De Fazio
- Department of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University School of Medicine, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Matilde Pittarello
- Department of Medicine, Humanitas University School of Medicine, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gans
- Department of Neurology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Bikona Ghosh
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Hasan Slika
- Hunterian Neurosurgical Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Paolo Alimonti
- Department of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University School of Medicine, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Betty Tyler
- Hunterian Neurosurgical Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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11
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Jayaram MA, Phillips JJ. Role of the Microenvironment in Glioma Pathogenesis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 19:181-201. [PMID: 37832944 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-051122-110348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Gliomas are a diverse group of primary central nervous system tumors that affect both children and adults. Recent studies have revealed a dynamic cross talk that occurs between glioma cells and components of their microenvironment, including neurons, astrocytes, immune cells, and the extracellular matrix. This cross talk regulates fundamental aspects of glioma development and growth. In this review, we discuss recent discoveries about the impact of these interactions on gliomas and highlight how tumor cells actively remodel their microenvironment to promote disease. These studies provide a better understanding of the interactions in the microenvironment that are important in gliomas, offer insight into the cross talk that occurs, and identify potential therapeutic vulnerabilities that can be utilized to improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Anjali Jayaram
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA;
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA;
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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12
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Chen SF, Kau M, Wang YC, Chen MH, Tung FI, Chen MH, Liu TY. Synergistically Enhancing Immunotherapy Efficacy in Glioblastoma with Gold-Core Silica-Shell Nanoparticles and Radiation. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:7677-7693. [PMID: 38111846 PMCID: PMC10726961 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s440405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Glioblastoma is a highly aggressive brain tumor with universally poor outcomes. Recent progress in immune checkpoint inhibitors has led to increased interest in their application in glioblastoma. Nonetheless, the unique immune milieu in the brain has posed remarkable challenges to the efficacy of immunotherapy. We aimed to leverage the radiation-induced immunogenic cell death to overcome the immunosuppressive network in glioblastoma. Methods We developed a novel approach using the gold-core silica-shell nanoparticles (Au@SiO2 NPs) in combination with low-dose radiation to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of the immune checkpoint inhibitor (atezolizumab) in brain tumors. The biocompatibility, immune cell recruitment, and antitumor ability of the combinatorial strategy were determined using in vitro assays and in vivo models. Results Our approach successfully induced the migration of macrophages towards brain tumors and promoted cancer cell apoptosis. Subcutaneous tumor models demonstrated favorable safety profiles and significantly enhanced anticancer effects. In orthotopic brain tumor models, the multimodal therapy yielded substantial prognostic benefits over any individual modalities, achieving an impressive 40% survival rate. Conclusion In summary, the combination of Au@SiO2 NPs and low-dose radiation holds the potential to improve the clinical efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors. The synergetic strategy modulates tumor microenvironments and enhances systemic antitumor immunity, paving a novel way for glioblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo-Fu Chen
- Department of Heavy Particles & Radiation Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min Kau
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hong Chen
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Fu-I Tung
- Department of Orthopedics, Yang-Ming Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Health and Welfare, College of City Management, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hsiu Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Ying Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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13
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Chen X, Zhao Y, Huang Y, Zhu K, Zeng F, Zhao J, Zhang H, Zhu X, Kettenmann H, Xiang X. TREM2 promotes glioma progression and angiogenesis mediated by microglia/brain macrophages. Glia 2023; 71:2679-2695. [PMID: 37641212 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell 2 (TREM2), a myeloid cell-specific signaling molecule, controls essential functions of microglia and impacts on the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. TREM2 is also highly expressed in tumor-associated macrophages in different types of cancer. Here, we studied whether TREM2 influences glioma progression. We found a gender-dependent effect of glioma growth in wild-type (WT) animals injected with GL261-EGFP glioma cells. Most importantly, TREM2 promotes glioma progression in male but not female animals. The accumulation of glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs) and CD31+ blood vessel density is reduced in male TREM2-deficient mice. A transcriptomic analysis of glioma tissue revealed that TREM2 deficiency suppresses immune-related genes. In an organotypic slice model devoid of functional vascularization and immune components from periphery, the tumor size was not affected by TREM2-deficiency. In human resection samples from glioblastoma, TREM2 is upregulated in GAMs. Based on the Cancer Genome Atlas Program (TCGA) and the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) databases, the TREM2 expression levels were negatively correlated with survival. Thus, the TREM2-dependent crosstalk between GAMs and the vasculature formation promotes glioma growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhen Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Immunomodulation for Neurological Diseases, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Immunomodulation for Neurological Diseases, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yimin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaichuan Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Immunomodulation for Neurological Diseases, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fan Zeng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Immunomodulation for Neurological Diseases, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junyi Zhao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Immunomodulation for Neurological Diseases, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huaqiu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinzhou Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Immunomodulation for Neurological Diseases, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Immunomodulation for Neurological Diseases, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xianyuan Xiang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Immunomodulation for Neurological Diseases, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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14
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Wang M, Bergès R, Malfanti A, Préat V, Bastiancich C. Local delivery of doxorubicin prodrug via lipid nanocapsule-based hydrogel for the treatment of glioblastoma. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023:10.1007/s13346-023-01456-y. [PMID: 37889402 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01456-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) recurrences appear in most cases around the resection cavity borders and arise from residual GBM cells that cannot be removed by surgery. Here, we propose a novel treatment that combines the advantages of nanomedicine and local drug delivery to target these infiltrating GBM cells. We developed an injectable lipid nanocapsule (LNC)-based formulation loaded with lauroyl-doxorubicin prodrug (DOXC12). Firstly, we demonstrated the efficacy of intratumoral administration of DOXC12 in GL261 GBM-bearing mice, which extended mouse survival. Then, we formulated an injectable hydrogel by mixing the appropriate amount of prodrug with the lipophilic components of LNC. We optimized the hydrogel by incorporating cytidine-C16 (CytC16) to achieve a mechanical stiffness adapted for an application in the brain post-surgery (DOXC12-LNCCL). DOXC12-LNCCL exhibited high DOXC12 encapsulation efficiency (95%) and a size of approximately 60 nm with sustained drug release for over 1 month in vitro. DOXC12-LNCCL exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity compared to free DOXC12 (IC50 of 349 and 86 nM, respectively) on GL261 GBM cells and prevented the growth of GL261 spheroids cultured on organotypic brain slices. In vivo, post-surgical treatment with DOXC12-LNCCL significantly improved the survival of GL261-bearing mice. The combination of this local treatment with the systemic administration of anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen further delayed the onset of recurrences. In conclusion, our study presents a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of GBM. By targeting residual GBM cells and reducing the inflammation post-surgery, we present a new strategy to delay the onset of recurrences in the gap period between surgery and standard of care therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchao Wang
- UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue Mounier 73, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Raphaël Bergès
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille, 13005, France
| | - Alessio Malfanti
- UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue Mounier 73, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Véronique Préat
- UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue Mounier 73, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Chiara Bastiancich
- UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue Mounier 73, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille, 13005, France.
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, Turin, 10125, Italy.
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15
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Mukherjee S, Patra R, Behzadi P, Masotti A, Paolini A, Sarshar M. Toll-like receptor-guided therapeutic intervention of human cancers: molecular and immunological perspectives. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1244345. [PMID: 37822929 PMCID: PMC10562563 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1244345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) serve as the body's first line of defense, recognizing both pathogen-expressed molecules and host-derived molecules released from damaged or dying cells. The wide distribution of different cell types, ranging from epithelial to immune cells, highlights the crucial roles of TLRs in linking innate and adaptive immunity. Upon stimulation, TLRs binding mediates the expression of several adapter proteins and downstream kinases, that lead to the induction of several other signaling molecules such as key pro-inflammatory mediators. Indeed, extraordinary progress in immunobiological research has suggested that TLRs could represent promising targets for the therapeutic intervention of inflammation-associated diseases, autoimmune diseases, microbial infections as well as human cancers. So far, for the prevention and possible treatment of inflammatory diseases, various TLR antagonists/inhibitors have shown to be efficacious at several stages from pre-clinical evaluation to clinical trials. Therefore, the fascinating role of TLRs in modulating the human immune responses at innate as well as adaptive levels directed the scientists to opt for these immune sensor proteins as suitable targets for developing chemotherapeutics and immunotherapeutics against cancer. Hitherto, several TLR-targeting small molecules (e.g., Pam3CSK4, Poly (I:C), Poly (A:U)), chemical compounds, phytocompounds (e.g., Curcumin), peptides, and antibodies have been found to confer protection against several types of cancers. However, administration of inappropriate doses of such TLR-modulating therapeutics or a wrong infusion administration is reported to induce detrimental outcomes. This review summarizes the current findings on the molecular and structural biology of TLRs and gives an overview of the potency and promises of TLR-directed therapeutic strategies against cancers by discussing the findings from established and pipeline discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suprabhat Mukherjee
- Integrative Biochemistry & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, India
| | - Ritwik Patra
- Integrative Biochemistry & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, India
| | - Payam Behzadi
- Department of Microbiology, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andrea Masotti
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Paolini
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Meysam Sarshar
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Schupper AJ, Hadjipanayis CG. Novel approaches to targeting gliomas at the leading/cutting edge. J Neurosurg 2023; 139:760-768. [PMID: 36840741 PMCID: PMC11225597 DOI: 10.3171/2023.1.jns221798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Despite decades of clinical trials and surgical advances, the most common high-grade glioma, glioblastoma (GBM), remains an incurable disease with a dismal prognosis. Because of its infiltrative nature, GBM almost always recurs at the margin, or leading edge, where tumor cells invade the surrounding brain parenchyma. This region of GBMs is unique, or heterogeneous, with its own microenvironment that is different from the tumor bulk or core. The GBM microenvironment at the margin contains immunosuppressive constituents as well as invasive and therapy-resistant tumor cells that are difficult to treat. In addition, the blood-brain barrier remains essentially intact at the infiltrative margin of tumors; further limiting the effectiveness of therapies. The invasive margin creates the greatest challenge for neurosurgeons when managing these tumors. The current paradigm of resection of GBM tumors mainly focuses on resection of the contrast-enhancing component of tumors, while GBMs extend well beyond the contrast enhancement. The infiltrative margin represents a unique challenge and opportunity for solutions that may overcome current limitations in tumor treatments. In this review of the current literature, the authors discuss the current and developing advances focused on the detection and treatment of GBM at the infiltrative margin and how this could impact patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Schupper
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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17
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Hu Y, Li Z, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Liu Z, Zeng J, Hao Z, Li J, Ren J, Yao M. The Evolution of Tumor Microenvironment in Gliomas and Its Implication for Target Therapy. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:4311-4326. [PMID: 37705736 PMCID: PMC10496508 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.83531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas develop in unique and complicated environments that nourish tumor cells. The tumor microenvironment (TME) of gliomas comprises heterogeneous cells, including brain-resident cells, immune cells, and vascular cells. Reciprocal interactions among these cells are involved in the evolution of the TME. Moreover, the study of attractive therapeutic strategies that target the TME is transitioning from basic research to the clinic. Mouse models are indispensable tools for dissecting the processes and mechanisms leading to TME evolution. In this review, we overview the paradoxical roles of the TME, as well as the recent progress of mouse models in TME research. Finally, we summarize recent advances in TME-targeting therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease & China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510182, China
| | - Zhixing Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease & China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510182, China
| | - Yichi Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease & China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510182, China
| | - Yuzheng Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease & China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510182, China
| | - Zihao Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease & China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510182, China
| | - Jianhao Zeng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Zhexue Hao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease & China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510182, China
| | - Jin Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease & China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510182, China
| | - Jiaoyan Ren
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Maojin Yao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease & China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510182, China
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18
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Lin YC, Chu YH, Liao WC, Chen CH, Hsiao WC, Ho YJ, Yang MY, Liu CH. CHST11-modified chondroitin 4-sulfate as a potential therapeutic target for glioblastoma. Am J Cancer Res 2023; 13:2998-3012. [PMID: 37559985 PMCID: PMC10408464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant chondroitin sulfate (CS) accumulation in glioblastoma (GBM) tissue has been documented, but the role of excessive CS in GBM progression and whether it can be a druggable target are largely unknown. The aim of this study is to clarify the biological functions of CHST11 in GBM cells, and evaluate therapeutic effects of blocking CHST11-derived chondroitin 4-sulfate (C4S). We investigated the expression of CHST11 in glioma tissue by immunohistochemistry, and analyzed CHST11 associated genes using public RNA sequencing datasets. The effects of CHST11 on aggressive cell behaviors have been studied in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrated that CHST11 is frequently overexpressed in GBM tissue, promoting GBM cell mobility and modulating C4S on GBM cells. We further discovered that CSPG4 is positively correlated with CHST11, and CSPG4 involved in CHST11-mediated cell invasiveness. In addition, GBM patients with high expression of CHST11 and CSPG4 have a significantly shorter survival time. We examined the effects of treating C4S-specific binding peptide (C4Sp) as a therapeutic agent in vitro and in vivo. C4Sp treatment attenuated GBM cell invasiveness and, notably, improved survival rate of orthotopic glioma cell transplant mice. Our results propose a possible mechanism of CHST11 in regulating GBM malignancy and highlight a novel strategy for targeting aberrant chondroitin sulfate in GBM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Cheng Lin
- Doctoral Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Hung Chu
- Doctoral Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chieh Liao
- Doctoral Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Chen
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chuan Hsiao
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jui Ho
- Department of Psychology, Chung Shan Medical UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Yin Yang
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General HospitalTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Hui Liu
- Doctoral Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
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19
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Xu L, Hu W, Zhang J, Qu J. Knockdown of versican 1 in lung fibroblasts aggravates Lipopolysaccharide-induced acute inflammation through up-regulation of the SP1-Toll-like Receptor 2-NF-κB Axis: a potential barrier to promising Versican-targeted therapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 121:110406. [PMID: 37311354 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Versican participates in various pathological processes like inflammation and fibrosis and is a potential therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases. Versican 1 (V1) has increased expression in inflammatory diseases, but its role is unclear. We explored the effects of V1 on acute lung inflammation to determine whether targeting V1 had therapeutic potential. METHODS Human fetal lung fibroblast (HFL1) was transfected with or without V1-inhibiting lentivirus and treated with LPS. The expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, V1, cellular signaling pathway and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) were detected by qPCR, ELISA and western blot. The migration and adhesion of neutrophils and monocytes to HFL1s were performed. The activity of transcriptional factors was determined by dual-luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS Inflammatory factors increased dramatically and continuously with V1 knockdown and LPS stimulation (P < 0.01), orchestrating migration of inflammatory cells and an enhanced inflammatory reaction. V1-knockdown increased TLR2 (P < 0.01) and activated the NF-κB pathway, which was partially reversed with a TLR2 neutralizing antibody and an NF-κB inhibitor. Explosion of LPS-induced inflammation was induced by knockdown of V1 via the SP1-TLR2-NF-κB axis. CONCLUSION Increased expression of V1 might be protective in acute inflammation, and an infection-induced cytokine storm might be a severe complication of V1-targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Xu
- Department of Geriatrics, Chongqing General Hospital and Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chongqing, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiping Hu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jieming Qu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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20
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Zhang Y, Wang J, Ghobadi SN, Zhou H, Huang A, Gerosa M, Hou Q, Keunen O, Golebiewska A, Habte FG, Grant GA, Paulmurugan R, Lee KS, Wintermark M. Molecular Identity Changes of Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Microglia After Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Guided Focused Ultrasound-Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Opening in a Mouse Glioblastoma Model. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2023; 49:1082-1090. [PMID: 36717283 PMCID: PMC10059983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
An orthotopically allografted mouse GL26 glioma model (Ccr2RFP/wt-Cx3cr1GFP/wt) was used to evaluate the effect of transient, focal opening of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) on the composition of tumor-associated macrophages and microglia (TAMs). BBB opening was induced by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) combined with microbubbles. CX3CR1-GFP cells and CCR2-RFP cells in brain tumors were quantified in microscopic images. Tumors in animals treated with a single session of MRgFUS did not exhibit significant changes in cell numbers when compared with tumors in animals not receiving FUS. However, tumors that received two or three sessions of MRgFUS had significantly increased amounts of both CX3CR1-GFP and CCR2-RFP cells. The effect of MRgFUS on immune cell composition was also characterized and quantified using flow cytometry. Glioma implantation resulted in increased amounts of lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils in the brain parenchyma. Tumors administered MRgFUS exhibited increased numbers of monocytes and monocyte-derived TAMs. In addition, MRgFUS-treated tumors exhibited more CD80+ cells in monocytes and microglia. In summary, transient, focal opening of the BBB using MRgFUS combined with microbubbles can activate the homing and differentiation of monocytes and induce a shift toward a more pro-inflammatory status of the immune environment in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanrong Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology Division, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology Division, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Sara Natasha Ghobadi
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology Division, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Haiyan Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology Division, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Acupuncture and Tuina School/Third Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ai Huang
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology Division, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Marco Gerosa
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology Division, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Qingyi Hou
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology Division, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Olivier Keunen
- In Vivo Imaging Facility, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg
| | - Anna Golebiewska
- Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg
| | - Frezghi G Habte
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gerald A Grant
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ramasamy Paulmurugan
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Canary Center for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kevin S Lee
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurosurgery and Center for Brain, Immunology, and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Max Wintermark
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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21
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Luo HL, Chang YL, Liu HY, Wu YT, Sung MT, Su YL, Huang CC, Wang PC, Peng JM. VCAN Hypomethylation and Expression as Predictive Biomarkers of Drug Sensitivity in Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087486. [PMID: 37108649 PMCID: PMC10139123 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Versican (VCAN), also known as extracellular matrix proteoglycan 2, has been suggested as a potential biomarker in cancers. Previous research has found that VCAN is highly expressed in bladder cancer. However, its role in predicting outcomes for patients with upper urinary tract urothelial cancer (UTUC) is not well understood. In this study, we collected tissues from 10 patients with UTUC, including 6 with and 4 without lymphovascular invasion (LVI), a pathological feature that plays a significant role in determining metastasis. Results from RNA sequencing revealed that the most differentially expressed genes were involved in extracellular matrix organization. Using the TCGA database for clinical correlation, VCAN was identified as a target for study. A chromosome methylation assay showed that VCAN was hypomethylated in tumors with LVI. In our patient samples, VCAN expression was also found to be high in UTUC tumors with LVI. In vitro analysis showed that knocking down VCAN inhibited cell migration but not proliferation. A heatmap analysis also confirmed a significant correlation between VCAN and migration genes. Additionally, silencing VCAN increased the effectiveness of cisplatin, gemcitabine and epirubicin, thus providing potential opportunities for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Lun Luo
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Lun Chang
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ying Liu
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ting Wu
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tse Sung
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Li Su
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chieh Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chia Wang
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Jei-Ming Peng
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
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22
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Marino S, Menna G, Di Bonaventura R, Lisi L, Mattogno P, Figà F, Bilgin L, D'Alessandris QG, Olivi A, Della Pepa GM. The Extracellular Matrix in Glioblastomas: A Glance at Its Structural Modifications in Shaping the Tumoral Microenvironment-A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061879. [PMID: 36980765 PMCID: PMC10046791 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM While many components of the ECM have been isolated and characterized, its modifications in the specific setting of GBMs have only been recently explored in the literature. The aim of this paper is to provide a systematic review on the topic and to assess the ECM's role in shaping tumoral development. METHODS An online literature search was launched on PubMed/Medline and Scopus using the research string "((Extracellular matrix OR ECM OR matrix receptor OR matrix proteome) AND (glioblastoma OR GBM) AND (tumor invasion OR tumor infiltration))", and a systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA-P guidelines. RESULTS The search of the literature yielded a total of 693 results. The duplicate records were then removed (n = 13), and the records were excluded via a title and abstract screening; 137 studies were found to be relevant to our research question and were assessed for eligibility. Upon a full-text review, 59 articles were finally included and were summarized as follows based on their focus: (1) proteoglycans; (2) fibrillary proteins, which were further subdivided into the three subcategories of collagen, fibronectin, and laminins; (3) glycoproteins; (4) degradative enzymes; (5) physical forces; (6) and glioma cell and microglia migratory and infiltrative patterns. CONCLUSIONS Our systematic review demonstrates that the ECM should not be regarded anymore as a passive scaffold statically contributing to mechanical support in normal and pathological brain tissue but as an active player in tumor-related activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Marino
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery Section, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Grazia Menna
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery Section, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Rina Di Bonaventura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Lisi
- Dipartimento di Sicurezza e Bioetica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, IRCSS-Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Mattogno
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Figà
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery Section, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Lal Bilgin
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery Section, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Olivi
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery Section, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maria Della Pepa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
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23
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Lin C, Wang N, Xu C. Glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs) in glioblastoma: Immune function in the tumor microenvironment and implications for immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1123853. [PMID: 36969167 PMCID: PMC10034134 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1123853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma is a mixed solid tumor composed of neoplastic and non-neoplastic components. Glioma-associated macrophages and microglia (GAMs) are crucial elements of the glioma tumor microenvironment (TME), regulating tumor growth, invasion, and recurrence. GAMs are also profoundly influenced by glioma cells. Recent studies have revealed the intricate relationship between TME and GAMs. In this updated review, we provide an overview of the interaction between glioma TME and GAMs based on previous studies. We also summarize a series of immunotherapies targeting GAMs, including clinical trials and preclinical studies. Specifically, we discuss the origin of microglia in the central nervous system and the recruitment of GAMs in the glioma background. We also cover the mechanisms through which GAMs regulate various processes associated with glioma development, such as invasiveness, angiogenesis, immunosuppression, recurrence, etc. Overall, GAMs play a significant role in the tumor biology of glioma, and a better understanding of the interaction between GAMs and glioma could catalyze the development of new and effective immunotherapies for this deadly malignancy.
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24
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Chemistry and Function of Glycosaminoglycans in the Nervous System. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 29:117-162. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12390-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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25
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Zhang L, Qu C, Shi C, Wu F, Tang Y, Li Y, Li J, Feng H, Zhong S, Yang J, Zeng X, Peng X. Association of RNA-modification "writer" genes with prognosis and response to immunotherapy in patients with low-grade glioma. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279119. [PMID: 36649311 PMCID: PMC9844866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA modification is a key regulatory mechanism involved in tumorigenesis, tumor progression, and the immune response. However, the potential role of RNA modification "writer" genes in the immune microenvironment of gliomas and their effect on the response to immunotherapy remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of RNA modification "writer" gene in the prognosis and immunotherapy response of low-grade glioma (LGG). The consensus non-negative matrix factorization (CNMF) method was used to identify different RNA modification subtypes. We used a novel eigengene screening method, the variable neighborhood learning Harris Hawks optimizer (VNLHHO), to screen for eigengenes among the RNA modification subtypes. We constructed a principal components analysis score(PCA_score)-based prognostic prediction model and validated it using an independent cohort. We also analyzed the association between PCA_score and the immune and molecular features of LGG. The results suggested that LGG can be divided into two different RNA modification-based subtypes with distinct prognostic and molecular features. High PCA_score was significantly associated with a poor prognosis in LGG and was an independent prognostic factor. A nomogram containing PCA_score and clinical features was constructed, and it showed a significant predictive value. PCA_score was negatively correlated with tumor purity and the abundance of CD4+ T cells in LGG patients. LGG patients with high PCA_score had lower Tumor Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion scores and showed an immunotherapy response. In conclusion, we report a novel RNA modification-based prognostic model for LGG that lays the foundation for evaluating LGG prognosis and developing more effective therapeutic strategies for these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lupeng Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jishou University School of Medicine, Jishou, Hunan, China
| | - Chiwen Qu
- Department of Statistics, College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- School of Public Health and Management, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
| | - Chen Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jishou University School of Medicine, Jishou, Hunan, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jishou University School of Medicine, Jishou, Hunan, China
| | - Yifan Tang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Pathology, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, China
| | - Jinlong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jishou University School of Medicine, Jishou, Hunan, China
| | - Huicong Feng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Suye Zhong
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaomin Zeng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya Public Health School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- * E-mail: (XP); (XZ)
| | - Xiaoning Peng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jishou University School of Medicine, Jishou, Hunan, China
- Department of Statistics, College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- * E-mail: (XP); (XZ)
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26
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Wang Z, Zhong H, Liang X, Ni S. Targeting tumor-associated macrophages for the immunotherapy of glioblastoma: Navigating the clinical and translational landscape. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1024921. [PMID: 36311702 PMCID: PMC9606568 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1024921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) can directly clear tumor cells and enhance the phagocytic ability of immune cells. An abundance of TAMs at the site of the glioblastoma tumor indicates that TAM-targeting immunotherapy could represent a potential form of treatment for this aggressive cancer. Herein, we discuss: i) the dynamic role of TAMs in glioblastoma; ii) describe the formation of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment; iii) summarize the latest clinical trial data that reveal how TAM function can be regulated in favor tumor eradication; and lastly, iv) evaluate the implications of existing and novel translational approaches for treating glioblastoma in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zide Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory and Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling, Jinan, China
| | - Hanlin Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory and Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaohong Liang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaohong Liang, ; Shilei Ni,
| | - Shilei Ni
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory and Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaohong Liang, ; Shilei Ni,
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27
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Intralesional TLR4 agonist treatment strengthens the organ defense against colonizing cancer cells in the brain. Oncogene 2022; 41:5008-5019. [PMID: 36224342 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02496-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Brain metastasis in breast cancer remains difficult to treat and its incidence is increasing. Therefore, the development of new therapies is of utmost clinical relevance. Recently, toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 was correlated with IL6 expression and poor prognosis in 1 215 breast cancer primaries. In contrast, we demonstrated that TLR4 stimulation reduces microglia-assisted breast cancer cell invasion. However, the expression, prognostic value, or therapeutic potential of TLR signaling in breast cancer brain metastasis have not been investigated. We thus tested the prognostic value of various TLRs in two brain-metastasis gene sets. Furthermore, we investigated different TLR agonists, as well as MyD88 and TRIF-deficient microenvironments in organotypic brain-slice ex vivo co-cultures and in vivo colonization experiments. These experiments underline the ambiguous roles of TLR4, its adapter MyD88, and the target nitric oxide (NO) during brain colonization. Moreover, analysis of the gene expression datasets of breast cancer brain metastasis patients revealed associations of TLR1 and IL6 with poor overall survival. Finally, our finding that a single LPS application at the onset of colonization shapes the later microglia/macrophage reaction at the macro-metastasis brain-parenchyma interface (MMPI) and reduces metastatic infiltration into the brain parenchyma may prove useful in immunotherapeutic considerations.
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28
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Shi D, Zhong W, Liu D, Sun X, Hao S, Yang Y, Ao L, Zhou J, Xia Y, Zhou Y, Yu H, Xia H. Computational identification of immune-related lncRNA signature for predicting the prognosis and immune landscape of human glioblastoma multiforme. Front Immunol 2022; 13:932938. [PMID: 36032137 PMCID: PMC9412749 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.932938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence shows immune-related long noncoding RNAs (ir-lncRNAs) perform critical roles in tumor progression and prognosis assessment. However, the identification of ir-lncRNAs and their clinical significance in human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remain largely unexplored. Here, a designed computational frame based on immune score was used to identify differentially expressed ir-lncRNAs (DEir-lncRNAs) from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) GBM program. The immune-related lncRNA signature (IRLncSig) composed of prognosis-related DEir-lncRNAs selected by Cox regression analysis and its clinical predictive values were verified, which was further validated by another dataset from the Gene Expression Omnibus database (GEO). Subsequently, the association between IRLncSig and immune cell infiltration, immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) biomarkers, O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene expression, and biological function were also analyzed. After calculation, five prognosis-related ir-lncRNAs were included in the establishment of IRLncSig. The risk assessment based on IRLncSig indicated that the high-IRLncSig-score group was significantly associated with poor prognosis (p < 0.001), significant aggregation of macrophages (p < 0.05), higher ICI biomarker expression, and MGMT gene expression (p < 0.05). Signature-related lncRNAs may be involved in immune activities in the tumorigenesis and progression of GBM. In summary, the novel IRLncSig shows a promising clinical value in predicting the prognosis and immune landscape of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenjie Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shilei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yaying Yang
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Tumor Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Ao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junjie Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Tumor Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongzhi Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yudong Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haijian Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Haijian Xia,
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29
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Ivanova EL, Costa B, Eisemann T, Lohr S, Boskovic P, Eichwald V, Meckler J, Jugold M, Orian-Rousseau V, Peterziel H, Angel P. CD44 expressed by myeloid cells promotes glioma invasion. Front Oncol 2022; 12:969787. [PMID: 35992852 PMCID: PMC9386454 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.969787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most common and malignant brain tumors in adulthood with a median survival of only 15 months. This poor prognosis is related to GBM’s ability to extensively infiltrate the surrounding brain parenchyma resulting in diffuse spread of neoplastic cells in the brain, responsible for high rate of recurrence. CD44 (Cluster of Differentiation 44) is a transmembrane protein, overexpressed in multiple cancer types, including gliomas, and implicated in cell motility, proliferation and angiogenesis. Multiple studies have investigated the role of CD44 in GBM cells and have highlighted a link between tumor malignancy and CD44 expression. However up to date, little is known of the role of CD44 on cells from the tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, we have investigated a potential role of CD44 in the TME in regards to GBM invasiveness. Using an ex-vivo organotypic brain slice invasion assay, we show that absence of CD44 from the TME impairs the ability of glioma cells to invade the surrounding brain parenchyma. By deleting CD44 in the astrocytic, endothelial and myeloid compartments, we show that it is specifically CD44 expression in myeloid cells that is responsible for the observed phenotype. Combining in vivo studies in cell-specific knock-out mice and in vitro analyses on primary microglia we demonstrate that myeloid CD44 is implicated in Toll Like Receptor 2 signaling and is a major regulator of Matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina L. Ivanova
- Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control, DKFZ/ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Costa
- Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control, DKFZ/ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tanja Eisemann
- Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control, DKFZ/ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Lohr
- Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control, DKFZ/ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pavle Boskovic
- Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control, DKFZ/ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Viktoria Eichwald
- Core Facility Small Animal Imaging Center, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Meckler
- Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control, DKFZ/ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manfred Jugold
- Core Facility Small Animal Imaging Center, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Veronique Orian-Rousseau
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems – Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Heike Peterziel
- Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control, DKFZ/ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Angel
- Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control, DKFZ/ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Peter Angel,
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30
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Garantziotis S, Savani RC. Proteoglycans in Toll-like receptor responses and innate immunity. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C202-C214. [PMID: 35675639 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00088.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an active and dynamic feature of tissues that not only provides gross structure but also plays key roles in cellular responses. The ever-changing microenvironment responds dynamically to cellular and external signals, and in turn influences cell fate, tissue development, and response to environmental injury or microbial invasion. It is therefore paramount to understand how the ECM components interact with each other, the environment and cells, and how they mediate their effects. Among the ECM components that have recently garnered increased attention, proteoglycans (PGs) deserve special note. Recent evidence strongly suggests that they play a crucial role both in health maintenance and disease development. In particular, proteoglycans dictate whether homeostasis or cell death will result from a given injury, by triggering and modulating activation of the innate immune system, via a conserved array of receptors that recognize exogenous (infectious) or endogenous (tissue damage) molecular patterns. Innate immune activation by proteoglycans has important implications for the understanding of cell-matrix interactions in health and disease. In this review, we will summarize the current state of knowledge of innate immune signaling by proteoglycans, discuss the implications, and explore future directions to define progress in this area of extracellular matrix biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Garantziotis
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Rashmin C Savani
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Center for Pulmonary & Vascular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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31
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Xia H, Deng L, Meng S, Liu X, Zheng C. Single-Cell Transcriptome Profiling Signatures and Alterations of Microglia Associated With Glioblastoma Associate Microglia Contribution to Tumor Formation. Pathol Oncol Res 2022; 28:1610067. [PMID: 35693633 PMCID: PMC9176381 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2022.1610067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), which occasionally occurs in pediatric patients, is the most common tumor of the central nervous system in adults. Clinically, GBM is classified as low-grade to high-grade (from 1 to 4) and is characterized by late discovery, limited effective treatment methods, and poor efficacy. With the development of immunotherapy technology, effective GBM treatment strategies are of great significance. The main immune cells found in the GBM tumor microenvironment are macrophages and microglia (MG). Both these monocytes play important roles in the occurrence and development of GBM. Macrophages are recruited during tumorigenesis, whereas MG is present in the brain during embryonic development. Interestingly, the accumulation of these monocytes is inversely proportional to the survival of adult GBM patients but not the pediatric GBM patients. This study used single-cell RNA-seq data to reveal the heterogeneity of MG in tumor lesions and to explore the role of different MG subtypes in the occurrence and development of GBM. The results may help find new targets for immunotherapy of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing Red Cross Hospital (Jiangbei District People's Hospital), Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bishan District People's Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Shu Meng
- Internal Medicine, Chongqing Red Cross Hospital (Jiangbei District People's Hospital), Chongqing, China
| | - Xipeng Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing Red Cross Hospital (Jiangbei District People's Hospital), Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing Red Cross Hospital (Jiangbei District People's Hospital), Chongqing, China
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32
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Tang F, Brune JE, Chang MY, Reeves SR, Altemeier WA, Frevert CW. Defining the Versican Interactome in Lung Health and Disease. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C249-C276. [PMID: 35649251 PMCID: PMC9291419 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00162.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) imparts critical mechanical and biochemical information to cells in the lungs. Proteoglycans are essential constituents of the ECM and play a crucial role in controlling numerous biological processes, including regulating cellular phenotype and function. Versican, a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan required for embryonic development, is almost absent from mature, healthy lungs and is re-expressed and accumulates in acute and chronic lung disease. Studies using genetically engineered mice show that the versican-enriched matrix can be pro- or anti-inflammatory depending on the cellular source or disease process studied. The mechanisms whereby versican develops a contextual ECM remain largely unknown. The primary goal of this review is to provide an overview of the interaction of versican with its many binding partners, the "versican interactome," and how through these interactions, versican is an integrator of complex extracellular information. Hopefully, the information provided in this review will be used to develop future studies to determine how versican and its binding partners can develop contextual ECMs that control select biological processes. While this review focuses on versican and the lungs, what is described can be extended to other proteoglycans, tissues, and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengying Tang
- Center for Lung Biology, the University of Washington at South Lake Union, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jourdan E Brune
- Center for Lung Biology, the University of Washington at South Lake Union, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Mary Y Chang
- Center for Lung Biology, the University of Washington at South Lake Union, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Stephen R Reeves
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - William A Altemeier
- Center for Lung Biology, the University of Washington at South Lake Union, Seattle, WA, United States.,ivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Charles W Frevert
- Center for Lung Biology, the University of Washington at South Lake Union, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,ivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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Liu X, Liu Y, Qi Y, Huang Y, Hu F, Dong F, Shu K, Lei T. Signal Pathways Involved in the Interaction Between Tumor-Associated Macrophages/TAMs and Glioblastoma Cells. Front Oncol 2022; 12:822085. [PMID: 35600367 PMCID: PMC9114701 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.822085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is commonly recognized, that glioblastoma is a large complex composed of neoplastic and non-neoplastic cells. Tumor-associated macrophages account for the majority of tumor bulk and play pivotal roles in tumor proliferation, migration, invasion, and survival. There are sophisticated interactions between malignant cells and tumor associated-macrophages. Tumor cells release a variety of chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors that subsequently lead to the recruitment of TAMs, which in return released a plethora of factors to construct an immunosuppressive and tumor-supportive microenvironment. In this article, we have reviewed the biological characteristics of glioblastoma-associated macrophages and microglia, highlighting the emerging molecular targets and related signal pathways involved in the interaction between TAMs and glioblastoma cells, as well as the potential TAMs-associated therapeutic targets for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojin Liu
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiwei Qi
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yimin Huang
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Hu
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fangyong Dong
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Shu
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Lei
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Tamai S, Ichinose T, Tsutsui T, Tanaka S, Garaeva F, Sabit H, Nakada M. Tumor Microenvironment in Glioma Invasion. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12040505. [PMID: 35448036 PMCID: PMC9031400 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12040505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A major malignant trait of gliomas is their remarkable infiltration capacity. When glioma develops, the tumor cells have already reached the distant part. Therefore, complete removal of the glioma is impossible. Recently, research on the involvement of the tumor microenvironment in glioma invasion has advanced. Local hypoxia triggers cell migration as an environmental factor. The transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) -1α, produced in tumor cells under hypoxia, promotes the transcription of various invasion related molecules. The extracellular matrix surrounding tumors is degraded by proteases secreted by tumor cells and simultaneously replaced by an extracellular matrix that promotes infiltration. Astrocytes and microglia become tumor-associated astrocytes and glioma-associated macrophages/microglia, respectively, in relation to tumor cells. These cells also promote glioma invasion. Interactions between glioma cells actively promote infiltration of each other. Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy transform the microenvironment, allowing glioma cells to invade. These findings indicate that the tumor microenvironment may be a target for glioma invasion. On the other hand, because the living body actively promotes tumor infiltration in response to the tumor, it is necessary to reconsider whether the invasion itself is friend or foe to the brain.
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Huang Y, Motta E, Nanvuma C, Kuhrt LD, Yuan Y, Xia P, Lubas M, Zhu S, Schnauss M, Qazi N, Hu F, Zhang H, Lei T, Synowitz M, Flüh C, Kettenmann H. Microglia/macrophage-derived human CCL18 promotes glioma progression via CCR8-ACP5 axis analyzed in humanized slice model. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110670. [PMID: 35417708 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Factors released from glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs) play a crucial role in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) progression. Here, we study the importance of CCL18, a cytokine expressed in human but not in rodent GAMs, as a modulator of glioma growth. Since CCL18 signaling could not be studied in classical mouse glioma models, we developed an approach by transplanting induced pluripotent stem cell-derived human microglia and human glioma cells into mouse brain slices depleted of their intrinsic microglia. We observe that CCL18 promotes glioma cell growth and invasion. Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 8 (CCR8) is identified as a functional receptor for CCL18 on glioma cells, and ACP5 (acid phosphatase 5) is revealed as an important part of the downstream signaling cascade for mediating glioma growth. We conclude, based on the results from an in vitro, ex vivo humanized glioma model and an in vivo GBM model that microglia/macrophage-derived CCL18 promotes glioma growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Huang
- Cellular Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert Roessle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Edyta Motta
- Cellular Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert Roessle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cynthia Nanvuma
- Cellular Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert Roessle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Leonard D Kuhrt
- Cellular Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert Roessle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yang Yuan
- Cellular Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert Roessle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pengfei Xia
- Cellular Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert Roessle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Lubas
- Cellular Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert Roessle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Shuai Zhu
- Cellular Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert Roessle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina Schnauss
- Cellular Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert Roessle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Niyeti Qazi
- Cellular Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert Roessle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Feng Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Huaqiu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Michael Synowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Charlotte Flüh
- Cellular Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert Roessle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Cellular Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert Roessle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
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Bianconi A, Aruta G, Rizzo F, Salvati LF, Zeppa P, Garbossa D, Cofano F. Systematic Review on Tumor Microenvironment in Glial Neoplasm: From Understanding Pathogenesis to Future Therapeutic Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4166. [PMID: 35456984 PMCID: PMC9029619 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the multidisciplinary management in the treatment of glioblastomas, the average survival of GBM patients is still 15 months. In recent years, molecular biomarkers have gained more and more importance both in the diagnosis and therapy of glial tumors. At the same time, it has become clear that non neoplastic cells, which constitute about 30% of glioma mass, dramatically influence tumor growth, spread, and recurrence. This is the main reason why, in recent years, scientific research has been focused on understanding the function and the composition of tumor microenvironment and its role in gliomagenesis and recurrence. The aim of this review is to summarize the most recent discovery about resident microglia, tumor-associated macrophages, lymphocytes, and the role of extracellular vesicles and their bijective interaction with glioma cells. Moreover, we reported the most recent updates about new therapeutic strategies targeting immune system receptors and soluble factors. Understanding how glioma cells interact with non-neoplastic cells in tumor microenvironment is an essential step to comprehend mechanisms at the base of disease progression and to find new therapeutic strategies for GBM patients. However, no significant results have yet been obtained in studies targeting single molecules/pathways; considering the complex microenvironment, it is likely that only by using multiple therapeutic agents acting on multiple molecular targets can significant results be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bianconi
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini”, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.A.); (F.R.); (P.Z.); (D.G.); (F.C.)
| | - Gelsomina Aruta
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini”, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.A.); (F.R.); (P.Z.); (D.G.); (F.C.)
| | - Francesca Rizzo
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini”, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.A.); (F.R.); (P.Z.); (D.G.); (F.C.)
| | | | - Pietro Zeppa
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini”, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.A.); (F.R.); (P.Z.); (D.G.); (F.C.)
| | - Diego Garbossa
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini”, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.A.); (F.R.); (P.Z.); (D.G.); (F.C.)
| | - Fabio Cofano
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini”, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.A.); (F.R.); (P.Z.); (D.G.); (F.C.)
- Spine Surgery Unit, Humanitas Gradeningo, 10100 Turin, Italy
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Markwell SM, Ross JL, Olson CL, Brat DJ. Necrotic reshaping of the glioma microenvironment drives disease progression. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 143:291-310. [PMID: 35039931 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02401-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain tumor and has a dismal prognosis. The development of central necrosis represents a tipping point in the evolution of these tumors that foreshadows aggressive expansion, swiftly leading to mortality. The onset of necrosis, severe hypoxia and associated radial glioma expansion correlates with dramatic tumor microenvironment (TME) alterations that accelerate tumor growth. In the past, most have concluded that hypoxia and necrosis must arise due to "cancer outgrowing its blood supply" when rapid tumor growth outpaces metabolic supply, leading to diffusion-limited hypoxia. However, growing evidence suggests that microscopic intravascular thrombosis driven by the neoplastic overexpression of pro-coagulants attenuates glioma blood supply (perfusion-limited hypoxia), leading to TME restructuring that includes breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, immunosuppressive immune cell accumulation, microvascular hyperproliferation, glioma stem cell enrichment and tumor cell migration outward. Cumulatively, these adaptations result in rapid tumor expansion, resistance to therapeutic interventions and clinical progression. To inform future translational investigations, the complex interplay among environmental cues and myriad cell types that contribute to this aggressive phenotype requires better understanding. This review focuses on contributions from intratumoral thrombosis, the effects of hypoxia and necrosis, the adaptive and innate immune responses, and the current state of targeted therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Markwell
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave. Ward 3-140, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - James L Ross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cheryl L Olson
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave. Ward 3-140, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel J Brat
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave. Ward 3-140, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Sun R, Kim AH. The multifaceted mechanisms of malignant glioblastoma progression and clinical implications. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2022; 41:871-898. [PMID: 35920986 PMCID: PMC9758111 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10051-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
With the application of high throughput sequencing technologies at single-cell resolution, studies of the tumor microenvironment in glioblastoma, one of the most aggressive and invasive of all cancers, have revealed immense cellular and tissue heterogeneity. A unique extracellular scaffold system adapts to and supports progressive infiltration and migration of tumor cells, which is characterized by altered composition, effector delivery, and mechanical properties. The spatiotemporal interactions between malignant and immune cells generate an immunosuppressive microenvironment, contributing to the failure of effective anti-tumor immune attack. Among the heterogeneous tumor cell subpopulations of glioblastoma, glioma stem cells (GSCs), which exhibit tumorigenic properties and strong invasive capacity, are critical for tumor growth and are believed to contribute to therapeutic resistance and tumor recurrence. Here we discuss the role of extracellular matrix and immune cell populations, major components of the tumor ecosystem in glioblastoma, as well as signaling pathways that regulate GSC maintenance and invasion. We also highlight emerging advances in therapeutic targeting of these components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Albert H. Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA ,The Brain Tumor Center, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
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Chu YH, Liao WC, Ho YJ, Huang CH, Tseng TJ, Liu CH. Targeting Chondroitin Sulfate Reduces Invasiveness of Glioma Cells by Suppressing CD44 and Integrin β1 Expression. Cells 2021; 10:3594. [PMID: 34944101 PMCID: PMC8700349 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a major component of the extracellular matrix found to be abnormally accumulated in several types of cancer tissues. Previous studies have indicated that CS synthases and modification enzymes are frequently elevated in human gliomas and are associated with poor prognosis. However, the underlying mechanisms of CS in cancer progression and approaches for interrupting its functions in cancer cells remain largely unexplored. Here, we have found that CS was significantly enriched surrounding the vasculature in a subset of glioma tissues, which was akin to the perivascular niche for cancer-initiating cells. Silencing or overexpression of the major CS synthase, chondroitin sulfate synthase 1 (CHSY1), significantly regulated the glioma cell invasive phenotypes and modulated integrin expression. Furthermore, we identified CD44 as a crucial chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) that was modified by CHSY1 on glioma cells, and the suppression of CS formation on CD44 by silencing the CHSY1-inhibited interaction between CD44 and integrin β1 on the adhesion complex. Moreover, we tested the CS-specific binding peptide, resulting in the suppression of glioma cell mobility in a fashion similar to that observed upon the silencing of CHSY1. In addition, the peptide demonstrated significant affinity to CD44, promoted CD44 degradation, and suppressed integrin β1 expression in glioma cells. Overall, this study proposes a potential regulatory loop between CS, CD44, and integrin β1 in glioma cells, and highlights the importance of CS in CD44 stability. Furthermore, the targeting of CS by specific binding peptides has potential as a novel therapeutic strategy for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Hung Chu
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402306, Taiwan; (Y.-H.C.); (W.-C.L.); (C.-H.H.); (T.-J.T.)
| | - Wen-Chieh Liao
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402306, Taiwan; (Y.-H.C.); (W.-C.L.); (C.-H.H.); (T.-J.T.)
- Department of Medical Education, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402306, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jui Ho
- Department of Psychology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402306, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Hsien Huang
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402306, Taiwan; (Y.-H.C.); (W.-C.L.); (C.-H.H.); (T.-J.T.)
| | - To-Jung Tseng
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402306, Taiwan; (Y.-H.C.); (W.-C.L.); (C.-H.H.); (T.-J.T.)
- Department of Medical Education, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402306, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Hui Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402306, Taiwan; (Y.-H.C.); (W.-C.L.); (C.-H.H.); (T.-J.T.)
- Department of Medical Education, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402306, Taiwan
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Arrieta VA, Najem H, Petrosyan E, Lee-Chang C, Chen P, Sonabend AM, Heimberger AB. The Eclectic Nature of Glioma-Infiltrating Macrophages and Microglia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13382. [PMID: 34948178 PMCID: PMC8705822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBMs) are complex ecosystems composed of highly multifaceted tumor and myeloid cells capable of responding to different environmental pressures, including therapies. Recent studies have uncovered the diverse phenotypical identities of brain-populating myeloid cells. Differences in the immune proportions and phenotypes within tumors seem to be dictated by molecular features of glioma cells. Furthermore, increasing evidence underscores the significance of interactions between myeloid cells and glioma cells that allow them to evolve in a synergistic fashion to sustain tumor growth. In this review, we revisit the current understanding of glioma-infiltrating myeloid cells and their dialogue with tumor cells in consideration of their increasing recognition in response and resistance to immunotherapies as well as the immune impact of the current chemoradiotherapy used to treat gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor A. Arrieta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (V.A.A.); (H.N.); (E.P.); (C.L.-C.); (P.C.)
- PECEM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04360, Mexico
| | - Hinda Najem
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (V.A.A.); (H.N.); (E.P.); (C.L.-C.); (P.C.)
| | - Edgar Petrosyan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (V.A.A.); (H.N.); (E.P.); (C.L.-C.); (P.C.)
| | - Catalina Lee-Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (V.A.A.); (H.N.); (E.P.); (C.L.-C.); (P.C.)
| | - Peiwen Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (V.A.A.); (H.N.); (E.P.); (C.L.-C.); (P.C.)
| | - Adam M. Sonabend
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (V.A.A.); (H.N.); (E.P.); (C.L.-C.); (P.C.)
| | - Amy B. Heimberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (V.A.A.); (H.N.); (E.P.); (C.L.-C.); (P.C.)
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Andersen BM, Faust Akl C, Wheeler MA, Chiocca EA, Reardon DA, Quintana FJ. Glial and myeloid heterogeneity in the brain tumour microenvironment. Nat Rev Cancer 2021; 21:786-802. [PMID: 34584243 PMCID: PMC8616823 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-021-00397-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Brain cancers carry bleak prognoses, with therapeutic advances helping only a minority of patients over the past decade. The brain tumour microenvironment (TME) is highly immunosuppressive and differs from that of other malignancies as a result of the glial, neural and immune cell populations that constitute it. Until recently, the study of the brain TME was limited by the lack of methods to de-convolute this complex system at the single-cell level. However, novel technical approaches have begun to reveal the immunosuppressive and tumour-promoting properties of distinct glial and myeloid cell populations in the TME, identifying new therapeutic opportunities. Here, we discuss the immune modulatory functions of microglia, monocyte-derived macrophages and astrocytes in brain metastases and glioma, highlighting their disease-associated heterogeneity and drawing from the insights gained by studying these malignancies and other neurological disorders. Lastly, we consider potential approaches for the therapeutic modulation of the brain TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Andersen
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Camilo Faust Akl
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael A Wheeler
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - E Antonio Chiocca
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David A Reardon
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Xun Y, Yang H, Kaminska B, You H. Toll-like receptors and toll-like receptor-targeted immunotherapy against glioma. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:176. [PMID: 34715891 PMCID: PMC8555307 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01191-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma represents a fast proliferating and highly invasive brain tumor which is resistant to current therapies and invariably recurs. Despite some advancements in anti-glioma therapies, patients’ prognosis remains poor. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) act as the first line of defense in the immune system being the detectors of those associated with bacteria, viruses, and danger signals. In the glioma microenvironment, TLRs are expressed on both immune and tumor cells, playing dual roles eliciting antitumoral (innate and adaptive immunity) and protumoral (cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and glioma stem cell maintenance) responses. Up to date, several TLR-targeting therapies have been developed aiming at glioma bulk and stem cells, infiltrating immune cells, the immune checkpoint axis, among others. While some TLR agonists exhibited survival benefit in clinical trials, it attracts more attention when they are involved in combinatorial treatment with radiation, chemotherapy, immune vaccination, and immune checkpoint inhibition in glioma treatment. TLR agonists can be used as immune modulators to enhance the efficacy of other treatment, to avoid dose accumulation, and what brings more interests is that they can potentiate immune checkpoint delayed resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade by upregulating PD-1/PD-L1 overexpression, thus unleash powerful antitumor responses when combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Herein, we focus on recent developments and clinical trials exploring TLR-based treatment to provide a picture of the relationship between TLR and glioma and their implications for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xun
- Department of Basic Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Basic Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bozena Kaminska
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, No.78 Heng-Zhi-Gang Road, Yue Xiu District, Guangzhou, 510095, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hua You
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, No.78 Heng-Zhi-Gang Road, Yue Xiu District, Guangzhou, 510095, China.
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Fan Y, Wang Y, Zhang J, Dong X, Gao P, Liu K, Ma C, Zhao G. Breaking Bad: Autophagy Tweaks the Interplay Between Glioma and the Tumor Immune Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2021; 12:746621. [PMID: 34671362 PMCID: PMC8521049 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.746621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Though significant strides in tumorigenic comprehension and therapy modality have been witnessed over the past decades, glioma remains one of the most common and malignant brain tumors characterized by recurrence, dismal prognosis, and therapy resistance. Immunotherapy advance holds promise in glioma recently. However, the efficacy of immunotherapy varies among individuals with glioma, which drives researchers to consider the modest levels of immunity in the central nervous system, as well as the immunosuppressive tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). Considering the highly conserved property for sustaining energy homeostasis in mammalian cells and repeatedly reported links in malignancy and drug resistance, autophagy is determined as a cutting angle to elucidate the relations between glioma and the TIME. In this review, heterogeneity of TIME in glioma is outlined along with the reciprocal impacts between them. In addition, controversies on whether autophagy behaves cytoprotectively or cytotoxically in cancers are covered. How autophagy collapses from its homeostasis and aids glioma malignancy, which may depend on the cell type and the cellular context such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level, are briefly discussed. The consecutive application of autophagy inducers and inhibitors may improve the drug resistance in glioma after overtreatments. It also highlights that autophagy plays a pivotal part in modulating glioma and the TIME, respectively, and the intricate interactions among them. Specifically, autophagy is manipulated by either glioma or tumor-associated macrophages to conform one side to the other through exosomal microRNAs and thereby adjust the interactions. Given that some of the crosstalk between glioma and the TIME highly depend on the autophagy process or autophagic components, there are interconnections influenced by the status and well-being of cells presumably associated with autophagic flux. By updating the most recent knowledge concerning glioma and the TIME from an autophagic perspective enhances comprehension and inspires more applicable and effective strategies targeting TIME while harnessing autophagy collaboratively against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yubo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuechao Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pu Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chengyuan Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Gern OL, Mulenge F, Pavlou A, Ghita L, Steffen I, Stangel M, Kalinke U. Toll-like Receptors in Viral Encephalitis. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102065. [PMID: 34696494 PMCID: PMC8540543 DOI: 10.3390/v13102065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral encephalitis is a rare but serious syndrome. In addition to DNA-encoded herpes viruses, such as herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus, RNA-encoded viruses from the families of Flaviviridae, Rhabdoviridae and Paramyxoviridae are important neurotropic viruses. Whereas in the periphery, the role of Toll-like receptors (TLR) during immune stimulation is well understood, TLR functions within the CNS are less clear. On one hand, TLRs can affect the physiology of neurons during neuronal progenitor cell differentiation and neurite outgrowth, whereas under conditions of infection, the complex interplay between TLR stimulated neurons, astrocytes and microglia is just on the verge of being understood. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about which TLRs are expressed by cell subsets of the CNS. Furthermore, we specifically highlight functional implications of TLR stimulation in neurons, astrocytes and microglia. After briefly illuminating some examples of viral evasion strategies from TLR signaling, we report on the current knowledge of primary immunodeficiencies in TLR signaling and their consequences for viral encephalitis. Finally, we provide an outlook with examples of TLR agonist mediated intervention strategies and potentiation of vaccine responses against neurotropic virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Luise Gern
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (F.M.); (A.P.); (L.G.); (U.K.)
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Felix Mulenge
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (F.M.); (A.P.); (L.G.); (U.K.)
| | - Andreas Pavlou
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (F.M.); (A.P.); (L.G.); (U.K.)
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Luca Ghita
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (F.M.); (A.P.); (L.G.); (U.K.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Imke Steffen
- Department of Biochemistry and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Martin Stangel
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research (NIBR), 4056 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (F.M.); (A.P.); (L.G.); (U.K.)
- Cluster of Excellence—Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST, EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Bander ED, Rivera M, Cisse B. The Benedict Arnold of the Central Nervous System Tumor Microenvironment? The Role of Microglia/Macrophages in Glioma. World Neurosurg 2021; 154:214-221. [PMID: 34583498 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.06.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The glioma microenvironment is heavily infiltrated by non-neoplastic myeloid cells, including bone marrow-derived macrophages and central nervous system-resident microglia. As opposed to executing the antitumor functions of immune surveillance, antigen presentation, and phagocytosis, these tumor-associated myeloid cells are co-opted to promote an immunosuppressive milieu and support tumor invasion and angiogenesis. This review explores evolving evidence and the research paradigms used to determine the interplay of tumor genetics, immune cell composition, and immune function in gliomas. Understanding these cells and how they are reprogrammed will be instrumental in finding new and effective treatments for these lethal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan D Bander
- Department of Neurosurgery, NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Maricruz Rivera
- Department of Neurosurgery, NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Babacar Cisse
- Department of Neurosurgery, NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
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Rivera M, Bander ED, Cisse B. Perspectives on Microglia-Based Immune Therapies Against Glioblastoma. World Neurosurg 2021; 154:228-231. [PMID: 34583500 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.06.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary tumor of the central nervous system. Despite aggressive multimodal therapy, it has a dismal prognosis. Over the last 20 years, the approach to GBM research and therapy has involved viewing the pathologic condition as a complex organ system with multiple nonneoplastic cells supporting tumor growth directly or through enhancement of the tumor microenvironment. Understanding the immune system effects on glioma growth, invasion, tumor survival, immune suppression, and angiogenesis is critical in immunotherapy target development. In this review, we discuss how the immune system generates a favorable microenvironment, and clinical trials currently underway targeting immune system pathways. Tumor-associated macrophages, particularly the M2 phenotype, are important residents of the tumor microenvironment, promoting tumor growth through paracrine and direct signaling. Clinical trials targeting PD-L-1, CTLA-4, and colony stimulating factor-1 receptor in GBM are currently under investigation. Additionally, several phase I/II clinical trials are underway using vaccines, oncolytic viruses, antibodies, and chimeric antigen receptor T cells targeting glioma cells. Co-opting the immune system as a therapeutic partner against GBM is in early stages of investigation, and the potential use of such approaches as treatment adjuncts is indispensable for combating this highly heterogeneous disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maricruz Rivera
- Department of Neurosurgery, NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Evan D Bander
- Department of Neurosurgery, NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Babacar Cisse
- Department of Neurosurgery, NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
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Wang H, Liu Z, Li A, Wang J, Liu J, Liu B, Lian X, Zhang B, Pang B, Liu L, Gao Y. COL4A1 as a novel oncogene associated with the clinical characteristics of malignancy predicts poor prognosis in glioma. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1224. [PMID: 34539820 PMCID: PMC8438660 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have indicated that collagen α-1 (IV) chain (COL4A1) has an indispensable regulatory role in the complex pathological mechanisms of numerous types of malignant tumor. However, its role in the development of glioma has remained elusive. Therefore, the present study sought to determine the association between the expression levels of COL4A1 and the clinical characteristics of gliomas by analyzing large samples. First, analysis of thousands of glioma tissue samples collected from the Gene expression profiling interactive analysis, Gene Expression Omnibus database, the Ivy glioblastoma atlas, The Human Protein Atlas, Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas and The Cancer Genome Atlas. In addition, glioma tissues and normal brain tissues from patients with glioma and epilepsy undergoing surgical resection were collected. These samples, which were subjected to a variety of different detection techniques (including sequencing data, chip data, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, cell lines and tissue samples, in situ hybridization and immunology) revealed that COL4A1 expression was not only increased at the mRNA level but also at the protein level as compared with that in normal brain tissue. Furthermore, Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that COL4A1 expression was associated with reduced overall survival of patients, particularly those with World Health Organization grade III glioma. Receiver operating characteristic analysis suggested that COL4A1 had a moderate diagnostic value for glioma. In addition, the Mann-Whitney U-test or Kruskal-Wallis test indicated that the expression levels of COL4A1 were positively associated with the histological type and historical grade of the tumor, patient age, ‘Primary, Recurrent, Secondary’ type and the chemotherapy status, and negatively associated with isocitrate dehydrogenase mutation and 1p19q co-deletion (P<0.001). Gene-set enrichment analysis indicated that overexpression of COL4A1 promoted cancer-associated pathways, such as the JAK/STAT signaling pathway and cell cycle regulation. Finally, an MTT assay, immunohistochemical analysis of the cell cycle regulator KI67 and a wound-healing assay further confirmed that knockdown of COL4A1 inhibited the proliferation and migration ability of glioma cells. In conclusion, COL4A1, as a novel oncogene, is a marker for poor prognosis in patients with glioma. The present study expanded the understanding of the pathogenesis of glioma and identified COL4A1 as a potential target for the diagnosis and treatment of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Wang
- Department of Orthopedics and Microbiome Laboratory, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - Zhendong Liu
- Department of Orthopedics and Microbiome Laboratory, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - Ang Li
- Department of Orthopedics and Microbiome Laboratory, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - Jialin Wang
- Department of Orthopedics and Microbiome Laboratory, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - Jiantao Liu
- Department of Orthopedics and Microbiome Laboratory, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - Binfeng Liu
- Department of Orthopedics and Microbiome Laboratory, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Lian
- Department of Orthopedics and Microbiome Laboratory, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics and Microbiome Laboratory, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - Bo Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Liyun Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan 450018, P.R. China
| | - Yanzheng Gao
- Department of Orthopedics and Microbiome Laboratory, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
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Álvaro-Espinosa L, de Pablos-Aragoneses A, Valiente M, Priego N. Brain Microenvironment Heterogeneity: Potential Value for Brain Tumors. Front Oncol 2021; 11:714428. [PMID: 34540682 PMCID: PMC8440906 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.714428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncovering the complexity of the microenvironment that emerges in brain disorders is key to identify potential vulnerabilities that might help challenging diseases affecting this organ. Recently, genomic and proteomic analyses, especially at the single cell level, have reported previously unrecognized diversity within brain cell types. The complexity of the brain microenvironment increases during disease partly due to the immune infiltration from the periphery that contributes to redefine the brain connectome by establishing a new crosstalk with resident brain cell types. Within the rewired brain ecosystem, glial cell subpopulations are emerging hubs modulating the dialogue between the Immune System and the Central Nervous System with important consequences in the progression of brain tumors and other disorders. Single cell technologies are crucial not only to define and track the origin of disease-associated cell types, but also to identify their molecular similarities and differences that might be linked to specific brain injuries. These altered molecular patterns derived from reprogramming the healthy brain into an injured organ, might provide a new generation of therapeutic targets to challenge highly prevalent and lethal brain disorders that remain incurable with unprecedented specificity and limited toxicities. In this perspective, we present the most relevant clinical and pre-clinical work regarding the characterization of the heterogeneity within different components of the microenvironment in the healthy and injured brain with a special interest on single cell analysis. Finally, we discuss how understanding the diversity of the brain microenvironment could be exploited for translational purposes, particularly in primary and secondary tumors affecting the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Neibla Priego
- Brain Metastasis Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
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Timms KP, Maurice SB. Context-dependent bioactivity of versican fragments. Glycobiology 2021; 30:365-373. [PMID: 31651027 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Versican (VCAN) proteolysis and the accumulation of VCAN fragments occur in many developmental and disease processes, affecting extracellular matrix (ECM) structure and cell phenotype. Little is known about the significance of proteolysis and the roles of fragments, or how this ECM remodeling affects the microenvironment and phenotype of diseased cells. G1-DPEAAE fragments promote aspects of epithelial-mesenchymal transitioning in developing and diseased cells, resulting in cell migration. Enhanced proliferation and invasion of tumor and endothelial cells is directly associated with G1 domain deposition and G1-DPEAAE localization respectively. These tumorigenic and angiogenic roles could explain the disease exacerbating effect often associated with G1-containing fragments, however, the pathogenicity of G1 fragments depends entirely upon the context. Overall, VCAN fragments promote tumorigenesis and inflammation; however, the specific cleavage site, the extent of cleavage activity and the microenvironment in which cleavage occurs collectively determine how this pleiotropic molecule and its fragments influence cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Payne Timms
- University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, BC, V2N 4Z9, Canada
| | - Sean Bertram Maurice
- Northern Medical Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Dr. Donald Rix Northern Health Sciences Centre, 3333 University Way, Prince George, BC, V2N 4Z9, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Lin X, Fang Y, Jin X, Zhang M, Shi K. Modulating Repolarization of Tumor-Associated Macrophages with Targeted Therapeutic Nanoparticles as a Potential Strategy for Cancer Therapy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:5871-5896. [PMID: 35006894 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There are always some components in the tumor microenvironment (TME), such as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), that help tumor cells escape the body's immune surveillance. Therefore, this situation can lead to tumor growth, progression, and metastasis, resulting in low response rates for cancer therapy. Macrophages play an important role with strong plasticity and functional diversity. Facing different microenvironmental stimulations, macrophages undergo a dynamic change in phenotype and function into two major macrophage subpopulations, namely classical activation/inflammation (M1) and alternative activation/regeneration (M2) type. Through various signaling pathways, macrophages polarize into complex groups, which can perform different immune functions. In this review, we emphasize the use of nanopreparations for macrophage related immunotherapy based on the pathological knowledge of TAMs phenotype. These macrophages targeted nanoparticles re-edit and re-educate macrophages by attenuating M2 macrophages and reducing aggregation to the TME, thereby relieving or alleviating immunosuppression. Among them, we describe in detail the cellular mechanisms and regulators of several major signaling pathways involved in the plasticity and polarization functions of macrophages. The advantages and challenges of those nanotherapeutics for these pathways have been elucidated, providing the basis and insights for the diagnosis and treatment strategies of various diseases centered on macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 117004, P. R. China
| | - Yan Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 117004, P. R. China
| | - Xuechao Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 117004, P. R. China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 117004, P. R. China
| | - Kai Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, 300350 Tianjin, China
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