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Bejarano E, Domenech-Bendaña A, Avila-Portillo N, Rowan S, Edirisinghe S, Taylor A. Glycative stress as a cause of macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024; 101:101260. [PMID: 38521386 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
People are living longer and rates of age-related diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are accelerating, placing enormous burdens on patients and health care systems. The quality of carbohydrate foods consumed by an individual impacts health. The glycemic index (GI) is a kinetic measure of the rate at which glucose arrives in the blood stream after consuming various carbohydrates. Consuming diets that favor slowly digested carbohydrates releases sugar into the bloodstream gradually after consuming a meal (low glycemic index). This is associated with reduced risk for major age-related diseases including AMD, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. In comparison, consuming the same amounts of different carbohydrates in higher GI diets, releases glucose into the blood rapidly, causing glycative stress as well as accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Such AGEs are cytotoxic by virtue of their forming abnormal proteins and protein aggregates, as well as inhibiting proteolytic and other protective pathways that might otherwise selectively recognize and remove toxic species. Using in vitro and animal models of glycative stress, we observed that consuming higher GI diets perturbs metabolism and the microbiome, resulting in a shift to more lipid-rich metabolomic profiles. Interactions between aging, diet, eye phenotypes and physiology were observed. A large body of laboratory animal and human clinical epidemiologic data indicates that consuming lower GI diets, or lower glycemia diets, is protective against features of early AMD (AMDf) in mice and AMD prevalence or AMD progression in humans. Drugs may be optimized to diminish the ravages of higher glycemic diets. Human trials are indicated to determine if AMD progression can be retarded using lower GI diets. Here we summarized the current knowledge regarding the pathological role of glycative stress in retinal dysfunction and how dietary strategies might diminish retinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloy Bejarano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Veterinary School, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alicia Domenech-Bendaña
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Veterinary School, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Sheldon Rowan
- JM USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, United States
| | - Sachini Edirisinghe
- Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, United States
| | - Allen Taylor
- Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, United States.
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2
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Agarwal R, Agarwal P, Iezhitsa I. Exploring the current use of animal models in glaucoma drug discovery: where are we in 2023? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:1287-1300. [PMID: 37608634 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2246892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Animal models are widely used in glaucoma-related research. Since the elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major risk factor underlying the disease pathogenesis, animal models with high IOP are commonly used. However, models are also used to represent the clinical context of glaucomatous changes developing despite a normal IOP. AREAS COVERED Herein, the authors discuss the various factors that contribute to the quality of studies using animal models based on the evaluation of studies published in 2022. The factors affecting the quality of studies using animal models, such as the animal species, age, and sex, are discussed, along with various methods and outcomes of studies involving different animal models of glaucoma. EXPERT OPINION Translating animal research data to clinical applications remains challenging. Our observations in this review clearly indicate that many studies lack scientific robustness not only in their experiment conduct but also in data analysis, interpretation, and presentation. In this context, ensuring the internal validity of animal studies is the first step in quality assurance. External validity, however, is more challenging, and steps should be taken to satisfy external validity at least to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Agarwal
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Malaysia
| | - Puneet Agarwal
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Malaysia
| | - Igor Iezhitsa
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Malaysia
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Abstract
Glaucoma, a progressive age-related optic neuropathy characterized by the death of retinal ganglion cells, is the most common neurodegenerative cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. The therapeutic management of glaucoma, which is limited to lowering intraocular pressure, is still a challenge since visual loss progresses in a significant percentage of treated patients. Restricted dietary regimens have received considerable attention as adjuvant strategy for attenuating or delaying the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Here we discuss the literature exploring the effects of modified eating patterns on retinal aging and resistance to stressor stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Russo
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Carlo Nucci
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Annagrazia Adornetto
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review explores metabolic syndrome (MetS) as a risk factor that accelerates aging in retinal neurons and may contribute to the neurodegeneration seen in glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). RECENT FINDINGS Both animal model experiments and epidemiologic studies suggest that metabolic stress may lead to aberrant regulation of a number of cellular pathways that ultimately lead to premature aging of the cell, including those of a neuronal lineage. SUMMARY GON and AMD are each leading causes of irreversible blindness worldwide. Aging is a significant risk factor in the specific retinal neuron loss that is seen with each condition. Though aging at a cellular level is difficult to define, there are many mechanistic modifiers of aging. Metabolic-related stresses induce inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, alterations to the unfolded protein response, defects in autophagy, alterations to the microbiome, and deposition of advanced glycation end products that can all hasten the aging process. Due to the number of variables related to metabolic health, defining criteria to enable the study of risk factors at a population level is challenging. MetS is a definable constellation of related metabolic risk factors that includes enlarged waist circumference, dyslipidemia, systemic hypertension, and hyperglycemia. MetS has been associated with both GON and AMD and may contribute to disease onset and/or progression in each disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng He
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Algis J Vingrys
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - James A Armitage
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia E‐mail:
| | - Bang V Bui
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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6
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van den Boogaard WMC, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, Hoeijmakers JHJ, Vermeij WP. Nutritional Preconditioning in Cancer Treatment in Relation to DNA Damage and Aging. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY 2021; 5:161-179. [PMID: 35474917 PMCID: PMC9037985 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-060820-090737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR) is the most successful nutritional intervention for extending lifespan and preserving health in numerous species. Reducing food intake triggers a protective response that shifts energy resources from growth to maintenance and resilience mechanisms. This so-called survival response has been shown to particularly increase life- and health span and decrease DNA damage in DNA repair-deficient mice exhibiting accelerated aging. Accumulation of DNA damage is the main cause of aging, but also of cancer. Moreover, radiotherapies and most chemotherapies are based on damaging DNA, consistent with their ability to induce toxicity and accelerate aging. Since fasting and DR decrease DNA damage and its effects, nutritional preconditioning holds promise for improving (cancer) therapy and preventing short- and long-term side effects of anticancer treatments. This review provides an overview of the link between aging and cancer, highlights important preclinical studies applying such nutritional preconditioning, and summarizes the first clinical trials implementing nutritional preconditioning in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie M C van den Boogaard
- Genome Instability and Nutrition Research Group, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marry M van den Heuvel-Eibrink
- Pediatric Oncology Translational Research Group, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H J Hoeijmakers
- Genome Instability and Nutrition Research Group, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,CECAD Forschungszentrum, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilbert P Vermeij
- Genome Instability and Nutrition Research Group, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Dietary Patterns, Carbohydrates, and Age-Related Eye Diseases. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092862. [PMID: 32962100 PMCID: PMC7551870 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over a third of older adults in the U.S. experience significant vision loss, which decreases independence and is a biomarker of decreased health span. As the global aging population is expanding, it is imperative to uncover strategies to increase health span and reduce the economic burden of this age-related disease. While there are some treatments available for age-related vision loss, such as surgical removal of cataracts, many causes of vision loss, such as dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD), remain poorly understood and no treatments are currently available. Therefore, it is necessary to better understand the factors that contribute to disease progression for age-related vision loss and to uncover methods for disease prevention. One such factor is the effect of diet on ocular diseases. There are many reviews regarding micronutrients and their effect on eye health. Here, we discuss the impact of dietary patterns on the incidence and progression of age-related eye diseases, namely AMD, cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. Then, we focus on the specific role of dietary carbohydrates, first by outlining the physiological effects of carbohydrates on the body and then how these changes translate into eye and age-related ocular diseases. Finally, we discuss future directions of nutrition research as it relates to aging and vision loss, with a discussion of caloric restriction, intermittent fasting, drug interventions, and emerging randomized clinical trials. This is a rich field with the capacity to improve life quality for millions of people so they may live with clear vision for longer and avoid the high cost of vision-saving surgeries.
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Adornetto A, Morrone LA, Satriano A, Laganà ML, Licastro E, Nucci C, Corasaniti MT, Tonin P, Bagetta G, Russo R. Effects of caloric restriction on retinal aging and neurodegeneration. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 256:189-207. [PMID: 32958212 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is the most common neurodegenerative cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Restricted caloric regimens are an attractive approach for delaying the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Here we review the current literature on the effects of caloric restriction on retinal neurons, under physiological and pathological conditions. We focused on autophagy as one of the mechanisms modulated by restricted caloric regimens and involved in the death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) over the course of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annagrazia Adornetto
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Luigi Antonio Morrone
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Andrea Satriano
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Laganà
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Ester Licastro
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Carlo Nucci
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Tiziana Corasaniti
- School of Hospital Pharmacy, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro and Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Paolo Tonin
- Regional Center for Serious Brain Injuries, S. Anna Institute, Crotone, Italy
| | - Giacinto Bagetta
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Rossella Russo
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy.
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Xiao H, Wang J, Saul A, Smith SB. Comparison of Neuroprotective Effects of Monomethylfumarate to the Sigma 1 Receptor Ligand (+)-Pentazocine in a Murine Model of Retinitis Pigmentosa. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:5. [PMID: 32150247 PMCID: PMC7401726 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.3.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Activating the cell survival modulator sigma 1 receptor (Sig1R) delays cone photoreceptor cell loss in Pde6βrd10/J (rd10) mice, a model of retinitis pigmentosa. Beneficial effects are abrogated in rd10 mice lacking NRF2, implicating NRF2 as essential to Sig1R-mediated cone neuroprotection. Here we asked whether activation of NRF2 alone is sufficient to rescue cones in rd10 mice. Methods Expression of antioxidant genes was evaluated in 661W cells and in mouse retinas after treatment with monomethylfumarate (MMF), a potent NRF2 activator. Rd10 mice were administered MMF (50 mg/kg) or the Sig1R ligand (+)-pentazocine (PTZ; 0.5 mg/kg) intraperitoneally (every other day, P14-42). Mice were evaluated for visual acuity (optokinetic tracking response), retinal function (electroretinography) and architecture (SD-OCT); histologic retinal sections were evaluated morphometrically. Results MMF treatment increased Nrf2, Nqo1, Cat, Sod1, and Hmox1 expression in vitro and in vivo. Visual acuity of (+)-PTZ-treated rd10 mice was similar to wild-type mice; however, MMF treatment did not alter acuity compared with nontreated rd10 mice. Cone electroretinography b-wave amplitudes were greater in PTZ-treated than nontreated or MMF-treated rd10 mice. SD-OCT assessment of retinal thickness was greater in (+)-PTZ-treated mice versus nontreated or MMF-treated rd10 mice. Morphometric assessment of the outer nuclear layer revealed approximately 18 cells/100 µm retinal length in (+)-PTZ-treated rd10 mice, but only approximately 10 to 12 cells/100 µm in MMF-treated and nontreated rd10 retinas. Conclusions Activation of NRF2 using MMF, at least at our dosing regimen, is insufficient to attenuate catastrophic photoreceptor damage characteristic of rd10 mice. The data prompt investigation of additional mechanisms involved in Sig1R-mediated retinal neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Xiao
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia,United States
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia,United States
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia,United States
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia,United States
| | - Alan Saul
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia,United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia,United States
| | - Sylvia B. Smith
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia,United States
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia,United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia,United States
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10
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Biswas S, Wan KH. Review of rodent hypertensive glaucoma models. Acta Ophthalmol 2019; 97:e331-e340. [PMID: 30549197 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a primary risk factor for the development and progression of glaucoma. Rodent models of glaucoma have greatly improved our understanding of the pathophysiology of glaucoma and served as a useful tool to investigate neuroprotective agents. An ideal glaucoma animal model should be easy to induce, reproducible, biologically plausible and predictable. Of the available animal models of glaucoma, rodents are commonly studied because they have a relatively short life span and can be genetically altered. A successful hypertensive glaucoma model should induce structural glaucomatous changes: including loss of retinal nerve fibres, retinal ganglion cells and optic-disc cupping along with IOP elevation. The level and duration of IOP elevation should be titratable depending on the targeted glaucomatous damage. This review summarizes the outcomes of induced rodent hypertensive glaucoma models including intracameral injection of microbeads, laser photocoagulation, episcleral vein cauterization, injection of hypertonic saline and hyaluronic acid. We aim to provide a detailed overview of each of the models with a focus on parameters that defines a successful glaucoma model. The induced IOP elevation and duration of elevation varied among the different models and strain of rodent; nonetheless, they all achieved a sustainable raised IOP with corresponding RGC loss. The limitations of each model are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantan Biswas
- Department of Optometry NSHM Knowledge Campus Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology Kolkata India
| | - Kelvin H. Wan
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong
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11
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Winklewski PJ, Sabisz A, Naumczyk P, Jodzio K, Szurowska E, Szarmach A. Understanding the Physiopathology Behind Axial and Radial Diffusivity Changes-What Do We Know? Front Neurol 2018. [PMID: 29535676 PMCID: PMC5835085 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of the diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is rapidly growing in the neuroimaging field. Nevertheless, rigorously performed quantitative validation of DTI pathologic metrics remains very limited owing to the difficulty in co-registering quantitative histology findings with magnetic resonance imaging. The aim of this review is to summarize the existing state-of-the-art knowledge with respect to axial (λ║) and radial (λ┴) diffusivity as DTI markers of axonal and myelin damage, respectively. First, we provide technical background for DTI and briefly discuss the specific organization of white matter in bundles of axonal fibers running in parallel; this is the natural target for imaging based on diffusion anisotropy. Second, we discuss the four seminal studies that paved the way for considering axial (λ║) and radial (λ┴) diffusivity as potential in vivo surrogate markers of axonal and myelin damage, respectively. Then, we present difficulties in interpreting axial (λ║) and radial (λ┴) diffusivity in clinical conditions associated with inflammation, edema, and white matter fiber crossing. Finally, future directions are highlighted. In summary, DTI can reveal strategic information with respect to white matter tracts, disconnection mechanisms, and related symptoms. Axial (λ║) and radial (λ┴) diffusivity seem to provide quite consistent information in healthy subjects, and in pathological conditions with limited edema and inflammatory changes. DTI remains one of the most promising non-invasive diagnostic tools in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel J Winklewski
- Department of Human Physiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.,Department of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Słupsk, Poland.,2-nd Department of Radiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Sabisz
- 2-nd Department of Radiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | | | - Edyta Szurowska
- 2-nd Department of Radiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Szarmach
- 2-nd Department of Radiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Izuta Y, Imada T, Hisamura R, Oonishi E, Nakamura S, Inagaki E, Ito M, Soga T, Tsubota K. Ketone body 3-hydroxybutyrate mimics calorie restriction via the Nrf2 activator, fumarate, in the retina. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12699. [PMID: 29119686 PMCID: PMC5770878 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) being the most robust dietary intervention provides various health benefits. D-3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB), a major physiological ketone, has been proposed as an important endogenous molecule for CR. To investigate the role of 3HB in CR, we investigated potential shared mechanisms underlying increased retinal 3HB induced by CR and exogenously applied 3HB without CR to protect against ischemic retinal degeneration. The repeated elevation of retinal 3HB, with or without CR, suppressed retinal degeneration. Metabolomic analysis showed that the antioxidant pentose phosphate pathway and its limiting enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), were concomitantly preserved. Importantly, the upregulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a regulator of G6PD, and elevation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle's Nrf2 activator, fumarate, were also shared. Together, our findings suggest that CR provides retinal antioxidative defense by 3HB through the antioxidant Nrf2 pathway via modification of a tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate during 3HB metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Izuta
- Department of OphthalmologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Toshihiro Imada
- Department of OphthalmologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Ryuji Hisamura
- Department of OphthalmologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Erina Oonishi
- Department of OphthalmologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Shigeru Nakamura
- Department of OphthalmologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Emi Inagaki
- Department of OphthalmologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Masataka Ito
- Department of Developmental Anatomy and Regenerative BiologyNational Defense Medical CollegeTokorozawaJapan
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced BiosciencesKeio UniversityTsuruokaJapan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of OphthalmologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
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13
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McMonnies C. Reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, glaucoma and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2018; 11:3-9. [PMID: 28760643 PMCID: PMC5777925 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the role of oxidative stress in damage to cells of the trabecular meshwork and associated impaired aqueous drainage as well as damage to retinal ganglion cells and associated visual field losses. Consideration is given to the interaction between vascular and mechanical explanations for pathological changes in glaucoma. For example, elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) forces may contribute to ischaemia but there is increasing evidence that altered blood flow in a wider sense is also involved. Both vascular and mechanical theories are involved through fluctuations in intraocular pressure and dysregulation of blood flow. Retinal function is very sensitive to changes in haemoglobin oxygen concentration and the associated variations in the production of reactive oxygen species. Reperfusion injury and production of reactive oxygen species occurs when IOP is elevated or blood pressure is low and beyond the capacity for blood flow autoregulation to maintain appropriate oxygen concentration. Activities such as those associated with postural changes, muscular effort, eye wiping and rubbing which cause IOP fluctuation, may have significant vascular, mechanical, reperfusion and oxidative stress consequences. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy exposes the eye to increased oxygen concentration and the risk of oxidative damage in susceptible individuals. However, oxygen concentration in aqueous humour, and the risk of damage to trabecular meshwork cells may be greater if hyperbaric oxygen is delivered by a hood which exposes the anterior ocular surface to higher than normal oxygen levels. Oronasal mask delivery of hyperbaric oxygen therapy appears to be indicated in these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles McMonnies
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Australia.
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14
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Liu B, McNally S, Kilpatrick JI, Jarvis SP, O'Brien CJ. Aging and ocular tissue stiffness in glaucoma. Surv Ophthalmol 2017; 63:56-74. [PMID: 28666629 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a progressive and chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by damage to the inner layers of the retina and deformation of the optic nerve head. The degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and their axons results in an irreversible loss of vision and is correlated with increasing age. Extracellular matrix changes related to natural aging generate a stiffer extracellular environment throughout the body. Altered age-associated ocular tissue stiffening plays a major role in a significant number of ophthalmic pathologies. In glaucoma, both the trabecular meshwork and the optic nerve head undergo extensive extracellular matrix remodeling, characterized by fibrotic changes associated with cellular and molecular events (including myofibroblast activation) that drive further tissue fibrosis and stiffening. Here, we review the literature concerning the role of age-related ocular stiffening in the trabecular meshwork, lamina cribrosa, sclera, cornea, retina, and Bruch membrane/choroid and discuss their potential role in glaucoma progression. Because both trabecular meshwork and lamina cribrosa cells are mechanosensitive, we then describe molecular mechanisms underlying tissue stiffening and cell mechanotransduction and how these cellular activities can drive further fibrotic changes within ocular tissues. An improved understanding of the interplay between age-related tissue stiffening and biological responses in the trabecular meshwork and optic nerve head could potentially lead to novel therapeutic strategies for glaucoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiyun Liu
- School of Physics, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sara McNally
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jason I Kilpatrick
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Suzanne P Jarvis
- School of Physics, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colm J O'Brien
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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15
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Ozaki T, Yamashita T, Tomita H, Sugano E, Ishiguro SI. The protection of rat retinal ganglion cells from ischemia/reperfusion injury by the inhibitory peptide of mitochondrial μ-calpain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:1700-5. [PMID: 27596965 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular Ca(2+)-dependent cysteine proteases such as calpains have been suggested as critical factors in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death. However, it is unknown whether mitochondrial calpains are involved in RGC death. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the inhibition of mitochondrial μ-calpain activity protects against RGC death during ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. This study used a well-established rat model of experimental acute glaucoma involving I/R injury. A specific peptide inhibitor of mitochondrial μ-calpain, Tat-μCL, was topically applied to rats via eye drops three times a day for 5 days after I/R. RGC death was determined by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay. The truncation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) was determined by western blot analyses. Retinal morphology was determined after staining with hematoxyline and eosin. In addition, the number of Fluoro Gold-labeled RGCs in flat-mounted retinas was used to determine the percentage of surviving RGCs after I/R injury. After 1 day of I/R, RGC death was observed in the ganglion cell layer. Treatment with Tat-μCL eye drops significantly prevented the death of RGCs and the truncation of AIF. After 5 days of I/R, RGC death decreased by approximately 40%. However, Tat-μCL significantly inhibited the decrease in the retinal sections and flat-mounted retinas. The results suggested that mitochondrial μ-calpain is associated with RGC death during I/R injury via truncation of AIF. In addition, the inhibition of mitochondrial μ-calpain activity by Tat-μCL had a neuroprotective effect against I/R-induced RGC death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Ozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan.
| | - Tetsuro Yamashita
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tomita
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Eriko Sugano
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Sei-Ichi Ishiguro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
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16
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Hartsock MJ, Cho H, Wu L, Chen WJ, Gong J, Duh EJ. A Mouse Model of Retinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Through Elevation of Intraocular Pressure. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27501124 DOI: 10.3791/54065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is a pathophysiological process contributing to cellular damage in multiple ocular conditions, including glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and retinal vascular occlusions. Rodent models of I/R injury are providing significant insights into mechanisms and treatment strategies for human I/R injury, especially with regard to neurodegenerative damage in the retinal neurovascular unit. Presented here is a protocol for inducing retinal I/R injury in mice through elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP). In this protocol, the ocular anterior chamber is cannulated with a needle, through which flows the drip of an elevated saline reservoir. Using this drip to raise IOP above systolic arterial blood pressure, a practitioner temporarily halts inner retinal blood flow (ischemia). When circulation is reinstated (reperfusion) by removal of the cannula, severe cellular damage ensues, resulting ultimately in retinal neurodegeneration. Recent studies demonstrate inflammation, vascular permeability, and capillary degeneration as additional elements of this model. Compared to alternative retinal I/R methodologies, such as retinal arterial ligation, retinal I/R injury by elevated IOP offers advantages in its anatomical specificity, experimental tractability, and technical accessibility, presenting itself as a valuable tool for examining neuronal pathogenesis and therapy in the retinal neurovascular unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Hartsock
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Hongkwan Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Lijuan Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Wan-Ju Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Junsong Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Elia J Duh
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University;
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17
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Zarnowski T, Choragiewicz TJ, Schuettauf F, Zrenner E, Rejdak R, Gasior M, Zarnowska I, Thaler S. Ketogenic Diet Attenuates NMDA-Induced Damage to Rat's Retinal Ganglion Cells in an Age-Dependent Manner. Ophthalmic Res 2015; 53:162-7. [DOI: 10.1159/000379753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Tan C, Hu T, Peng MC, Liu SL, Tong JB, Ouyang W, Le Y. Age of Rats Seriously Affects the Degree of Retinal Damage Induced by Acute High Intraocular Pressure. Curr Eye Res 2014; 40:300-6. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2014.922194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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19
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Rickenbacher A, Jang JH, Limani P, Ungethüm U, Lehmann K, Oberkofler CE, Weber A, Graf R, Humar B, Clavien PA. Fasting protects liver from ischemic injury through Sirt1-mediated downregulation of circulating HMGB1 in mice. J Hepatol 2014; 61:301-8. [PMID: 24751831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Fasting and calorie restriction are associated with a prolonged life span and an increased resistance to stress. The protective effects of fasting have been exploited for the mitigation of ischemic organ injury, yet the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here, we investigated whether fasting protects liver against ischemia reperfusion (IR) through energy-preserving or anti-inflammatory mechanisms. METHODS Fasted C57BL6 mice were subjected to partial hepatic IR. Injury was assessed by liver enzymes and histology. Raw264-7 macrophage-like cells were investigated in vitro. Sirt1 and HMGB1 were inhibited using Ex527 and neutralizing antibodies, respectively. RESULTS Fasting for one, but not two or three days, protected from hepatic IR injury. None of the investigated energy parameters correlated with the protective effects. Instead, inflammatory responses were dampened in one-day-fasted mice and in starved macrophages. Fasting alone led to a reduction in circulating HMGB1 associated with cytoplasmic HMGB1 translocation, aggregate formation, and autophagy. Inhibition of autophagy re-elevated circulating HMGB1 and abolished protection in fasted mice, as did supplementation with HMGB1. In vitro, Sirt1 inhibition prevented HMGB1 translocation, leading to elevated HMGB1 in the supernatant. In vivo, Sirt1 inhibition abrogated the fasting-induced protection, but had no effect in the presence of neutralizing HMGB1 antibody. CONCLUSIONS Fasting for one day protects from hepatic IR injury via Sirt1-dependent downregulation of circulating HMGB1. The reduction in serum HMGB1 appears to be mediated by its engagement in the autophagic response. These findings integrate Sirt1, HMGB1, and autophagy into a common framework that underlies the anti-inflammatory properties of short-term fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Rickenbacher
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Center, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jae Hwi Jang
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Center, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Perparim Limani
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Center, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Udo Ungethüm
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Center, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kuno Lehmann
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Center, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian E Oberkofler
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Center, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Achim Weber
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Zürich, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Graf
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Center, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bostjan Humar
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Center, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Alain Clavien
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Center, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Zhao X, Sidoli S, Wang L, Wang W, Guo L, Jensen ON, Zheng L. Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Histone Post-translational Modifications upon Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Retinal Injury. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:2175-86. [DOI: 10.1021/pr500040a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Zhao
- College
of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Simone Sidoli
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Leilei Wang
- College
of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- College
of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Lin Guo
- College
of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Ole N. Jensen
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Ling Zheng
- College
of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
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21
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Steinhart MR, Cone-Kimball E, Nguyen C, Nguyen TD, Pease ME, Chakravarti S, Oglesby EN, Quigley HA. Susceptibility to glaucoma damage related to age and connective tissue mutations in mice. Exp Eye Res 2013; 119:54-60. [PMID: 24368172 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to study the effects of age and genetic alterations in key connective tissue proteins on susceptibility to experimental glaucoma in mice. We used mice haploinsufficient in the elastin gene (EH) and mice without both alleles of the fibromodulin gene (FM KO) and their wild type (WT) littermates of B6 and CD1 strains, respectively. FM KO mice were tested at two ages: 2 months and 12 months. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured by Tonolab tonometer, axial lengths and widths measured by digital caliper post-enucleation, and chronic glaucoma damage was measured using a bead injection model and optic nerve axon counts. IOP in EH mice was not significantly different from WT, but FM KO were slightly lower than their controls (p = 0.04). Loss of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons was somewhat, but not significantly greater in young EH and younger or older FM KO strains than in age-matched controls (p = 0.48, 0.34, 0.20, respectively, multivariable regression adjusting for IOP exposure). Older CD1 mice lost significantly more RGC axons than younger CD1 (p = 0.01, multivariable regression). The CD1 mouse strain showed age-dependence of experimental glaucoma damage to RGC in the opposite, and more expected, direction than in B6 mice in which older mice are more resistant to damage. Genetic alteration in two genes that are constituents of sclera, fibromodulin and elastin do not significantly affect RGC loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Steinhart
- Glaucoma Center of Excellence, Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Departments of Ophthalmology, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Elizabeth Cone-Kimball
- Glaucoma Center of Excellence, Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Departments of Ophthalmology, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Cathy Nguyen
- Glaucoma Center of Excellence, Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Departments of Ophthalmology, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Thao D Nguyen
- Glaucoma Center of Excellence, Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mary E Pease
- Glaucoma Center of Excellence, Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Departments of Ophthalmology, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shukti Chakravarti
- Glaucoma Center of Excellence, Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Departments of Ophthalmology, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ericka N Oglesby
- Glaucoma Center of Excellence, Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Departments of Ophthalmology, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Harry A Quigley
- Glaucoma Center of Excellence, Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Departments of Ophthalmology, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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22
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Kawashima M, Ozawa Y, Shinmura K, Inaba T, Nakamura S, Kawakita T, Watanabe M, Tsubota K. Calorie restriction (CR) and CR mimetics for the prevention and treatment of age-related eye disorders. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:1096-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether there is an age-dependent susceptibility in retinal function in response to repeated anterior chamber cannulation with or without intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation. METHODS Baseline electroretinograms were measured in 3- and 18-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 16 each group). Following baseline assessment, eyes were randomly assigned to undergo a 60-min anterior chamber cannulation with IOP either left at baseline (sham, 15 mm Hg) or elevated to 60 mm Hg. This was repeated three additional times, with each episode separated by 1 week. At weeks 1 to 3, dark-adapted retinal function was assessed immediately before cannulation, with final functional assessment at week 4. RESULTS Both sham and IOP elevated eyes of older rats showed retinal dysfunction, which became more pronounced with the number of repeated insults. This effect was largest for responses arising from the inner retina. Repeated insult in younger eyes did not produce a change in amplitude but an increase in the sensitivity to light of photoreceptoral and bipolar cell components of the electroretinogram. CONCLUSIONS Repeated trauma, not IOP, produces permanent retinal dysfunction in older eyes. Younger eyes appear to be able to withstand this type of injury by upregulating sensitivity of outer and middle retinal responses to maintain normal inner retinal function.
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24
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Kong YXG, van Bergen N, Bui BV, Chrysostomou V, Vingrys AJ, Trounce IA, Crowston JG. Impact of aging and diet restriction on retinal function during and after acute intraocular pressure injury. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:1126.e15-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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25
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Wohl SG, Schmeer CW, Isenmann S. Neurogenic potential of stem/progenitor-like cells in the adult mammalian eye. Prog Retin Eye Res 2012; 31:213-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Dvoriantchikova G, Ivanov D, Barakat D, Grinberg A, Wen R, Slepak VZ, Shestopalov VI. Genetic ablation of Pannexin1 protects retinal neurons from ischemic injury. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31991. [PMID: 22384122 PMCID: PMC3285635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pannexin1 (Panx1) forms large nonselective membrane channel that is implicated in paracrine and inflammatory signaling. In vitro experiments suggested that Panx1 could play a key role in ischemic death of hippocampal neurons. Since retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) express high levels of Panx1 and are susceptible to ischemic induced injury, we hypothesized that Panx1 contributes to rapid and selective loss of these neurons in ischemia. To test this hypothesis, we induced experimental retinal ischemia followed by reperfusion in live animals with the Panx1 channel genetically ablated either in the entire mouse (Panx1 KO), or only in neurons using the conditional knockout (Panx1 CKO) technology. Here we report that two distinct neurotoxic processes are induced in RGCs by ischemia in the wild type mice but are inactivated in Panx1KO and Panx1 CKO animals. First, the post-ischemic permeation of RGC plasma membranes is suppressed, as assessed by dye transfer and calcium imaging assays ex vivo and in vitro. Second, the inflammasome-mediated activation of caspase-1 and the production of interleukin-1β in the Panx1 KO retinas are inhibited. Our findings indicate that post-ischemic neurotoxicity in the retina is mediated by previously uncharacterized pathways, which involve neuronal Panx1 and are intrinsic to RGCs. Thus, our work presents the in vivo evidence for neurotoxicity elicited by neuronal Panx1, and identifies this channel as a new therapeutic target in ischemic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Dvoriantchikova
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Dmitry Ivanov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - David Barakat
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alexander Grinberg
- National Institute of Child Health and Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rong Wen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Vladlen Z. Slepak
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Valery I. Shestopalov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Van Bergen NJ, Chakrabarti R, O’Neill EC, Crowston JG, Trounce IA. Mitochondrial disorders and the eye. Eye Brain 2011; 3:29-47. [PMID: 28539774 PMCID: PMC5436186 DOI: 10.2147/eb.s16192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical significance of disturbed mitochondrial function in the eye has emerged since mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation was described in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. The spectrum of mitochondrial dysfunction has become apparent through increased understanding of the contribution of nuclear and somatic mtDNA mutations to mitochondrial dynamics and function. Common ophthalmic manifestations of mitochondrial dysfunction include optic atrophy, pigmentary retinopathy, and ophthalmoplegia. The majority of patients with ocular manifestations of mitochondrial disease also have variable central and peripheral nervous system involvement. Mitochondrial dysfunction has recently been associated with age-related retinal disease including macular degeneration and glaucoma. Therefore, therapeutic targets directed at promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and function offer a potential to both preserve retinal function and attenuate neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Van Bergen
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rahul Chakrabarti
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Evelyn C O’Neill
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan G Crowston
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian A Trounce
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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28
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Wong VHY, Bui BV, Vingrys AJ. Clinical and experimental links between diabetes and glaucoma. Clin Exp Optom 2010; 94:4-23. [PMID: 21091536 DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2010.00546.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness. It is a multifactorial condition, the risk factors for which are increasingly well defined from large-scale epidemiological studies. One risk factor that remains controversial is the presence of diabetes. It has been proposed that diabetic eyes are at greater risk of injury from external stressors, such as elevated intraocular pressure. Alternatively, diabetes may cause ganglion cell loss, which becomes additive to a glaucomatous ganglion cell injury. Several clinical trials have considered whether a link exists between diabetes and glaucoma. In this review, we outline these studies and consider the causes for their lack of concordant findings. We also review the biochemical and cellular similarities between the two conditions. Moreover, we review the available literature that attempts to answer the question of whether the presence of diabetes increases the risk of developing glaucoma. At present, laboratory studies provide robust evidence for an association between diabetes and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vickie H Y Wong
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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29
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Anekonda TS. The Benefits of Calorie Restriction and Calorie Restriction Mimetics as Related to the Eye. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 3:28-37. [PMID: 20844606 DOI: 10.2174/1876326x00903020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The effects of calorie restriction without malnutrition seem to possess many beneficial effects in numerous disease states. Recently, studies related to calorie restriction mimetics that biochemically mimic the effects of calorie restriction are also becoming increasingly popular. Both calorie restriction and calorie restriction mimetics trigger an adaptive response reminiscent of mild-stress or low-dose toxic response, which is frequently referred to as hormesis in the toxicology literature. Although some benefits of calorie restriction and calorie restriction mimetics have been studied, the role of hormesis-related pathways in the eye has not been given a special attention. This review will present the current literature on calorie restriction and calorie restriction mimetics as related to most prominent eye diseases and provide insights on the therapeutic role of hormesis in eye diseases.
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30
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Dvoriantchikova G, Barakat D, Brambilla R, Agudelo C, Hernandez E, Bethea JR, Shestopalov VI, Ivanov D. Inactivation of astroglial NF-kappa B promotes survival of retinal neurons following ischemic injury. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 30:175-85. [PMID: 19614983 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06814.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Reactive astrocytes have been implicated in neuronal loss following ischemic stroke. However, the molecular mechanisms associated with this process are yet to be fully elucidated. In this work, we tested the hypothesis that astroglial NF-kappaB, a key regulator of inflammatory responses, is a contributor to neuronal death following ischemic injury. We compared neuronal survival in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) after retinal ischemia-reperfusion in wild-type (WT) and in GFAP-IkappaBalpha-dn transgenic mice, where the NF-kappaB classical pathway is suppressed specifically in astrocytes. The GFAP-IkappaBalpha-dn mice showed significantly increased survival of neurons in the GCL following ischemic injury as compared with WT littermates. Neuroprotection was associated with significantly reduced expression of pro-inflammatory genes, encoding Tnf-alpha, Ccl2 (Mcp1), Cxcl10 (IP10), Icam1, Vcam1, several subunits of NADPH oxidase and NO-synthase in the retinas of GFAP-IkappaBalpha-dn mice. These data suggest that certain NF-kappaB-regulated pro-inflammatory and redox-active pathways are central to glial neurotoxicity induced by ischemic injury. The inhibition of these pathways in astrocytes may represent a feasible neuroprotective strategy for retinal ischemia and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Dvoriantchikova
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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31
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Mitchell CH, Lu W. Chapter 10 Retinal Ganglion Cells and Glaucoma. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1063-5823(08)00410-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Cooper NGF, Laabich A, Fan W, Wang X. The relationship between neurotrophic factors and CaMKII in the death and survival of retinal ganglion cells. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2008; 173:521-40. [PMID: 18929132 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)01136-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The scientific discourse relating to the causes and treatments for glaucoma are becoming reflective of the need to protect and preserve retinal neurons from degenerative changes, which result from the injurious environment associated with this disease. Knowledge, in particular, of the signal transduction pathways which affect death and survival of the retinal ganglion cells is critical to this discourse and to the development of a suitable neurotherapeutic strategy for this disease. The goal of this chapter is to review what is known of the chief suspects involved in initiating the cell death/survival pathways in these cells, and what still remains to be uncovered. The least controversial aspect of the subject relates to the potential role of neurotrophic factors in the protection of the retinal ganglion cells. On the other hand, the postulated triggers for signaling cell death in glaucoma remain controversial. Certainly, the restricted flow of neurotrophic factors has been cited as one possible trigger. However, the connections between glaucoma and other factors present in the retina, such as glutamate, long held to be a prospective culprit in retinal ganglion cell death are still being questioned. Whatever the outcome of this particular debate, it is clear that the downstream intersections between the cell death and survival pathways should provide important foci for future studies whose goal is to protect retinal neurons, situated as they are, in the stressful environment of a cell destroying disease. The evidence for CaMKII being one of these intersecting points is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G F Cooper
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
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Wang AL, Yuan M, Neufeld AH. Degeneration of neuronal cell bodies following axonal injury in Wld(S) mice. J Neurosci Res 2007; 84:1799-807. [PMID: 17022038 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The phenotype of Wld(S) ("slow Wallerian degeneration") mice demonstrates prolonged survival of injured axons. However, whether the Wld(S) mutation delays degeneration of the neuronal cell body following axonal injury is unclear. We used a retrograde model of axonal transport failure in Wld(S) mice to test whether the mutant Wld(S) protein has any beneficial effect on the neuronal cell body. Retrograde axonal transport was physically blocked by optic nerve crush and confirmed by the absence of Fluoro-Gold labeling in wild-type and in Wld(S) mice. After this axonal injury, there was marked protection of axonal degeneration in the Wld(S) phenotype, as confirmed by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. However, the Wld(S) protein, localized in the nucleus of retinal ganglion cells, did not prevent or delay degeneration of the retinal ganglion cell body, confirmed by TUNEL staining and Fluoro-Gold labeling. These results imply that, after axonal injury, Wallerian degeneration of axons and degeneration of the neuronal cell body have different mechanisms, which are autonomous and independent of each other. Although the Wld(S) phenotype can be used to demonstrate stable enucleate axons, the mutation is unlikely to protect neurons in neurodegenerative diseases in which there is failure of retrograde transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Ling Wang
- Laboratory for the Investigation of the Aging Retina, Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Wang AL, Yuan M, Neufeld AH. Age-Related Changes in Neuronal Susceptibility to Damage: Comparison of the Retinal Ganglion Cells of Young and Old Mice Before and After Optic Nerve Crush. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1097:64-6. [PMID: 17413012 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1379.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
To investigate whether or not the aging phenotype has increased vulnerability to axonal injury in vivo, we quantitated the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) after optic nerve crush. After crush, young animals lost 20% in 3 days and 50% of their RGCs in 7 days; however, old animals lost 40% in 3 days and 70% of their RGCs in 7 days. Our results showed that the time course in the loss of RGCs after crush in old mice is faster than that in young mice. Thus, old age increases susceptibility for the loss of RGCs following axonal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Ling Wang
- Laboratory for the Investigation of the Aging Retina, Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Tarry 13-753, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Meyer-Rüsenberg B, Pavlidis M, Stupp T, Thanos S. Pathological changes in human retinal ganglion cells associated with diabetic and hypertensive retinopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2006; 245:1009-18. [PMID: 17186260 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-006-0489-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2006] [Revised: 10/19/2006] [Accepted: 10/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To examine whether systemic diseases like diabetes and arterial hypertension, which frequently cause retinopathies leading to blindness effect the morphology of retinal ganglion cells (RGC). METHODS Histological retina material with a history of being untreated, or laser-coagulated (LC) diabetic retinopathy (DR), or arterial hypertensive retinopathy (AHR) was used. The RGC were labeled by introducing crystals of the fluorescent carbocyanine dye DiI into the nerve fiber layer, which contains ganglion cell axons. RESULTS The typical silhouettes of both major types of RGC, parasol and midget cells, were identified. The axons in DR and AHR retinas showed morphology changes such as irregular swelling and beading. Dendritic field sizes were significantly reduced in RGC of both the hypertonic and diabetic retinas. A significant reduction in branching frequency was evident in both the diabetic and hypertonic retinas, in both the midget and the parasol cells. In LC retinas, both parasol and midget RGC were observed within the LC spots, although their numbers were dramatically decreased compared with normal retinas. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that diabetes and arterial hypertonia have similar effects on the morphology of RGC, in addition to causing microvascular alterations and bleeding. Therefore, therapeutic measures and prognostic outcomes in diabetic and hypertensive retinopathy should also consider regressive changes in retinal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birthe Meyer-Rüsenberg
- Department of Experimental Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Münster, Domagkstrasse 15, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Sun SW, Liang HF, Le TQ, Armstrong RC, Cross AH, Song SK. Differential sensitivity of in vivo and ex vivo diffusion tensor imaging to evolving optic nerve injury in mice with retinal ischemia. Neuroimage 2006; 32:1195-204. [PMID: 16797189 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.04.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2005] [Revised: 03/22/2006] [Accepted: 04/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreased axial (lambda(||)) and increased radial (lambda( perpendicular)) diffusivity have been shown to reflect axonal and myelin injury respectively. In the present study, evolving white matter injury within the optic nerves of mice with retinal ischemia was examined by in vivo and ex vivo measurements of lambda(||) and lambda( perpendicular). The results show that at 3 days after retinal ischemia, a 33% decrease in vivo and a 38% decrease ex vivo in lambda(||) without change in lambda( perpendicular) was observed in the injured optic nerve compared to the control, suggestive of axonal damage without myelin injury. At 14 days, both in vivo and ex vivo measured lambda( perpendicular) increased significantly to 220-240% of the control level in the injured optic nerve suggestive of myelin damage. In contrast, the axonal injury that was clearly detected in vivo as a significantly decreased lambda(||) (33% decrease) was not as clearly detected by ex vivo lambda(||) (17% decrease). The current findings suggest that ex vivo lambda( perpendicular) is comparable to in vivo lambda( perpendicular) in detecting myelin injury. However, the structural changes resulting from axonal damage causing the decreased in vivo lambda(||) may not be preserved ex vivo in the fixed tissues. Despite the accurate depiction of the pathology using lambda(||) and lambda( perpendicular) in vivo, the use of ex vivo lambda(||) to extrapolate the status of axonal injury in vivo would require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Wei Sun
- Department of Radiology, Biomedical MR Laboratory, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Loon SC, Chew PTK, Oen FTS, Chan YH, Wong HT, Seah SKL, Aung T. Iris ischaemic changes and visual outcome after acute primary angle closure. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2006; 33:473-7. [PMID: 16181271 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2005.01064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischaemic changes in the iris occur frequently after an episode of acute primary angle closure (APAC). The aim of this study was to investigate the significance of such changes with regards to visual outcome. METHODS Acute primary angle closure cases were treated with medical therapy followed by laser peripheral iridotomy after resolution of the acute episode. Subjects were examined at 1, 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks post laser peripheral iridotomy. Eyes were examined for signs of iris ischaemic changes (IIC), defined as the presence of iris whorling or stromal atrophy. Iris photographs were also taken at weeks 1, 8 and 16. Subjects requiring glaucoma medication or filtering surgery during the follow-up period were excluded. The visual acuity and visual field (using automated white-on-white threshold perimetry) at week 16 were used in the assessment of visual outcome. RESULTS Sixty-one subjects with APAC completed the study. The majority of subjects were female (82%) and Chinese (92%), and the mean age was 59 +/- 8.8 years. More than half the subjects (52.5%) were found to have developed IIC during the study, 65% of whom already had signs of IIC by the first week. Only 13 subjects (41%) with IIC and 6 subjects (21%) without IIC had an abnormal visual field defect at week 16 (P = 0.09). There was also no difference in visual acuity at week 16, the majority of subjects in both groups having visual acuity of 6/12 or better. CONCLUSIONS The development of iris ischaemic changes after a single episode of APAC may not be associated with an adverse visual outcome.
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Chen H, Liu B, Neufeld AH. Epidermal growth factor receptor in adult retinal neurons of rat, mouse, and human. J Comp Neurol 2006; 500:299-310. [PMID: 17111374 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
During development, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) regulates proliferation and differentiation of many types of cells, including precursors of neurons and glia. In the adult, EGFR continues to drive the growth and differentiation of epithelial cells but is absent from glia in the CNS. However, the localization and functions of EGFR in adult neurons are not well defined. By using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting, we have identified EGFR and its ligands in adult retinal ganglion cells in the normal rat, mouse, and human retina. EGFR and its ligands were also present in certain other adult retinal neurons, for example, horizontal cells and amacrine cells, and had different distribution patterns among these species. In addition, we found that EGFR was expressed in the rat retinal ganglion cell line RGC-5. One of the EGFR ligands, EGF, caused a cell shape change and increased neurofilament phosphorylation in RGC-5 cells. The expression of EGFR in postmitotic, terminally differentiated adult retinal neurons suggests that EGFR has pleiotropic functions. In addition to the conventional mitogenic role in adult epithelial cells, EGFR must serve a different, nonmitogenic function in adult neurons. Our work localizes EGFR and its ligands in the adult retinas of several species as a step toward investigating the nonmitogenic functions of EGFR in adult neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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JU WONKYU, MISAKA TAKUMI, KUSHNAREVA YULIA, NAKAGOMI SAYA, AGARWAL NEERAJ, KUBO YOSHIHIRO, LIPTON STUARTA, BOSSY-WETZEL ELLA. OPA1 expression in the normal rat retina and optic nerve. J Comp Neurol 2005; 488:1-10. [PMID: 15912498 PMCID: PMC1350956 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant optic atrophy (DOA) is the most common form of hereditary optic neuropathy. DOA presents in the first decade of life and manifests as progressive vision loss. In DOA retinal ganglion cells and the optic nerve degenerate by an unknown mechanism. The gene mutated in DOA, Optic Atrophy Type 1 (OPA1), encodes a dynamin-related GTPase implicated in mitochondrial fusion and maintenance of the mitochondrial network and genome. Here, we determine which cell types in the normal retina and the optic nerve express OPA1. In the normal rat retina, OPA1 is expressed in the ganglion cell layer as well as in the outer plexiform layer, the inner nuclear layer, and the inner plexiform layer. In the ganglion cell layer, OPA1 is expressed predominantly in retinal ganglion cells. By contrast, OPA1 protein is low or undetectable in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes of the optic nerve. Additionally, OPA1 protein is present in axonal mitochondria. Last, OPA1 expression is present in mitochondria of processes and cell bodies of purified retinal ganglion cells and of the RGC-5 cell line. Thus, OPA1 is predominantly expressed in retinal ganglion cells of the normal rat retina and axons of the optic nerve. These findings may explain the selective vulnerability of retinal ganglion cells to OPA1 loss of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- WON-KYU JU
- Center for Neuroscience and Aging, The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - TAKUMI MISAKA
- Division of Biophysics and Neurobiology, Department of Molecular Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - YULIA KUSHNAREVA
- Center for Neuroscience and Aging, The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - SAYA NAKAGOMI
- Center for Neuroscience and Aging, The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - NEERAJ AGARWAL
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107
| | - YOSHIHIRO KUBO
- Division of Biophysics and Neurobiology, Department of Molecular Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - STUART A. LIPTON
- Center for Neuroscience and Aging, The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - ELLA BOSSY-WETZEL
- Center for Neuroscience and Aging, The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
- *Correspondence to: Ella Bossy-Wetzel, Center for Neuroscience and Aging, The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037., E-mail:
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Danias J, Shen F, Kavalarakis M, Chen B, Goldblum D, Lee K, Zamora MF, Su Y, Brodie SE, Podos SM, Mittag T. Characterization of retinal damage in the episcleral vein cauterization rat glaucoma model. Exp Eye Res 2005; 82:219-28. [PMID: 16109406 PMCID: PMC1401487 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2005.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2004] [Revised: 05/25/2005] [Accepted: 06/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Episcleral vein cauterization (EVC) is used in rats to generate a glaucoma model with high intraocular pressure (IOP). The long-term retinal damage in this glaucoma model, however, has not been accurately quantified. We report the location and amount of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) damage caused by (EVC) induced IOP elevation in two rat strains. IOP was raised in one eye of Wistar (N = 5) and Brown-Norway(B-N)(N = 7) rats by EVC and monitored monthly until IOP in contralateral eyes equalized at 5 months post-surgery. Animals were maintained for 3.5-4.5 additional months. B-N rats (N = 7) that had no EVC served as controls for this strain. Scotopic flash ERGs were recorded at baseline and just prior to euthanasia. Automated counts of all retrogradely labeled RGCs in retinal flat-mounts were determined and compared between contralateral eyes. RGC density maps were constructed and RGC size distribution was determined. Oscillatory potentials in the group of eyes which had elevated IOP were decreased at the time of euthanasia, when IOP had returned to normal. The group of normal B-N rats had similar RGC counts between contralateral eyes. In the experimental group the mean number of RGCs was not significantly different between control and experimental eyes, but 1 of 5 Wistar and 2 of 7 B-N experimental eyes had at least 30% fewer RGCs than contralateral control eyes. Total retinal area in B-N experimental eyes was higher compared to contralateral eyes. Cumulative IOP exposure of the experimental eyes was modestly correlated with RGC loss while oscillatory potentials appeared to be inversely related to RGC loss. In retinas with extensive (> 30% RGC loss) but not complete damage, smaller cells were preserved better than larger ones. The above results indicate that RGC loss in both Wistar and B-N strains is variable after a prolonged elevation of IOP via EVC. Such variability despite equivalent IOP levels and ERG abnormalities, suggests unknown factors that can protect IOP-stressed RGCs. Identification and enhancement of such factors could prove useful for glaucoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Danias
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mt Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1183, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Mattison JA, Croft MA, Dahl DB, Roth GS, Lane MA, Ingram DK, Kaufman PL. Accommodative function in rhesus monkeys: effects of aging and calorie restriction. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2005; 27:59-67. [PMID: 23598604 PMCID: PMC3456094 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-005-4005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2004] [Accepted: 03/10/2005] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Numerous degenerative changes in the visual system occur with age, including a loss of accommodative function possibly related to hardening of the lens or loss of ciliary muscle mobility. The rhesus monkey is a reliable animal model for studying age-related changes in ocular function, including loss of accommodation. Calorie restriction (CR) is the only consistent intervention to slow aging and extend lifespan in rodents, and more recently the beneficial effects of CR have been reported in nonhuman primates. The goal of the present study was to evaluate age-related changes in ocular accommodation and the potential effect of long-term (>8 years) CR on accommodation in male and female rhesus monkeys. Refraction, accommodation (Hartinger coincidence refractometer), and lens thickness (A-scan ultrasound) were measured in 97 male and female rhesus monkeys age 8-36 years under Telazol/acepromazine anesthesia. Refraction and accommodation measurements were taken before and after 40% carbachol corneal iontophoresis to induce maximum accommodation. Half the animals were in the control (CON) group and were fed ad libitum. The CR group received 30% fewer calories than age- and weight-matched controls. Males were on CR for 12 years and females for eight years. With increasing age, accommodative ability declined in both CON and CR monkeys by 1.03 ± 0.12 (P = 0.001) and 1.18 ± 0.12 (P = 0.001) diopters/year, respectively. The age-related decline did not differ significantly between the groups (P = 0.374). Baseline lens thickness increased with age in both groups by 0.03 ± 0.005 mm/year (P = 0.001) and 0.02 ± 0.005 mm/year (P = 0.001) for the CON and CR groups, respectively. The tendency for the for the lens to thicken with age occurred at a slower rate in the CR group vs. the CON group but the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.086). Baseline refraction was -2.8 ± 0.55 and -3.0 ± 0.62 diopters for CON and CR, respectively. Baseline refraction tended to become slightly more negative with age (P = 0.070), but this trend did not differ significantly between the groups (P = 0.587). In summary, there was no difference in the slope of the age-related changes in accommodation, lens thickness, or refraction in the carbachol-treated eyes due to diet. These data are consistent with previous findings of decreased accommodative ability in aging rhesus monkeys, comparable to the age-dependent decrease in accommodative ability in humans. This study is the first to indicate that the accommodative system may not benefit from calorie restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Mattison
- Laboratory of Experimental Gerontology, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - M. A. Croft
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53792 USA
| | - D. B. Dahl
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53792 USA
| | - G. S. Roth
- Laboratory of Experimental Gerontology, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - M. A. Lane
- Laboratory of Experimental Gerontology, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - D. K. Ingram
- Laboratory of Experimental Gerontology, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - P. L. Kaufman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53792 USA
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Kim KY, Ju WK, Neufeld AH. Neuronal susceptibility to damage: comparison of the retinas of young, old and old/caloric restricted rats before and after transient ischemia. Neurobiol Aging 2004; 25:491-500. [PMID: 15013570 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2003.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2003] [Revised: 04/29/2003] [Accepted: 07/15/2003] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Compared to young rats, old age increases susceptibility and caloric restriction decreases susceptibility for the loss of retinal ganglion cells and displaced amacrine cells following retinal ischemia/reperfusion. In retinas of old animals before ischemia, reactive gliosis, including activation of Muller cells, microglia and astrocytes, is increased compared to retinas from young and old/caloric restricted animals. Post-ischemia, the existing reactive gliosis in retinas of old animals is not neuroprotective and the reactive gliosis is even further increased in old animals compared to young or old/caloric restricted animals. In retinas from old/caloric restricted animals, inducible heat shock protein-70 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor increased more markedly after ischemia/reperfusion compared to retinas from young and old animals. Thus, compared to retinas in young animals, neurons of old animals may be more susceptible to cell death by secondary glial mechanisms after retinal ischemia/reperfusion. Caloric restriction in old animals is neuroprotective against damage in the retina following ischemia, perhaps by suppressing glial activity and by the neuroprotective effects of inducible heat shock protein-70 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keun-Young Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, P.O. Box 8096, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Li D, Sun F, Wang K. Protein profile of aging and its retardation by caloric restriction in neural retina. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 318:253-8. [PMID: 15110781 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a slow, gradual deterioration process of an organism. The only experimental intervention, which can reliably retard aging and age-related degenerative diseases, is dietary caloric restriction (CR). To gain insight into the mechanism of CR intervention, we have investigated the protein profile of aging and its retardation by CR in the neural retina of Brown Norway (BN) rats using the comprehensive proteomic approach. We found that the intensities of 18 proteins decreased significantly with age. CR intervention can completely prevent seven of them, and partially protect eight of them, from such age-related declines. The major protein targets protected by CR intervention appear to be glycolytic enzymes and molecular chaperones. These data are the first to suggest that CR may retard the age-related degeneration of retina by maintaining sufficient glucose metabolism, by ensuring proper protein folding, and/or by preventing protein denaturation in the neural retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Song SK, Sun SW, Ju WK, Lin SJ, Cross AH, Neufeld AH. Diffusion tensor imaging detects and differentiates axon and myelin degeneration in mouse optic nerve after retinal ischemia. Neuroimage 2004; 20:1714-22. [PMID: 14642481 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1395] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Both axon and myelin degeneration have significant impact on the long-term disability of patients with white matter disorder. However, the clinical manifestations of the neurological dysfunction caused by white matter disorders are not sufficient to determine the origin of neurological deficits. A noninvasive biological marker capable of detecting and differentiating axon and myelin degeneration would be a significant addition to currently available tools. Directional diffusivities derived from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) have been previously proposed by this group as potential biological markers to detect and differentiate axon and myelin degeneration. To further test the hypothesis that axial (lambdaparallel) and radial (lambdaperpendicular) diffusivities reflect axon and myelin pathologies, respectively, the optic nerve was examined serially using DTI in a mouse model of retinal ischemia. A significant decrease of lambdaparallel, the putative DTI axonal marker, was observed 3 days after ischemia without concurrently detectable changes in lambdaperpendicular, the putative myelin marker. This result is consistent with histological findings of significant axonal degeneration with no detectable demyelination at 3 days after ischemia. The elevation of lambdaperpendicular observed 5 days after ischemia is consistent with histological findings of myelin degeneration at this time. These results support the hypothesis that lambdaparallel and lambdaperpendicular hold promise as specific markers of axonal and myelin injury, respectively, and, further, that the coexistence of axonal and myelin degeneration does not confound this utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Kwei Song
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratap Challa
- Duke University Medical Center, Box 3802, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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46
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Lan YW, Ishii Y, Palmer KE, Bristow KQ, Caprioli J, Kwong JMK. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose protects retinal ganglion cells against excitotoxicity. Neuroreport 2003; 14:2369-72. [PMID: 14663193 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200312190-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Caloric restriction mimicked by administration of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) has been shown to protect cerebral neurons against ischemia and excitotoxicity. This study examined the protective effects of pretreatment with 2DG on retinal neurons in N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) excitotoxicity in rats. There was a significantly reduced number of TUNEL-labeled cells in the retinal ganglion cell layer 18 h after intravitreal injection of NMDA with 2DG pretreatment. At 7 days after NMDA, 2DG pretreatment significantly preserved neurons in the retinal ganglion cell layer and reduced immunoreactivity of glial fibrillary acidic proteins in retinas. Our findings demonstrate that caloric restriction mimicked by 2DG protects retinas from NMDA excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Lan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, USA
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Abstract
The neural retina of mammals consists of light sensitive photoreceptors and connecting neural cells that receive and send visual signal to the brain. Dietary caloric restriction (CR) is the only experimental intervention that can reliably retard the age-related degeneration of the retina in a normal mammalian model. Here, we studied the effect of CR on various biochemical parameters in the retina of male Brown Norway rats at different ages. We found that CR slowed the age-dependent protein insolubilization, blunted the declines in the total soluble thiols, and reduced glutathione and ascorbic acid levels in neural retina. We also observed that CR retarded the age-related decline in the levels of taurine, a vital amino acid in neural retina. These data are the first to implicate that CR may retard the age-related degeneration of retina by attenuating the oxidative stress and/or by sustaining the pool of protective factors in the neural retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Ju WK, Neufeld AH. Cellular localization of cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 in the normal mouse, rat, and human retina. J Comp Neurol 2002; 452:392-9. [PMID: 12355421 DOI: 10.1002/cne.10400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins, synthesized by cyclooxygenase (COX), regulate diverse neurophysiological actions such as regulation of autonomic responses, transmission of pain, generation of fever, control of sleep-wake cycle, synaptic signaling, and cross-talk between neurons and glia in the central nervous system. Although prostaglandins have been widely studied in the anterior segment tissues of the eye, relatively little is known about prostaglandins in the neural retina. By using immunohistochemistry, we have compared the cellular expression and localization of COX-1 and COX-2 in the normal mouse, rat, and human retina. In the normal mouse retina, COX-1 immunoreactivity is present in the outer segments of photoreceptor cells, horizontal cells, microglia, retinal ganglion cells, and displaced amacrine cells. In the normal rat retina, COX-1 immunoreactivity is present in microglia, retinal ganglion cells, and displaced amacrine cells. In the normal human retina, COX-1 immunoreactivity is present in microglia, astrocytes, retinal ganglion cells, and displaced amacrine cells. In the normal mouse and rat retina, COX-2 immunoreactivity is present in processes of the outer plexiform layer and in certain amacrine cells and retinal ganglion cells. In the normal human retina, COX-2 immunoreactivity is only present in processes of the outer plexiform layer. These results suggest that prostaglandins, synthesized by COX-1 or COX-2, may contribute to normal physiological and homeostatic functions in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Kyu Ju
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine. St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard A Levin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin Medical School, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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Abstract
In yeast and worms, mutations that extend longevity appear to simulate starvation conditions. The daf-2 pathway in worms plays a major role in life-span extension and in entry into the starvation-resistant and low-metabolism dauer phase. In a recent study published in Science Express on 13 June 2002, researchers screened for Caenorhabditis elegans mutants that survive in a low-oxygen environment and identified a number of daf-2 mutants that are resistant to hypoxia. The implications of these results are discussed in this Perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valter D Longo
- Andrus Gerontology Center, Division of Biogerontology, and Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA.
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