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Midgley KA, van den Berg N, Backer R, Swart V. Identification of Phytophthora cinnamomi CRN effectors and their roles in manipulating cell death during Persea americana infection. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:435. [PMID: 38698341 PMCID: PMC11064341 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10358-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi is a devastating plant pathogen with a notably broad host range. It is the causal agent of Phytophthora root rot (PRR), arguably the most economically important yield-limiting disease in Persea americana (avocado). Despite this, our understanding of the mechanisms P. cinnamomi employs to infect and successfully colonize avocado remains limited, particularly regarding the pathogen's ability to maintain its biotrophic and necrotrophic lifestyles during infection. The pathogen utilises a large repertoire of effector proteins which function in facilitating and establishing disease in susceptible host plants. Crinkling and necrosis effectors (CRN/Crinklers) are suspected to manipulate cell death to aid in maintenance of the pathogens biotrophic and necrotrophic lifestyles during different stages of infection. The current study identified 25 P. cinnamomi CRN effectors from the GKB4 genome using an HMM profile and assigned putative function to them as either cell death inducers or suppressors. Function was assigned to 10 PcinCRNs by analysing their RNA-seq expression profiles, relatedness to other functionally characterised Phytophthora CRNs and tertiary protein predictions. The full-length coding sequences for these PcinCRNs were confirmed by Sanger sequencing, six of which were found to have two divergent alleles. The presence of alleles indicates that the proteins encoded may perform contradicting functions in cell death manipulation, or function in different host plant species. Overall, this study provides a foundation for future research on P. cinnamomi infection and cell death manipulation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla A Midgley
- Hans Merensky Chair in Avocado Research, Department of Biochemistry; Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Noëlani van den Berg
- Hans Merensky Chair in Avocado Research, Department of Biochemistry; Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Robert Backer
- Hans Merensky Chair in Avocado Research, Department of Biochemistry; Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Velushka Swart
- Hans Merensky Chair in Avocado Research, Department of Biochemistry; Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa.
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2
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Zhang ZL, Wang XJ, Lu JB, Lu HB, Ye ZX, Xu ZT, Zhang C, Chen JP, Li JM, Zhang CX, Huang HJ. Cross-kingdom RNA interference mediated by insect salivary microRNAs may suppress plant immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2318783121. [PMID: 38588412 PMCID: PMC11032475 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2318783121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Communication between insects and plants relies on the exchange of bioactive molecules that traverse the species interface. Although proteinic effectors have been extensively studied, our knowledge of other molecules involved in this process remains limited. In this study, we investigate the role of salivary microRNAs (miRNAs) from the rice planthopper Nilaparvata lugens in suppressing plant immunity. A total of three miRNAs were confirmed to be secreted into host plants during insect feeding. Notably, the sequence-conserved miR-7-5P is specifically expressed in the salivary glands of N. lugens and is secreted into saliva, distinguishing it significantly from homologues found in other insects. Silencing miR-7-5P negatively affects N. lugens feeding on rice plants, but not on artificial diets. The impaired feeding performance of miR-7-5P-silenced insects can be rescued by transgenic plants overexpressing miR-7-5P. Through target prediction and experimental testing, we demonstrate that miR-7-5P targets multiple plant genes, including the immune-associated bZIP transcription factor 43 (OsbZIP43). Infestation of rice plants by miR-7-5P-silenced insects leads to the increased expression of OsbZIP43, while the presence of miR-7-5P counteracts this upregulation effect. Furthermore, overexpressing OsbZIP43 confers plant resistance against insects which can be subverted by miR-7-5P. Our findings suggest a mechanism by which herbivorous insects have evolved salivary miRNAs to suppress plant immunity, expanding our understanding of cross-kingdom RNA interference between interacting organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Long Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Jia-Bao Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Hai-Bin Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Zhuang-Xin Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Zhong-Tian Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou450002, China
| | - Jian-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Jun-Min Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Chuan-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Hai-Jian Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
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Zhang D, Lin R, Yamamoto N, Wang Z, Lin H, Okada K, Liu Y, Xiang X, Zheng T, Zheng H, Yi X, Noutoshi Y, Zheng A. Mitochondrial-targeting effector RsIA_CtaG/Cox11 in Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA has two functions: plant immunity suppression and cell death induction mediated by a rice cytochrome c oxidase subunit. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13397. [PMID: 37902589 PMCID: PMC10799210 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA causes a necrotrophic rice disease and is a serious threat to rice production. To date, only a few effectors have been characterized in AG-1 IA. We previously identified RsIA_CtaG/Cox11 and showed that infiltration of the recombinant protein into rice leaves caused disease-like symptoms. In the present study, we further characterized the functionality of RsIA_CtaG/Cox11. RsIA_CtaG/Cox11 is an alternative transcript of cytochrome c oxidase copper chaperone Cox11 that starts from the second AUG codon, but contains a functional secretion signal peptide. RNA interference with RsIA_CtaG/Cox11 reduced the pathogenicity of AG-1 IA towards rice and Nicotiana benthamiana without affecting its fitness or mycelial morphology. Transient expression of the RsIA_CtaG/Cox11-GFP fusion protein demonstrated the localization of RsIA_CtaG/Cox11 to mitochondria. Agro-infiltration of RsIA_CtaG/Cox11 into N. benthamiana leaves inhibited cell death by BAX and INF1. In contrast to rice, agro-infiltration of RsIA_CtaG/Cox11 did not induce cell death in N. benthamiana. However, cell death was observed when it was coinfiltrated with Os_CoxVIIa, which encodes a subunit of cytochrome c oxidase. Os_CoxVIIa appeared to interact with RsIA_CtaG/Cox11. The cell death triggered by coexpression of RsIA_CtaG/Cox11 and Os_CoxVIIa is independent of the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases BAK1/SOBIR1 and enhanced the susceptibility of N. benthamiana to AG-1 IA. Two of the three evolutionarily conserved cysteine residues at positions 25 and 126 of RsIA_CtaG/Cox11 were essential for its immunosuppressive activity, but not for cell death induction. This report suggests that RsIA_CtaG/Cox11 appears to have a dual role in immunosuppression and cell death induction during pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaChengduChina
- School of AgronomySichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Runmao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests Ministry of EducationHainan UniversityHaikouChina
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- School of AgronomySichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zhaoyilin Wang
- Rice Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Hui Lin
- School of AgronomySichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Kazunori Okada
- Agro‐Biotechnology Research CenterThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Crop Research InstituteSichuan Academy of Agricultural SciencesChengduChina
| | - Xing Xiang
- School of AgronomySichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Tengda Zheng
- School of AgronomySichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | | | - Xiaoqun Yi
- School of AgronomySichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yoshiteru Noutoshi
- Graduate School of Environmental, Life, and Natural Science and TechnologyOkayama UniversityOkayamaJapan
| | - Aiping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaChengduChina
- School of AgronomySichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
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Ivanov AA, Golubeva TS. Exogenous dsRNA-Induced Silencing of the Phytophthora infestans Elicitin Genes inf1 and inf4 Suppresses Its Pathogenicity on Potato Plants. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1100. [PMID: 37998904 PMCID: PMC10672027 DOI: 10.3390/jof9111100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans, an Oomycete pathogen, has a devastating impact on potato agriculture, leading to the extensive use of chemical fungicides to prevent its outbreaks. Spraying double-stranded RNAs to suppress specific genes of the pathogen via the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway may provide an environmentally friendly alternative to chemicals. However, this novel approach will require various target genes and application strategies to be tested. Using the L4440 backbone, we have designed two plasmids to express dsRNA targeting inf1 and inf4 genes of P. infestans that are known to contribute to the disease development at different stages. The dsRNA produced by the bacteria was tested on potato explants and demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in lesions five days after inoculation compared to water treatment. The study results allow us to consider our approach to be promising for potato late blight control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artemii A. Ivanov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
- Department of Natural Science, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Tatiana S. Golubeva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
- Department of Natural Science, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Backer R, Naidoo S, van den Berg N. The expression of the NPR1-dependent defense response pathway genes in Persea americana (Mill.) following infection with Phytophthora cinnamomi. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:548. [PMID: 37936068 PMCID: PMC10631175 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04541-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
A plant's defense against pathogens involves an extensive set of phytohormone regulated defense signaling pathways. The salicylic acid (SA)-signaling pathway is one of the most well-studied in plant defense. The bulk of SA-related defense gene expression and the subsequent establishment of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is dependent on the nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1). Therefore, understanding the NPR1 pathway and all its associations has the potential to provide valuable insights into defense against pathogens. The causal agent of Phytophthora root rot (PRR), Phytophthora cinnamomi, is of particular importance to the avocado (Persea americana) industry, which encounters considerable economic losses on account of this pathogen each year. Furthermore, P. cinnamomi is a hemibiotrophic pathogen, suggesting that the SA-signaling pathway plays an essential role in the initial defense response. Therefore, the NPR1 pathway which regulates downstream SA-induced gene expression would be instrumental in defense against P. cinnamomi. Thus, we identified 92 NPR1 pathway-associated orthologs from the P. americana West Indian pure accession genome and interrogated their expression following P. cinnamomi inoculation, using RNA-sequencing data. In total, 64 and 51 NPR1 pathway-associated genes were temporally regulated in the partially resistant (Dusa®) and susceptible (R0.12) P. americana rootstocks, respectively. Furthermore, 42 NPR1 pathway-associated genes were differentially regulated when comparing Dusa® to R0.12. Although this study suggests that SAR was established successfully in both rootstocks, the evidence presented indicated that Dusa® suppressed SA-signaling more effectively following the induction of SAR. Additionally, contrary to Dusa®, data from R0.12 suggested a substantial lack of SA- and NPR1-related defense gene expression during some of the earliest time-points following P. cinnamomi inoculation. This study represents the most comprehensive investigation of the SA-induced, NPR1-dependent pathway in P. americana to date. Lastly, this work provides novel insights into the likely mechanisms governing P. cinnamomi resistance in P. americana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Backer
- Hans Merensky Chair in Avocado Research, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sanushka Naidoo
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Noëlani van den Berg
- Hans Merensky Chair in Avocado Research, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
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6
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Sabnam N, Hussain A, Saha P. The secret password: Cell death-inducing proteins in filamentous phytopathogens - As versatile tools to develop disease-resistant crops. Microb Pathog 2023; 183:106276. [PMID: 37541554 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell death-inducing proteins (CDIPs) are some of the secreted effector proteins manifested by filamentous oomycetes and fungal pathogens to invade the plant tissue and facilitate infection. Along with their involvement in different developmental processes and virulence, CDIPs play a crucial role in plant-pathogen interactions. As the name implies, CDIPs cause necrosis and trigger localised cell death in the infected host tissues by the accumulation of higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), oxidative burst, accumulation of nitric oxide (NO), and electrolyte leakage. They also stimulate the biosynthesis of defense-related phytohormones such as salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA), and ethylene (ET), as well as the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes that are important in disease resistance. Altogether, the interactions result in the hypersensitive response (HR) in the host plant, which might confer systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in some cases against a vast array of related and unrelated pathogens. The CDIPs, due to their capability of inducing host resistance, are thus unique among the array of proteins secreted by filamentous plant pathogens. More interestingly, a few transgenic plant lines have also been developed expressing the CDIPs with added resistance. Thus, CDIPs have opened an interesting hot area of research. The present study critically reviews the current knowledge of major types of CDIPs identified across filamentous phytopathogens and their modes of action in the last couple of years. This review also highlights the recent breakthrough technologies in studying plant-pathogen interactions as well as crop improvement by enhancing disease resistance through CDIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazmiara Sabnam
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India.
| | - Afzal Hussain
- Department of Bioinformatics, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India
| | - Pallabi Saha
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, 55108, United States; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
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Lee S, Kim J, Kim MS, Min CW, Kim ST, Choi SB, Lee JH, Choi D. The Phytophthora nucleolar effector Pi23226 targets host ribosome biogenesis to induce necrotrophic cell death. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100606. [PMID: 37087572 PMCID: PMC10504586 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen effectors target diverse subcellular organelles to manipulate the plant immune system. Although the nucleolus has emerged as a stress marker and several effectors are localized in the nucleolus, the roles of nucleolar-targeted effectors remain elusive. In this study, we showed that Phytophthora infestans infection of Nicotiana benthamiana results in nucleolar inflation during the transition from the biotrophic to the necrotrophic phase. Multiple P. infestans effectors were localized in the nucleolus: Pi23226 induced cell death in N. benthamiana and nucleolar inflation similar to that observed in the necrotrophic stage of infection, whereas its homolog Pi23015 and a deletion mutant (Pi23226ΔC) did not induce cell death or affect nucleolar size. RNA immunoprecipitation and individual-nucleotide-resolution UV crosslinking and immunoprecipitation sequencing analysis indicated that Pi23226 bound to the 3' end of 25S rRNA precursors, resulting in accumulation of unprocessed 27S pre-rRNAs. The nucleolar stress marker NAC082 was strongly upregulated under Pi23226-expressing conditions. Pi23226 subsequently inhibited global protein translation in host cells by interacting with ribosomes. Pi23226 enhanced P. infestans pathogenicity, indicating that Pi23226-induced ribosome malfunction and cell death were beneficial for pathogenesis in the host. Our results provide evidence for the molecular mechanism underlying RNA-binding effector activity in host ribosome biogenesis and lead to new insights into the nucleolar action of effectors in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soeui Lee
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Shin Kim
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Programs in Agricultural Genomics, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Division of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, Yongin 449-728, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Woo Min
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Tae Kim
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Bong Choi
- Division of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, Yongin 449-728, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hyun Lee
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Doil Choi
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Song W, Yin Z, Lu X, Shen D, Dou D. Plant secondary metabolite citral interferes with Phytophthora capsici virulence by manipulating the expression of effector genes. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:932-946. [PMID: 37092279 PMCID: PMC10346372 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora capsici is a notorious pathogen that infects various economically important plants and causes serious threats to agriculture worldwide. Plants deploy a variety of plant secondary metabolites to fend off pathogen attacks, but the molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. In this study, we screened 11 plant secondary metabolites to evaluate their biofumigation effects against P. capsici, and found that citral, carvacrol, and trans-2-decenal exhibited strong antimicrobial effects. Intriguingly, a low concentration of citral was effective in restricting P. capsici infection in Nicotiana benthamiana, but it was unable to inhibit the mycelial growth. A high concentration of citral affected the mycelial growth and morphology, zoospore germination, and cell membrane permeability of P. capsici. Further investigations showed that citral did not induce expression of tested plant immunity-related genes and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, suggesting that a low concentration of citral could not trigger plant immunity. Moreover, RNA-Seq analysis showed that citral treatment regulated the expression of some P. capsici effector genes such as RxLR genes and P. cactorum-fragaria (PCF)/small cysteine-rich (SCR)74-like genes during the infection process, which was also verified by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR assay. Five candidate effector genes suppressed by citral significantly facilitated P. capsici infection in N. benthamiana or inhibited ROS triggered by flg22, suggesting that they were virulence factors of P. capsici. Together, our results revealed that plant-derived citral exhibited excellent inhibitory efficacy against P. capsici by suppressing vegetative growth and manipulating expression of effector genes, which provides a promising application of citral for controlling Phytophthora blight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Song
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zhiyuan Yin
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xinyu Lu
- Institute of BotanyJiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Danyu Shen
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Daolong Dou
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
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Liu D, Lun Z, Liu N, Yuan G, Wang X, Li S, Peng YL, Lu X. Identification and Characterization of Novel Candidate Effector Proteins from Magnaporthe oryzae. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050574. [PMID: 37233285 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae secretes a large number of effector proteins to facilitate infection, most of which are not functionally characterized. We selected potential candidate effector genes from the genome of M. oryzae, field isolate P131, and cloned 69 putative effector genes for functional screening. Utilizing a rice protoplast transient expression system, we identified that four candidate effector genes, GAS1, BAS2, MoCEP1 and MoCEP2 induced cell death in rice. In particular, MoCEP2 also induced cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves through Agrobacteria-mediated transient gene expression. We further identified that six candidate effector genes, MoCEP3 to MoCEP8, suppress flg22-induced ROS burst in N. benthamiana leaves upon transient expression. These effector genes were highly expressed at a different stage after M. oryzae infection. We successfully knocked out five genes in M. oryzae, MoCEP1, MoCEP2, MoCEP3, MoCEP5 and MoCEP7. The virulence tests suggested that the deletion mutants of MoCEP2, MoCEP3 and MoCEP5 showed reduced virulence on rice and barley plants. Therefore, those genes play an important role in pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Liu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiqin Lun
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ning Liu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guixin Yuan
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xingbin Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - You-Liang Peng
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xunli Lu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Gu B, Gao W, Liu Z, Shao G, Peng Q, Mu Y, Wang Q, Zhao H, Miao J, Liu X. A single region of the Phytophthora infestans avirulence effector Avr3b functions in both cell death induction and plant immunity suppression. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:317-330. [PMID: 36696541 PMCID: PMC10013827 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As a destructive plant pathogen, Phytophthora infestans secretes diverse host-entering RxLR effectors to facilitate infection. One critical RxLR effector, PiAvr3b, not only induces effector-triggered immunity (ETI), which is associated with the potato resistance protein StR3b, but also suppresses pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI). To date, the molecular basis underlying such dual activities remains unknown. Based on phylogenetic analysis of global P. infestans isolates, we found two PiAvr3b isoforms that differ by three amino acids. Despite this sequence variation, the two isoforms retain the same properties in activating the StR3b-mediated hypersensitive response (HR) and inhibiting necrosis induced by three PAMPs (PiNpp, PiINF1, and PsXeg1) and an RxLR effector (Pi10232). Using a combined mutagenesis approach, we found that the dual activities of PiAvr3b were tightly linked and determined by 88 amino acids at the C-terminus. We further determined that either the W60 or the E134 residue of PiAvr3b was essential for triggering StR3b-associated HR and inhibiting PiNpp- and Pi10232-associated necrosis, while the S99 residue partially contributed to PTI suppression. Additionally, nuclear localization of PiAvr3b was required to stimulate HR and suppress PTI, but not to inhibit Pi10232-associated cell death. Our study revealed that PiAvr3b suppresses the plant immune response at different subcellular locations and provides an example in which a single amino acid of an RxLR effector links ETI induction and cell death suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Wenxin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Zeqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Guangda Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Qin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Yinyu Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Qinhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Hua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Jianqiang Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Xili Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
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11
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Duan H, Moresco P, Champouret N. Characterization of host-effector transcription dynamics during pathogen infection in engineered late blight resistant potato. Transgenic Res 2023; 32:95-107. [PMID: 36870023 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-023-00340-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans, the etiologic agent of late blight, is a threat to potato production in areas with high humidity during the growing season. The oomycete pathogen is hemi-biotrophic, it establishes infection on living plant cells and then spreads, kills, and feeds off the necrotized plant tissue material. The interaction between host and pathogen is complex with dynamic pathogen RXLR effectors and potato NB-LRR resistance proteins actively competing for dominance and survival. Late blight protection was brought to several cultivars of potato through insertion of the wild potato (Solanum venturii) NB-LRR resistance gene Rpi-vnt1.1. We have established that the late blight protection trait, mediated by Rpi-vnt1.1, is effective despite low expression of RNA. The RNA expression dynamics of Rpi-vnt1.1 and the cognate pathogen RXLR effector, Avr-vnt1, were evaluated following spray inoculation with up to five different contemporary late blight isolates from North America and South America. Following inoculations, RXLR effector transcript profiles provided insight into interaction compatibility in relation to markers of the late blight hemi-biotrophic lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Duan
- Simplot Plant Sciences, J. R. Simplot Company, Boise, ID, 83706, USA.
- Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (BARC)-West, USDA-ARS, U.S. National Arboretum, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Paul Moresco
- Simplot Plant Sciences, J. R. Simplot Company, Boise, ID, 83706, USA
- , Chicago, IL, 60610, USA
| | - Nicolas Champouret
- Simplot Plant Sciences, J. R. Simplot Company, Boise, ID, 83706, USA
- , Naperville, IL, 60540, USA
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12
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Kadiri M, Sevugapperumal N, Nallusamy S, Ragunathan J, Ganesan MV, Alfarraj S, Ansari MJ, Sayyed RZ, Lim HR, Show PL. Pan-genome analysis and molecular docking unveil the biocontrol potential of Bacillus velezensis VB7 against Phytophthora infestans. Microbiol Res 2023; 268:127277. [PMID: 36577205 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Management of late blight of potato incited by Phytophthora infestans remains a major challenge. Coevolution of pathogen with resistant strains and the rise of fungicide resistance have made it more challenging to prevent the spread of P. infestans. Here, the anti-oomycete potential of Bacillus velezensis VB7 against P. infestans through pan-genome analysis and molecular docking were explored. The Biocontrol potential of VB7 against P. infestans was assessed using a confrontational assay. The biomolecules from the inhibition zone were identified and subjected to in silico analysis against P. infestans target proteins. Nucleotide sequences for 54 B. velezensis strains from different geographical locations were used for pan-genome analysis. The confrontational assay revealed the anti-oomycetes potential of VB7 against P. infestans. Molecular docking confirmed that the penicillamine disulfide had the maximum binding energy with eight effector proteins of P. infestans. Besides, scanning electron microscopic observations of P. infestans interaction with VB7 revealed structural changes in hypha and sporangia. Pan-genome analysis between 54 strains of B. velezensis confirmed that the core genome had 2226 genes, and it has an open pan-genome. The present study confirmed the anti-oomycete potential of B. velezensis VB7 against P. infestans and paved the way to explore the genetic potential of VB7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Kadiri
- Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India
| | - Nakkeeran Sevugapperumal
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India.
| | - Saranya Nallusamy
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India
| | - Janani Ragunathan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India
| | - Malathi Varagur Ganesan
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Saleh Alfarraj
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad Javed Ansari
- Department of Botany, Hindu College, Moradabad (Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University Bareilly), 244001, India.
| | - R Z Sayyed
- Asian PGPR Society, Department of Entomology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
| | - Hooi Ren Lim
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, Malaysia, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, Malaysia, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Department of Sustainable Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, India 602105.
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13
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Hipsch M, Michael Y, Lampl N, Sapir O, Cohen Y, Helman D, Rosenwasser S. Early detection of late blight in potato by whole-plant redox imaging. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:649-664. [PMID: 36534114 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Late blight caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans is a most devastating disease of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum). Its early detection is crucial for suppressing disease spread. Necrotic lesions are normally seen in leaves at 4 days post-inoculation (dpi) when colonized cells are dead, but early detection of the initial biotrophic growth stage, when the pathogen feeds on living cells, is challenging. Here, the biotrophic growth phase of P. infestans was detected by whole-plant redox imaging of potato plants expressing chloroplast-targeted reduction-oxidation sensitive green fluorescent protein (chl-roGFP2). Clear spots on potato leaves with a lower chl-roGFP2 oxidation state were detected as early as 2 dpi, before any visual symptoms were recorded. These spots were particularly evident during light-to-dark transitions, and reflected the mislocalization of chl-roGFP2 outside the chloroplasts. Image analysis based on machine learning enabled systematic identification and quantification of spots, and unbiased classification of infected and uninfected leaves in inoculated plants. Comparing redox with chlorophyll fluorescence imaging showed that infected leaf areas that exhibit mislocalized chl-roGFP2 also showed reduced non-photochemical quenching and enhanced quantum PSII yield (ΦPSII) compared with the surrounding leaf areas. The data suggest that mislocalization of chloroplast-targeted proteins is an efficient marker of late blight infection, and demonstrate how it can be utilized for non-destructive monitoring of the disease biotrophic stage using whole-plant redox imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matanel Hipsch
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610000, Israel
| | - Yaron Michael
- Department of Soil & Water Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Nardy Lampl
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610000, Israel
| | - Omer Sapir
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610000, Israel
| | - Yigal Cohen
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290000, Israel
| | - David Helman
- Department of Soil & Water Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
- The Advanced School for Environmental Studies, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shilo Rosenwasser
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610000, Israel
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14
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Yang K, Wang Y, Li J, Du Y, Zhai Y, Liang D, Shen D, Ji R, Ren X, Peng H, Jing M, Dou D. The Pythium periplocum elicitin PpEli2 confers broad-spectrum disease resistance by triggering a novel receptor-dependent immune pathway in plants. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhac255. [PMID: 37533673 PMCID: PMC10390855 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Elicitins are microbe-associated molecular patterns produced by oomycetes to elicit plant defense. It is still unclear whether elicitins derived from non-pathogenic oomycetes can be used as bioactive molecules for disease control. Here, for the first time we identify and characterize an elicitin named PpEli2 from the soil-borne oomycete Pythium periplocum, which is a non-pathogenic mycoparasite colonizing the root ecosystem of diverse plant species. Perceived by a novel cell surface receptor-like protein, REli, that is conserved in various plants (e.g. tomato, pepper, soybean), PpEli2 can induce hypersensitive response cell death and an immunity response in Nicotiana benthamiana. Meanwhile, PpEli2 enhances the interaction between REli and its co-receptor BAK1. The receptor-dependent immune response triggered by PpEli2 is able to protect various plant species against Phytophthora and fungal infections. Collectively, our work reveals the potential agricultural application of non-pathogenic elicitins and their receptors in conferring broad-spectrum resistance for plant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jialu Li
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yaxin Du
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ying Zhai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Dong Liang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Danyu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Rui Ji
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xuexiang Ren
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Products Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | | | - Daolong Dou
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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15
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Cui JR, Bing XL, Tang YJ, Liu F, Ren L, Zhou JY, Liu HH, Wang MK, Hoffmann AA, Hong XY. A conserved protein disulfide isomerase enhances plant resistance against herbivores. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:660-678. [PMID: 36269175 PMCID: PMC9806597 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Herbivore-associated molecular patterns (HAMPs) enable plants to recognize herbivores and may help plants adjust their defense responses. Here, we report on herbivore-induced changes in a protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) widely distributed across arthropods. PDI from the spider mite Tetranychus evansi (TePDI), a mesophyll-feeding agricultural pest worldwide, triggered immunity in multiple Solanaceae plants. TePDI-mediated cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana required the plant signaling proteins SGT1 (suppressor of the G2 allele of skp1) and HSP90 (heat shock protein 90), but was suppressed by spider mite effectors Te28 and Te84. Moreover, PDIs from phylogenetically distinct herbivorous and nonherbivorous arthropods triggered plant immunity. Finally, although PDI-induced plant defenses impaired the performance of spider mites on plants, RNAi experiments revealed that PDI genes are essential for the survival of mites and whiteflies. Our findings indicate that plants recognize evolutionarily conserved HAMPs to activate plant defense and resist pest damage, pointing to opportunities for broad-spectrum pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Rong Cui
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Xiao-Li Bing
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yi-Jing Tang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Fan Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Lu Ren
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Jia-Yi Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Huan-Huan Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Meng-Ke Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Xiao-Yue Hong
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
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16
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Xiang J, Cheng J, Wei L, Li M, Wu J. Functional analysis of the Nep1-like proteins from Plasmopara viticola. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2000791. [PMID: 35152834 PMCID: PMC9176246 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.2000791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Necrosis and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1) -like proteins (NLP) are secreted by multiple taxonomically unrelated plant pathogens (bacteria, fungi, and oomycete) and are best known for inducing cell death and immune responses in dicotyledonous plants. A group of putative NLP genes from obligate biotrophic oomycete Plasmopara viticola were predicted by RNA-Seq in our previous study, but their activity has not been established. Therefore, we analyzed the P. viticola NLP (PvNLP) family and identified seven PvNLP genes. They all belong to type 1 NLP genes and form a P. viticola-specific cluster when compared with other pathogen NLP genes. The expression of PvNLPs was induced during early infection process and the expression patterns could be categorized into two groups. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient expression assays revealed that only PvNLP7 was cytotoxic and could induce Phytophthora capsici resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana. Functional analysis showed that PvNLP4, PvNLP5, PvNLP7, and PvNLP10 significantly improved disease resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana to Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. Moreover, the four genes caused an inhibition of plant growth which is typically associated with enhanced immunity when over-expressed in Arabidopsis. Further research found that PvNLP7 could activate the expression of defense-related genes and its conserved NPP1 domain was critical for cell death- and immunity-inducing activity. This record of NLP genes from P. viticola showed a functional diversification, laying a foundation for further study on pathogenic mechanism of the devastating pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Xiang
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhui Cheng
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingzhu Wei
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingshan Li
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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17
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Yang K, Wang Y, Zhao H, Shen D, Dou D, Jing M. Novel EIicitin from Pythium oligandrum Confers Disease Resistance against Phytophthora capsici in Solanaceae Plants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:16135-16145. [PMID: 36528808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The mycoparasite Pythium oligandrum is a nonpathogenic oomycete that can boost plant immune responses. Elicitins are microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) specifically produced by oomycetes that activate plant defense. Here, we identified a novel elicitin, PoEli8, from P. oligandrum that exhibits immunity-inducing activity in plants. In vitro-purified PoEli8 induced strong innate immune responses and enhanced resistance to the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora capsici in Solanaceae plants, including Nicotiana benthamiana, tomato, and pepper. Cell death and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation triggered by the PoEli8 protein were dependent on the plant coreceptors receptor-like kinases (RLKs) BAK1 and SOBIR1. Furthermore, REli from N. benthamiana, a cell surface receptor-like protein (RLP) was implicated in the perception of PoEli8 in N. benthamiana. These results indicate the potential value of PoEli8 as a bioactive formula to protect Solanaceae plants against Phytophthora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hanqing Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Danyu Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Maofeng Jing
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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18
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Wang Y, Liu C, Du Y, Cai K, Wang Y, Guo J, Bai X, Kang Z, Guo J. A stripe rust fungal effector PstSIE1 targets TaSGT1 to facilitate pathogen infection. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:1413-1428. [PMID: 36308427 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), the causal agent of stripe rust, is a destructive pathogen of Triticum aestivum (wheat), threatening wheat production worldwide. Pst delivers hundreds of effectors to manipulate processes in its hosts during infection. The SGT1 (suppressor of the G2 allele of skp1), RAR1 (required for Mla12 resistance) and HSP90 (heat-shock protein 90) proteins form a chaperone complex that acts as a core modulator in plant immunity. However, little is known about how Pst effectors target this immune component to suppress plant immunity. Here, we identified a Pst effector PstSIE1 that interacts with TaSGT1 in wheat and is upregulated during the early infection stage. Transient expression of PstSIE1 suppressed cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana induced by VmE02 and PcNLP2. Transgenic expression of PstSIE1-RNAi constructs in wheat significantly reduced the virulence of Pst. Overexpression of PstSIE1 in wheat increased the number of rust pustules and reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), indicating that PstSIE1 functions as an important pathogenicity factor in Pst. PstSIE1 was found to compete with TaRAR1 to bind TaSGT1, thus disrupting the formation of the TaRAR1-TaSGT1 subcomplex. Taken together, PstSIE1 is an important Pst effector targeting the immune component TaSGT1 and involved in suppressing wheat defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Cong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yuanyuan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Kunyan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yanfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xingxuan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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19
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Zhou Z, Yang X, Wu C, Chen Z, Dai T. Whole-Genome Sequence Resource of Phytophthora pini, the Causal Pathogen of Foliage Blight and Shoot Dieback of Rhododendron pulchrum. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:944-948. [PMID: 36074693 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-22-0106-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Zhou
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Plant and Pest Diagnostic Clinic, Department of Plant Industry, Clemson University, Pendleton, SC, U.S.A
| | - Cuiping Wu
- Animal, Plant and Food Inspection Center, Nanjing Customs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenpeng Chen
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Dai
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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20
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Yang G, Yang J, Zhang Q, Wang W, Feng L, Zhao L, An B, Wang Q, He C, Luo H. The Effector Protein CgNLP1 of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Affects Invasion and Disrupts Nuclear Localization of Necrosis-Induced Transcription Factor HbMYB8-Like to Suppress Plant Defense Signaling. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:911479. [PMID: 35770165 PMCID: PMC9234567 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.911479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi secrete numerous effectors to modulate host defense systems. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which fungal effectors regulate plant defense is of great importance for the development of novel strategies for disease control. In this study, we identified necrosis- and ethylene-inducing protein 1 (Nep1)-like protein (NLP) effector gene, CgNLP1, which contributed to conidial germination, appressorium formation, invasive growth, and virulence of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides to the rubber tree. Transient expression of CgNLP1 in the leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana induced ethylene production in plants. Ectopic expression of CgNLP1 in Arabidopsis significantly enhanced the resistance to Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria brassicicola. An R2R3 type transcription factor HbMYB8-like of rubber tree was identified as the target of CgNLP1.HbMYB8-like, localized on the nucleus, and induced cell death in N. benthamiana. CgNLP1 disrupted nuclear accumulation of HbMYB8-like and suppressed HbMYB8-like induced cell death, which is mediated by the salicylic acid (SA) signal pathway. This study suggested a new strategy whereby C. gloeosporioides exploited the CgNLP1 effector to affect invasion and suppress a host defense regulator HbMYB8-like to facilitate infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyong Yang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Qiwei Zhang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Wenfeng Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Liping Feng
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Bang An
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Qiannan Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Chaozu He
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Hongli Luo
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
- *Correspondence: Hongli Luo
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21
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Midgley KA, van den Berg N, Swart V. Unraveling Plant Cell Death during Phytophthora Infection. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061139. [PMID: 35744657 PMCID: PMC9229607 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oomycetes form a distinct phylogenetic lineage of fungus-like eukaryotic microorganisms, of which several hundred organisms are considered among the most devastating plant pathogens—especially members of the genus Phytophthora. Phytophthora spp. have a large repertoire of effectors that aid in eliciting a susceptible response in host plants. What is of increasing interest is the involvement of Phytophthora effectors in regulating programed cell death (PCD)—in particular, the hypersensitive response. There have been numerous functional characterization studies, which demonstrate Phytophthora effectors either inducing or suppressing host cell death, which may play a crucial role in Phytophthora’s ability to regulate their hemi-biotrophic lifestyle. Despite several advances in techniques used to identify and characterize Phytophthora effectors, knowledge is still lacking for some important species, including Phytophthora cinnamomi. This review discusses what the term PCD means and the gap in knowledge between pathogenic and developmental forms of PCD in plants. We also discuss the role cell death plays in the virulence of Phytophthora spp. and the effectors that have so far been identified as playing a role in cell death manipulation. Finally, we touch on the different techniques available to study effector functions, such as cell death induction/suppression.
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22
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Yang K, Chen C, Wang Y, Li J, Dong X, Cheng Y, Zhang H, Zhai Y, Ai G, Song Q, Wang B, Liu W, Yin Z, Peng H, Shen D, Fang S, Dou D, Jing M. Nep1-Like Proteins From the Biocontrol Agent Pythium oligandrum Enhance Plant Disease Resistance Independent of Cell Death and Reactive Oxygen Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:830636. [PMID: 35310640 PMCID: PMC8931738 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.830636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Microbial necrosis and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1)-like proteins (NLPs) act as cytolytic toxins and immunogenic patterns in plants. Our previous work shows that cytolytic NLPs (i.e., PyolNLP5 and PyolNLP7) from the biocontrol agent Pythium oligandrum enhance plant resistance against Phytophthora pathogens by inducing the expression of plant defensins. However, the relevance between PyolNLP-induced necrosis and plant resistance activation is still unclear. Here, we find that the necrosis-inducing activity of PyolNLP5 requires amino acid residues D127 and E129 within the conserved "GHRHDLE" motif. However, PyolNLP5-mediated plant disease resistance is irrelevant to its necrosis-inducing activity and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, we reveal the positive role of non-cytotoxic PyolNLPs in enhancing plant resistance against Phytophthora pathogens and the fugal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Similarly, non-cytotoxic PyolNLPs also activate plant defense in a cell death-independent manner and induce defensin expression. The functions of non-cytotoxic PyolNLP13/14 rely on their conserved nlp24-like peptide pattern. Synthetic Pyolnlp24s derived from both cytotoxic and non-cytotoxic PyolNLPs can induce plant defensin expression. Unlike classic nlp24, Pyolnlp24s lack the ability of inducing ROS burst in plants with the presence of Arabidopsis nlp24 receptor RLP23. Taken together, our work demonstrates that PyolNLPs enhance plant resistance in an RLP23-independent manner, which requires the conserved nlp24-like peptide pattern but is uncoupled with ROS burst and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, China
| | - Jialu Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohua Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Cheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, China
| | - Huanxin Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Zhai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Gan Ai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, China
| | | | | | - Wentao Liu
- Shandong Linyi Tobacco Co., Ltd., Linyi, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yin
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Danyu Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, China
| | - Song Fang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, China
| | - Maofeng Jing
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, China
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Zhu W, Yu M, Xu R, Bi K, Yu S, Xiong C, Liu Z, Sharon A, Jiang D, Wu M, Gu Q, Gong L, Chen W, Wei W. Botrytis cinerea BcSSP2 protein is a late infection phase, cytotoxic effector. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:3420-3435. [PMID: 35170184 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a broad-host-range necrotrophic phytopathogen responsible for serious diseases in leading crops. To facilitate infection, B. cinerea secretes a large number of effectors that induce plant cell death. In screening secretome data of B. cinerea during infection stage, we identified a phytotoxic protein (BcSSP2) that can also induce immune resistance in plants. BcSSP2 is a small, cysteine-rich protein without any known domains. Transient expression of BcSSP2 in leaves caused chlorosis that intensifies with time and eventually leads to death. Point mutations in eight of 10 cysteine residues abolished phytotoxicity, but residual toxic activity remained after heating treatment, suggesting contribution of unknown epitopes to protein phytotoxicity. The expression of bcssp2 was low during the first 36 h after inoculation and increased sharply upon transition to late infection stage. Deletion of bcssp2 did not cause statistically significant changes in lesions size on bean and tobacco leaves. Further analyses indicated that the phytotoxicity of BcSSP2 is negatively regulated by the receptor-like kinases BAK1 and SOBIR1. Collectively, our findings show that BcSSP2 is an effector protein that toxifies the host cells, but is also recognized by the plant immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zhu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430023, China
| | - Mengxue Yu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430023, China
| | - Ran Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430023, China
| | - Kai Bi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430023, China
| | - Shuang Yu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430023, China
| | - Chao Xiong
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430023, China
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430023, China
| | - Amir Sharon
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Mingde Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Qiongnan Gu
- Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Fertilizer, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430064, China
| | - Ling Gong
- Pharmacy Faculty, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, China
| | - Weidong Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology/United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Plant Pathology/United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
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24
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Wen D, Yu L, Xiong D, Tian C. Genome-Wide Identification of bZIP Transcription Factor Genes and Functional Analyses of Two Members in Cytospora chrysosperma. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 8:jof8010034. [PMID: 35049973 PMCID: PMC8778692 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor (TF) family, one of the largest and the most diverse TF families, is widely distributed across the eukaryotes. It has been described that the bZIP TFs play diverse roles in development, nutrient utilization, and various stress responses in fungi. However, little is known of the bZIP members in Cytospora chrysosperma, a notorious plant pathogenic fungus, which causes canker disease on over 80 woody plant species. In this study, 26 bZIP genes were systematically identified in the genome of C. chrysosperma, and two of them (named CcbZIP05 and CcbZIP23) significantly down-regulated in CcPmk1 deletion mutant (a pathogenicity-related mitogen-activated protein kinase) were selected for further analysis. Deletion of CcbZIP05 or CcbZIP23 displayed a dramatic reduction in fungal growth but showed increased hypha branching and resistance to cell wall inhibitors and abiotic stresses. The CcbZIP05 deletion mutants but not CcbZIP23 deletion mutants were more sensitive to the hydrogen peroxide compared to the wild-type and complemented strains. Additionally, the CcbZIP23 deletion mutants produced few pycnidia but more pigment. Remarkably, both CcbZIP05 and CcbZIP23 deletion mutants were significantly reduced in fungal virulence. Further analysis showed that CcbZIP05 and CcbZIP23 could regulate the expression of putative effector genes and chitin synthesis-related genes. Taken together, our results suggest that CcbZIP05 and CcbZIP23 play important roles in fungal growth, abiotic stresses response, and pathogenicity, which will provide comprehensive information on the CcbZIP genes and lay the foundation for further research on the bZIP members in C. chrysosperma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasen Wen
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (D.W.); (L.Y.)
| | - Lu Yu
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (D.W.); (L.Y.)
| | - Dianguang Xiong
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (D.W.); (L.Y.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence: (D.X.); (C.T.)
| | - Chengming Tian
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (D.W.); (L.Y.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence: (D.X.); (C.T.)
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25
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Zhang R, Isozumi N, Mori M, Okuta R, Singkaravanit-Ogawa S, Imamura T, Kurita JI, Gan P, Shirasu K, Ohki S, Takano Y. Fungal effector SIB1 of Colletotrichum orbiculare has unique structural features and can suppress plant immunity in Nicotiana benthamiana. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101370. [PMID: 34756891 PMCID: PMC8633582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal plant pathogens secrete virulence-related proteins, called effectors, to establish host infection; however, the details are not fully understood yet. Functional screening of effector candidates using Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression assay in Nicotiana benthamiana identified two virulence-related effectors, named SIB1 and SIB2 (Suppression of Immunity in N. benthamiana), of an anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum orbiculare, which infects both cucurbits and N. benthamiana. The Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression of SIB1 or SIB2 increased the susceptibility of N. benthamiana to C. orbiculare, which suggested these effectors can suppress immune responses in N. benthamiana. The presence of SIB1 and SIB2 homologs was found to be limited to the genus Colletotrichum. SIB1 suppressed both (i) the generation of reactive oxygen species triggered by two different pathogen-associated molecular patterns, chitin and flg22, and (ii) the cell death response triggered by the Phytophthora infestans INF1 elicitin in N. benthamiana. We determined the NMR-based structure of SIB1 to obtain its structural insights. The three-dimensional structure of SIB1 comprises five β-strands, each containing three disulfide bonds. The overall conformation was found to be a cylindrical shape, such as the well-known antiparallel β-barrel structure. However, the β-strands were found to display a unique topology, one pair of these β-strands formed a parallel β-sheet. These results suggest that the effector SIB1 present in Colletotrichum fungi has unique structural features and can suppress pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity in N. benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Zhang
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Isozumi
- Center for Nano Materials and Technology (CNMT), Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Masashi Mori
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa, Japan.
| | - Ryuta Okuta
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Tomohiro Imamura
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Kurita
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Pamela Gan
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ken Shirasu
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shinya Ohki
- Center for Nano Materials and Technology (CNMT), Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), Ishikawa, Japan.
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26
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Chen JB, Bao SW, Fang YL, Wei LY, Zhu WS, Peng YL, Fan J. An LRR-only protein promotes NLP-triggered cell death and disease susceptibility by facilitating oligomerization of NLP in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:1808-1822. [PMID: 34403491 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Necrosis- and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1)-like proteins (NLPs) constitute a superfamily of proteins toxic to dicot plants, but the molecular basis of this toxicity remains obscure. Using quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis we investigated the genetic variation underlying ion leakage in Arabidopsis plants elicited with MoNLP1 derived from Magnaporthe oryzae. The QTL conditioning MoNLP1 toxicity was positionally cloned and further characterized to elucidate its mode of action. MoNLP1-triggered cell death varied significantly across > 250 Arabidopsis accessions and three QTLs were identified conferring the observed variation. The QTL on chromosome 4 was uncovered to encode a leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-only protein designated as NTCD4, which shares high sequence identity with a set of nucleotide-binding LRR proteins. NTCD4 was secreted into the apoplast and physically interacted with multiple NLPs. Apoplastic NTCD4 facilitated the oligomerization of NLP, which was closely associated with toxicity in planta. The natural genetic variation causing D3N change in NTCD4 reduced the secretion efficiency of NTCD4 and the infection of Botrytis cinerea on Arabidopsis plants. These observations demonstrate that the plant-derived NTCD4 is recruited by NLPs to promote toxicity via facilitating their oligomerization, which extends our understanding of a key step in the toxic mode of action of NLPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Bin Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Wen Bao
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Li Fang
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Lu-Yang Wei
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Wang-Sheng Zhu
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - You-Liang Peng
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
- Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
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27
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Liu J, Nie J, Chang Y, Huang L. Nep1-like Proteins from Valsa mali Differentially Regulate Pathogen Virulence and Response to Abiotic Stresses. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:830. [PMID: 34682251 PMCID: PMC8539816 DOI: 10.3390/jof7100830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrosis and ethylene-inducing peptide 1(Nep1)-like protein (NLP) is well known for its cytotoxicity and immunogenicity on dicotyledonous, and it has attracted large attention due to its gene expansion and functional diversification in numerous phytopathogens. Here, two NLP family proteins, VmNLP1 and VmNLP2, were identified in the pathogenic fungus Valsa mali. We showed that VmNLP2 but not VmNLP1 induced cell death when transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. VmNLP2 was also shown to induce cell death in apple leaves via the treatment of the Escherichia coli-produced recombinant protein. VmNLP1 and VmNLP2 transcripts were drastically induced at the early stage of V. mali infection, whereas only VmNLP2 was shown to be essential for pathogen virulence. We also found that VmNLP1 and VmNLP2 are required for maintaining the integrity of cell membranes, and they differentially contribute to V. mali tolerance to salt- and osmo-stresses. Notably, multiple sequence alignment revealed that the second histidine (H) among the conserved heptapeptide (GHRHDWE) of VmNLP2 is mutated to tyrosine (Y). When this tyrosine (Y) was substituted by histidine (H), the variant displayed enhanced cytotoxicity in N. benthamiana, as well as enhanced virulence on apple leaves, suggesting that the virulence role of VmNLP2 probably correlates to its cytotoxicity activity. We further showed that the peptide among VmNLP2, called nlp25 (VmNLP2), triggered strong immune response in Arabidopsis thaliana. This work demonstrates that NLPs from V. mali involve multiple biological roles, and shed new light on how intricately complex the functions of NLP might be.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, China; (J.L.); (J.N.); (Y.C.)
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28
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Ai G, Zhu H, Fu X, Liu J, Li T, Cheng Y, Zhou Y, Yang K, Pan W, Zhang H, Wu Z, Dong S, Xia Y, Wang Y, Xia A, Wang Y, Dou D, Jing M. Phytophthora infection signals-induced translocation of NAC089 is required for endoplasmic reticulum stress response-mediated plant immunity. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:67-80. [PMID: 34374485 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants deploy various immune receptors to recognize pathogen-derived extracellular signals and subsequently activate the downstream defense response. Recently, increasing evidence indicates that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a part in the plant defense response, known as ER stress-mediated immunity (ERSI), that halts pathogen infection. However, the mechanism for the ER stress response to signals of pathogen infection remains unclear. Here, we characterized the ER stress response regulator NAC089, which was previously reported to positively regulate programed cell death (PCD), functioning as an ERSI regulator. NAC089 translocated from the ER to the nucleus via the Golgi in response to Phytophthora capsici culture filtrate (CF), which is a mixture of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Plasma membrane localized co-receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1) was required for the CF-mediated translocation of NAC089. The nuclear localization of NAC089, determined by the NAC domain, was essential for immune activation and PCD. Furthermore, NAC089 positively contributed to host resistance against the oomycete pathogen P. capsici and the bacteria pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000. We also proved that NAC089-mediated immunity is conserved in Nicotiana benthamiana. Together, we found that PAMP signaling induces the activation of ER stress in plants, and that NAC089 is required for ERSI and plant resistance against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Ai
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hai Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaowei Fu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jin Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Tianli Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yang Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kun Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Weiye Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huanxin Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zishan Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Saiyu Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yeqiang Xia
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ai Xia
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Maofeng Jing
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Askani L, Schumacher S, Fuchs R. Sequence and Gene Expression Analysis of Recently Identified NLP from Plasmopara viticola. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9071453. [PMID: 34361889 PMCID: PMC8311650 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapevine downy mildew, evoked by the obligate biotrophic oomycete Plasmopara viticola, is one of the most challenging diseases in viticulture. P. viticola establishes an infection by circumvention of plant immunity, which is achieved by the secretion of effector molecules. One family of potential effectors are the necrosis- and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1)-like proteins (NLP). NLP are most abundant in plant pathogenic microorganisms and exist in cytotoxic and non-cyctotoxic forms. Cytotoxic NLP often act as virulence factors and are synthesized in necrotrophic or hemibiotrophic pathogens during the transition from biotrophic to necrotrophic growth. In addition to these cytotoxic NLP, many non-cytotoxic NLP have been identified; their function in biotrophic pathogens is still unknown. In 2020, eight different NLP coding genes were identified in P. viticola and named PvNLP1 to PvNLP8 (Plasmopara viticolaNLP 1–8). In the present study, PvNLP4 to PvNLP8 were characterized by using qPCR analysis and transient expression in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. Gene expression analysis showed high PvNLP expression during the early stages of infection. Necrosis-inducing activity of PvNLP was not observed in the nonhost N. benthamiana.
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Yang K, Dong X, Li J, Wang Y, Cheng Y, Zhai Y, Li X, Wei L, Jing M, Dou D. Type 2 Nep1-Like Proteins from the Biocontrol Oomycete Pythium oligandrum Suppress Phytophthora capsici Infection in Solanaceous Plants. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:496. [PMID: 34206578 PMCID: PMC8303654 DOI: 10.3390/jof7070496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
As a non-pathogenic oomycete, the biocontrol agent Pythium oligandrum is able to control plant diseases through direct mycoparasite activity and boosting plant immune responses. Several P. oligandrum elicitors have been found to activate plant immunity as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Necrosis- and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1)-like proteins (NLPs) are a group of MAMPs widely distributed in eukaryotic and prokaryotic plant pathogens. However, little is known about their distribution and functions in P. oligandrum and its sister species Pythium periplocum. Here, we identified a total of 25 NLPs from P. oligandrum (PyolNLPs) and P. periplocum (PypeNLPs). Meanwhile, we found that PyolNLPs/PypeNLPs genes cluster in two chromosomal segments, and our analysis suggests that they expand by duplication and share a common origin totally different from that of pathogenic oomycetes. Nine PyolNLPs/PypeNLPs induced necrosis in Nicotiana benthamiana by agroinfiltration. Eight partially purified PyolNLPs/PypeNLPs were tested for their potential biocontrol activity. PyolNLP5 and PyolNLP7 showed necrosis-inducing activity in N. benthamiana via direct protein infiltration. At sufficient concentrations, they both significantly reduced disease severity and suppressed the in planta growth of Phytophthora capsici in solanaceous plants including N. benthamiana (tobacco), Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) and Capsicum annuum (pepper). Our assays suggest that the Phytophthora suppression effect of PyolNLP5 and PyolNLP7 is irrelevant to reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Instead, they induce the expression of antimicrobial plant defensin genes, and the induction depends on their conserved nlp24-like peptide pattern. This work demonstrates the biocontrol role of two P. oligandrum NLPs for solanaceous plants, which uncovers a novel approach of utilizing NLPs to develop bioactive formulae for oomycete pathogen control with no ROS-caused injury to plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (K.Y.); (X.D.); (J.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Xiaohua Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (K.Y.); (X.D.); (J.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Jialu Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (K.Y.); (X.D.); (J.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (K.Y.); (X.D.); (J.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yang Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (K.Y.); (X.D.); (J.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Ying Zhai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA;
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Guangzhou 510640, China;
| | - Lihui Wei
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China;
| | - Maofeng Jing
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (K.Y.); (X.D.); (J.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Daolong Dou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (K.Y.); (X.D.); (J.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.)
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Mazumdar P, Singh P, Kethiravan D, Ramathani I, Ramakrishnan N. Late blight in tomato: insights into the pathogenesis of the aggressive pathogen Phytophthora infestans and future research priorities. PLANTA 2021; 253:119. [PMID: 33963935 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03636-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This review provides insights into the molecular interactions between Phytophthora infestans and tomato and highlights research gaps that need further attention. Late blight in tomato is caused by the oomycota hemibiotroph Phytophthora infestans, and this disease represents a global threat to tomato farming. The pathogen is cumbersome to control because of its fast-evolving nature, ability to overcome host resistance and inefficient natural resistance obtained from the available tomato germplasm. To achieve successful control over this pathogen, the molecular pathogenicity of P. infestans and key points of vulnerability in the host plant immune system must be understood. This review primarily focuses on efforts to better understand the molecular interaction between host pathogens from both perspectives, as well as the resistance genes, metabolomic changes, quantitative trait loci with potential for improvement in disease resistance and host genome manipulation via transgenic approaches, and it further identifies research gaps and provides suggestions for future research priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purabi Mazumdar
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Pooja Singh
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Dharane Kethiravan
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Idd Ramathani
- National Crops Resources Research Institute, Gayaza Road Namulonge, 7084, Kampala, Uganda
| | - N Ramakrishnan
- ECSE, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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de Vries S, de Vries J, Archibald JM, Slamovits CH. Comparative analyses of saprotrophy in Salisapilia sapeloensis and diverse plant pathogenic oomycetes reveal lifestyle-specific gene expression. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 96:5904760. [PMID: 32918444 PMCID: PMC7585586 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oomycetes include many devastating plant pathogens. Across oomycete diversity, plant-infecting lineages are interspersed by non-pathogenic ones. Unfortunately, our understanding of the evolution of lifestyle switches is hampered by a scarcity of data on the molecular biology of saprotrophic oomycetes, ecologically important primary colonizers of dead tissue that can serve as informative reference points for understanding the evolution of pathogens. Here, we established Salisapilia sapeloensis as a tractable system for the study of saprotrophic oomycetes. We generated multiple transcriptomes from S. sapeloensis and compared them with (i) 22 oomycete genomes and (ii) the transcriptomes of eight pathogenic oomycetes grown under 13 conditions. We obtained a global perspective on gene expression signatures of oomycete lifestyles. Our data reveal that oomycete saprotrophs and pathogens use similar molecular mechanisms for colonization but exhibit distinct expression patterns. We identify a S. sapeloensis-specific array and expression of carbohydrate-active enzymes and putative regulatory differences, highlighted by distinct expression levels of transcription factors. Salisapilia sapeloensis expresses only a small repertoire of candidates for virulence-associated genes. Our analyses suggest lifestyle-specific gene regulatory signatures and that, in addition to variation in gene content, shifts in gene regulatory networks underpin the evolution of oomycete lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie de Vries
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Jan de Vries
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2 Canada.,Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.,Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.,Campus Institute Data Science (CIDAS), University of Goettingen, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - John M Archibald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Claudio H Slamovits
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2 Canada
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Fan KT, Hsu Y, Yeh CF, Chang CH, Chang WH, Chen YR. Quantitative Proteomics Reveals the Dynamic Regulation of the Tomato Proteome in Response to Phytophthora infestans. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084174. [PMID: 33920680 PMCID: PMC8073981 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Late blight (LB) disease is a major threat to potato and tomato production. It is caused by the hemibiotrophic pathogen, Phytophthora infestans. P. infestans can destroy all of the major organs in plants of susceptible crops and result in a total loss of productivity. At the early pathogenesis stage, this hemibiotrophic oomycete pathogen causes an asymptomatic biotrophic infection in hosts, which then progresses to a necrotrophic phase at the later infection stage. In this study, to examine how the tomato proteome is regulated by P. infestans at different stages of pathogenesis, a data-independent acquisition (DIA) proteomics approach was used to trace the dynamics of the protein regulation. A comprehensive picture of the regulation of tomato proteins functioning in the immunity, signaling, defense, and metabolism pathways at different stages of P. infestans infection is revealed. Among the regulated proteins, several involved in mediating plant defense responses were found to be differentially regulated at the transcriptional or translational levels across different pathogenesis phases. This study increases understanding of the pathogenesis of P. infestans in tomato and also identifies key transcriptional and translational events possibly targeted by the pathogen during different phases of its life cycle, thus providing novel insights for developing a new strategy towards better control of LB disease in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Ting Fan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (K.-T.F.); (Y.H.); (C.-F.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (W.-H.C.)
| | - Yang Hsu
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (K.-T.F.); (Y.H.); (C.-F.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (W.-H.C.)
| | - Ching-Fang Yeh
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (K.-T.F.); (Y.H.); (C.-F.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (W.-H.C.)
| | - Chi-Hsin Chang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (K.-T.F.); (Y.H.); (C.-F.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (W.-H.C.)
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hung Chang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (K.-T.F.); (Y.H.); (C.-F.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (W.-H.C.)
| | - Yet-Ran Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (K.-T.F.); (Y.H.); (C.-F.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (W.-H.C.)
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-02-2787-2050
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Boevink PC, Birch PRJ, Turnbull D, Whisson SC. Devastating intimacy: the cell biology of plant-Phytophthora interactions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:445-458. [PMID: 32394464 PMCID: PMC7540312 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of the cell biology underlying the burgeoning molecular genetic and genomic knowledge of oomycete pathogenicity is essential to gain the full context of how these pathogens cause disease on plants. An intense research focus on secreted Phytophthora effector proteins, especially those containing a conserved N-terminal RXLR motif, has meant that most cell biological studies into Phytophthora diseases have focussed on the effectors and their host target proteins. While these effector studies have provided novel insights into effector secretion and host defence mechanisms, there remain many unanswered questions about fundamental processes involved in spore biology, host penetration and haustorium formation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra C. Boevink
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteErrol RoadInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Paul R. J. Birch
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteErrol RoadInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
- Division of Plant SciencesUniversity of DundeeErrol RoadInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Dionne Turnbull
- Division of Plant SciencesUniversity of DundeeErrol RoadInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Stephen C. Whisson
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteErrol RoadInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
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Madina MH, Rahman MS, Huang X, Zhang Y, Zheng H, Germain H. A Poplar Rust Effector Protein Associates with Protein Disulfide Isomerase and Enhances Plant Susceptibility. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E294. [PMID: 32947987 PMCID: PMC7564345 DOI: 10.3390/biology9090294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Melampsora larici-populina (Mlp), the causal agent of Populus leaf rust, secretes an array of effectors into the host through the haustorium to gain nutrients and suppress immunity. The precise mechanisms by which these effectors promote virulence remain unclear. To address this question, we developed a transgenic Arabidopsis line expressing a candidate effector, Mlp124357. Constitutive expression of the effector increased plant susceptibility to pathogens. A GxxxG motif present in Mlp124357 is required for its subcellular localization at the vacuolar membrane of the plant cell, as replacement of the glycine residues with alanines led to the delocalization of Mlp124357 to the nucleus and cytoplasm. We used immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry (MS) to identify Mlp124357 interaction partners. Only one of the putative interaction partners knock-out line caused delocalization of the effector, indicating that Arabidopsis protein disulfide isomerase-11 (AtPDI-11) is required for the effector localization. This interaction was further confirmed by a complementation test, a yeast-two hybrid assay and a molecular modeling experiment. Moreover, localization results and infection assays suggest that AtPDI-11 act as a helper for Mlp124357. In summary, our findings established that one of Mlp effectors resides at the vacuole surface and modulates plant susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mst Hur Madina
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada; (M.H.M.); (M.S.R.)
| | - Md Saifur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada; (M.H.M.); (M.S.R.)
| | - Xiaoqiang Huang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (X.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (X.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Huanquan Zheng
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Dr. Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada;
| | - Hugo Germain
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada; (M.H.M.); (M.S.R.)
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Perrine-Walker F. Phytophthora palmivora-Cocoa Interaction. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6030167. [PMID: 32916858 PMCID: PMC7558484 DOI: 10.3390/jof6030167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora palmivora (Butler) is an hemibiotrophic oomycete capable of infecting over 200 plant species including one of the most economically important crops, Theobroma cacao L. commonly known as cocoa. It infects many parts of the cocoa plant including the pods, causing black pod rot disease. This review will focus on P. palmivora’s ability to infect a plant host to cause disease. We highlight some current findings in other Phytophthora sp. plant model systems demonstrating how the germ tube, the appressorium and the haustorium enable the plant pathogen to penetrate a plant cell and how they contribute to the disease development in planta. This review explores the molecular exchange between the oomycete and the plant host, and the role of plant immunity during the development of such structures, to understand the infection of cocoa pods by P. palmivora isolates from Papua New Guinea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Perrine-Walker
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, LEES Building (F22), Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia;
- The University of Sydney Institute of Agriculture, 1 Central Avenue, Australian Technology Park, Eveleigh, NSW 2015, Australia
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Liu X, Li B, Yang Y, Cai J, Shi T, Zheng X, Huang G. Pathogenic Adaptations Revealed by Comparative Genome Analyses of Two Colletotrichum spp., the Causal Agent of Anthracnose in Rubber Tree. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1484. [PMID: 32793128 PMCID: PMC7385191 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum siamense and Colletotrichum australisinense cause Colletotrichum leaf disease that differ in their symptoms in rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), and pathogenicity of these two fungal species is also not identical on different cultivars of rubber tree. This divergence is often attributed to pathogen virulence factors, namely carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), secondary metabolites (SM), and small-secreted protein (SSP) effectors. The draft genome assembly and functional annotation of potential pathogenicity genes of both species obtained here provide an important and timely genomic resource for better understanding the biology and lifestyle of Colletotrichum spp. This should pave the way for designing more efficient disease control strategies in plantations of rubber tree. In this study, the genes associated with these categories were manually annotated in the genomes of C. australisinense GX1655 and C. siamense HBCG01. Comparative genomic analyses were performed to address the evolutionary relationships among these gene families in the two species. First, the size of genome assembly, number of predicted genes, and some of the functional categories differed significantly between the two congeners. Second, from the comparative genomic analyses, we identified some specific genes, certain higher abundance of gene families associated with CAZymes, CYP450, and SM in the genome of C. siamense, and Nep1-like proteins (NLP) in the genome of C. australisinense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbao Liu
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Haikou, China
| | - Boxun Li
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Haikou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Haikou, China
| | - Jimiao Cai
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Haikou, China
| | - Tao Shi
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaolan Zheng
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Haikou, China
| | - Guixiu Huang
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Haikou, China
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38
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Ono E, Mise K, Takano Y. RLP23 is required for Arabidopsis immunity against the grey mould pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13798. [PMID: 32796867 PMCID: PMC7428006 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70485-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrosis- and ethylene-inducing-like proteins (NLPs) are secreted by fungi, oomycetes and bacteria. Conserved nlp peptides derived from NLPs are recognized as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), leading to PAMP-triggered immune responses. RLP23 is the receptor of the nlp peptides in Arabidopsis thaliana; however, its actual contribution to plant immunity is unclear. Here, we report that RLP23 is required for Arabidopsis immunity against the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Arabidopsis rlp23 mutants exhibited enhanced susceptibility to B. cinerea compared with the wild-type plants. Notably, microscopic observation of the B. cinerea infection behaviour indicated the involvement of RLP23 in pre-invasive resistance to the pathogen. B. cinerea carried two NLP genes, BcNEP1 and BcNEP2; BcNEP1 was expressed preferentially before/during invasion into Arabidopsis, whereas BcNEP2 was expressed at the late phase of infection. Importantly, the nlp peptides derived from both BcNEP1 and BcNEP2 induced the production of reactive oxygen species in an RLP23-dependent manner. In contrast, another necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicicola did not express the NLP gene in the early infection phase and exhibited no enhanced virulence in the rlp23 mutants. Collectively, these results strongly suggest that RLP23 contributes to Arabidopsis pre-invasive resistance to B. cinerea via NLP recognition at the early infection phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Ono
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Mise
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Takano
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
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Ai G, Yang K, Ye W, Tian Y, Du Y, Zhu H, Li T, Xia Q, Shen D, Peng H, Jing M, Xia A, Dou D. Prediction and Characterization of RXLR Effectors in Pythium Species. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:1046-1058. [PMID: 32330072 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-20-0010-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RXLR effectors, a class of secreted proteins that are transferred into host cells to manipulate host immunity, have been reported to widely exist in oomycetes, including those from genera Phytophthora, Hyaloperonospora, Albugo, and Saprolegnia. However, in Pythium species, no RXLR effector has yet been characterized, and the origin and evolution of such virulent effectors are still unknown. Here, we developed a modified regular expression method for de novo identification of RXLRs and characterized 359 putative RXLR effectors in nine Pythium species. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all oomycetous RXLRs formed a single superfamily, suggesting that they might have a common ancestor. RXLR effectors from Pythium and Phytophthora species exhibited similar sequence features, protein structures, and genome locations. In particular, there were significantly more RXLR proteins in the mosquito biological control agent P. guiyangense than in the other eight Pythium species, and P. guiyangense RXLRs might be the result of gene duplication and genome rearrangement events, as indicated by synteny analysis. Expression pattern analysis of RXLR-encoding genes in the plant pathogen P. ultimum detected transcripts of the majority of the predicted RXLR genes, with some RXLR effectors induced in infection stages and one RXLR showing necrosis-inducing activity. Furthermore, all predicted RXLR genes were cloned from two biocontrol agents, P. oligandrum and P. periplocum, and three of the RXLR genes were found to induce a defense response in Nicotiana benthamiana. Taken together, our findings represent the first evidence of RXLR effectors in Pythium species, providing valuable information on their evolutionary patterns and the mechanisms of their interactions with diverse hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Ai
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kun Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuee Tian
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Department of Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Yaxin Du
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hai Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tianli Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qingyue Xia
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Danyu Shen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, U.S.A
| | - Maofeng Jing
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ai Xia
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Li Y, Han Y, Qu M, Chen J, Chen X, Geng X, Wang Z, Chen S. Apoplastic Cell Death-Inducing Proteins of Filamentous Plant Pathogens: Roles in Plant-Pathogen Interactions. Front Genet 2020; 11:661. [PMID: 32676100 PMCID: PMC7333776 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous pathogens, such as phytopathogenic oomycetes and fungi, secrete a remarkable diversity of apoplastic effector proteins to facilitate infection, many of which are able to induce cell death in plants. Over the past decades, over 177 apoplastic cell death-inducing proteins (CDIPs) have been identified in filamentous oomycetes and fungi. An emerging number of studies have demonstrated the role of many apoplastic CDIPs as essential virulence factors. At the same time, apoplastic CDIPs have been documented to be recognized by plant cells as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The recent findings of extracellular recognition of apoplastic CDIPs by plant leucine-rich repeat-receptor-like proteins (LRR-RLPs) have greatly advanced our understanding of how plants detect them and mount a defense response. This review summarizes the latest advances in identifying apoplastic CDIPs of plant pathogenic oomycetes and fungi, and our current understanding of the dual roles of apoplastic CDIPs in plant-filamentous pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Li
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yijuan Han
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mengyu Qu
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xueqing Geng
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Songbiao Chen
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
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Novel Aspects on The Interaction Between Grapevine and Plasmopara viticola: Dual-RNA-Seq Analysis Highlights Gene Expression Dynamics in The Pathogen and The Plant During The Battle For Infection. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11030261. [PMID: 32121150 PMCID: PMC7140796 DOI: 10.3390/genes11030261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mgaloblishvili, a Vitis vinifera cultivar, exhibits unique resistance traits against Plasmopara viticola, the downy mildew agent. This offers the unique opportunity of exploring the molecular responses in compatible and incompatible plant-pathogen interaction. In this study, whole transcriptomes of Mgaloblishvili, Pinot noir (a V. vinifera susceptible cultivar), and Bianca (a resistant hybrid) leaves, inoculated and non-inoculated with the pathogen, were used to identify P. viticola effector-encoding genes and plant susceptibility/resistance genes. Multiple effector-encoding genes were identified in P. viticola transcriptome, with remarkable expression differences in relation to the inoculated grapevine cultivar. Intriguingly, five apoplastic effectors specifically associated with resistance in V. vinifera. Gene coexpression network analysis identified specific modules and metabolic changes occurring during infection in the three grapevine cultivars. Analysis of these data allowed, for the first time, the detection in V. vinifera of a putative P. viticola susceptibility gene, encoding a LOB domain-containing protein. Finally, the de novo assembly of Mgaloblishvili, Pinot noir, and Bianca transcriptomes and their comparison highlighted novel candidate genes that might be at the basis of the resistant phenotype. These results open the way to functional analysis studies and to new perspectives in molecular breeding of grapevine for resistance to P. viticola.
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Schumacher S, Grosser K, Voegele RT, Kassemeyer HH, Fuchs R. Identification and Characterization of Nep1-Like Proteins From the Grapevine Downy Mildew Pathogen Plasmopara viticola. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:65. [PMID: 32117400 PMCID: PMC7031652 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The obligate biotrophic oomycete Plasmopara viticola causes tremendous problems in viticulture by evoking grapevine downy mildew. P. viticola, like other plant pathogens, achieves infection by suppression of plant innate immunity by secretion of effector molecules into its host plant. An ever-expanding family of proteins with effector-like characteristics is formed by the "Necrosis and Ethylene inducing peptide 1 (Nep1)-like proteins" (NLPs). NLPs can be divided into two groups by their ability to induce necrosis. While cytotoxic NLPs may act as virulence factors for a necrotrophic or hemibiotrophic plant pathogen, the role of non-cytotoxic NLPs is so far unknown. In this study, we identified eight independent NLPs in P. viticola and selected three for functional analysis. While one was identified as a putative pseudo gene, two contain all so far described critical key elements for necrosis formation except for an N-terminal signal peptide. Further characterization revealed that none of the putative necrosis elicitors was able to actually induce necrosis, neither in several susceptible or resistant Vitis species nor in the dicot model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. This inability exists independently of the presence or absence of a signal peptide. However, any possible mechanism for the suppression of the ability to induce necrosis in planta was not detected. Interestingly, expression analysis of the presumed pseudo gene revealed remarkable differences between pure sporangia solution and sporangia in the presence of leaf material. To our knowledge, this is the first report of this kind of regulation that suggests an important function of so far nonfunctional "pseudo" NLP genes during the first hours of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schumacher
- Section of Phytopathology and Diagnosis, Department of Biology, State Institute for Viticulture and Enology, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Grosser
- Section of Phytopathology and Diagnosis, Department of Biology, State Institute for Viticulture and Enology, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Thomas Voegele
- Department of Phytopathology, Institute of Phytomedicine (360), Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hanns-Heinz Kassemeyer
- Section of Phytopathology and Diagnosis, Department of Biology, State Institute for Viticulture and Enology, Freiburg, Germany
| | - René Fuchs
- Section of Phytopathology and Diagnosis, Department of Biology, State Institute for Viticulture and Enology, Freiburg, Germany
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Seifbarghi S, Borhan MH, Wei Y, Ma L, Coutu C, Bekkaoui D, Hegedus DD. Receptor-Like Kinases BAK1 and SOBIR1 Are Required for Necrotizing Activity of a Novel Group of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Necrosis-Inducing Effectors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1021. [PMID: 32754179 PMCID: PMC7367142 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a characteristic necrotrophic plant pathogen and is dependent on the induction of host cell death for nutrient acquisition. To identify necrosis-inducing effectors, the genome of S. sclerotiorum was scanned for genes encoding small, secreted, cysteine-rich proteins. These potential effectors were tested for their ability to induce necrosis in Nicotiana benthamiana via Agrobacterium-mediated expression and for cellular localization in host cells. Six novel proteins were discovered, of which all but one required a signal peptide for export to the apoplast for necrotizing activity. Virus-induced gene silencing revealed that the five necrosis-inducing effectors with a requirement for secretion also required the plant co-receptor-like kinases Brassinosteroid Insensitive 1-Associated Receptor Kinase 1 (BAK1) and Suppressor of BAK1-Interacting Receptor-like Kinase 1 (SOBIR1) for the induction of necrosis. S. sclerotiorum necrosis-inducing effector 2 (SsNE2) represented a new class of necrosis-inducing proteins as orthologs were identified in several other phytopathogenic fungi that were also capable of inducing necrosis. Substitution of conserved cysteine residues with alanine reduced, but did not abolish, the necrotizing activity of SsNE2 and full-length protein was required for function as peptides spanning the entire protein were unable to induce necrosis. These results illustrate the importance of necrosis-inducing effectors for S. sclerotiorum virulence and the role of host extracellular receptor(s) in effector-triggered susceptibility to this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Seifbarghi
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Yangdou Wei
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Lisong Ma
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Cathy Coutu
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Dwayne D. Hegedus
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- *Correspondence: Dwayne D. Hegedus,
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Cloning, characterization, in vitro and in planta expression of a necrosis-inducing Phytophthora protein 1 gene npp1 from Phytophthora cinnamomi. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:6453-6462. [PMID: 31571106 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05091-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The soil-borne oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi is a highly destructive Phytophthora species associated with the decline of forest. This pathogen secretes a novel class of necrosis-inducing proteins known as Nep1-like proteins (NLPs). In this work, we report the sequencing and molecular characterization of one of these proteins, more specifically the necrosis-inducing Phytophthora protein 1 (NPP1). The ORF of the npp1 gene (EMBL database AM403130) has 768 bp encoding a putative peptide of 256 amino acids with a molecular weight of approximately 25 kD. In order to understand its function, in vitro gene expression was studied during growth in different carbon sources (glucose, cellulose, and sawdust), and at different times of infection, in vivo by RT-qPCR. The highest expression of the npp1 gene occurred in glucose medium followed by sawdust. In vivo infection of Castanea sativa roots with P. cinnamomi revealed a decrease in npp1 expression from 12 to 24 h; at 36 h its expression increased suggesting the existence of a complex mechanism of defense/attack interaction between the pathogen and the host. Expression of recombinant npp1 gene was achieved in Pichia pastoris and assessed by SDS-PAGE analysis of the protein secreted into the culture supernatant, revealing the presence of the NPP1 protein.
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45
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Seidl MF, Van den Ackerveken G. Activity and Phylogenetics of the Broadly Occurring Family of Microbial Nep1-Like Proteins. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 57:367-386. [PMID: 31283435 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718-100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Necrosis- and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1)-like proteins (NLP) have an extremely broad taxonomic distribution; they occur in bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes. NLPs come in two forms, those that are cytotoxic to eudicot plants and those that are noncytotoxic. Cytotoxic NLPs bind to glycosyl inositol phosphoryl ceramide (GIPC) sphingolipids that are abundant in the outer leaflet of plant plasma membranes. Binding allows the NLP to become cytolytic in eudicots but not monocots. The function of noncytotoxic NLPs remains enigmatic, but the expansion of NLP genes in oomycete genomes suggests they are important. Several plant species have evolved the capacity to recognize NLPs as molecular patterns and trigger plant immunity, e.g., Arabidopsis thaliana detects nlp peptides via the receptor-like protein RLP23. In this review, we provide a historical perspective from discovery to understanding of molecular mechanisms and describe the latest developments in the NLP field to shed light on these fascinating microbial proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Seidl
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Van den Ackerveken
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands;
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Guo X, Zhong D, Xie W, He Y, Zheng Y, Lin Y, Chen Z, Han Y, Tian D, Liu W, Wang F, Wang Z, Chen S. Functional Identification of Novel Cell Death-inducing Effector Proteins from Magnaporthe oryzae. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 12:59. [PMID: 31388773 PMCID: PMC6684714 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-019-0312-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secreted effector proteins play critical roles in plant-fungal interactions. The Magnaporthe oryzae genome encodes a large number of secreted proteins. However, the function of majority of M. oryzae secreted proteins remain to be characterized. We previously identified 851 in planta-expressed M. oryzae genes encoding putative secreted proteins, and characterized five M. oryzae cell death-inducing proteins MoCDIP1 to MoCDIP5. In the present study, we expand our work on identification of novel MoCDIP proteins. RESULTS We performed transient expression assay of 98 more in planta-expressed M. oryzae putative secreted protein genes, and identified eight novel proteins, MoCDIP6 to MoCDIP13, that induced plant cell death. Yeast secretion assay and truncation expression analysis revealed that the signal peptides that led the secretion of proteins to the extracellular space, were required for cell death inducing activity of the novel MoCDIPs except for MoCDIP8. Exogenous treatment of rice seedlings with recombinant MoCDIP6 or MoCDIP7 resulted in enhanced resistance to blast fungus, indicating that the two MoCDIPs trigger cell death and elicit defense responses in rice. CONCLUSIONS The newly identified MoCDIP6 to MoCDIP13, together with previously identified MoCDIP1 to MoCDIP5, provide valuable targets for further dissection of the molecular mechanisms underlying the rice-blast fungus interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Guo
- Institute of Oceanography, Marine Biotechnology Center, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Institute, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Debin Zhong
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Institute, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Wei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanhua He
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Institute, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Yueqin Zheng
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Institute, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Institute, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Zaijie Chen
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Institute, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Yijuan Han
- Institute of Oceanography, Marine Biotechnology Center, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Dagang Tian
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Institute, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Institute, Fuzhou, 350003, China.
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Institute of Oceanography, Marine Biotechnology Center, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Songbiao Chen
- Institute of Oceanography, Marine Biotechnology Center, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Institute, Fuzhou, 350003, China.
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47
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Levin E, Raphael G, Ma J, Ballester AR, Feygenberg O, Norelli J, Aly R, Gonzalez-Candelas L, Wisniewski M, Droby S. Identification and Functional Analysis of NLP-Encoding Genes from the Postharvest Pathogen Penicillium expansum. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7060175. [PMID: 31208074 PMCID: PMC6616513 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7060175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Penicillium expansum is a major postharvest pathogen that infects different fruits, mainly through injuries inflicted during harvest or subsequent handling after harvest. Several effectors were suggested to mediate pathogenicity of P. expansum in fruit tissue. Among these effectors Nep1-like proteins (NLPs), produced by various microorganisms with different lifestyles, are known for their ability to induce necrosis in dicot plants and were shown to be involved in virulence of several plant-related pathogens. This study was aimed at the identification and functional characterization of two NLP genes found in the genome of P. expansum. The genes were designated Penlp1 and Penlp2 and were found to code type1 and type3 NLP respectively. Necrosis-inducing activity of the two proteins was demonstrated by transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. While Penlp1 expression was induced during apple infection and in liquid culture, the highest level of Penlp2 expression was found in ungerminated spores. Deletion of Penlp1, but not Penlp2, resulted in reduced virulence on apples manifested by reduced rate of lesion development (disease severity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Levin
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.
| | - Ginat Raphael
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.
| | - Jing Ma
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Wiltshire Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA.
| | - Ana-Rosa Ballester
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustin Escardino 7, Paterna 46980, Valencia 46980, Spain.
| | - Oleg Feygenberg
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.
| | - John Norelli
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Wiltshire Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA.
| | - Radi Aly
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO, the Volcani Center, Newe-Yaar Research Center, Ramat Yeshai 30095, Israel.
| | - Luis Gonzalez-Candelas
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustin Escardino 7, Paterna 46980, Valencia 46980, Spain.
| | - Michael Wisniewski
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Wiltshire Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA.
| | - Samir Droby
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.
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Nie J, Yin Z, Li Z, Wu Y, Huang L. A small cysteine-rich protein from two kingdoms of microbes is recognized as a novel pathogen-associated molecular pattern. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:995-1011. [PMID: 30537041 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are conserved molecules that are crucial for normal life cycle of microorganisms. However, the diversity of microbial PAMPs is little known. During screening of cell-death-inducing factors from the necrotrophic fungus Valsa mali, we identified a novel PAMP VmE02 that is widely spread in oomycetes and fungi. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient expression or infiltration of recombinant protein produced by Escherichia coli was performed to assay elicitor activity of the proteins tested. Virus-induced gene silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana was used to determine the components involved in VmE02-triggered cell death. The role of VmE02 in virulence and conidiation of V. mali were characterized by gene deletion and complementation. We found that VmE02, together with some of its homologues from both oomycete and fungal species, exhibited cell-death-inducing activity in N. benthamiana. VmE02-triggered cell death was shown to be dependent on BRI1-ASSOCIATED KINASE-1, SUPPRESSOR OF BIR1-1, HSP90 and SGT1 in N. benthamiana. Deletion of VmE02 in V. mali greatly attenuated pathogen conidiation but not virulence, and treatment of N. benthamiana with VmE02 enhances plant resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Phytophthora capsici. We conclude that VmE02 is a novel cross-kingdom PAMP produced by several fungi and oomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhengpeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yuxing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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Li Q, Ai G, Shen D, Zou F, Wang J, Bai T, Chen Y, Li S, Zhang M, Jing M, Dou D. A Phytophthora capsici Effector Targets ACD11 Binding Partners that Regulate ROS-Mediated Defense Response in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:565-581. [PMID: 30703564 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a vital role in plant immune response, but the genes involved in the regulation of ROS are scantily reported. Phytophthora pathogens produce a large number of effectors to promote infection, but the modes of action adopted are largely unknown. Here, we report that RxLR207 could activate ROS-mediated cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana and was essential for virulence of P. capsici. We found that this effector targeted BPA1 (binding partner of ACD11) and four members of BPLs (BPA1-Like proteins) in Arabidopsis, and the bpa1 and bpl mutants had enhanced ROS accumulation and cell death under biotic or abiotic stresses. Furthermore, we showed that BPA1 and several BPLs functioned redundantly in plant immunity to P. capsici. We discovered that BPA1 and all six BPLs interacted with ACD11, and stabilization of ACD11 was impaired in the bpa1, bpl2, bpl3, and bpl4 mutants. RxLR207 could promote the degradation of BPA1, BPL1, BPL2, and BPL4 to disrupt ACD11 stabilization in a 26S proteasome-dependent manner. Taken together, these findings indicate the important roles of Arabidopsis BPA1 and its homologs in ROS homeostasis and defense response, highlighting the usefulness of a pathogen effector-directed approach as a promising strategy for the discovery of novel plant immune regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Gan Ai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Danyu Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fen Zou
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ji Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tian Bai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanyu Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shutian Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Meixiang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Maofeng Jing
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Meijer HJG, Schoina C, Wang S, Bouwmeester K, Hua C, Govers F. Phytophthora infestans small phospholipase D-like proteins elicit plant cell death and promote virulence. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:180-193. [PMID: 30171659 PMCID: PMC6637911 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The successful invasion of host tissue by (hemi-)biotrophic plant pathogens is dependent on modifications of the host plasma membrane to facilitate the two-way transfer of proteins and other compounds. Haustorium formation and the establishment of extrahaustorial membranes are probably dependent on a variety of enzymes that modify membranes in a coordinated fashion. Phospholipases, enzymes that hydrolyse phospholipids, have been implicated as virulence factors in several pathogens. The oomycete Phytophthora infestans is a hemibiotrophic pathogen that causes potato late blight. It possesses different classes of phospholipase D (PLD) proteins, including small PLD-like proteins with and without signal peptide (sPLD-likes and PLD-likes, respectively). Here, we studied the role of sPLD-like-1, sPLD-like-12 and PLD-like-1 in the infection process. They are expressed in expanding lesions on potato leaves and during in vitro growth, with the highest transcript levels in germinating cysts. When expressed in planta in the presence of the silencing suppressor P19, all three elicited a local cell death response that was visible at the microscopic level as autofluorescence and strongly boosted in the presence of calcium. Moreover, inoculation of leaves expressing the small PLD-like genes resulted in increased lesion growth and greater numbers of sporangia, but this was abolished when mutated PLD-like genes were expressed with non-functional PLD catalytic motifs. These results show that the three small PLD-likes are catalytically active and suggest that their enzymatic activity is required for the promotion of virulence, possibly by executing membrane modifications to support the growth of P. infestans in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold J. G. Meijer
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University and ResearchPO Box 16Wageningen6700AAthe Netherlands
- Wageningen Plant ResearchWageningen University and ResearchPO Box 16Wageningen6700AAthe Netherlands
| | - Charikleia Schoina
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University and ResearchPO Box 16Wageningen6700AAthe Netherlands
| | - Shutong Wang
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University and ResearchPO Box 16Wageningen6700AAthe Netherlands
- College of Plant ProtectionAgricultural University of HebeiBaoding071001China
| | - Klaas Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University and ResearchPO Box 16Wageningen6700AAthe Netherlands
| | - Chenlei Hua
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University and ResearchPO Box 16Wageningen6700AAthe Netherlands
- Present address:
Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP)Eberhard‐Karls‐University TübingenTübingenD‐72076Germany
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University and ResearchPO Box 16Wageningen6700AAthe Netherlands
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