1
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Harshithkumar R, Shah P, Jadaun P, Mukherjee A. ROS Chronicles in HIV Infection: Genesis of Oxidative Stress, Associated Pathologies, and Therapeutic Strategies. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:8852-8873. [PMID: 39194740 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46080523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are widely regarded as signaling molecules and play essential roles in various cellular processes, but when present in excess, they can lead to oxidative stress (OS). Growing evidence suggests that the OS plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of HIV infection and is associated with several comorbidities in HIV-infected individuals. ROS, generated both naturally during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and as a response to various cellular processes, can trigger host antiviral responses but can also promote viral replication. While the multifaceted roles of ROS in HIV pathophysiology clearly need more investigation, this review paper unravels the mechanisms of OS generation in the context of HIV infections, offering insights into HIV viral protein-mediated and antiretroviral therapy-generated OS. Though the viral protein Tat is significantly attributed to the endogenous cellular increase in ROS post HIV infection, this paper sums up the contribution of other viral proteins in HIV-mediated elicitation of ROS. Given the investigations recognizing the significant role of ROS in the onset and progression of diverse pathologies, the paper also explores the critical function of ROS in the mediation of an of array of pathologies associated with HIV infection and retroviral therapy. HIV patients are observed with disruption to the antioxidant defense system, the antioxidant therapy is gaining focus as a potential therapeutic intervention and is well discussed. While ROS play a significant role in the HIV scenario, further exploratory studies are imperative to identifying alternative therapeutic strategies that could mitigate the toxicities and pathologies associated with ART-induced OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Harshithkumar
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research, Pune 411026, India
| | - Prachibahen Shah
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research, Pune 411026, India
| | - Pratiksha Jadaun
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research, Pune 411026, India
| | - Anupam Mukherjee
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research, Pune 411026, India
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2
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Elango VD, Mugundan UM, Mg R. Efavirenz: New Hope in Cancer Therapy. Cureus 2024; 16:e67776. [PMID: 39323697 PMCID: PMC11422744 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.67776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research directed at preventive and treatment strategies, breast cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women. This necessitates the development of a new medication aimed at increasing patient survival and quality of life. A new drug's development from the ground up can cost billions of dollars and take up to ten or more years. Because much of the required safety and pharmacokinetic data are already available from earlier trials, repurposing medications usually results in lower costs and shorter turnaround times. Many antiretroviral medications target biological pathways and enzymes associated with cancer, which becomes an ideal option for repurposing as anticancer medications. Efavirenz is an antiretroviral medication that targets molecular pathways implicated in the growth of breast cancer, such as LINE-1 (long interspersed nuclear elements-1) suppression, hence lowering the proliferation of breast cancer cells and exhibiting anti-cancer properties. Additionally, it suppresses the fatty acid synthase gene and other important genes related to fat metabolism, impairing mitochondrial activity and making cancer cells deprived of energy. Efavirenz also inhibits cancer-initiating stem cells, promotes differentiation, and prevents recurrence. Additionally, efavirenz promotes oxidative damage by the formation of superoxide in cancer cells. In addition to its anti-cancer properties, efavirenz has the advantage of being a well-established and relatively inexpensive medication with a favorable safety profile. If proven effective, efavirenz could offer a cost-effective therapeutic option, which is an intriguing direction that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varshitha Dheep Elango
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, SRM (Sri Ramasamy Memorial) College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Kattankulathur, IND
| | - Uma Maheshwari Mugundan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, SRM (Sri Ramasamy Memorial) College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Kattankulathur, IND
| | - Rajanandh Mg
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, SRM (Sri Ramasamy Memorial) College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Kattankulathur, IND
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3
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Hinton AO, N'jai AU, Vue Z, Wanjalla C. Connection Between HIV and Mitochondria in Cardiovascular Disease and Implications for Treatments. Circ Res 2024; 134:1581-1606. [PMID: 38781302 PMCID: PMC11122810 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.124.324296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy alter mitochondrial function, which can progressively lead to mitochondrial damage and accelerated aging. The interaction between persistent HIV reservoirs and mitochondria may provide insight into the relatively high rates of cardiovascular disease and mortality in persons living with HIV. In this review, we explore the intricate relationship between HIV and mitochondrial function, highlighting the potential for novel therapeutic strategies in the context of cardiovascular diseases. We reflect on mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial DNA, and mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein in the context of HIV. Furthermore, we summarize how toxicities related to early antiretroviral therapy and current highly active antiretroviral therapy can contribute to mitochondrial dysregulation, chronic inflammation, and poor clinical outcomes. There is a need to understand the mechanisms and develop new targeted therapies. We further consider current and potential future therapies for HIV and their interplay with mitochondria. We reflect on the next-generation antiretroviral therapies and HIV cure due to the direct and indirect effects of HIV persistence, associated comorbidities, coinfections, and the advancement of interdisciplinary research fields. This includes exploring novel and creative approaches to target mitochondria for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antentor O Hinton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (A.O.H., Z.V.)
| | - Alhaji U N'jai
- Biological Sciences, Fourah Bay College and College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences (COMAHS), University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone and Koinadugu College, Kabala (A.U.N.)
| | - Zer Vue
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (A.O.H., Z.V.)
| | - Celestine Wanjalla
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (C.W.)
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4
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Papantoniou E, Arvanitakis K, Markakis K, Papadakos SP, Tsachouridou O, Popovic DS, Germanidis G, Koufakis T, Kotsa K. Pathophysiology and Clinical Management of Dyslipidemia in People Living with HIV: Sailing through Rough Seas. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:449. [PMID: 38672720 PMCID: PMC11051320 DOI: 10.3390/life14040449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Infections with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) represent one of the greatest health burdens worldwide. The complex pathophysiological pathways that link highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and HIV infection per se with dyslipidemia make the management of lipid disorders and the subsequent increase in cardiovascular risk essential for the treatment of people living with HIV (PLHIV). Amongst HAART regimens, darunavir and atazanavir, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, nevirapine, rilpivirine, and especially integrase inhibitors have demonstrated the most favorable lipid profile, emerging as sustainable options in HAART substitution. To this day, statins remain the cornerstone pharmacotherapy for dyslipidemia in PLHIV, although important drug-drug interactions with different HAART agents should be taken into account upon treatment initiation. For those intolerant or not meeting therapeutic goals, the addition of ezetimibe, PCSK9, bempedoic acid, fibrates, or fish oils should also be considered. This review summarizes the current literature on the multifactorial etiology and intricate pathophysiology of hyperlipidemia in PLHIV, with an emphasis on the role of different HAART agents, while also providing valuable insights into potential switching strategies and therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Papantoniou
- First Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.P.); (K.M.); (O.T.)
| | - Konstantinos Arvanitakis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, First Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.A.); (G.G.)
- Basic and Translational Research Unit, Special Unit for Biomedical Research and Education, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Markakis
- First Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.P.); (K.M.); (O.T.)
| | - Stavros P. Papadakos
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Olga Tsachouridou
- First Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.P.); (K.M.); (O.T.)
| | - Djordje S. Popovic
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Clinical Centre of Vojvodina, 21137 Novi Sad, Serbia;
- Medical Faculty, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Georgios Germanidis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, First Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.A.); (G.G.)
- Basic and Translational Research Unit, Special Unit for Biomedical Research and Education, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theocharis Koufakis
- Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Kalliopi Kotsa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Diabetes Center, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 1 St. Kiriakidi Street, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
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5
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Mu W, Patankar V, Kitchen S, Zhen A. Examining Chronic Inflammation, Immune Metabolism, and T Cell Dysfunction in HIV Infection. Viruses 2024; 16:219. [PMID: 38399994 PMCID: PMC10893210 DOI: 10.3390/v16020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection remains a significant challenge to global public health. Despite advances in antiretroviral therapy (ART), which has transformed HIV infection from a fatal disease into a manageable chronic condition, a definitive cure remains elusive. One of the key features of HIV infection is chronic immune activation and inflammation, which are strongly associated with, and predictive of, HIV disease progression, even in patients successfully treated with suppressive ART. Chronic inflammation is characterized by persistent inflammation, immune cell metabolic dysregulation, and cellular exhaustion and dysfunction. This review aims to summarize current knowledge of the interplay between chronic inflammation, immune metabolism, and T cell dysfunction in HIV infection, and also discusses the use of humanized mice models to study HIV immune pathogenesis and develop novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Mu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Vaibhavi Patankar
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Scott Kitchen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Anjie Zhen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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6
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Raghuram GV, Tripathy BK, Avadhani K, Shabrish S, Khare NK, Lopes R, Pal K, Mittra I. Cell-free chromatin particles released from dying cells inflict mitochondrial damage and ROS production in living cells. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:30. [PMID: 38225229 PMCID: PMC10789803 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01728-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial damage and the resultant oxidative stress are associated with neurodegenerative diseases, ageing, and cancer. However, the triggers of mitochondrial damage remain unclear. We previously reported that cell-free chromatin particles (cfChPs) released from the billions of cells that die in the body every day can readily enter healthy cells and damage their DNA. Here, we show that cfChPs isolated from the sera of healthy individuals, when applied to NIH3T3 mouse fibroblast cells, cause physical damage to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). cfChPs also induce ultrastructural changes, increase mitochondrial mass, alter mitochondrial shape, upregulate mitochondrial outer membrane protein translocase of the outer membrane 20, and change mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, a marked increase was observed in mitochondrial superoxide (ROS) production, as detected by MitoSOX Red, and intracellular superoxide dismutase-1 activation. ROS production was also activated when a conditioned medium containing cfChPs released from hypoxia-induced dying NIH3T3 cells was applied to healthy NIH3T3 cells. ROS activation was significantly reduced when the conditioned medium was pre-treated with three different cfChP-deactivating agents: anti-histone antibody-complexed nanoparticles, DNase I, and the novel pro-oxidant combination of the nutraceuticals resveratrol and copper. Given that 1 × 109-1 × 1012 cells die in the body every day, we hypothesise that cfChPs from dying cells are the major physiological triggers for mtDNA damage and ROS production. Deactivation of cfChPs may provide a novel therapeutic approach to retard ageing and associated degenerative conditions linked to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorantla V Raghuram
- Translational Research Laboratory Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Bhabesh Kumar Tripathy
- Translational Research Laboratory Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Kartikeya Avadhani
- Translational Research Laboratory Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Snehal Shabrish
- Translational Research Laboratory Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Naveen Kumar Khare
- Translational Research Laboratory Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Relestina Lopes
- Translational Research Laboratory Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Kavita Pal
- Translational Research Laboratory Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Indraneel Mittra
- Translational Research Laboratory Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India.
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7
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Kang BG, Shende M, Inci G, Park SH, Jung JS, Kim SB, Kim JH, Mo YW, Seo JH, Feng JH, Kim SC, Lim SS, Suh HW, Lee JY. Combination of metformin/efavirenz/fluoxetine exhibits profound anticancer activity via a cancer cell-specific ROS amplification. Cancer Biol Ther 2023; 24:20-32. [PMID: 36588385 PMCID: PMC9809943 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2022.2161803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The possible anticancer activity of combination (M + E + F) of metformin (M), efavirenz (E), and fluoxetine (F) was investigated in normal HDF cells and HCT116 human colon cancer cells. Metformin increased cellular FOXO3a, p-FOXO3a, AMPK, p-AMPK, and MnSOD levels in HDFs but not in HCT116 cells. Cellular ATP level was decreased only in HDFs by metformin. Metformin increased ROS level only in HCT116 cells. Transfection of si-FOXO3a into HCT116 reversed the metformin-induced cellular ROS induction, indicating that FOXO3a/MnSOD is the key regulator for cellular ROS level. Viability readout with M, E, and F alone decreased slightly, but the combination of three drugs dramatically decreased cell survival in HCT116, A549, and SK-Hep-1 cancer cells but not in HDF cells. ROS levels in HCT116 cells were massively increased by M + E + F combination, but not in HDF cells. Cell cycle analysis showed that of M + E + F combination caused cell death only in HCT116 cells. The combination of M + E + F reduced synergistically mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial electron transport chain complex I and III activities in HCT116 cells when compared with individual treatments. Western blot analysis indicated that DNA damage, apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis-realated factors increased in M + E + F-treated HCT116 cells. Oral administration with M + E + F combination for 3 weeks caused dramatic reductions in tumor volume and weight in HCT116 xenograft model of nude mice when compared with untreated ones. Our results suggest that M + E + F have profound anticancer activity both in vitro and in vivo via a cancer cell-specific ROS amplification (CASRA) through ROS-induced DNA damage, apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beom-Goo Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Madhuri Shende
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gozde Inci
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sung-Chan Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Sung Lim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Natural Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Won Suh
- FrontBio Inc, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea,Hong-Won Suh Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdeahak-gil, Chuncheon24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea,FrontBio Inc, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea,CONTACT Jae-Yong Lee
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Gonzalez-Serna A, Macías J, Rincon P, Arriaza MJ, Corma-Gomez A, Santos M, Fernandez-Fuertes M, Pineda JA, Real LM. Hepatic steatosis after switching to integrase inhibitor-based regimens does not parallel short-term weight gain. AIDS 2023; 37:2259-2262. [PMID: 37877283 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
We studied hepatic steatosis in people with HIV (PWH) who switched to an integrase inhibitor (INSTI)-based regimen. One hundred and fifty-four PWH were included. After 48 weeks, median (Q1-Q3) weight gain was 1.2 (-0.6 to 3.8) kg and median (Q1-Q3) controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) change was -4 (-33 to 27) dB/m. Weight gain was weakly correlated with CAP change [R2 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.144 (-0.014 to 0.296); P = 0.074)]. Changes in hepatic steatosis after switching to INSTI-based regimens do not seem to parallel weight gain after 1 year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gonzalez-Serna
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen de Valme/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid
| | - Juan Macías
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen de Valme/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla
| | - Pilar Rincon
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen de Valme/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid
| | - Maria Jose Arriaza
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen de Valme/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid
| | - Anais Corma-Gomez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen de Valme/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid
| | - Marta Santos
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen de Valme/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid
| | - Marta Fernandez-Fuertes
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen de Valme/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid
| | - Juan Antonio Pineda
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen de Valme/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla
| | - Luis Miguel Real
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen de Valme/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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9
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Guo L, Liu X, Su X. The role of TEMRA cell-mediated immune senescence in the development and treatment of HIV disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1284293. [PMID: 37901239 PMCID: PMC10602809 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1284293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has plagued human society for a long time since its discovery, causing a large number of patients to suffer and costing hundreds of millions of medical services every year. Scientists have found that HIV and antiretroviral therapy accelerate immune aging by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction, and that terminal effector memory T cells (TEMRA cells) are crucial in immune aging. This specific subset of effector memory T cells has terminally differentiated properties and exhibits high cytotoxicity and proinflammatory capacity. We therefore explored and described the interplay between exhaustion features, essential markers, functions, and signaling pathways from previous studies on HIV, antiretroviral therapy, immune senescence, and TEMRA cells. Their remarkable antiviral capacity is then highlighted by elucidating phenotypic changes in TEMRA cells during HIV infection, describing changes in TEMRA cells before, during, and after antiretroviral therapy and other drug treatments. Their critical role in complications and cytomegalovirus (CMV)-HIV superinfection is highlighted. These studies demonstrate that TEMRA cells play a key role in the antiviral response and immune senescence during HIV infection. Finally, we review current therapeutic strategies targeting TEMRA cells that may be clinically beneficial, highlight their potential role in HIV-1 vaccine development, and provide perspectives and predictions for related future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Guo
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shen Yang, China
| | - Xudong Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shen Yang, China
| | - Xin Su
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
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10
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Iorjiim WM, Omale S, Ede S, Ugokwe CV, Alemika TE. Involvement of functional senescence in efavirenz-induced toxicity in fruit fly. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2023; 12:853-862. [PMID: 37915498 PMCID: PMC10615817 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfad076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed in this article to assess the likeliness of efavirenz to induce functional senescence in Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly). Methods Ten different concentrations of EFV were mixed with fly food and fed to 3-day-old flies orally for a 7 day LC50 calculation. Drug concentrations from LC50 were selected for a 28 day survival to determine the duration of treatment for behavioral and biochemical assays. A 5day feeding plan was used to investigate the effects of the drug on organismal, neuromuscular, reproductive, and metabolic senescence. An in silico study was executed to decipher a molecular interaction of Drosophila enzymes glutathione-s-transferase (GST) or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with EFV. Results The calculated LC50 of EFV was 118 mg/10-g fly diet. The test drug induced a significant (P < 0.05) increase in fly mortality, climbing difficulty, and procreative deficits after a 5 day oral exposure. Similarly, there were significant (P < 0.05) biochemical alterations, which suggested in vivo biochemical damage against total thiols (T-SH), SOD (superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalase), GST, AChE, and MDA (malondialdehyde) in the test flies compared to the control groups. In silico study revealed a significantly (P < 0.05) higher binding energy between EFV and the active amino acids of fly AChE and GST when compared to the substrates or standard inhibitors respectively. Conclusion EFV exhibited ecotoxic potentials evidenced by age-related deficits in the fly's functional integrity such as sluggish movement, procreative deficiency, increased mortality, and oxidant-antioxidant inequality. Results from in silico study suggested antagonism against GST and AChE activities as a likely mechanism of EFV-induced toxicity in the fruit fly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Mdekera Iorjiim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Jos, Bauchi Road, Jos North, Postcode-930003, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Simeon Omale
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Jos, Bauchi Road, Jos North, Postcode-930003, Plateau State, Nigeria
- Africa Centre of Excellence in Phytomedicine Research and Development (ACEPRD), University of Jos, Bauchi Road, Jos North, Postcode-930003 Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Samuel Ede
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Jos, Bauchi Road, Jos North, Postcode-930003, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Chinelo Vera Ugokwe
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Jos, Bauchi Road, Jos North, Postcode-93003, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Taiwo Emmanuel Alemika
- Africa Centre of Excellence in Phytomedicine Research and Development (ACEPRD), University of Jos, Bauchi Road, Jos North, Postcode-930003 Plateau State, Nigeria
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Jos, Bauchi Road, Jos North, Postcode-930003 Plateau State, Nigeria
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11
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Zizioli D, Ferretti S, Tiecco G, Mignani L, Monti E, Castelli F, Quiros-Roldan E, Zanella I. Comparison of Efavirenz and Doravirine Developmental Toxicity in an Embryo Animal Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11664. [PMID: 37511423 PMCID: PMC10380689 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past, one of the most widely used non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) in first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) of HIV infection was efavirenz (EFV), which is already used as a cost-effective treatment in developing countries due to its efficacy, tolerability, and availability. However, EFV also demonstrates several adverse effects, like hepatotoxicity, altered lipid profile, neuropsychological symptoms, and behavioral effects in children after in utero exposure. In 2018, another NNRTI, doravirine (DOR), was approved due to its similar efficacy but better safety profile. Preclinical safety studies demonstrated that DOR is not genotoxic and exhibits no developmental toxicity or effects on fertility in rats. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos have been widely accepted as a vertebrate model for pharmacological and developmental studies. We used zebrafish embryos as an in vivo model to investigate the developmental toxicity of DOR compared to EFV. After exposure of the embryos to the drugs from the gastrula stage up to different developmental stages (30 embryos for each arm, in three independent experiments), we assessed their survival, morphology, hatching rate, apoptosis in the developing head, locomotion behavior, vasculature development, and neutral lipid distribution. Overall, DOR showed a better safety profile than EFV in our model. Therapeutic and supra-therapeutic doses of DOR induced very low mortality [survival rates: 92, 90, 88, 88, and 81% at 1, 5, 10, 25, and 50 μM, respectively, at 24 h post fecundation (hpf), and 88, 85, 88, 89, and 75% at the same doses, respectively, at 48 hpf] and mild morphological alterations compared to EFV exposure also in the sub-therapeutic ranges (survival rates: 80, 77, 69, 63, and 44% at 1, 5, 10, 25, and 50 μM, respectively, at 24 hpf and 72, 70, 63, 52, and 0% at the same doses, respectively, at 48 hpf). Further, DOR only slightly affected the hatching rate at supra-therapeutic doses (97, 98, 96, 87, and 83% at 1, 5, 10, 25, and 50 μM, respectively, at 72 hpf), while EFV already strongly reduced hatching at sub-therapeutic doses (83, 49, 11, 0, and 0% at 1, 5, 10, 25, and 50 μM, respectively, at the same time endpoint). Both DOR at therapeutic doses and most severely EFV at sub-therapeutic doses enhanced apoptosis in the developing head during crucial phases of embryo neurodevelopment and perturbed the locomotor behavior. Furthermore, EFV strongly affected angiogenesis and disturbed neutral lipid homeostasis even at sub-therapeutic doses compared to DOR at therapeutic concentrations. Our findings in zebrafish embryos add further data confirming the higher safety of DOR with respect to EFV regarding embryo development, neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and lipid metabolism. Further studies are needed to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the better pharmacological safety profile of DOR, and further human studies are required to confirm these results in the zebrafish animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Zizioli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Ferretti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Tiecco
- Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Luca Mignani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Eugenio Monti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Castelli
- Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Eugenia Quiros-Roldan
- Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Isabella Zanella
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Diagnostic Department, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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12
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Blagov AV, Sukhorukov VN, Guo S, Zhang D, Popov MA, Orekhov AN. Impaired Mitochondrial Function in T-Lymphocytes as a Result of Exposure to HIV and ART. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071072. [PMID: 37048145 PMCID: PMC10093108 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a described phenomenon for a number of chronic and infectious diseases. At the same time, the question remains open: is this condition a consequence or a cause of the progression of the disease? In this review, we consider the role of the development of mitochondrial dysfunction in the progression of HIV (human immunodeficiency viruses) infection and the onset of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), as well as the direct impact of HIV on mitochondria. In addition, we will touch upon such an important issue as the effect of ART (Antiretroviral Therapy) drugs on mitochondria, since ART is currently the only effective way to curb the progression of HIV in infected patients, and because the identification of potential side effects can help to more consciously approach the development of new drugs in the treatment of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Blagov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, Moscow 125315, Russia
| | - Vasily N. Sukhorukov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, Moscow 125315, Russia
| | - Shuzhen Guo
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dongwei Zhang
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mikhail A. Popov
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI), 61/2, Shchepkin Street, Moscow 129110, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, Moscow 125315, Russia
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13
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Dolutegravir-containing HIV therapy reversibly alters mitochondrial health and morphology in cultured human fibroblasts and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. AIDS 2023; 37:19-32. [PMID: 36399361 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Given the success of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in treating HIV viremia, drug toxicity remains an area of interest in HIV research. Despite newer integrase strand transfer inhibitors (InSTIs), such as dolutegravir (DTG) and raltegravir (RAL), having excellent clinical tolerance, there is emerging evidence of off-target effects and toxicities. Although limited in number, recent reports have highlighted the vulnerability of mitochondria to these toxicities. The aim of the present study is to quantify changes in cellular and mitochondrial health following exposure to current cART regimens at pharmacological concentrations. A secondary objective is to determine whether any cART-associated toxicities would be modulated by human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). METHODS We longitudinally evaluated markers of cellular (cell count, apoptosis), and mitochondrial health [mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS), membrane potential (MMP) and mass (mtMass)] by flow cytometry in WI-38 human fibroblast with differing hTERT expression/localization and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. This was done after 9 days of exposure to, and 6 days following the removal of, seven current cART regimens, including three that contained DTG. Mitochondrial morphology was assessed by florescence microscopy and quantified using a recently developed deep learning-based pipeline. RESULTS Exposure to DTG-containing regimens increased apoptosis, mtROS, mtMass, induced fragmented mitochondrial networks compared with non-DTG-containing regimens, including a RAL-based combination. These effects were unmodulated by telomerase expression. All effects were fully reversible following removal of drug pressure. CONCLUSION Taken together, our observations indicate that DTG-containing regimens negatively impact cellular and mitochondrial health and may be more toxic to mitochondria, even among the generally well tolerated InSTI-based cART.
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14
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Luo L, Liang Y, Fu Y, Liang Z, Zheng J, Lan J, Shen F, Huang Z. Toosendanin Induces Hepatocyte Damage by Inhibiting Autophagic Flux via TFEB-Mediated Lysosomal Dysfunction. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121509. [PMID: 36558960 PMCID: PMC9781622 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Toosendanin (TSN) is a triterpenoid from the fruit or bark of Melia toosendan Sieb et Zucc, which has clear antitumor and insecticidal activities, but it possesses limiting hepatotoxicity in clinical application. Autophagy is a degradation and recycling mechanism to maintain cellular homeostasis, and it also plays an essential role in TSN-induced hepatotoxicity. Nevertheless, the specific mechanism of TSN on autophagy-related hepatotoxicity is still unknown. The hepatotoxicity of TSN in vivo and in vitro was explored in this study. It was found that TSN induced the upregulation of the autophagy-marker microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (LC3B) and P62, the accumulation of autolysosomes, and the inhibition of autophagic flux. The middle and late stages of autophagy were mainly studied. The data showed that TSN did not affect the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes but significantly inhibited the acidity, the degradation capacity of lysosomes, and the expression of hydrolase cathepsin B (CTSB). The activation of autophagy could alleviate TSN-induced hepatocyte damage. TSN inhibited the expression of transcription factor EB (TFEB), which is a key transcription factor for many genes of autophagy and lysosomes, such as CTSB, and overexpression of TFEB alleviated the autophagic flux blockade caused by TSN. In summary, TSN caused hepatotoxicity by inhibiting TFEB-lysosome-mediated autophagic flux and activating autophagy by rapamycin (Rapa), which could effectively alleviate TSN-induced hepatotoxicity, indicating that targeting autophagy is a new strategy to intervene in the hepatotoxicity of TSN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yonghong Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuanyuan Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhiyuan Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jinfen Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jie Lan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Feihai Shen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (Z.H.)
| | - Zhiying Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (Z.H.)
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15
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Gomes MP, Kubis GC, Kitamura RSA, Figueredo CC, Nogueira KDS, Vieira F, Navarro-Silva MA, Juneau P. Do anti-HIV drugs pose a threat to photosynthetic microorganisms? CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135796. [PMID: 35917978 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the occurrence and risk assessment of three anti-HIV drugs [(tenofovir (TNF), lamivudine (LMV) and efavirenz (EFV)] in urban rivers from Curitiba (Brazil), as well as the individual and combined effects of their environmental representative concentrations on the freshwater periphytic species Synechococcus elongatus (Cyanobacteria) and Chlorococcum infusionum (Chlorophyta). The three studied drugs, except TNF, were found in 100% of the samples, and concentrations in samples ranged from 165 to 412 ng TNF L-1, 173-874 ng LMV L-1 and 13-1250 ng EFV L-1. Bioassays using artificial contaminated water showed that at environmental concentrations, TNF and LMV did not represent environmental risks to the studied photosynthetic organisms. However, EFV was shown to be toxic, affecting photosynthesis, respiration, and oxidative metabolism. The studied drugs demonstrated interactive effects. Indeed, when submitted to the combination of TNF and LMV, decreased photosynthesis was observed in C. infusionum cells. Moreover, the toxic effects of EFV were amplified in both species when TNF and/or LMV were added to the media. The simultaneous presence of TNF, LMV and EFV in environmental matrices associated with their interactive effects, lead to increased toxicological effects of water contaminated by anti-HIV drugs and thus to an ecological threat to photosynthetic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Pedrosa Gomes
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Plantas Sob Estresse, Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Centro Politécnico Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19031, 81531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Gabrielly Cristina Kubis
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Plantas Sob Estresse, Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Centro Politécnico Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19031, 81531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rafael Shinji Akiyama Kitamura
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Plantas Sob Estresse, Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Centro Politécnico Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19031, 81531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Cleber Cunha Figueredo
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerias, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, C.P. 486, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Keite da Silva Nogueira
- Departamento de Patologia Básica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Centro Politécnico Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19031, 81531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fabio Vieira
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, C.P. 486, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mario Antônio Navarro-Silva
- Laboratório de Morfologia e Fisiologia de Culicidae e Chironomidae. Departamento de Zoologia, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Centro Politécnico Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19031, 81531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Philippe Juneau
- Ecotoxicology of Aquatic Microorganisms Laboratory, EcotoQ, GRIL, TOXEN, Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Succ. Centre-Ville, H3C 3P8, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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16
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Islam S, Teo T, Kumarasiri M, Slater M, Martin JH, Wang S, Head R. Combined In Silico and In Vitro Evidence Supporting an Aurora A Kinase Inhibitory Role of the Anti-Viral Drug Rilpivirine and an Anti-Proliferative Influence on Cancer Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15101186. [PMID: 36297298 PMCID: PMC9607353 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The global burden of cancer necessitates rapid and ongoing development of effective cancer therapies. One promising approach in this context is the repurposing of existing non-cancer drugs for cancer indications. A key to this approach is selecting the cellular targets against which to identify novel repurposed drugs for pre-clinical analysis. Protein kinases are highly sought-after anticancer drug targets since dysregulation of kinases is the hallmark of cancer. To identify potential kinase-targeted drug candidates from the existing portfolio of non-cancer therapeutics, we used combined in silico and in vitro approaches, including ligand-based 3D screening followed by biochemical and cellular assessments. This strategy revealed that the anti-viral drug rilpivirine is an Aurora A kinase inhibitor. In view of previous findings implicating Aurora A kinase in abnormal cell cycle regulation, we also examined the influence of rilpivirine on the growth of T47D breast cancer cells. Herein, we detail the identification of rilpivirine as an Aurora A kinase inhibitor, its molecular basis of inhibitory activity towards this kinase, and its Aurora A-mediated anticancer mechanisms in T47D cells. Our results illustrate the value of integrated in silico and in vitro screening strategies in identifying repurposed drug candidates and provide a scientific basis for further exploring the potential anticancer properties of the anti-viral drug rilpivirine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiful Islam
- Drug Discovery and Development, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Theodosia Teo
- Drug Discovery and Development, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Malika Kumarasiri
- Drug Discovery and Development, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Martin Slater
- Cresset Discovery, New Cambridge House, Litlington, Royston SG8 0SS, UK
| | - Jennifer H. Martin
- Centre for Human Drug Repurposing and Medicines Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Shudong Wang
- Drug Discovery and Development, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Richard Head
- Drug Discovery and Development, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Monette A, Niu M, Nijhoff Asser M, Gorelick RJ, Mouland AJ. Scaffolding viral protein NC nucleates phase separation of the HIV-1 biomolecular condensate. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111251. [PMID: 36001979 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Membraneless biomolecular condensates (BMCs) contribute to the replication of a growing number of viruses but remain to be functionally characterized. Previously, we demonstrated that pan-retroviral nucleocapsid (NC) proteins phase separated into condensates regulating virus assembly. Here we discover that intrinsically disordered human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) core proteins condense with the viral genomic RNA (vRNA) to assemble as BMCs attaining a geometry characteristic of viral reverse transcription complexes. We explore the predisposition, mechanisms, and pharmacologic sensitivity of HIV-1 core BMCs in living cells. HIV-1 vRNA-interacting NC condensates were found to be scaffolds onto which client capsid, reverse transcriptase, and integrase condensates assemble. HIV-1 core BMCs exhibit fundamental characteristics of BMCs and are drug-sensitive. Lastly, protease-mediated maturation of Gag and Gag-Pol precursor proteins yield abundant and visible BMCs in cells. This study redefines HIV-1 core components as fluid BMCs and advances our understanding of the nature of viral cores during ingress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Monette
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Lab, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada.
| | - Meijuan Niu
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Lab, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Maya Nijhoff Asser
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Lab, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Robert J Gorelick
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Andrew J Mouland
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Lab, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada.
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18
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Sibiya T, Ghazi T, Chuturgoon A. The Potential of Spirulina platensis to Ameliorate the Adverse Effects of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART). Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153076. [PMID: 35893930 PMCID: PMC9332774 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is one of the most prevalent diseases globally. It is estimated that 37.7 million people are infected with HIV globally, and 8.2 million persons are infected with the virus in South Africa. The highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) involves combining various types of antiretroviral drugs that are dependent on the infected person’s viral load. HAART helps regulate the viral load and prevents its associated symptoms from progressing into acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Despite its success in prolonging HIV-infected patients’ lifespans, the use of HAART promotes metabolic syndrome (MetS) through an inflammatory pathway, excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial dysfunction. Interestingly, Spirulina platensis (SP), a blue-green microalgae commonly used as a traditional food by Mexican and African people, has been demonstrated to mitigate MetS by regulating oxidative and inflammatory pathways. SP is also a potent antioxidant that has been shown to exhibit immunological, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, antidiabetic, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. This review is aimed at highlighting the biochemical mechanism of SP with a focus on studies linking SP to the inhibition of HIV, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Further, we propose SP as a potential supplement for HIV-infected persons on lifelong HAART.
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CYP3A and CYP2B6 Genotype Predicts Glucose Metabolism Disorder among HIV Patients on Long-Term Efavirenz-Based ART: A Case-Control Study. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12071087. [PMID: 35887584 PMCID: PMC9315529 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12071087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term antiretroviral treatment (cART) increases the risk of glucose metabolism disorders (GMDs). Genetic variation in drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters may influence susceptibility to cART-associated GMDs. We conducted a case-control study to investigate the association of pharmacogenetic variations with cART-induced GMDs. A total of 240 HIV patients on long-term efavirenz-based cART (75 GMD cases and 165 controls without GMDs) were genotyped for CYP3A4*1B, CYP3A5 (*3,*6), CYP2B6*6, UGT2B7*2, ABCB1 (c.3435C>T, c.4036A>G), and SLCO1B1 (*1b, *5). GMD cases were defined as the presence of impaired fasting glucose, insulin resistance, or diabetes mellitus (DM). Case-control genotype/haplotype association and logistic regression analysis were performed by adjusting for age, sex, and BMI. The major CYP3A haplotype were CYP3A5*3 (53.8%), CYP3A4*1B (17.3%), combinations of CYP3A4*1B, and CYP3A5*6 (10.9%), and CYP3A wild type (7%). CYP3A5*6 allele (p = 0.005) and CYP3A5*6 genotype (p = 0.01) were significantly associated with GMD cases. Multivariate analysis indicated CYP3A haplotype as a significant predictor of GMD (p = 0.02) and IFG (p = 0.004). CYP2B6*6 significantly predicted DM (p = 0.03). CYP3A haplotype and CYP2B6*6 genotype are independent significant predictors of GMD and DM, respectively, among HIV patients on long-term EFV-based cART.
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Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) dramatically changed the face of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, making it one of the most prominent medical breakthroughs of the past 3 decades. However, as the life span of persons living with HIV (PLWH) continues to approach that of the general population, the same cannot be said regarding their quality of life. PLWH are affected by comorbid conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and neurocognitive impairment at a higher rate and increased severity than their age-matched counterparts. PLWH also have higher levels of inflammation, the drivers of which are not entirely clear. As cART treatment is lifelong, we assessed here the effects of cART, independent of HIV, on primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). MDMs were unskewed or skewed to an alternative phenotype and treated with Atripla or Triumeq, two first-line cART treatments. We report that Triumeq skewed alternative MDMs toward an inflammatory nonsenescent phenotype. Both Atripla and Triumeq caused mitochondrial dysfunction, specifically efavirenz and abacavir. Additionally, transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) demonstrated that both Atripla and Triumeq caused differential regulation of genes involved in immune regulation and cell cycle and DNA repair. Collectively, our data demonstrate that cART, independent of HIV, alters the MDM phenotype. This suggests that cART may contribute to cell dysregulation in PLWH that subsequently results in increased susceptibility to comorbidities.
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Combined Treatment with Cryptocaryone and Ultraviolet C Promotes Antiproliferation and Apoptosis of Oral Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23062981. [PMID: 35328402 PMCID: PMC8950770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptocaryone (CPC) was previously reported as preferential for killing natural products in oral cancer cells. However, its radiosensitizing potential combined with ultraviolet C (UVC) cell killing of oral cancer cells remains unclear. This study evaluates the combined anti-proliferation effect and clarifies the mechanism of combined UVC/CPC effects on oral cancer cells. UVC/CPC shows higher anti-proliferation than individual and control treatments in a low cytotoxic environment on normal oral cells. Mechanistically, combined UVC/CPC generates high levels of reactive oxygen species and induces mitochondrial dysfunction by generating mitochondrial superoxide, increasing mitochondrial mass and causing the potential destruction of the mitochondrial membrane compared to individual treatments. Moreover, combined UVC/CPC causes higher G2/M arrest and triggers apoptosis, with greater evidence of cell cycle disturbance, annexin V, pancaspase, caspases 3/7 expression or activity in oral cancer cells than individual treatments. Western blotting further indicates that UVC/CPC induces overexpression for cleaved types of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and caspase 3 more than individual treatments. Additionally, UVC/CPC highly induces γH2AX and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine adducts as DNA damage in oral cancer cells. Taken together, CPC shows a radiosensitizing anti-proliferation effect on UVC irradiated oral cancer cells with combined effects through oxidative stress, apoptosis and DNA damage.
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22
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Mitochondrial fission factor promotes cisplatin resistancein hepatocellular carcinoma. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2022; 54:301-310. [PMID: 35538029 PMCID: PMC9828151 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2022007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver tumor and one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Chemotherapeutic agents/regimens such as cisplatin (DDP) are frequently used for advanced HCC treatment. However, drug resistance remains a major hindrance and the underline mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the expression pattern and function of mitochondrial fission factor (Mff) in cisplatin-resistant HCC. We found that Mff is highly expressed in cisplatin-resistant HCC tissues and cell lines. Knockdown of Mff suppresses cell proliferation and promotes cell apoptosis of HCC/DDP cells. In addition, knockdown of Mff sensitizes Huh-7/DDP cells to cisplatin treatment, inhibits cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and enhances cell apoptosis. Confocal imaging showed that knockdown of Mff inhibits the mitochondrial fission and downregulates the expression of GTPase dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) in cisplatin-resistant Huh-7/DDP cells. Moreover, xenograft tumor model revealed that knockdown of Mff sensitizes Huh-7/DDP xenograft tumor to cisplatin treatment . In summary, our findings suggest that Mff regulates mitochondrial Drp1 expression and promotes cisplatin resistance in HCC, which provides a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of resistant HCC.
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23
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Divergent effects of HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors on pancreatic beta-cell function and survival: Potential role of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Life Sci 2022; 294:120329. [PMID: 35090905 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART), a life-saving treatment strategy in HIV/AIDS, has been implicated in increasing the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Direct damaging effects on beta-cell function and survival by either non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) or nucleoside/tide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) may predispose individuals to developing T2DM or if already type 2 diabetic, to insulin dependency. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the NNRTIs efavirenz, rilpivirine and doravirine, and the NRTIs tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine, on beta-cell function and survival while suggesting potential cellular and molecular mechanism(s). Our results show contrasting effects within the NNRTI class as doravirine did not cause damaging effects in the rat insulinoma INS-1E cells while efavirenz and rilpivirine reduced insulin release and cell viability, and induced apoptosis in INS-1E cells. Additionally, efavirenz and rilpivirine increased ROS generation, disrupted Δψm and upregulated the mRNA and protein expression of CHOP and GRP78, key markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress. In silico docking studies predict a possible inhibition of the mitochondrial ATP synthase by rilpivirine. On the contrary, both the NRTIs tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine did not affect GSIS, cell viability and apoptosis/necrosis levels in INS-1E cells. The deleterious effects observed in beta-cells exposed to efavirenz or rilpivirine may be, at least partially, mediated by oxidative stress and mitochondrial toxicity. These findings provide potential mechanism(s) by which efavirenz and rilpivirine may contribute to the pathogenesis of T2DM and the progression of T2DM to insulin dependency in HIV-infected type 2 diabetics.
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Ouyang J, Zaongo SD, Zhang X, Qi M, Hu A, Wu H, Chen Y. Microbiota-Meditated Immunity Abnormalities Facilitate Hepatitis B Virus Co-Infection in People Living With HIV: A Review. Front Immunol 2022; 12:755890. [PMID: 35069530 PMCID: PMC8770824 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.755890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection is fairly common in people living with HIV (PLWH) and affects millions of people worldwide. Identical transmission routes and HIV-induced immune suppression have been assumed to be the main factors contributing to this phenomenon. Moreover, convergent evidence has shown that people co-infected with HIV and HBV are more likely to have long-term serious medical problems, suffer more from liver-related diseases, and have higher mortality rates, compared to individuals infected exclusively by either HIV or HBV. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the comorbid infection of HIV and HBV have not been fully elucidated. In recent times, the human gastrointestinal microbiome is progressively being recognized as playing a pivotal role in modulating immune function, and is likely to also contribute significantly to critical processes involving systemic inflammation. Both antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve HIV-infected subjects and ART-treated individuals are now known to be characterized by having gut microbiomic dysbiosis, which is associated with a damaged intestinal barrier, impaired mucosal immunological functioning, increased microbial translocation, and long-term immune activation. Altered microbiota-related products in PLWH, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), have been associated with the development of leaky gut syndrome, favoring microbial translocation, which in turn has been associated with a chronically activated underlying host immune response and hence the facilitated pathogenesis of HBV infection. Herein, we critically review the interplay among gut microbiota, immunity, and HIV and HBV infection, thus laying down the groundwork with respect to the future development of effective strategies to efficiently restore normally diversified gut microbiota in PLWH with a dysregulated gut microbiome, and thus potentially reduce the prevalence of HBV infection in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ouyang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Silvere D Zaongo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Miaomiao Qi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Aizhen Hu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaokai Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
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25
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Alegre F, Martí-Rodrigo A, Polo M, Ortiz-Masiá D, Bañuls C, Pinti M, Álvarez Á, Apostolova N, Esplugues JV, Blas-García A. Macrophages Modulate Hepatic Injury Involving NLRP3 Inflammasome: The Example of Efavirenz. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10010109. [PMID: 35052789 PMCID: PMC8772956 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) constitutes a clinical challenge due to the incomplete characterization of the mechanisms involved and potential risk factors. Efavirenz, an anti-HIV drug, induces deleterious actions in hepatocytes that could underlie induction of the NLRP3 inflammasome, an important regulator of inflammatory responses during liver injury. We assessed the potential of efavirenz to modulate the inflammatory and fibrogenic responses of major liver cell types involved in DILI. The effects of efavirenz were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Efavirenz triggered inflammation in hepatocytes, in a process that involved NF-κB and the NLRP3 inflammasome, and activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), thereby enhancing expression of inflammatory and fibrogenic markers. The NLRP3 inflammasome was not altered in efavirenz-treated macrophages, but these cells polarized towards the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype and displayed upregulated anti-inflammatory mediators. Conversely, no evidence of damage was observed in efavirenz-treated animals, except when macrophages were depleted, which resulted in the in vivo manifestation of the deleterious effects detected in hepatocytes and HSCs. Efavirenz elicits a cell-specific activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in hepatocytes and HSCs, but macrophages appear to counteract efavirenz-induced liver injury. Our results highlight the dynamic nature of the interaction among liver cell populations and emphasize the potential of targeting macrophage polarization as a strategy to treat NLRP3 inflammasome-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Alegre
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Servicio de Endocrinología, FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain
| | - Alberto Martí-Rodrigo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Miriam Polo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Servicio de Endocrinología, FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain
| | - Dolores Ortiz-Masiá
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Celia Bañuls
- Servicio de Endocrinología, FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Ángeles Álvarez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Nadezda Apostolova
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Servicio de Endocrinología, FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan V Esplugues
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Servicio de Endocrinología, FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Blas-García
- Servicio de Endocrinología, FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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26
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Verma V, Kumar P, Gupta S, Yadav S, Dhanda RS, Yadav M. NLRP3‐mediated dysfunction of mitochondria leads to cell death in CFT073‐stimulated macrophages. Scand J Immunol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.13104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Verma
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research University of Delhi Delhi India
| | - Parveen Kumar
- Department of Urology University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham Alabama USA
| | - Surbhi Gupta
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research University of Delhi Delhi India
| | - Sonal Yadav
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research University of Delhi Delhi India
| | | | - Manisha Yadav
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research University of Delhi Delhi India
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27
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Benedicto AM, Fuster-Martínez I, Tosca J, Esplugues JV, Blas-García A, Apostolova N. NNRTI and Liver Damage: Evidence of Their Association and the Mechanisms Involved. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071687. [PMID: 34359857 PMCID: PMC8303744 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the improved effectiveness and safety of combined antiretroviral therapy, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has become a manageable, chronic condition rather than a mortal disease. However, HIV patients are at increased risk of experiencing non-AIDS-defining illnesses, with liver-related injury standing out as one of the leading causes of death among these patients. In addition to more HIV-specific processes, such as antiretroviral drug-related toxicity and direct injury to the liver by the virus itself, its pathogenesis is related to conditions that are also common in the general population, such as alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, viral hepatitis, and ageing. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are essential components of combined anti-HIV treatment due to their unique antiviral activity, high specificity, and acceptable toxicity. While first-generation NNRTIs (nevirapine and efavirenz) have been related largely to liver toxicity, those belonging to the second generation (etravirine, rilpivirine and doravirine) seem to be generally safe for the liver. Indeed, there is preclinical evidence of rilpivirine being hepatoprotective in different models of liver injury, independently of the presence of HIV. The present study aims to review the mechanisms by which currently available anti-HIV drugs belonging to the NNRTI family may participate in the development of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Benedicto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.M.B.); (I.F.-M.); (N.A.)
| | - Isabel Fuster-Martínez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.M.B.); (I.F.-M.); (N.A.)
| | - Joan Tosca
- Digestive Medicine Department, University Clinical Hospital of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Juan V. Esplugues
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.M.B.); (I.F.-M.); (N.A.)
- FISABIO–University Hospital Dr Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
- Center for Biomedical Research Network–Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-963-864-167; Fax: +34-963-983-879
| | - Ana Blas-García
- FISABIO–University Hospital Dr Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
- Center for Biomedical Research Network–Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Nadezda Apostolova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.M.B.); (I.F.-M.); (N.A.)
- FISABIO–University Hospital Dr Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
- Center for Biomedical Research Network–Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
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28
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García-Navas R, Liceras-Boillos P, Gómez C, Baltanás FC, Calzada N, Nuevo-Tapioles C, Cuezva JM, Santos E. Critical requirement of SOS1 RAS-GEF function for mitochondrial dynamics, metabolism, and redox homeostasis. Oncogene 2021; 40:4538-4551. [PMID: 34120142 PMCID: PMC8266680 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01886-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SOS1 ablation causes specific defective phenotypes in MEFs including increased levels of intracellular ROS. We showed that the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoTEMPO restores normal endogenous ROS levels, suggesting predominant involvement of mitochondria in generation of this defective SOS1-dependent phenotype. The absence of SOS1 caused specific alterations of mitochondrial shape, mass, and dynamics accompanied by higher percentage of dysfunctional mitochondria and lower rates of electron transport in comparison to WT or SOS2-KO counterparts. SOS1-deficient MEFs also exhibited specific alterations of respiratory complexes and their assembly into mitochondrial supercomplexes and consistently reduced rates of respiration, glycolysis, and ATP production, together with distinctive patterns of substrate preference for oxidative energy metabolism and dependence on glucose for survival. RASless cells showed defective respiratory/metabolic phenotypes reminiscent of those of SOS1-deficient MEFs, suggesting that the mitochondrial defects of these cells are mechanistically linked to the absence of SOS1-GEF activity on cellular RAS targets. Our observations provide a direct mechanistic link between SOS1 and control of cellular oxidative stress and suggest that SOS1-mediated RAS activation is required for correct mitochondrial dynamics and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rósula García-Navas
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC - Universidad de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer - Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Liceras-Boillos
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC - Universidad de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer - Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmela Gómez
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC - Universidad de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer - Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando C Baltanás
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC - Universidad de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer - Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Calzada
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC - Universidad de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer - Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Nuevo-Tapioles
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa3, (CSIC - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer - Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Cuezva
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa3, (CSIC - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer - Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eugenio Santos
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC - Universidad de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer - Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.
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29
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Anyanwu CF, JohnBull TO, Usman IM, Aigbogun EO, Ochai J, Qasem AH, Alkhayyat SS, Alexiou A, Batiha GES. Substance Use, Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy, and Liver Enzymes: Evidence From a Cross-Sectional Study of HIV-Infected Adult Patients Without Comorbidities on HAART in the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital. FRONTIERS IN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 2021; 3:664080. [PMID: 36303994 PMCID: PMC9580740 DOI: 10.3389/frph.2021.664080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study applied a structural equation modeling (SEM) to evaluate the role of substance use (alcohol, smoking, and trado-medicine use) to changes in the liver enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP) levels in HIV-infected adult patients on a highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) for not <1 year. The study was a cross-sectional, part of a randomized comparative trial (Ref: UPH/CEREMAD/REC/19), involving 129 (46 males and 83 females) HIV-infected adult patients. Liver enzyme levels were determined from analyzed blood samples using the Clinical Chemistry Analyser (VS10) manufactured by Vitro Scient, while the study determined substance use using a reliable (Cronbach alpha = 0.805) rapid-exploratory survey questionnaire. Liver enzyme values were further categorized into: normal or abnormal using normal reference ranges (ALT = 7–55 U/L, AST = 8–48 U/L, and ALP = 40–129 U/L). STATGRAPHICS V16.1.11 (StatPoint Tech., Inc.) and SPSS (IBM® Amos V21.0.0, USA) were used to analyze the data. Among the HIV-HAART patients, 27.9% were alcohol users, 20.9% smokers, and 20.1% trado-medicine users. In addition, ALP (71.3%) abnormality was higher than ALT (34.9%) and AST (28.7%). The result from the SEM provided only a partial support for our hypotheses of direct substance use effects on the liver enzyme levels and abnormalities; with a direct association of alcohol with an elevated AST (b = 0.170, p = 0.05) and smoking with a higher AST (b = 0.484, p < 0.01) and ALT (b = 0.423, p < 0.01) values. Trado-medicine use was not directly associated with enzyme elevation and abnormality. In conclusion, ALP abnormality was the most common, and there is a close association between an elevated ALT and AST, with or without an elevated ALP. The study found that HIV-HAART patients who drink or smoke will have at least one or more abnormal transaminases. The possible explanation to the increased risk among HIV-HAART patients could be associated with the metabolic pressures and supra-additive effects on the livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinwe F. Anyanwu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Tamuno-Olobo JohnBull
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Niger Delta University, Amassoma, Nigeria
- *Correspondence: Eric O. Aigbogun Jr.
| | - Ibe M. Usman
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Eric O. Aigbogun
- Department of Public Health Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Cavendish University, Kampala, Uganda
- Tamuno-Olobo JohnBull
| | - Joy Ochai
- Human Anatomy Department, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Ahmed H. Qasem
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shadi S. Alkhayyat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, Australia
- AFNP Med Austria, Wien, Austria
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
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Bhattacharya S, Oliveira NK, Savitt AG, Silva VKA, Krausert RB, Ghebrehiwet B, Fries BC. Low Glucose Mediated Fluconazole Tolerance in Cryptococcus neoformans. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7060489. [PMID: 34207384 PMCID: PMC8233753 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic meningoencephalitis is caused by Cryptococcus neoformans and is treated in many parts of the world with fluconazole (FLC) monotherapy, which is associated with treatment failure and poor outcome. In the host, C. neoformans propagates predominantly under low glucose growth conditions. We investigated whether low glucose, mimicked by growing in synthetic media (SM) with 0.05% glucose (SMlowglu), affects FLC-resistance. A > 4-fold increase in FLC tolerance was observed in seven C. neoformans strains when minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined in SMlowglu compared to MIC in SM with normal (2%) glucose (SMnlglu). In SMlowglu, C. neoformans cells exhibited upregulation of efflux pump genes AFR1 (8.7-fold) and AFR2 (2.5-fold), as well as decreased accumulation (2.6-fold) of Nile Red, an efflux pump substrate. Elevated intracellular ATP levels (3.2-fold and 3.4-fold), as well as decreased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species levels (12.8-fold and 17-fold), were found in the presence and absence of FLC, indicating that low glucose altered mitochondrial function. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that mitochondria of C. neoformans grown in SMlowglu were fragmented, whereas normal glucose promoted a reticular network of mitochondria. Although mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was not markedly affected in SMlowglu, it significantly decreased in the presence of FLC (12.5-fold) in SMnlglu, but remained stable in SMlowglu-growing C. neoformans cells. Our data demonstrate that increased FLC tolerance in low glucose-growing C. neoformans is the result of increased efflux pump activities and altered mitochondrial function, which is more preserved in SMlowglu. This mechanism of resistance is different from FLC heteroresistance, which is associated with aneuploidy of chromosome 1 (Chr1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Somanon Bhattacharya
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (S.B.); (V.K.A.S.)
| | - Natalia Kronbauer Oliveira
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (N.K.O.); (A.G.S.); (R.B.K.)
| | - Anne G. Savitt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (N.K.O.); (A.G.S.); (R.B.K.)
| | - Vanessa K. A. Silva
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (S.B.); (V.K.A.S.)
| | - Rachel B. Krausert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (N.K.O.); (A.G.S.); (R.B.K.)
| | - Berhane Ghebrehiwet
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
| | - Bettina C. Fries
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (S.B.); (V.K.A.S.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (N.K.O.); (A.G.S.); (R.B.K.)
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Northport, NY 11768, USA
- Correspondence:
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George JW, Mattingly JE, Roland NJ, Small CM, Lamberty BG, Fox HS, Stauch KL. Physiologically Relevant Concentrations of Dolutegravir, Emtricitabine, and Efavirenz Induce Distinct Metabolic Alterations in HeLa Epithelial and BV2 Microglial Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:639378. [PMID: 34093527 PMCID: PMC8173175 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.639378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident brain phagocytes, likely play a key role in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection of the central nervous system (CNS) and subsequent neuropathogenesis; however, the nature of the infection-induced changes that yield damaging CNS effects and the stimuli that provoke microglial activation remains elusive, especially in the current era of using antiretroviral (ARV) drugs for ARV therapy (ART). Altered microglial metabolism can modulate cellular functionality and pathogenicity in neurological disease. While HIV infection itself alters brain energy metabolism, the effect of ARV drugs, particularly those currently used in treatment, on metabolism is understudied. Dolutegravir (DTG) and emtricitabine (FTC) combination, together with tenofovir (TAF or TDF), is one of the recommended first line treatments for HIV. Despite the relatively good tolerability and safety profile of FTC, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, and DTG, an integrase inhibitor, adverse side effects have been reported and highlight a need to understand off-target effects of these medications. We hypothesized that similar to previous ART regimen drugs, DTG and FTC side effects involve mitochondrial dysfunction. To increase detection of ARV-induced mitochondrial effects, highly glycolytic HeLa epithelial cells were forced to rely on oxidative phosphorylation by substituting galactose for glucose in the growth media. We assessed ATP levels, resazurin oxidation-reduction (REDOX), and mitochondrial membrane potential following 24-hour exposure (to approximate effects of one dose equivalent) to DTG, FTC, and efavirenz (EFV, a known mitotoxic ARV drug). Further, since microglia support productive HIV infection, act as latent HIV cellular reservoirs, and when dysfunctional likely contribute to HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, the experiments were repeated using BV2 microglial cells. In HeLa cells, FTC decreased mitochondrial REDOX activity, while DTG, similar to EFV, impaired both mitochondrial ATP generation and REDOX activity. In contrast to HeLa cells, DTG increased cellular ATP generation and mitochondrial REDOX activity in BV2 cells. Bioenergetic analysis revealed that DTG, FTC, and EFV elevated BV2 cell mitochondrial respiration. DTG and FTC exposure induced distinct mitochondrial functional changes in HeLa and BV2 cells. These findings suggest cell type-specific metabolic changes may contribute to the toxic side effects of these ARV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W George
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Jane E Mattingly
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Nashanthea J Roland
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Cassandra M Small
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Benjamin G Lamberty
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Howard S Fox
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Kelly L Stauch
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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Kim H, Lee DG. Naringin-generated ROS promotes mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in Candida albicans. IUBMB Life 2021; 73:953-967. [PMID: 33934490 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
Naringin is a flavonoid which has a therapeutic effect. However, the details of its antifungal mechanism have not yet been fully elucidated. This study focused on clarifying the relationship between naringin and Candida albicans, to understand its mode of antifungal action. In general, naringin is an antioxidant, but our results indicated that 1 mM naringin generates intracellular superoxide (O2 - ) and hydroxyl radicals (OH- ). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have a serious impact on Ca2+ signaling and the production of mitochondrial ROS. After exposure to enhanced O2 - and OH- , mitochondrial Ca2+ overload and mitochondrial O2 - generation were confirmed in C. albicans. It was verified that mitochondrial O2 - transforms mitochondrial glutathione (GSH) to oxidized GSH (GSSG), leading to extreme oxidative stress in mitochondria. The previously observed Ca2+ accumulation and oxidative stress resulted in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) alteration and increased mitochondrial mass. In succession, cytochrome c release from the mitochondria to the cytosol was detected due to MMP loss. Cytochrome c promotes the initiation of apoptosis, and further experiments were performed to assess the apoptotic hallmarks. Metacaspases activation, chromosomal condensation, DNA fragmentation, and phosphatidylserine exposure were observed, indicating that naringin induces apoptosis in C. albicans. In conclusion, our findings manifested that naringin-generated O2 - and OH- damage the mitochondria and that mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated apoptosis is novel antifungal mechanism of naringin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heesu Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Dong Gun Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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Mihanfar A, Targhazeh N, Sadighparvar S, Darband SG, Majidinia M, Yousefi B. Doxorubicin loaded magnetism nanoparticles based on cyclodextrin dendritic-graphene oxide inhibited MCF-7 cell proliferation. Biomol Concepts 2021; 12:8-15. [PMID: 33878249 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2021-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is an effective chemotherapeutic agent used for the treatment of various types of cancer. However, its poor solubility, undesirable side effects, and short half-life have remained a challenge. We used a formulation based on graphene oxide as an anticancer drug delivery system for DOX in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, to address these issues. In vitro release studies confirmed that the synthesized formulation has an improved release profile in acidic conditions (similar to the tumor microenvironment). Further in vitro studies, including MTT, uptake, and apoptosis assays were performed. The toxic effects of the nanocarrier on the kidney, heart and liver of healthy rats were also evaluated. We observed that the DOX-loaded carrier improved the cytotoxic effect of DOX on the breast cell line compared to free DOX. In summary, our results introduce the DOX-loaded carrier as a potential platform for in vitro targeting of cancer cells and suggest further studies are necessary to investigate its in vivo anti-cancer potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainaz Mihanfar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Niloufar Targhazeh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shirin Sadighparvar
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Majidinia
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz, University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Gutiérrez-Sevilla JE, Cárdenas-Bedoya J, Escoto-Delgadillo M, Zúñiga-González GM, Pérez-Ríos AM, Gómez-Meda BC, González-Enríquez GV, Figarola-Centurión I, Chavarría-Avila E, Torres-Mendoza BM. Genomic instability in people living with HIV. Mutat Res 2021; 865:503336. [PMID: 33865542 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2021.503336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The increased life expectancy of people living with HIV (PLWH) receiving antiretroviral treatment (ART) has transformed HIV infection into a chronic disease. However, patients may be at risk of accelerated aging and the accumulation of cellular damage, which may trigger the development of cancer. We evaluated genomic instability in HIV-positive individuals with different viral loads receiving antiretroviral treatment (ART) and in HIV ART-naïve individuals. We included 67 participants divided into four groups: group 1 (n = 24) HIV patients receiving reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (tenofovir/ emtricitabine/ efavirenz and abacavir/ lamivudine/ efavirenz), group 2 (n = 22) HIV patients receiving protease inhibitors combined with other antiretroviral drugs (tenofovir/ emtricitabine with ritonavir/ atazanavir or lopinavir/ ritonavir, and darunavir/ ritonavir/ raltegravir), group 3 (n = 13) HIV ART-naïve patients, and group 4 (n = 8) healthy individuals (controls). Nuclear abnormalities in buccal mucosal samples (micronuclei, binucleated cells, nuclear buds, karyorrhexis, karyolysis, and pyknosis) were quantified. Simultaneously, blood samples were taken to quantify CD4+, CD8+, and HIV viral load. There was a significant age difference between HIV ART-naïve patients and receiving ART groups. Infection time was longer in HIV patients with ART than in ART-naïve patients. There were no differences in sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, or number of micronucleated cells between the study groups. We found higher frequencies of binucleated cells and nuclear buds in HIV patients, HIV ART-naïve, and HIV ART patients compared to the control group. We found a positive correlation between nuclear buds and CD4/CD8 ratio in the HIV ART-naïve group. In conclusion, PLWH showed increased genomic instability. The CD4/CD8 ratio affects the numbers of nuclear buds and binucleated cells. These findings are pertinent to mechanisms of damage and possible strategies to mitigate carcinogenesis in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ernesto Gutiérrez-Sevilla
- Laboratorio de Inmunodeficiencias y Retrovirus Humanos, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Mexico; Laboratorio de Mutagénesis, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Mexico; Maestría en Microbiología Médica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Jhonathan Cárdenas-Bedoya
- Laboratorio de Inmunodeficiencias y Retrovirus Humanos, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Mexico; Departamento de Disciplinas Filosófico, Metodológicas e Instrumentales, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Martha Escoto-Delgadillo
- Laboratorio de Inmunodeficiencias y Retrovirus Humanos, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Mexico; Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Moisés Zúñiga-González
- Laboratorio de Mutagénesis, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Alma Minerva Pérez-Ríos
- Servicio de Infectología, Hospital General Regional 110, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Belinda Claudia Gómez-Meda
- Instituto de Genética Humana "Dr. Enrique Corona Rivera", Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Gracia Viviana González-Enríquez
- Departamento de Disciplinas Filosófico, Metodológicas e Instrumentales, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Izchel Figarola-Centurión
- Laboratorio de Inmunodeficiencias y Retrovirus Humanos, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Mexico; Doctorado en Genética Humana, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Efraín Chavarría-Avila
- Departamento de Disciplinas Filosófico, Metodológicas e Instrumentales, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Blanca Miriam Torres-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Inmunodeficiencias y Retrovirus Humanos, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Mexico; Departamento de Disciplinas Filosófico, Metodológicas e Instrumentales, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico.
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Gruevska A, Moragrega ÁB, Cossarizza A, Esplugues JV, Blas-García A, Apostolova N. Apoptosis of Hepatocytes: Relevance for HIV-Infected Patients under Treatment. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020410. [PMID: 33669403 PMCID: PMC7920460 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to medical advances over the past few decades, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, once a devastatingly mortal pandemic, has become a manageable chronic condition. However, available antiretroviral treatments (cART) cannot fully restore immune health and, consequently, a number of inflammation-associated and/or immunodeficiency complications have manifested themselves in treated HIV-infected patients. Among these chronic, non-AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)-related conditions, liver disease is one of the deadliest, proving to be fatal for 15–17% of these individuals. Aside from the presence of liver-related comorbidities, including metabolic disturbances and co-infections, HIV itself and the adverse effects of cART are the main factors that contribute to hepatic cell injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. Among the molecular mechanisms that are activated in the liver during HIV infection, apoptotic cell death of hepatocytes stands out as a key pathogenic player. In this review, we will discuss the evidence and potential mechanisms involved in the apoptosis of hepatocytes induced by HIV, HIV-encoded proteins, or cART. Some antiretroviral drugs, especially the older generation, can induce apoptosis of hepatic cells, which occurs through a variety of mechanisms, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR), all of which ultimately lead to caspase activation and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Gruevska
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.G.); (Á.B.M.); (N.A.)
- FISABIO—Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Ángela B. Moragrega
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.G.); (Á.B.M.); (N.A.)
- FISABIO—Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy;
- National Institute for Cardiovascular Research, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Juan V. Esplugues
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.G.); (Á.B.M.); (N.A.)
- FISABIO—Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
- National Network of Biomedical Research on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-96-396-4167; Fax: +34-96-398-3879
| | - Ana Blas-García
- FISABIO—Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
- National Network of Biomedical Research on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Nadezda Apostolova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.G.); (Á.B.M.); (N.A.)
- FISABIO—Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
- National Network of Biomedical Research on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Schank M, Zhao J, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ. The Impact of HIV- and ART-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cellular Senescence and Aging. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010174. [PMID: 33467074 PMCID: PMC7830696 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the WHO, 38 million individuals were living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 25.4 million of which were using antiretroviral therapy (ART) at the end of 2019. Despite ART-mediated suppression of viral replication, ART is not a cure and is associated with viral persistence, residual inflammation, and metabolic disturbances. Indeed, due to the presence of viral reservoirs, lifelong ART therapy is required to control viremia and prevent disease progression into acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Successful ART treatment allows people living with HIV (PLHIV) to achieve a similar life expectancy to uninfected individuals. However, recent studies have illustrated the presence of increased comorbidities, such as accelerated, premature immune aging, in ART-controlled PLHIV compared to uninfected individuals. Studies suggest that both HIV-infection and ART-treatment lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, ultimately resulting in cellular exhaustion, senescence, and apoptosis. Since mitochondria are essential cellular organelles for energy homeostasis and cellular metabolism, their compromise leads to decreased oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), ATP synthesis, gluconeogenesis, and beta-oxidation, abnormal cell homeostasis, increased oxidative stress, depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential, and upregulation of mitochondrial DNA mutations and cellular apoptosis. The progressive mitochondrial damage induced by HIV-infection and ART-treatment likely contributes to accelerated aging, senescence, and cellular dysfunction in PLHIV. This review discusses the connections between mitochondrial compromise and cellular dysfunction associated with HIV- and ART-induced toxicities, providing new insights into how HIV and current ART directly impact mitochondrial functions and contribute to cellular senescence and aging in PLHIV. Identifying this nexus and potential mechanisms may be beneficial in developing improved therapeutics for treating PLHIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Schank
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (M.S.); (J.Z.); (J.P.M.)
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Juan Zhao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (M.S.); (J.Z.); (J.P.M.)
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Moorman
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (M.S.); (J.Z.); (J.P.M.)
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Hepatitis (HCV/HBV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Zhi Q. Yao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (M.S.); (J.Z.); (J.P.M.)
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Hepatitis (HCV/HBV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +423-439-8063; Fax: +423-439-7010
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Growing evidence suggested that antiretroviral (ARV) drugs may promote amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation in HIV-1-infected brain and the persistence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs). It has also been shown that lipid peroxidation upregulates β-site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) expression and subsequently promotes Aβ peptide production. In the present study, we examined whether chronic exposure to the anti-HIV drugs tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and nevirapine induces lipid peroxidation thereby promoting BACE1 and Aβ generation and consequently impair cognitive function in mice. METHODS TDF or nevirapine was orally administered to female BALB/c mice once a day for 8 weeks. On the 7th week of treatment, spatial learning and memory were assessed using the Morris water maze test. The levels of lipid peroxidation, BACE1, amyloid β 1-42 (Aβ1-42) and Aβ deposits were measured in the hippocampal tissue upon completion of treatment. RESULTS Chronic administration of nevirapine induced spatial learning and memory impairment in the Morris water maze test, whereas TDF did not have an effect. TDF and nevirapine administration increased hippocampal lipid peroxidation and Aβ1-42 concentration. Nevirapine further upregulated BACE1 expression and Aβ deposits. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that chronic exposure to TDF and nevirapine contributes to hippocampal lipid peroxidation and Aβ accumulation, respectively, as well as spatial learning and memory deficits in mice even in the absence of HIV infection. These findings further support a possible link between ARV drug toxicity, Aβ accumulation and the persistence of HANDs.
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Combined Treatment of Sulfonyl Chromen-4-Ones (CHW09) and Ultraviolet-C (UVC) Enhances Proliferation Inhibition, Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress, and DNA Damage against Oral Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176443. [PMID: 32899415 PMCID: PMC7504536 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensitizing effect of chromone-derived compounds on UVC-induced proliferation inhibition has not been comprehensively investigated so far. The subject of this study was to examine the proliferation change of oral cancer cells while using the combined treatment of UVC (254 nm) with our previously developed sulfonyl chromen-4-ones (CHW09), namely UVC/CHW09. Cell viability, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and DNA damage for the individual and combined treatments for UVC and/or CHW09 were examined in oral cancer Ca9-22 cells. In 24 h MTS assay, UVC (30 J/m2; UVC30), or CHW09 (25 and 50 µg/mL; namely, CHW09-25 and CHW09-50) show 54%, 59%, and 45% viability. The combined treatment (UVC30/CHW09-25 and UVC30/CHW09-50) show lower cell viability (45% and 35%). Mechanistically, UVC/CHW09 induced higher apoptosis than individual treatments and untreated control, which were supported by the evidence of flow cytometry for subG1, annexin V/7-aminoactinomycin D, pancaspase and caspases 3/7 activity, and western blotting for cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Moreover, this cleaved PARP expression was downregulated by pancaspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK. UVC/CHW09 showed higher oxidative stress than individual treatments and untreated control in terms of flow cytometry for reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial mass. Furthermore, UVC/CHW09 showed higher DNA damage than individual treatments and untreated control in terms of flow cytometry for H2A histone family member X and 8-oxo-2’-deoxyguanosine. In conclusion, combined treatment UVC/CHW09 suppresses proliferation, and promotes apoptosis, oxidative stress, and DNA damage against oral cancer cells, providing a novel application of sulfonyl chromen-4-ones in order to sensitize UVC induced proliferation inhibition for oral cancer therapy.
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Sudharshan S, Kumar KD, Bhende M, Biswas J, Selvamuthu P. Efavirenz-Associated Retinal Toxicity Presenting with Night Vision Defects in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2020; 28:1076-1084. [PMID: 32870052 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2020.1791347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ocular lesions in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are commonly due to underlying opportunistic infections. With highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), infectious lesions have reduced and noninfectious ocular manifestations including drug-related side effects have been noted. While retinal toxicity has been noted with few other HAART drugs, there are not many on the same with Efavirenz usage. We report a series of five patients with possible efavirenz-related retinal toxicity, visual function abnormalities, and its management. Efavirenz was replaced with alternate anti-retroviral drug. Reversal of ocular side effects were noted subjectively in the form of symptom amelioration of the patients. Objectively, it could be documented with electroretinogram changes and other visual function tests reverting back to normal after change in HAART regime. Early identification of this uncommon side effect in select patients can prevent irreversible vision loss due to efavirenz-associated retinal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kolli Dileep Kumar
- Department of Uvea, Medical Research Foundation , Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai
| | - Muna Bhende
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services, Medical Research Foundation , Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Jyotirmay Biswas
- Department of Uvea, Medical Research Foundation , Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai
| | - Poongulali Selvamuthu
- VHS Infectious Diseases Medical Center, Chennai Antiviral Research and Treatment (CART) Clinical Research Site, Voluntary Health Services , Chennai, India
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Pal S, Rao GN, Pal A. High glucose-induced ROS accumulation is a critical regulator of ERK1/2-Akt-tuberin-mTOR signalling in RGC-5 cells. Life Sci 2020; 256:117914. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis underlie the hepatotoxicity of perhexiline. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 69:104987. [PMID: 32861758 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Perhexiline is an anti-anginal drug developed in the late 1960s. Despite its therapeutic success, it caused severe hepatoxicity in selective patients, which resulted in its withdrawal from the market. In the current study we explored the molecular mechanisms underlying the cytotoxicity of perhexiline. In primary human hepatocytes, HepaRG cells, and HepG2 cells, perhexiline induced cell death in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Perhexiline treatment also caused a significant increase in caspase 3/7 activity at 2 h and 4 h. Pretreatment with specific caspase inhibitors suggested that both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways contributed to perhexiline-induced cytotoxicity, which was confirmed by increased expression of TNF-α, cleavage of caspase 3 and 9 upon perhexiline treatment. Moreover, perhexiline caused mitochondrial dysfunction, demonstrated by the classic glucose-galactose assay at 4 h and 24 h. Results from JC-1 staining suggested perhexiline caused loss of mitochondrial potential. Blocking mitochondrial permeability transition pore using inhibitor bongkrekic acid attenuated the cytotoxicity of perhexiline. Western blotting analysis also showed decreased expression level of pro-survival proteins Bcl-2 and Mcl-1, and increased expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bad. Direct measurement of the activity of individual components of the mitochondrial respiratory complex demonstrated that perhexiline strongly inhibited Complex IV and Complex V and moderately inhibited Complex II and Complex II + III. Overall, our data demonstrated that both mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis underlies perhexiline-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Lazalde-Ramos BP, Zamora-Perez AL, Ortega-Guerrero AI, Quintero-Fraire SZ, Palacios-Lara O, Quirarte-Báez SM, Galaviz-Hernández C, Sosa-Macías M, Ortiz-García YM, Morales-Velazquez G. Genomic Instability Decreases in HIV Patient by Complementary Therapy with Rosmarinus officinalis Extracts. J Med Food 2020; 23:1070-1076. [PMID: 32125929 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2019.0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability is associated with increased oxidative stress in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of intake of methanolic and aqueous extracts of Rosmarinus officinalis on genomic instability in HIV patients. We studied 67 HIV patients under pharmacological treatment with ATRIPLA who were divided into three groups: group 1, patients under ATRIPLA antiretroviral therapy; group 2, patients with ATRIPLA and rosemary aqueous extract (4 g/L per day); and group 3, patients with ATRIPLA and rosemary methanolic extract (400 mg/day). The genomic instability was evaluated through the buccal micronucleus cytome assay. Oral epithelial cells were taken at the beginning and 1 and 4 months later. The groups that received the pharmacological therapy with ATRIPLA and the complementary therapy with R. officinalis extracts showed a decrease in the number of cells with micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities compared with the group that only received ATRIPLA. The complementary therapy with R. officinalis decreased the genomic instability in HIV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Patricia Lazalde-Ramos
- Master of Science and Chemical Technology, Chemistry Department, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Ana Lourdes Zamora-Perez
- Institute of Dental Research, University Center for Health Science, University of Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Aymée Ileana Ortega-Guerrero
- Pharmaceutical-Biological Chemistry Program, Chemistry Department, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Saira Zulema Quintero-Fraire
- Pharmaceutical-Biological Chemistry Program, Chemistry Department, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Omar Palacios-Lara
- Outpatient Centers for the Prevention and Care of AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections and Care Services Integral Hospital, Secretary of Health, Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico.,Mexican Institute of Social Security, Zacatecas Delegation, Mexico
| | | | | | - Martha Sosa-Macías
- National Polytechnic Institute, CIIDIR-Durango, Academy of Genomics, Durango, Mexico
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Yu L, Zheng J, Li J, Wang Y, Lu X, Fan X. Integrating serum exosomal microRNA and liver microRNA profiles disclose the function role of autophagy and mechanisms of Fructus Meliae Toosendan-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 123:109709. [PMID: 31855734 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Herb-induced liver injury (HILI) is a growing clinical and economic problem worldwide. However, the underlying mechanism of HILI remains largely unknown, which hinders the prevention and treatment of this disease. Recently evidence supports that microRNAs (miRNAs) in circulating exosomes and cells play an important role in the pathology of liver diseases. Thus, using Fructus Meliae Toosendan (FMT) as an example of hepatoxic herbal medicine, the aim of this study was to reveal the mechanisms of FMT-induced liver injury (FILI) through integrated analysis of serum exosomal miRNAs and liver miRNAs profiles on FMT ethyl acetate extract (FMT for short)-exposed mice. Two dosages of FMT (20 and 40 g/kg) were involved in this study, while only high-dose exposure induced obvious liver injury in mice. Pathway analysis of 209 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) in serum exosomes between high-dose FMT and control groups exhibited that FILI might be regulated by apoptosis-related pathways, such as p53 signaling, PI3K/Akt signaling, and PTEN signaling. Integrated analysis of the mRNA targets of serum exosomal DEMs and liver DEMs of high-dose FMT group showed that autophagy was significantly enriched as one of the top canonical pathways in FILI. Hepatocyte apoptosis was then proved by TUNEL assay in the liver tissue of high-dose FMT-treated mice. Moreover, in vivo validation studies suggested that the protein expression levels of PTEN, p-AKT, p53, and BAX were indeed regulated in the mouse liver after high-dose FMT administration, indicating hepatocyte apoptosis may be mediated by these three pathways mentioned above. Intriguingly, PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy was activated in high-dose FMT-treated mouse liver and the protective effect of autophagy in FILI was validated in vitro with an autophagic flux inhibitor. In addition, serum exosomal miR-222, the most downregulated miRNAs between low- and high-dose FMT treatments, might be an important event in the hepatocyte apoptosis by regulating PTEN and PPP2R2A. In conclusion, integrated analysis of microRNA profiles in mouse serum exosomes and liver cells provides insights into the hepatotoxicity mechanisms of FMT and discloses the protective role of autophagy in FILI, suggesting this method could contribute to deeply understand the mechanism of HILI and activation of autophagy may be a potentially therapeutic strategy for FILI even HILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqi Yu
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junying Li
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuzhen Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Lu
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaohui Fan
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Truong T, Zeng G, Lim TK, Cao T, Pang LM, Lee YM, Lin Q, Wang Y, Seneviratne CJ. Proteomics Analysis ofCandida albicans dnm1Haploid Mutant Unraveled the Association between Mitochondrial Fission and Antifungal Susceptibility. Proteomics 2019; 20:e1900240. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201900240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thuyen Truong
- Oral Sciences, Faculty of DentistryNational University of Singapore 9 Lower Kent Ridge Road Singapore 119085
| | - Guisheng Zeng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell BiologyAgency for Science, Technology and Research 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos Singapore 138673
| | - Teck Kwang Lim
- Department of Biological SciencesFaculty of Science, National University of Singapore 16 Science Drive 4, S2 Singapore 117558
| | - Tong Cao
- Oral Sciences, Faculty of DentistryNational University of Singapore 9 Lower Kent Ridge Road Singapore 119085
| | - Li Mei Pang
- National Dental Research Institute SingaporeSinghealth Duke NUS, Singapore 5 Second Hospital Ave Singapore 168938
| | - Yew Mun Lee
- Department of Biological SciencesFaculty of Science, National University of Singapore 16 Science Drive 4, S2 Singapore 117558
| | - Qingsong Lin
- Department of Biological SciencesFaculty of Science, National University of Singapore 16 Science Drive 4, S2 Singapore 117558
| | - Yue Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell BiologyAgency for Science, Technology and Research 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos Singapore 138673
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of Singapore 10 Medical Dr Singapore 117597
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Trinité B, Zhang H, Levy DN. NNRTI-induced HIV-1 protease-mediated cytotoxicity induces rapid death of CD4 T cells during productive infection and latency reversal. Retrovirology 2019; 16:17. [PMID: 31242909 PMCID: PMC6595680 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-019-0479-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current efforts towards HIV-1 eradication focus on the reactivation and elimination of the latent viral reservoir, so-called shock and kill therapy. However, work from several groups indicates that infected cell death following virus reactivation is not guaranteed. Thus, it is imperative to develop strategies to foster specific elimination of cells carrying integrated proviruses. It has been shown that some non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) including efavirenz can induce premature HIV-1 GagPol dimerization in productively infected cells, resulting in intracellular HIV-1 Protease (PR) activation and a reduction in HIV-1 expressing cells. RESULTS Here, we document that NNRTI-induced PR activation triggers apoptotic death of productively infected resting or activated T cells in as little as 2 h via caspase-dependent and independent pathways. Rilpivirine, efavirenz and etravirine were the most potent NNRTIs, whereas nevirapine had almost no effect. NNRTI-induced cell killing was prevented by inhibitors of HIV-1 Protease (PR) activity including indinavir and nelfinavir. HIV-1 transmitter founder viruses induced cell killing similarly to lab-adapted HIV-1 except when NNRTI resistance conferring mutations were present in reverse transcriptase. Mutations in PR that confer PR inhibitor (PI) resistance restore NNRTI-induced killing in the presence of PI. Finally, we show that NNRTIs can rapidly eliminate cells in which latent viruses are stimulated to active expression. CONCLUSIONS This work supports the notion that select NNRTIs might help promote the elimination of HIV-1 producing cells as an adjuvant during shock and kill therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Trinité
- Department of Basic Science, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA. .,IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain.
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Department of Basic Science, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - David N Levy
- Department of Basic Science, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA.
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Mahdavinia M, Alizadeh S, Raesi Vanani A, Dehghani MA, Shirani M, Alipour M, Shahmohammadi HA, Rafiei Asl S. Effects of quercetin on bisphenol A-induced mitochondrial toxicity in rat liver. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019; 22:499-505. [PMID: 31217929 PMCID: PMC6556511 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2019.32486.7952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recognized as a distinguished environmental and global toxicant, Bisphenol A (BPA) affects the liver, which is a vital body organ, by the induction of oxidative stress. The present study was designed to investigate the protective effect of quercetin against BPA in hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats and also, the activity of mitochondrial enzymes were evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS To this end, 32 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (six rats per group), including control, BPA (250 mg/kg), BPA + quercetin (75 mg/kg), and quercetin (75 mg/kg). RESULTS The BPA-induced alterations were restored in concentrations of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) due to the quercetin treatment (75 mg/kg) (all P<0.001). While the levels of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased by the quercetin treatment in the liver mitochondria (P<0.001), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) increased (P<0.001). CONCLUSION According to the results, the potential hepatotoxicity of BPA can be prevented by quercetin, which protects the body against oxidative stress and BPA-induced biochemical toxicity. Moreover, the reproductive toxicity of BPA after environmental or occupational exposures can be potentially prohibited by quercetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Mahdavinia
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Said Alizadeh
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Atefeh Raesi Vanani
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Dehghani
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maryam Shirani
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Meysam Alipour
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hedayat Allah Shahmohammadi
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sirous Rafiei Asl
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Shahid Chamran, Ahvaz, Iran
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Zulu SS, Simola N, Mabandla MV, Daniels WM. Effect of long-term administration of antiretroviral drugs (Tenofovir and Nevirapine) on neuroinflammation and neuroplasticity in mouse hippocampi. J Chem Neuroanat 2018; 94:86-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Maryam S, Khan MR, Shah SA, Zahra Z, Majid M, Sajid M, Ali S. In vitro antioxidant efficacy and the therapeutic potential of Wendlandia heynei (Schult.) Santapau & Merchant against bisphenol A-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:1173-1190. [PMID: 30510687 PMCID: PMC6220732 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00322f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of present study was to access the antioxidant and ameliorative efficacy of Wendlandia heynei stem bark's crude methanol extract (WHBM) against bisphenol A (BPA)-induced hepatotoxicity in the rat moel. WHBM and its derived fractions exhibited promising activity for the scavenging of DPPH, hydroxyl and nitrite radicals, iron chelation, and for the inhibition of β-carotene oxidation. The administration of BPA to Sprague Dawley rats (25 mg kg-1) for 28 days resulted in an elevated (p < 0.01) level of aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and globulin, and at the same time a decrease (p < 0.01) in the level of total protein and albumin in the serum of the rats. In hepatic samples, the levels of catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, and reduced glutathione were decreased (p < 0.05), whereas thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, hydrogen peroxide, and the nitrite content were increased (p < 0.05) with BPA treatment to the rats. The administration of WHBM to BPA-intoxicated rats restored the altered levels of these parameters toward the control animals. Histopathological alterations of the hepatic tissues induced with BPA were restored with WHBM co-treatment to the rats. HPLC-DAD analysis ensured the occurrence of rutin, catechin, and caffeic acid in WHBM and WHBE. The results of this study suggested that the presence of phenolics and flavonoids in W. heynei bark might be responsible for it exhibiting antioxidant potential during the in vitro and in vivo studies and hence it has potential to be used as a therapeutic agent against oxidative stress associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Maryam
- Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Biological Sciences , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan . ; ; ; ;
| | - Muhammad Rashid Khan
- Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Biological Sciences , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan . ; ; ; ;
| | - Sayed Afzal Shah
- Department of Plant Sciences , Faculty of Biological Sciences , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan .
| | - Zartash Zahra
- Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Biological Sciences , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan . ; ; ; ;
| | - Muhammad Majid
- Department of Pharmacy , Faculty of Biological Sciences , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan .
| | - Moniba Sajid
- Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Biological Sciences , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan . ; ; ; ;
| | - Saima Ali
- Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Biological Sciences , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan . ; ; ; ;
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Bessone F, Dirchwolf M, Rodil MA, Razori MV, Roma MG. Review article: drug-induced liver injury in the context of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease - a physiopathological and clinical integrated view. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2018; 48:892-913. [PMID: 30194708 DOI: 10.1111/apt.14952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease, since it is strongly associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome pandemics. NAFLD may affect drug disposal and has common pathophysiological mechanisms with drug-induced liver injury (DILI); this may predispose to hepatoxicity induced by certain drugs that share these pathophysiological mechanisms. In addition, drugs may trigger fatty liver and inflammation per se by mimicking NAFLD pathophysiological mechanisms. AIMS To provide a comprehensive update on (a) potential mechanisms whereby certain drugs can be more hepatotoxic in NAFLD patients, (b) the steatogenic effects of drugs, and (c) the mechanism involved in drug-induced steatohepatitis (DISH). METHODS A language- and date-unrestricted Medline literature search was conducted to identify pertinent basic and clinical studies on the topic. RESULTS Drugs can induce macrovesicular steatosis by mimicking NAFLD pathogenic factors, including insulin resistance and imbalance between fat gain and loss. Other forms of hepatic fat accumulation exist, such as microvesicular steatosis and phospholipidosis, and are mostly associated with acute mitochondrial dysfunction and defective lipophagy, respectively. Drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunction is also commonly involved in DISH. Patients with pre-existing NAFLD may be at higher risk of DILI induced by certain drugs, and polypharmacy in obese individuals to treat their comorbidities may be a contributing factor. CONCLUSIONS The relationship between DILI and NAFLD may be reciprocal: drugs can cause NAFLD by acting as steatogenic factors, and pre-existing NAFLD could be a predisposing condition for certain drugs to cause DILI. Polypharmacy associated with obesity might potentiate the association between this condition and DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Bessone
- Hospital Provincial del Centenario, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Servicio de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Melisa Dirchwolf
- Unidad de Transplante Hepático, Servicio de Hepatología, Hospital Privado de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - María Agustina Rodil
- Hospital Provincial del Centenario, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Servicio de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - María Valeria Razori
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Marcelo G Roma
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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50
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Mekala NK, Kurdys J, Depuydt MM, Vazquez EJ, Rosca MG. Apoptosis inducing factor deficiency causes retinal photoreceptor degeneration. The protective role of the redox compound methylene blue. Redox Biol 2018; 20:107-117. [PMID: 30300862 PMCID: PMC6175772 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) underlies a wide spectrum of human ailments known as mitochondrial diseases. Deficiencies in complex I of the electron transport chain (ETC) contribute to 30–40% of all cases of mitochondrial diseases, and leads to eye disease including optic nerve atrophy and retinal degeneration. The mechanisms responsible for organ damage in mitochondrial defects may include energy deficit, oxidative stress, and an increase in the NADH/NAD+ redox ratio due to decreased NAD+ regeneration. Currently, there is no effective treatment to alleviate human disease induced by complex I defect. Photoreceptor cells have the highest energy demand and dependence on OXPHOS for survival, and the lowest reserve capacity indicating that they are sensitive to OXPHOS defects. We investigated the effect of mitochondrial OXPHOS deficiency on retinal photoreceptors in a model of mitochondrial complex I defect (apoptosis inducing factor, AIF-deficient mice, Harlequin mice), and tested the protective effect of a mitochondrial redox compound (methylene blue, MB) on mitochondrial and photoreceptor integrity. MB prevented the reduction in the retinal thickness and protein markers for photoreceptor outer segments, Muller and ganglion cells, and altered mitochondrial integrity and function induced by AIF deficiency. In rotenone-induced complex I deficient 661 W cells (an immortalized mouse photoreceptor cell line) MB decreased the NADH/NAD+ ratio and oxidative stress without correcting the energy deficit, and improved cell survival. MB deactivated the mitochondrial stress response pathways, the unfolding protein response and mitophagy. In conclusion, preserving mitochondrial structure and function alleviates retinal photoreceptor degeneration in mitochondrial complex I defect. Mitochondrial complex I causes damage of the retinal photoreceptor cells and their outer segments. Methylene blue decreases the NADH/ NAD+ ratio and oxidative stress induced by complex I defect. Methylene blue deactivates the mitochondrial stress response pathways. Methylene blue maintains mitochondrial integrity and function. Methylene blue improves photoreceptor cell survival and outer segment integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen K Mekala
- Department of Foundational Sciences at Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States
| | - Jacob Kurdys
- Department of Foundational Sciences at Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States
| | - Mikayla M Depuydt
- Department of Foundational Sciences at Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States
| | - Edwin J Vazquez
- Department of Foundational Sciences at Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States
| | - Mariana G Rosca
- Department of Foundational Sciences at Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States.
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