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Murphy CL, Niles J, Radasch RM. The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Contralateral Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture in Medium-to-Large (≥15kg) Breed Dogs 8 Years of Age or Older. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2024; 37:8-12. [PMID: 37487534 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1771350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of contralateral cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR) in dogs 8 years of age or older, weighing more than or equal to 15 kg at the time of first-side CCLR and to assess associated risks. STUDY DESIGN It is a cross-sectional retrospective study of 831 client-owned dogs METHODS: Medical records of dogs weighing more than or equal to 15 kgs that were more than or equal to 8 years of age at the time of first CCLR diagnosis were reviewed. Data collected included weight, sex, pre-operative tibial plateau angle, co-morbidities, time between diagnosis of first CCLR and diagnosis of contralateral CCLR. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratio. A median follow-up period of over 112.7 months (25th/75th quartiles 75.4/157.7 months) from first CCLR diagnosis was allotted. RESULTS Eight-hundred thirty-one dogs were identified and included. About 19.1% (159/831 dogs, 95% confidence interval: 16.6-22.0%) of dogs that experience a first-side CCLR at 8 years of age or older will rupture the contralateral side, a median of 12.9 months (25th/75th quartiles 6.5/24.3 months) later. Age (p = 0.003) and breed, Golden Retrievers (p = 0.028) and Labrador Retrievers (p = 0.007), were factors significantly associated with contralateral CCLR. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The prevalence of contralateral CCLR in medium-to-large breed dogs more than or equal to 8 years of age old is less than previously reported and the risk decreases as they age. This important information will help guide owners when deciding to pursue surgical stifle stabilization following CCLR in older dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Murphy
- Metropolitan Veterinary Associates, Norristown, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Jacqui Niles
- The Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States
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Waters DJ, Fu R, Carrillo AE, Chiang EC, Maras AH, Kengeri SS, Suckow CL. Correlates of estimated lifetime cruciate ligament survival inform potential rupture risk reduction strategies: findings from the Exceptional Aging in Rottweilers Study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13920. [PMID: 37626101 PMCID: PMC10457323 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39288-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture is one of the most commonly diagnosed orthopedic conditions of pet dogs, making estimated lifetime cruciate ligament survival an attractive endpoint for studies attempting to define clinical and genetic correlates of rupture risk reduction. Early life experiences contribute significantly to the origins of adult health outcomes, yet our current understanding of modifiable susceptibility factors that drive the high frequency of CCL rupture remains limited. We reasoned that combining lifetime medical history with standardized late-life assessment of lifetime cruciate ligament survival and detailed phenotyping of each dog for selected risk variables would provide a sensitive approach to identify factors that would differentiate between lifelong avoidance versus susceptibility to ligament rupture. Here, we report results of Kaplan-Meier analysis of estimated lifetime cruciate ligament survival and Cox proportional hazards modeling to assess risk variables in a lifetime cohort study of 123 purebred Rottweilers, a breed at high risk for veterinarian-diagnosed CCL rupture. We show that gonad removal during the 24-month developmental period is adversely associated with three measures of susceptibility-increased incidence of CCL rupture, multiplicity (bilateral rupture), and accelerated time to initial CCL failure. Our analysis reveals two other phenotypes-short adult height and the production of offspring (in females)-are associated with significant CCL rupture risk reduction. Together, the results provide clues to an early endocrine influence on lifetime cruciate ligament survival. Further, we identify two distinct clinical syndromes of CCL failure, providing a disease subtyping framework to advance future progress in genetic epidemiology, pathogenesis, and prediction. By conducting an evaluation of estimated lifetime CCL survival in dogs, we show that cruciate ligament survival may be jeopardized by gonad removal during the developmental period. Avoidance of such early environmental adversity may represent an actionable method for the control of canine CCL disease in certain breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Waters
- Center for Exceptional Longevity Studies, Gerald P. Murphy Cancer Foundation, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA.
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and the Center on Aging and the Life Course, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Rong Fu
- Department of Sociology, Siena College, Loudonville, NY, 12211, USA
| | - Andres E Carrillo
- Department of Exercise Science, School of Health Sciences, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA
| | - Emily C Chiang
- Center for Exceptional Longevity Studies, Gerald P. Murphy Cancer Foundation, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
| | - Aimee H Maras
- Center for Exceptional Longevity Studies, Gerald P. Murphy Cancer Foundation, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
| | - Seema S Kengeri
- Center for Exceptional Longevity Studies, Gerald P. Murphy Cancer Foundation, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
- Franciscan Physician Network, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
| | - Cheri L Suckow
- Center for Exceptional Longevity Studies, Gerald P. Murphy Cancer Foundation, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
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Yair N, Yiapanis C, Ben-Amotz R, Milgram J. The effect of joint orientation on passive movement of the dog's stifle. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1207164. [PMID: 37448585 PMCID: PMC10336201 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1207164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) is one of numerous structures which determine the path of the tibia relative to the femur when passively flexing/extending the stifle of the dog. The effect of cutting the CCL on passive motion with the hind limb in different orientations, is unknown. The aim of this study was to describe passive movement of the tibia relative to the femur in dogs, with the hind limb in three different orientations, and with CCL intact and cut. Methods Ten cadaveric hind limbs were obtained from dogs weighing between 20 kg and 25 kg and prepared for testing in a custom-built joint testing machine. Each hind limb was tested in three different orientations with data collected, using an electromagnetic tracking system, during 2 cycles of flexion/extension with the CCL intact and cut. Each cycle was initiated with the stifle in full extension (0°) and data was collected at 0°, 20°, 30°, 40°, 45°, and 55° of stifle flexion/extension. Results Flexion of the stifle resulted in caudal translation and internal rotation of the tibia relative to the femur, with cranial translation and external rotation occurring during extension along the identical path. Cutting the cranial cruciate ligament did not result in significant differences in translation or rotation when the stifle was orientated to approximated the standing position of a dog. Discussion Isometric points at the origin and insertion of the CCL can potentially be identified in CCL deficient stifles using a technique based on passive motion of an intact stifle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav Yair
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Laboratory of Biomechanics, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Ron Ben-Amotz
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Laboratory of Biomechanics, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Joshua Milgram
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Laboratory of Biomechanics, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Debes C, Wowra J, Manzoor S, Ruple A. Predicting health outcomes in dogs using insurance claims data. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9122. [PMID: 37277409 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper we propose a machine learning-based approach to predict a multitude of insurance claim categories related to canine diseases. We introduce several machine learning approaches that are evaluated on a pet insurance dataset consisting of 785,565 dogs from the US and Canada whose insurance claims have been recorded over 17 years. 270,203 dogs with a long insurance tenure were used to train a model while the inference is applicable to all dogs in the dataset. Through this analysis we demonstrate that with this richness of data, supported by the right feature engineering, and machine learning approaches, 45 disease categories can be predicted with high accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Audrey Ruple
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA
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5
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Langenbach A. Evaluating the relationship between osteoarthritis and cruciate ligament disease in dogs. Vet Rec 2023; 192:289-291. [PMID: 37000719 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
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Engdahl K, Boge GS, Ingman J, Näslund V, Ley CJ. Degree of osteophyte formation seen on radiographs provides useful prognostic information for dogs with cruciate ligament disease. Vet Rec 2023; 192:e2478. [PMID: 36504411 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concurrent osteoarthritis is generally present in the stifle joints of dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease (CCLD), but it is not known if the degree of osteoarthritis-related changes affects the prognosis. Development of osteophytes is a key radiographic feature of osteoarthritis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the degree of osteophyte formation seen on radiographs and CCLD-related euthanasia in dogs with CCLD. METHODS A retrospective cohort study including 226 dogs treated for CCLD at two university animal hospitals was performed. Clinical and follow-up information was retrieved, and stifle radiographs taken during the 31 days before treatment for the CCLD were graded for osteophyte formation by three veterinary radiologists. A multivariable Cox proportional hazards model was applied to assess the association between the degree of osteophyte formation and CCLD-related euthanasia. RESULTS An association between the degree of osteophyte formation and CCLD-related euthanasia was found, with increased osteophyte formation associated with an increased hazard of CCLD-related euthanasia (hazard ratio 1.06, 95% confidence interval 1.01-1.11, p = 0.01). LIMITATIONS No clinical assessment of the outcome was performed. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that evaluation of stifle radiographs for osteophyte formation could provide useful prognostic information for dogs with CCLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Engdahl
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gudrun Seeberg Boge
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences-School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Medicines Agency, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jessica Ingman
- University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Veronica Näslund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Charles J Ley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Pegram C, Brodbelt DC, Diaz-Ordaz K, Chang Y, von Hekkel AF, Church DB, O'Neill DG. Risk factors for unilateral cranial cruciate ligament rupture diagnosis and for clinical management in dogs under primary veterinary care in the UK. Vet J 2023; 292:105952. [PMID: 36708945 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.105952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate demographic risk factors associated with unilateral cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture diagnosis and to explore demographic and clinical risk factors associated with management of unilateral CCL rupture in dogs under primary veterinary care in the UK. A retrospective cohort study design was used. Clinical records were automatically searched and manually verified for incident cases of unilateral CCL rupture during 2019 and additional clinical management information extracted. Multivariable logistic regression modelling was used to evaluate associations between risk factors and: (1) CCL rupture diagnosis; and (2) clinical management (surgical or non-surgical). The analysis included 1000 unilateral CCL rupture cases and a random selection of 500,000 non-cases. After accounting for confounding factors, dogs aged 6 to < 9 years, male neutered and female neutered dogs, insured dogs, and Rottweiler, Bichon Frise, and West Highland White terrier breeds, in particular, had increased odds of unilateral CCL rupture diagnosis. Insured dogs and dogs ≥ 20 kg had increased odds of surgical management, while dogs ≥ 9 years and dogs with one non-orthopaedic comorbidity at diagnosis with CCL rupture had reduced odds. These findings inform identification of at-risk dogs, with Rottweilers and Bichon Frise particularly predisposed. Additionally, they contribute to a greater understanding of the clinical rationales used in primary-care veterinary practices to decide between surgical or non-surgical management of unilateral CCL rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pegram
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield Herts AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - D C Brodbelt
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield Herts AL9 7TA, UK
| | - K Diaz-Ordaz
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Y Chang
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield Herts AL9 7TA, UK
| | - A Frykfors von Hekkel
- Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield Herts AL9 7TA, UK
| | - D B Church
- Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield Herts AL9 7TA, UK
| | - D G O'Neill
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield Herts AL9 7TA, UK
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Etiopathogenesis of Canine Cruciate Ligament Disease: A Scoping Review. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020187. [PMID: 36670727 PMCID: PMC9855089 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The spontaneous rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament in dogs remains a pathoetiologic puzzle. Despite much progress in research over the past years, the systemic and local mechanisms leading to ligament degeneration and structural failure remain largely obscure. This scoping review focuses on pathogenesis and aims at summarizing and interpreting today's knowledge on causes of canine cruciate ligament rupture, i.e., the multifactorial mechanisms leading to degenerative stifle joint disease with collagen matrix degeneration and structural failures. Thus, the initial view of traumatic ligament rupture, fostered by "wear and tear", has clearly been replaced by a new concept of systemic processes linked to progressive degenerative joint disease and ligament failure; thus, the term "cranial cruciate ligament disease" has been coined and is generally accepted. In addition, cruciate ligament rupture in people shares some similarities with the lesion in dogs; therefore, the review also includes comparative studies. The methods used were based on the PRISMA-ScR model (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews).
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Todorović AZ, Macanović MVL, Mitrović MB, Krstić NE, Bree HJJV, Gielen IMLV. The Role of Tibial Plateau Angle in Canine Cruciate Ligament Rupture-A Review of the Literature. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2022; 35:351-361. [PMID: 35850147 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1750316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Cranial cruciate ligament disease is a common pathological condition in dogs that is often presented in daily clinical practice. Different risk factors for the development of this condition include breed, sex, age, bodyweight and neuter status, as well as different biological and biomechanical mechanisms. In the literature, special attention has been paid to the role of the tibial plateau angle in damage to the cranial cruciate ligament. Although the disease was first described at the beginning of last century, and since then different surgical methods have been developed to treat it, its aetiology remains unclear. In this review, contemporary literature data related to the role of tibial plateau angle in canine cranial cruciate ligament rupture are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasija Z Todorović
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Radiology and Radiation Hygiene, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana V Lazarević Macanović
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Radiology and Radiation Hygiene, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marko B Mitrović
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Radiology and Radiation Hygiene, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nikola E Krstić
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Radiology and Radiation Hygiene, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Ingrid M L V Gielen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Radiology and Radiation Hygiene, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Relationship of mRNA Expression of Selected Genes in Peripheral Blood and Synovial Fluid in Cranial Cruciate Ligament Deficient Stifles of Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12060754. [PMID: 35327152 PMCID: PMC8944536 DOI: 10.3390/ani12060754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The cranial cruciate ligament rupture is characterized by chronic inflammation, osteoarthritis of the stifle joint, and extracellular matrix degeneration of the ligament itself in dogs. Early pre-clinical cranial cruciate ligament alteration cannot be detected by clinical examination or standard radiography. Therefore, we assessed the possible relationship of inflammatory markers in peripheral blood and synovial fluid of affected stifle joints in comparison to a control. We also evaluated components of the extracellular matrix of ruptured ligaments and finally compared the tibial plateau angle and the anatomical-mechanical angle between groups. Some of the assessed inflammatory markers were significantly increased in both the peripheral blood and synovial fluid compared with the control, as were collagens. The tibial plateau angle was not significantly different; however, the anatomical-mechanical angle significantly increased in the ruptured ligaments. Our results suggest a possible positive relationship between inflammatory markers of blood and synovial fluid in cranial cruciate ligament deficient stifles compared to the control. These findings may support both local and systemic inflammation process at the same time during osteoarthritis progression. Based on this, it would be interesting to investigate the predictive osteoarthritis pathway of inflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and their effect on the extracellular matrix components of the cranial cruciate ligament in future studies. Abstract The cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CrCLR) is characterized by chronic inflammation and osteoarthritis (OA) of the stifle joint and extracellular matrix (ECM) degeneration of the ligament itself in dogs. Generally, OA may arise from chronic low-grade systemic inflammation. We assessed the possible relationship of inflammatory markers in the peripheral blood (PB) and synovial fluid (SF) of affected stifle joints in comparison to a control. Moreover, no study has shown the possible association between PB and SF levels of inflammatory markers in CrCLR stifles of dogs in veterinary medicine yet. We also evaluated components of ECM of CrCLR and finally compared the tibial plateau angle (TPA) and the anatomical-mechanical angle (AMA) between groups. Samples from PB and SF were examined for mRNA expression of interleukins, TNF-α and INF-γ. ECM components—collagen 1A1 and 3A1 and elastin—were examined for mRNA expression from SF. The level of relative expression for IL-1β, IL-8 and IFN-γ was significantly increased in both PB and SF in CrCLR stifles as compared with the control. Collagens were also significantly increased in CrCLR stifles. TPA was not significantly different; however, the AMA angle significantly increased in the CrCLR group. Our results suggest a possible relationship between PB and SF levels of inflammatory markers in CrCLR stifles of dogs.
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Shimada M, Wada K, Tanaka S, Murakami S, Kanno N, Hayashi K, Hara Y. Effects of long-term and high-dose administration of glucocorticoids on the cranial cruciate ligament in healthy beagle dogs. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262206. [PMID: 35061786 PMCID: PMC8782538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effects of long-term and high-dose administration of glucocorticoids (GCs) on the histological and mechanical properties of the cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) in healthy beagle dogs. A synthetic corticosteroid at 2 mg/kg every 12 h was administered for 84 days in nine dogs (18 CrCLs) (GC group). Twenty CrCLs from 12 healthy male beagles were used as the normal control (control group). CrCLs were histologically examined (n = 12 in the GC group and n = 14 in the control group) using hematoxylin-eosin, Alcian-Blue, Elastica-Eosin stains, and immunohistological staining of type 1 collagen and elastin. An additional 12 CrCLs were mechanically tested (n = 6 in the GC and n = 6 in the control groups) to determine failure pattern, maximum tensile strength, maximum stress, elastic modulus, and stress and strain at the transition point. The histological examination revealed a significant increase in interfascicular area and fibrillar disorientation at the tibial attachment in both groups. The ratios of mucopolysaccharide-positive area and positive areas of elastic fibers were significantly higher in the control group than in the GC group. The biomechanical examination demonstrated significantly lower stress at the transition point in the GC group than in the control group. The present study results indicate that high-dose corticosteroids may affect metabolism, such as mucopolysaccharides and elastic fibers production, although the effect on type 1 collagen production is small. These changes of the extracellular matrix had a small effect on the strength of the ligament. This study suggested that the ligamentous changes associated with GC are different from the degeneration observed in spontaneous canine CrCL disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Shimada
- Division of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Koki Wada
- Division of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Tanaka
- Division of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sawako Murakami
- Division of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kanno
- Division of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Hayashi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Yasushi Hara
- Division of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan
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Knights H, Williams J. The influence of three working harnesses on thoracic limb kinematics and stride length at walk in assistance dogs. J Vet Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Constant C, Braïlovski V, Wagnac É, Petit Y, Desrochers A, Nichols S. Biomechanical evaluation of bovine stifles stabilized with an innovative braided superelastic nitinol prosthesis after transection of the cranial cruciate ligament. Vet Surg 2021; 50:1398-1408. [PMID: 34435675 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the stability bovine stifles stabilized with nylon or nitinol superelastic prostheses after transection of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL). STUDY DESIGN Ex vivo study. SAMPLE POPULATION Stifles (n = 15) harvested from adult bovine cadavers. METHODS The stifles were randomly assigned pairwise to a ligament reconstruction technique (n = 5): (1) and (2) Hamilton's technique using a prosthesis made of 24 nitinol strands (0.39 mm) braided at 40°or single 600-lb test nylon implant, and (3) nitinol prosthesis placed in femoral and tibial bone tunnels (bone-to-bone). Craniocaudal tibial translation at ±2000 N was applied to the tibia, and mediolateral angular displacement via measured under torsional tibial loading at ±60 Nm on three occasions: intact CCL, transected, and stabilized. Outcomes were evaluated with a mixed effect linear model for repeated measures. RESULTS Bone-to-bone using nitinol was the only repair that decreased tibial translation after CCL transection (p = .001) with a 23% change magnitude compared with intact CCL. Hamilton was the only stabilization reestablishing angular displacement, similar to intact CCL (p = .109 and .134 for nitinol and nylon). Bone-to-bone nitinol stabilization decreased angular displacement after CCL-transection with an 8% change magnitude (p = .040) without returning to normal values. CONCLUSION CCL replacement with nylon did restore joint stability. Nitinol prostheses passed through single femoral and tibial bone tunnels (bone-to-bone) were the only techniques reducing tibial translation. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE/IMPACT Bone-to-bone stabilization with a nitinol prosthesis may be considered as an alternative to nylon for CCL replacement in cattle. These results provide evidence to justify clinical evaluation in cattle undergoing CCL replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Constant
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Canada
| | | | - Éric Wagnac
- École de Technologie Supérieure and Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur, Montréal, Canada
| | - Yvan Petit
- École de Technologie Supérieure and Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur, Montréal, Canada
| | - André Desrochers
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Canada
| | - Sylvain Nichols
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Canada
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Brioschi V, Arthurs GI. Cranial cruciate ligament rupture in small dogs (<15 kg): a narrative literature review. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 62:1037-1050. [PMID: 34269419 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Small breed dogs (<15 kg) affected by cranial cruciate ligament rupture secondary to cranial cruciate ligament disease are usually middle-aged (mean age at presentation: 5.4 to 9.8 years); terrier breeds, miniature and toy poodles are over-represented. Small breed dogs have a different morphology of the proximal tibia compared to medium and large breed dogs with a steep tibial plateau angle (mean tibial plateau angle 28.8° to 36.3°), absent base of the flare of the tibial tuberosity and a caudally bowed fibula. There is a lack of evidence regarding the optimal management of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in small dogs. The treatment options consist of conservative management, extracapsular stabilisation, cranial closing wedge ostectomy, tibial plateau levelling osteotomy and tibial tuberosity advancement. The limited evidence available shows that conservative management is likely to result in prolonged recovery time (average time to recovery approximately 4 months). There is paucity of reports focussing on extracapsular stabilisation in small breed dogs, and questions have been raised regarding the early failure of the extracapsular suture subject to higher loads due to the steep tibial plateau angle of small breed dogs. Cranial closing wedge ostectomy and tibial plateau levelling osteotomy have been reported to have low major complication rates and good subjective outcomes. It is controversial whether tibial tuberosity advancement is a suitable technique in dogs with steep tibial plateau angle, which includes most small breed dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Brioschi
- Arthurs Orthopaedics, Northampton, NN12 6JW, UK
| | - G I Arthurs
- Arthurs Orthopaedics, Northampton, NN12 6JW, UK
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15
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Kuroki K, Williams N, Cook JL. Histologic evidence for a humoral immune response in synovitis associated with cranial cruciate ligament disease in dogs. Vet Surg 2021; 50:1032-1041. [PMID: 33769592 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate histopathological features of synovium from dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease (CCLD) to seek mechanisms of osteoarthritis (OA) associated with CCLD. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective, single-institution case series. ANIMALS Thirty client-owned dogs. METHODS Synovial biopsies (n = 30) obtained from stifles with CCLD were assessed by using two synovitis histopathology grading systems (Krenn and Hospital for Special Surgery [HSS]). The Krenn synovitis score was interpreted as "no synovitis," "low-grade," or "high-grade," while inflammatory subtype (low, mixed, or high) was determined by a computational algorithm within the HSS system. Comparison of synovitis scores was based on degree of CCL rupture and presence of meniscal tears. RESULTS Histopathological changes and synovitis scores were similar regardless of degree of rupture (partial n = 5, complete n = 25) or presence of meniscal injury (n = 12) and were characterized by hyperplastic and lymphoplasmacytic synovitis with increased vascularity (30/30) and the presence of hemosiderin deposits (28/30), binucleated plasma cells (28/30), mucoid change (25/30), and Mott cells (16/30). Thirteen (43%) specimens were consistent with high-grade synovitis according to the Krenn system, while 11 (37%) specimens fit into the high-inflammatory subtype with the HSS system. CONCLUSION Synovitis associated with canine CCLD in this study population was lymphoplasmacytic and was often highly inflammatory, with the presence of cells pertaining to humoral immunity. Humoral immune responses may play key roles in the synovitis associated with CCLD. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Modulation of biological factors that provoke humoral immune responses may mitigate symptoms of OA that persist and progress even after surgical treatment of CCLD in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Kuroki
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Ned Williams
- Eastern Carolina Veterinary Referral, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA
| | - James L Cook
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Missouri Orthopaedic Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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16
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Koprivec S, Novak M, Bernik S, Voga M, Mohorič L, Majdič G. Treatment of cranial cruciate ligament injuries in dogs using a combination of tibial tuberosity advancement procedure and autologous mesenchymal stem cells/multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells - A pilot study. Acta Vet Hung 2021; 68:405-412. [PMID: 33656452 DOI: 10.1556/004.2020.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present pilot study, we evaluated different supplemental therapies using autologous multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MMSCs) for the treatment of cranial cruciate ligament defects in dogs. We used tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) and augmented it by supportive therapy with MMSCs in three patient groups. In the first patient group, the dogs were injected with MMSCs directly into the treated stifle one month after surgery. In the second group, MMSCs were delivered in a silk fibroin scaffold which was placed in the osteotomy gap during surgery. In the third group, MMSCs were first mixed with bone tissue and blood from the patient and delivered into the osteotomy gap during surgery. In the control group, patients underwent the TTA procedure but did not receive MMSC treatment. In the group of patients who received cells in the silk fibroin scaffold during surgery, the osteotomy gap did not heal, presumably due to the low absorption of silk fibroin. Patients who received MMSCs mixed with bone tissue and blood during surgery into the osteotomy gap recovered clinically faster and had better healing of the osteotomy gap than dogs from the other two treated groups and from the control group, as assessed by clinical examination and quantification of radiographs. In conclusion, dogs that received stem cells directly into the osteotomy gap (Group 3) recovered faster compared to dogs from Groups 1 (MMSCs injected into the joint one month after surgery), 2 (cells implanted into the osteotomy gap in a silk fibroin scaffold), and the control group that did not receive additional MMSCs treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Metka Voga
- 2Institute for Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luka Mohorič
- 3Animacel Biotechnology Ltd., Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Majdič
- 2Institute for Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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17
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Engdahl K, Hanson J, Bergström A, Bonnett B, Höglund O, Emanuelson U. The epidemiology of stifle joint disease in an insured Swedish dog population. Vet Rec 2021; 189:e197. [PMID: 33645813 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stifle joint diseases (SJD) are common in dogs and include a variety of diagnoses. The objective of the study was to provide an overview of the epidemiology of SJD in insured dogs. METHODS An historical single cohort study of dogs insured in Agria Pet Insurance (2011-2016) in Sweden was performed. Incidence and relative risk (RR) of SJD was calculated for the whole dog population and for subgroups divided by breed, breed group and sex. RESULTS The study population included almost 600,000 insured dogs (>1.7 million dog-years). Ninety-three different stifle joint diagnoses were reported in 9624 dogs, and the most common were cruciate ligament rupture and patellar luxation. The incidence of SJD was 55.4 cases per 10,000 dog-years at risk. Bulldog and boerboel had the highest RR of SJD. The breeds that accounted for the highest proportion of all SJD claimed dogs were mixed breed and Labrador retriever. Female dogs had a slightly increased RR compared with male dogs (RR 1.06, p = 0.006). The incidence increased yearly during the observation period. CONCLUSION The study demonstrates breed-specific differences in incidence of SJD in dogs, which may be of importance for breeders, dog owners and veterinarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Engdahl
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jeanette Hanson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annika Bergström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Brenda Bonnett
- International Partnership for Dogs, Georgian Bluffs, Ontario, Canada
| | - Odd Höglund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Emanuelson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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18
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Binversie EE, Baker LA, Engelman CD, Hao Z, Moran JJ, Piazza AM, Sample SJ, Muir P. Analysis of copy number variation in dogs implicates genomic structural variation in the development of anterior cruciate ligament rupture. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244075. [PMID: 33382735 PMCID: PMC7774950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is an important condition of the human knee. Second ruptures are common and societal costs are substantial. Canine cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture closely models the human disease. CCL rupture is common in the Labrador Retriever (5.79% prevalence), ~100-fold more prevalent than in humans. Labrador Retriever CCL rupture is a polygenic complex disease, based on genome-wide association study (GWAS) of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Dissection of genetic variation in complex traits can be enhanced by studying structural variation, including copy number variants (CNVs). Dogs are an ideal model for CNV research because of reduced genetic variability within breeds and extensive phenotypic diversity across breeds. We studied the genetic etiology of CCL rupture by association analysis of CNV regions (CNVRs) using 110 case and 164 control Labrador Retrievers. CNVs were called from SNPs using three different programs (PennCNV, CNVPartition, and QuantiSNP). After quality control, CNV calls were combined to create CNVRs using ParseCNV and an association analysis was performed. We found no strong effect CNVRs but found 46 small effect (max(T) permutation P<0.05) CCL rupture associated CNVRs in 22 autosomes; 25 were deletions and 21 were duplications. Of the 46 CCL rupture associated CNVRs, we identified 39 unique regions. Thirty four were identified by a single calling algorithm, 3 were identified by two calling algorithms, and 2 were identified by all three algorithms. For 42 of the associated CNVRs, frequency in the population was <10% while 4 occurred at a frequency in the population ranging from 10–25%. Average CNVR length was 198,872bp and CNVRs covered 0.11 to 0.15% of the genome. All CNVRs were associated with case status. CNVRs did not overlap previous canine CCL rupture risk loci identified by GWAS. Associated CNVRs contained 152 annotated genes; 12 CNVRs did not have genes mapped to CanFam3.1. Using pathway analysis, a cluster of 19 homeobox domain transcript regulator genes was associated with CCL rupture (P = 6.6E-13). This gene cluster influences cranial-caudal body pattern formation during embryonic limb development. Clustered genes were found in 3 CNVRs on chromosome 14 (HoxA), 28 (NKX6-2), and 36 (HoxD). When analysis was limited to deletion CNVRs, the association was strengthened (P = 8.7E-16). This study suggests a component of the polygenic risk of CCL rupture in Labrador Retrievers is associated with small effect CNVs and may include aspects of stifle morphology regulated by homeobox domain transcript regulator genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E. Binversie
- Comparative Orthopaedic and Genetics Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Lauren A. Baker
- Comparative Orthopaedic and Genetics Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Corinne D. Engelman
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Zhengling Hao
- Comparative Orthopaedic and Genetics Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - John J. Moran
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Alexander M. Piazza
- Comparative Orthopaedic and Genetics Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Susannah J. Sample
- Comparative Orthopaedic and Genetics Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Peter Muir
- Comparative Orthopaedic and Genetics Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Smith PA, Stannard JP, Bozynski CC, Kuroki K, Cook CR, Cook JL. Patellar Bone-Tendon-Bone Autografts versus Quadriceps Tendon Allograft with Synthetic Augmentation in a Canine Model. J Knee Surg 2020; 33:1256-1266. [PMID: 31461759 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1695040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Patellar bone-tendon-bone (pBTB) autografts are often considered the "gold standard" for complete anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction and are also associated with significant complications and early-onset knee osteoarthritis (OA). A novel quadriceps tendon allograft with synthetic augmentation, or "internal brace" (QTIB), has been reported to have potential advantages for ACL reconstruction based on animal model data. In this preclinical canine comparison study, we hypothesized that QTIB allograft compared with pBTB autograft would provide superior durability for knee stability, function, and prevention of OA. Under approval from our Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, adult purpose-bred research hounds (n = 10) underwent arthroscopic complete transection of the ACL followed by either an arthroscopic-assisted all-inside ACL reconstruction using the QTIB allograft (n = 5) or pBTB autograft (n = 5). Contralateral knees were used as nonoperated controls (n = 10). Radiographic and arthroscopic assessments were performed at 2 and 6 months, respectively, after surgery. Anterior drawer, internal rotation, lameness, kinetics, pain, effusion, and comfortable range of knee motion were measured at 2, 3, and 6 months. Biomechanical and histologic assessments were performed at 6 months. All reconstructed knees were stable and had intact ACL grafts 6 months after surgery. At 6 months, QTIB reconstructed knees had significantly less lameness, lower pain, less effusion, and increased range of motion when compared with BTB knees (p < 0.05). BTB knees had significantly higher radiographic OA scores than QTIB knees at 6 months (p < 0.05). Superior outcomes associated with QTIB allograft may be due to the lack of donor site morbidity, the use of a robust tendon graft, and/or protection of the graft from the synthetic augmentation. Robust tendon grafts combined with a synthetic internal brace and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) may allow for more rapid and robust tendon-bone healing and graft "ligamentization," which protects the graft from early failure and rapid OA development that can plague commonly-used allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Smith
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia Orthopedic Group, Columbia, Missouri
| | - James P Stannard
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopedics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Chantelle C Bozynski
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopedics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Keiichi Kuroki
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopedics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Cristi R Cook
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopedics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - James L Cook
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopedics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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20
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Wang Y, Gludish DW, Hayashi K, Todhunter RJ, Krotscheck U, Johnson PJ, Cummings BP, Su J, Reesink HL. Synovial fluid lubricin increases in spontaneous canine cruciate ligament rupture. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16725. [PMID: 33028842 PMCID: PMC7542452 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73270-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lubricin is an important boundary lubricant and chondroprotective glycoprotein in synovial fluid. Both increased and decreased synovial fluid lubricin concentrations have been reported in experimental post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) animal models and in naturally occurring joint injuries in humans and animals, with no consensus about how lubricin is altered in different species or injury types. Increased synovial fluid lubricin has been observed following intra-articular fracture in humans and horses and in human late-stage osteoarthritis; however, it is unknown how synovial lubricin is affected by knee-destabilizing injuries in large animals. Spontaneous rupture of cranial cruciate ligament (RCCL), the anterior cruciate ligament equivalent in quadrupeds, is a common injury in dogs often accompanied by OA. Here, clinical records, radiographs, and synovial fluid samples from 30 dogs that sustained RCCL and 9 clinically healthy dogs were analyzed. Synovial fluid lubricin concentrations were nearly 16-fold greater in RCCL joints as compared to control joints, while IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α concentrations did not differ between groups. Synovial fluid lubricin concentrations were correlated with the presence of radiographic OA and were elevated in three animals sustaining RCCL injury prior to the radiographic manifestation of OA, indicating that lubricin may be a potential biomarker for early joint injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Wang
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - David W Gludish
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Kei Hayashi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Rory J Todhunter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Ursula Krotscheck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Philippa J Johnson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | | | - Jin Su
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Heidi L Reesink
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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21
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Cox T, Maddox TW, Pettitt R, Wustefeld-Janssens B, Innes J, Comerford E. Investigation of Variables Associated with Surgical Site Infection following the Management of Canine Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture with a Lateral Fabellotibial Suture. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2020; 33:409-416. [PMID: 32987438 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1715605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated variables associated with surgical site infection (SSI) in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture managed with stifle joint examination and lateral fabellotibial suture stabilization. STUDY DESIGN A retrospective study of dogs that had stifle arthroscopy, stifle arthrotomy, or a combination of both, followed by lateral fabellotibial suture stabilization for cranial cruciate ligament rupture. All cases had a minimum follow-up of 90 days. Lameness grades were recorded preoperatively, and at 6-week and final follow-up. RESULTS One hundred fifty procedures in 130 dogs met the inclusion criteria. Overall, SSI rate was 17.3% and removal of the lateral fabellotibial suture was performed in 53% of SSI. Multivariable analysis showed significant association between SSI and bodyweight (p = 0.013), and induction using propofol (p = 0.029). Multilevel ordinal logistic regression analysis showed a greater proportion of dogs had a higher lameness grade at 6-week (p = 0.021) and final follow-up (p = 0.002) assessments in the infected compared with non-infected dogs. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated a higher SSI incidence than previously reported in dogs undergoing a lateral fabellotibial suture for cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Bodyweight and induction with propofol were identified as significant risk factors for postoperative SSI. Owners could be advised of an increased SSI risk in larger dogs and consideration should be given to selection of induction agent. Dogs that develop an SSI have a worse lameness grade at 6-week and final follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Cox
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas W Maddox
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Institutes of Ageing and Chronic Disease, and Veterinary Science, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Pettitt
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Brandan Wustefeld-Janssens
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States
| | - John Innes
- CVS Group PLC, ChesterGates Veterinary Specialists, Telford Court, Gates Road, Chester, United Kingdom
| | - Eithne Comerford
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Institutes of Ageing and Chronic Disease, and Veterinary Science, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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22
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Investigation of fibrillin microfibrils in the canine cruciate ligament in dogs with different predispositions to ligament rupture. Res Vet Sci 2020; 133:53-58. [PMID: 32937286 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cranial cruciate ligament disease (CCLD) is the most common cause of pelvic limb lameness in dogs but its precise aetiopathogenesis is uncertain. Fibrillin microfibrils (FM) are complex macro-molecular assemblies found in many tissues including ligaments, where they are thought to play an important mechanical role. We hypothesised that FM ultrastructural variation correlates with the differing predisposition of canine breeds to CCLD. Non-diseased cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments (CCLs and CaCLs) were obtained from Greyhound (GH) and Staffordshire Bull Terrier (SBT) cadavers. Fibrillin microfibrils were extracted from the ligaments by bacterial collagenase digestion, purified by size-exclusion chromatography and subsequently visualized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). With AFM, FMs have a characteristic beads-on-a-string appearance. For each FM, periodicity (bead-bead distance) and length (number of beads/FM) was measured. Fibrillin microfibril length was found to be similar for GH and SBT, with non-significant inter-breed and inter-ligament differences. Fibrillin microfibril periodicity varied when comparing GH and SBT for CCL (GH 60.2 ± 1.4 nm; SBT 56.2 ± 0.8 nm) and CaCL (GH 55.5 ± 1.6 nm; SBT 61.2 ± 1.2 nm). A significant difference was found in the periodicity distribution when comparing CCL for both breeds (P < 0.00001), further, intra-breed differences in CCL vs CaCL were statistically significant within both breeds (P < 0.00001). The breed at low risk of CCLD exhibited a periodicity profile which may be suggestive of a repair and remodelling within the CCL.
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23
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Ribitsch I, Baptista PM, Lange-Consiglio A, Melotti L, Patruno M, Jenner F, Schnabl-Feichter E, Dutton LC, Connolly DJ, van Steenbeek FG, Dudhia J, Penning LC. Large Animal Models in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering: To Do or Not to Do. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:972. [PMID: 32903631 PMCID: PMC7438731 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid developments in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering has witnessed an increasing drive toward clinical translation of breakthrough technologies. However, the progression of promising preclinical data to achieve successful clinical market authorisation remains a bottleneck. One hurdle for progress to the clinic is the transition from small animal research to advanced preclinical studies in large animals to test safety and efficacy of products. Notwithstanding this, to draw meaningful and reliable conclusions from animal experiments it is critical that the species and disease model of choice is relevant to answer the research question as well as the clinical problem. Selecting the most appropriate animal model requires in-depth knowledge of specific species and breeds to ascertain the adequacy of the model and outcome measures that closely mirror the clinical situation. Traditional reductionist approaches in animal experiments, which often do not sufficiently reflect the studied disease, are still the norm and can result in a disconnect in outcomes observed between animal studies and clinical trials. To address these concerns a reconsideration in approach will be required. This should include a stepwise approach using in vitro and ex vivo experiments as well as in silico modeling to minimize the need for in vivo studies for screening and early development studies, followed by large animal models which more closely resemble human disease. Naturally occurring, or spontaneous diseases in large animals remain a largely untapped resource, and given the similarities in pathophysiology to humans they not only allow for studying new treatment strategies but also disease etiology and prevention. Naturally occurring disease models, particularly for longer lived large animal species, allow for studying disorders at an age when the disease is most prevalent. As these diseases are usually also a concern in the chosen veterinary species they would be beneficiaries of newly developed therapies. Improved awareness of the progress in animal models is mutually beneficial for animals, researchers, human and veterinary patients. In this overview we describe advantages and disadvantages of various animal models including domesticated and companion animals used in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering to provide an informed choice of disease-relevant animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Ribitsch
- Veterm, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University Equine Hospital, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pedro M. Baptista
- Laboratory of Organ Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine, Health Research Institute of Aragon (IIS Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Anna Lange-Consiglio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Melotti
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Patruno
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Florien Jenner
- Veterm, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University Equine Hospital, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Schnabl-Feichter
- Clinical Unit of Small Animal Surgery, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Luke C. Dutton
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Connolly
- Clinical Unit of Small Animal Surgery, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank G. van Steenbeek
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jayesh Dudhia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Louis C. Penning
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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24
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Bernardi-Villavicencio C, Jimenez-Socorro AN, Rojo-Salvador C, Robles-Sanmartin J, Rodriguez-Quiros J. Short-term outcomes and complications of 65 cases of porous TTA with flange: a prospective clinical study in dogs. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:279. [PMID: 32778092 PMCID: PMC7418395 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02469-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CrCLR) is the most common orthopaedic cause of lameness in the hind limb in dogs. Many surgical treatments have been described, but tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) is one of the most commonly used today. Since it was first described, TTA has evolved to reduce major complications and to arrest the progression of osteoarthrosis. The aim of this study was to assess a surgical technique called Porous TTA with flange prospectively. This study was performed in 61 dogs that underwent 65 Porous TTA with flange procedures, to validate it as an alternative CrCLR treatment. Complications and clinical outcomes (pain, lameness, weight bearing, flexion, extension, crepitation and atrophy) were reported over 3 months, i.e. at 3, 6 and 12 weeks postoperatively. Results The results showed a positive clinical outcome, a minor complication rate of 47.69% at the first review 3 weeks postoperatively, 10.77% at the second one (6 weeks after the surgery) and 4% at the third one (at 12 weeks). Major complications were observed only at the last review, with one case that had an infection requiring implant removal; this represented 1.5% of cases. Variables evaluated for a relationship with complication scores and improvement were body condition score, sex, age, breed, body weight, breed size, side of the affected limb, traumatic anamnesis and time of lameness before surgery. No relationship was detected. Conclusions Clinical outcomes and complications show that Porous TTA with flange is an efficient alternative for surgical treatment of CrCLR in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bernardi-Villavicencio
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Cuenca, c/ Diego de Tapia y Av. 12 de Octubre s/n, EC010205, Cuenca, Azuay, Ecuador. .,Hospital Clinico Veterinario Complutense, Departamento de Medicina y Cirugia Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro, s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Antonio Nicolas Jimenez-Socorro
- Hospital Clinico Veterinario Complutense, Departamento de Medicina y Cirugia Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro, s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,C.V. Eurocan, c/ Alfonso Senra, 4, 28440 Guadarrama, Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepcion Rojo-Salvador
- Seccion Departamental de Anatomia y Embriologia (Veterinaria), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro, s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Robles-Sanmartin
- Hospital Clinico Veterinario Complutense, Departamento de Medicina y Cirugia Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro, s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,C.V. Eurocan, c/ Alfonso Senra, 4, 28440 Guadarrama, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus Rodriguez-Quiros
- Hospital Clinico Veterinario Complutense, Departamento de Medicina y Cirugia Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro, s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Santarossa A, Gibson TWG, Kerr C, Monteith GJ, Durzi T, Gowland S, Verbrugghe A. Body composition of medium to giant breed dogs with or without cranial cruciate ligament disease. Vet Surg 2020; 49:1144-1153. [PMID: 32357267 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the body composition of dogs with or without cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) disease. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional. ANIMALS Adult dogs in which CCL disease was diagnosed (n = 30) and adult dogs without clinical signs of orthopedic disease (n = 30). METHODS Body weight, body condition score, and muscle condition score (MCS) were recorded. Body composition of the whole body and pelvic limbs were assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Body condition score, whole body, and pelvic limb body composition measurements were compared by using general linear mixed-model analysis of variance. Muscle condition score between groups was assessed by using a Mann-Whitney U test, while paired data were analyzed by using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test. RESULTS Body fat percentage (P < .0001) was higher in affected dogs (38.78% ± 1.40) than in control dogs (27.49% ± 1.24). Affected dogs had lower MCS (1.90 ± 0.13, P < .0001) compared with control dogs (2.77 ± 0.08). The affected pelvic limb of affected dogs contained less lean soft tissues (P < .0001) but more fat (P = .0451) compared with the contralateral pelvic limb. CONCLUSION Dogs with CCL disease were overweight compared with the control group. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Dogs that are overweight may be predisposed to developing CCL disease. Body composition changes in the pelvic limbs should be considered when managing the care of these dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Santarossa
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas W G Gibson
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carolyn Kerr
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gabrielle J Monteith
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tiffany Durzi
- Smith Lane Animal Hospital at Hill's Pet Nutrition Primary Healthcare Centre, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shannon Gowland
- Smith Lane Animal Hospital at Hill's Pet Nutrition Primary Healthcare Centre, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Meeson RL, Todhunter RJ, Blunn G, Nuki G, Pitsillides AA. Spontaneous dog osteoarthritis - a One Medicine vision. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2020; 15:273-287. [PMID: 30953036 PMCID: PMC7097182 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-019-0202-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a global disease that, despite extensive research, has limited treatment options. Pet dogs share both an environment and lifestyle attributes with their owners, and a growing awareness is developing in the public and among researchers that One Medicine, the mutual co-study of animals and humans, could be beneficial for both humans and dogs. To that end, this Review highlights research opportunities afforded by studying dogs with spontaneous OA, with a view to sharing this active area of veterinary research with new audiences. Similarities and differences between dog and human OA are examined, and the proposition is made that suitably aligned studies of spontaneous OA in dogs and humans, in particular hip and knee OA, could highlight new avenues of discovery. Developing cross-species collaborations will provide a wealth of research material and knowledge that is relevant to human OA and that cannot currently be obtained from rodent models or experimentally induced dog models of OA. Ultimately, this Review aims to raise awareness of spontaneous dog OA and to stimulate discussion regarding its exploration under the One Medicine initiative to improve the health and well-being of both species. Osteoarthritis occurs spontaneously in pet dogs, which often share environmental and lifestyle risk-factors with their owners. This Review aims to stimulate cooperation between medical and veterinary research under the One Medicine initiative to improve the welfare of dogs and humans. Dogs have many analogous spontaneous diseases that result in end-stage osteoarthritis (OA). Inbreeding and the predisposition of certain dog breeds for OA enable easier identification of candidate genetic associations than in outbred humans. Dog OA subtypes offer a potential stratification rationale for aetiological differences and alignment to analogous human OA phenotypes. The relatively compressed time course of spontaneous dog OA offers longitudinal research opportunities. Collaboration with veterinary researchers can provide tissue samples from early-stage OA and opportunities to evaluate new therapeutics in a spontaneous disease model. Awareness of the limitations and benefits of using clinical veterinary patients in research is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Meeson
- Skeletal Biology Group, Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK.,Department of Clinical Services and Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK.,Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rory J Todhunter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Cornell Veterinary Biobank, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Gordon Blunn
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, London, UK.,School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - George Nuki
- Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew A Pitsillides
- Skeletal Biology Group, Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK.
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Clinical and Radiological Evaluation of the Treatment of Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture in Cats with the Musculus Biceps Femoris Transposition Technique. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2019-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this study was to clinically and radiologically evaluate the technique of biceps femoris muscle transposition as a new extracapsular treatment technique for cranial cruciate ligament ruptures, which are often encountered in cats. In this study, eight cats diagnosed with cranial cruciate ligament rupture were treated with the biceps femoris muscle transposition technique. The postoperative standard clinical examination procedures were applied to each cat for 90 days. In the preoperative clinical and radiological examinations of the eight cats in the study, cranial cruciate ligament rupture alone was diagnosed in seven of them. Both, the cranial cruciate ligament rupture and meniscal lesions in the same stifle joint were determined in one cat. The biceps femoris muscle transposition technique operation took approximately 20 mins in each case.
The postoperative radiographs were taken on days 10, 30, 60 and 90. No complications were seen in any case during the postoperative follow-up. The Illinois University Evaluation Scale was used for a more objective evaluation. At 90 days postoperatively, there was no lameness in seven out of eight cats, and mild limping was determined in one of them due to concomitant meniscal lesion.
According to the study results, the biceps femoris muscle transposition technique was found to be extremely useful as an easily applicable technique in the treatment of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in cats.
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Bascuñán AL, Biedrzycki A, Banks SA, Lewis DD, Kim SE. Large Animal Models for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Research. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:292. [PMID: 31555675 PMCID: PMC6727067 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Large animal (non-rodent mammal) models are commonly used in ACL research, but no species is currently considered the gold standard. Important considerations when selecting a large animal model include anatomical differences, the natural course of ACL pathology in that species, and biomechanical differences between humans and the chosen model. This article summarizes recent reports related to anatomy, pathology, and biomechanics of the ACL for large animal species (dog, goat, sheep, pig, and rabbit) commonly used in ACL research. Each species has unique features and benefits as well as potential drawbacks, which are highlighted in this review. This information may be useful in the selection process when designing future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luisa Bascuñán
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Adam Biedrzycki
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Scott A Banks
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Daniel D Lewis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Stanley E Kim
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Ober CA, Factor G, Meiner Y, Segev G, Shipov A, Milgram J. Influence of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy and tibial tuberosity advancement on passive laxity of the cranial cruciate deficient stifle in dogs. Vet Surg 2019; 48:401-407. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ciprian A. Ober
- Department of Small Animal SurgeryFaculty of Veterinary Medicine Cluj‐Napoca Romania
| | - Gilad Factor
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Applied AnatomyKoret School of Veterinary Medicine Rehovot Israel
| | - Yaron Meiner
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Applied AnatomyKoret School of Veterinary Medicine Rehovot Israel
| | - Gilad Segev
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Applied AnatomyKoret School of Veterinary Medicine Rehovot Israel
| | - Anna Shipov
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Applied AnatomyKoret School of Veterinary Medicine Rehovot Israel
| | - Joshua Milgram
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Applied AnatomyKoret School of Veterinary Medicine Rehovot Israel
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Adrian CP, Haussler KK, Kawcak CE, Reiser RF, Riegger-Krugh C, Palmer RH, McIlwraith CW, Taylor RA. Gait and electromyographic alterations due to early onset of injury and eventual rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament in dogs: A pilot study. Vet Surg 2019; 48:388-400. [PMID: 30758853 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Identify relevant electromyography (EMG), kinematic, and kinetic changes resulting from monopolar radiofrequency energy (MRFE)-induced cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) injury and eventual rupture in dogs. STUDY DESIGN Experimental, repeated measures. ANIMALS Five purpose-bred female dogs free of orthopedic and neurologic disease. METHODS Surface EMG, joint kinematics, and ground reaction forces were assessed at a trot in the pelvic limbs at baseline, at 2 and 4 weeks after unilateral MRFE-induced CCL injury, and at 4, 8, and 16 weeks after CCL rupture (CCLR). RESULTS After MRFE-induced injury, average hip joint range of motion (ROM) during stance decreased within the untreated pelvic limb. After CCLR, stifle flexion angles decreased within the treated limb at 8 weeks and within the untreated pelvic limb at all time points, whereas average tarsal joint ROM decreased in the treated limb and increased in the untreated limb. Peak vertical ground reaction force and impulse decreased within the treated limb. Qualitative alterations of many EMG values were noted after MRFE-induced injury and CCLR, although significant differences between limbs or from baseline values were not detected. CONCLUSION Monopolar radiofrequency energy-induced injury altered contralateral hip kinematics, suggesting early regional compensatory gait alterations. After CCLR, additional compensatory gait patterns occurred in both pelvic limbs. CLINICAL IMPACT The qualitative analysis of trial-averaged EMG data in this small population supports a relationship between neuromuscular function and induced CCL injury leading to rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline P Adrian
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Kevin K Haussler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Christopher E Kawcak
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Raoul F Reiser
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | | | - Ross H Palmer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - C Wayne McIlwraith
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Kuroki K, Williams N, Ikeda H, Bozynski CC, Leary E, Cook JL. Histologic assessment of ligament vascularity and synovitis in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease. Am J Vet Res 2019; 80:152-158. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.2.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Kyllar M, Čížek P. Cranial cruciate ligament structure in relation to the tibial plateau slope and intercondylar notch width in dogs. J Vet Sci 2018; 19:699-707. [PMID: 29929359 PMCID: PMC6167346 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.5.699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture is one of the most common orthopedic conditions in dogs. The pathogenesis of CCL rupture is not fully described and remains to be elucidated fully. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the etiology of these changes. The objective of this study was to investigate structural changes in the CCL in relation to the tibial plateau angle (TPA) and the intercondylar notch (ICN) width in dogs. Fifty-five skeletally mature dogs were included in this study. ICN width and TPA measurements were obtained from intact CCL stifles. Samples of the CCL, caudal cruciate ligament (CaCL), and femoral head ligament (FHL) were harvested and stained for routine histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Microscopic changes in the ligaments were observed and were found to correlate with the TPA and ICN width values. The degree of structural changes within the CCL was observed to correlate with an increasing TPA and a narrowing ICN width. Changes in the CCL are likely to be caused by excessive forces acting through the ligament in stifles with a high TPA. Chondroid metaplasia of the CCL is an adaptation to abnormal mechanics within the stifle joint caused by altered bone morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Kyllar
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.,Companion Care, Broadstairs CT10 2RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Petr Čížek
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
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33
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Rocha Dos Santos C, da Rocha Filgueiras R, Furtado Malard P, Rodrigues da Cunha Barreto-Vianna A, Nogueira K, da Silva Leite C, Maurício Mendes de Lima E. Mesenchymal stem cells in osteotomy repair after tibial tuberosity advancement in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament injury. J Exp Orthop 2018; 5:17. [PMID: 29900517 PMCID: PMC5999594 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-018-0130-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR) is the most commonly encountered orthopedic condition in dogs. Among the various techniques to treat this condition, tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) has been used to obtain rapid recovery of the affected knee. The objective of this study was to evaluate the viability of the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) implanted in the osteotomy site obtained by TTA in nine dogs diagnosed with CCLR. Methods The MSC were isolated from the adipose tissue of the dogs and cultured for eight days, the animals were divided into two groups. Animals from the treated group (GT) received cell transport medium containing about 1.5 millions MSC, and the animals from the control group (GC) received only the cell transport medium. The study was performed in a double-blind manner using radiographs acquired on days 15, 30, 60 and 120 after the procedure. Evaluations of the density of the trabecular bone were performed using image analysis software. The results were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis, followed by the normality test, Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney test and Tukey’s multiple comparison test for p ≤ 0.05. Results After 30 days of the procedure, the animals of the GT presented an ossification mean 36.45% greater (p ≤ 0.033) than the GC, and there were no statistical differences for the other periods. Conclusions Despite the total bone ossification within the expected period, there was no minimization of the estimated recovery time with the application of MSC, and inflammatory factors should be considered for reassessment of the therapeutic intervention time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kaique Nogueira
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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34
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Bertocci GE, Brown NP, Mich PM. Why Owners Choose an Orthosis Over Stifle Surgery for Canine Cranial Cruciate Ligament Deficiency. Top Companion Anim Med 2018. [PMID: 29525232 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to describe the patient population of dogs with cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) deficiency that were prescribed a stifle orthosis. A total of 215 client-owned dogs with previously diagnosed CrCL deficiency were prescribed a stifle orthosis at a veterinary pain management and mobility clinic. Patient intake data collected included dog signalment, chief medical complaint, home environment and activity description, medical and surgical history, and diagnosing veterinarian. An orthopedic examination was conducted to assess pelvic limb function and determine pelvic limb morphologic measures. Spayed females (57.2%) were most common in our sample. Median age, body weight, and body condition score were 9.00 ± 3.23 years, 32.98 ± 13.37kg, and 6.00 ± 1.04, respectively. Most common breeds prescribed stifle orthoses included Labrador Retriever, Golden Retriever, and German Shepherd. Right and left limbs were equally affected, and 19.5% of dogs previously had stifle stabilization surgery. Primary reasons for seeking a stifle orthosis consultation were surgical concerns, advanced age, and surgery cost. Most common chief complaints included altered gait, decreased weight bearing, and pain following activity. Reduced stifle extension, increased cranial drawer score, and decreased 3-leg stance time characterized the CrCL-deficient stifle. Stifle orthosis represents an alternative approach to surgical stabilization and management of CrCL deficiency. CrCL-deficient dogs prescribed stifle orthoses were generally large breeds of advanced age with above ideal body condition score. Owners commonly sought a stifle orthosis for CrCL deficiency due to reservations regarding surgical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina E Bertocci
- Department of Bioengineering, J.B. Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY.
| | - Nathan P Brown
- Department of Bioengineering, J.B. Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
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35
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Diotalevi L, Petit Y, Brailovski V, Nichols S, Marchionatti E, Wagnac É. Quasi-static tensile properties of the Cranial Cruciate Ligament (CrCL) in adult cattle: towards the design of a prosthetic CrCL. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 79:239-245. [PMID: 29331937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical properties of the Cranial Cruciate Ligament (CrCL) in adult cattle are not well documented and protocols used in the literature focus on testing a full femur-CrCL-tibia complex rather than an isolated CrCL. The aim of this study was to assess a wider range of tensile properties of the CrCL along its anatomic axis with experimental measurements of the global elongation, displacement and strain fields, in order to provide guidelines for the design of CrCL prosthetic surrogates. Fourteen bovine CrCL were harvested from seven mature cows (5.1 ± 1.3 years) weighing 631 ± 90kg. The mean CrCL length was 41.4 ± 1.5mm and its mean cross-section was 103.9 ± 23.8mm2. Pre-conditioning was achieved with 30 cycles of loading from 30 to 200N at a strain rate of 0.02s-1. Specimens were then loaded to failure at the same strain rate. The following results were obtained: the mean ultimate tensile load (UTL) 4372 ± 1485N and the median [quartiles] maximal global elongation 19.3 [17.8; 21.4] %. At first physical signs of tearing, the mean load was 3315 ± 1336N and mean elongation 13.5 ± 4.9%. The mean absorbed energy at failure was 5.23 ± 2.08 MJ.mm-3 and the mean stiffness at various levels of elongation was: 220 ± 195N.%-1 (5%), 285 ± 162N.%-1 (10%), 239 ± 200N.%-1 (15%), 146 ± 59N.%-1 (20%), 153 ± 136N.%-1 (25%). None of these properties were related to the bovine weight, age and side of the body (p > 0.05). An ideal prosthetic surrogate should then follow these sets of properties and the experimental data suggest that the in-vivo maximal elongation is below 13.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucien Diotalevi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, École de Technologie Supérieure, 1100 rue Notre-Dame Ouest, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 1K3; Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, 5400 boulevard Gouin, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4J 1C5.
| | - Yvan Petit
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, École de Technologie Supérieure, 1100 rue Notre-Dame Ouest, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 1K3; Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, 5400 boulevard Gouin, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4J 1C5.
| | - Vladimir Brailovski
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, École de Technologie Supérieure, 1100 rue Notre-Dame Ouest, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 1K3; Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, 5400 boulevard Gouin, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4J 1C5.
| | - Sylvain Nichols
- Université de Montréal, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3200 rue Sciotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2.
| | - Emma Marchionatti
- Université de Montréal, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3200 rue Sciotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2.
| | - Éric Wagnac
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, École de Technologie Supérieure, 1100 rue Notre-Dame Ouest, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 1K3; Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, 5400 boulevard Gouin, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4J 1C5.
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The effect of tibial tuberosity advancement and meniscal release on kinematics of the cranial cruciate ligament-deficient stifle during early, middle, and late stance. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2017; 24:342-9. [DOI: 10.3415/vcot-10-08-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
SummaryObjectives: To evaluate the effect of tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) and meniscal release on cranial-caudal and axial rotational displacement during early, middle and late stance phases in the canine cranial cruciate ligament- (CCL) deficient stifle.Study design: In vitro biomechanical study.Methods: Eighteen pelvic limbs were evaluated for the effects of TTA on cranial-caudal displacement and axial rotation under a load equivalent to 30% bodyweight, and under the following treatment conditions: normal (intact CCL), CCL deficient, TTA-treated (CCL deficient + TTA), and meniscal release (TTA treated + meniscal release). The limbs were evaluated in the early, middle, and late stance phases using electromagnetic tracking sensors to determine cranial tibial displacement and tibial rotation relative to the femur.Results: Transection of the CCL resulted in significant cranial tibial displacement during early, middle, and late stance (p < 0.0001) and significant internal rotation during early (p = 0.049) and middle stance (p = 0.0006). Performance of TTA successfully eliminated cranial tibial displacement in early, middle, and late stance (p <0.0001) however, the TTA was unsuccessful in normalizing axial rotation in middle stance (p = 0.030). Meniscal release had no effect on cranial-caudal or rotational displacement when performed in conjunction with the TTA.Clinical significance: Tibial tuberosity advancement effectively eliminates cranial tibial displacement during early, middle and late stance however, TTA failed to provide rotational stability in mid-stance.
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Bertocci G, Smalley C, Brown N, Bialczak K, Carroll D. Aquatic treadmill water level influence on pelvic limb kinematics in cranial cruciate ligament-deficient dogs with surgically stabilised stifles. J Small Anim Pract 2017; 59:121-127. [PMID: 29044561 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare pelvic limb joint kinematics and temporal gait characteristics during land-based and aquatic-based treadmill walking in dogs that have undergone surgical stabilisation for cranial cruciate ligament deficiency. MATERIALS AND METHODS Client-owned dogs with surgically stabilised stifles following cranial cruciate ligament deficiency performed three walking trials consisting of three consecutive gait cycles on an aquatic treadmill under four water levels. Hip, stifle and hock range of motion; peak extension; and peak flexion were assessed for the affected limb at each water level. Gait cycle time and stance phase percentage were also determined. RESULTS Ten client-owned dogs of varying breeds were evaluated at a mean of 55·2 days postoperatively. Aquatic treadmill water level influenced pelvic limb kinematics and temporal gait outcomes. Increased stifle joint flexion was observed as treadmill water level increased, peaking when the water level was at the hip. Similarly, hip flexion increased at the hip water level. Stifle range of motion was greatest at stifle and hip water levels. Stance phase percentage was significantly decreased when water level was at the hip. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Aquatic treadmill walking has become a common rehabilitation modality following surgical stabilisation of cranial cruciate ligament deficiency. However, evidence-based best practice guidelines to enhance stifle kinematics do not exist. Our findings suggest that rehabilitation utilising a water level at or above the stifle will achieve the best stifle kinematics following surgical stifle stabilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bertocci
- Department of Bioengineering, J. B. Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - C Smalley
- Department of Bioengineering, J. B. Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - N Brown
- Department of Bioengineering, J. B. Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - K Bialczak
- Department of Bioengineering, J. B. Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - D Carroll
- Department of Rehabilitation and Conditioning, Central Texas Veterinary Specialty Hospital, Austin, TX, 78745, USA
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Guénégo L, Payot M, Charru P, Verwaerde P. Comparison of tibial anatomical-mechanical axis angle between predisposed dogs and dogs at low risk for cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Vet J 2017; 225:35-41. [PMID: 28720297 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this prospective, radiographic, descriptive study was to compare measurements of tibial anatomical-mechanical axis angle (AMA-angle), tibial plateau angle (TPA), relative tibial tuberosity width (rTTW) and Z-angle from mediolateral radiographs of the tibia between two canine breeds (72 dogs) not predisposed to cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR) and those from a consecutive series of 185 large dogs and 17 West Highland white terriers (WHWT) diagnosed with unilateral, surgically confirmed CCLR. Correlations among these measurements were determined, and levels of inter- and intra-observer variability among and within three observers for each measurement were established using Kendall's coefficient of concordance. Breed had a significant effect on AMA-angle. The median AMA-angle of the subject population of large dogs affected by CCLR was 2.80° (range 1.09°-5.21°); for the WHWT, it was 6.34° (range 5.68°-8.88°); and for the clinically normal dogs, it was 0.74° (range 0.00°-5.40°). In the CCLR group, AMA-angle and TPA were strongly correlated (r=0.745; p<0.0001). A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that an AMA-angle higher than 1.87° had a sensitivity of 0.941 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.898-0.966) and a specificity of 0.965 (95% CI: 0.919-0.987) for predicting CCLR and was more accurate than TPA, rTTW and Z-angle at predicting CCLR (p<0.0001). Good inter- and intra-observer agreement was found for all measurements. The highly significant difference in AMA-angle found between clinically normal dogs and dogs with CCL injury suggests that AMA-angle magnitude may be a clinically relevant predisposing factor for the development of canine CCLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Guénégo
- Clinique Vétérinaire du Vernet,366 Avenue de Labarthe, 31810, Le Vernet, France.
| | - M Payot
- Clinique Vétérinaire du Vernet,366 Avenue de Labarthe, 31810, Le Vernet, France
| | - P Charru
- Clinique Vétérinaire du Vernet,366 Avenue de Labarthe, 31810, Le Vernet, France
| | - P Verwaerde
- Critical and Intensive Care-Anesthesia Unit, Clinical Science Department, National Veterinary School of Toulouse, 23 chemin des capelles, 31076 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
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Brown NP, Bertocci GE, Marcellin-Little DJ. Canine cranial cruciate ligament deficient stifle biomechanics associated with extra-articular stabilization predicted using a computer model. Vet Surg 2017; 46:653-662. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P. Brown
- Department of Bioengineering, J. B. Speed School of Engineering; University of Louisville; Louisville Kentucky
| | - Gina E. Bertocci
- Department of Bioengineering, J. B. Speed School of Engineering; University of Louisville; Louisville Kentucky
| | - Denis J. Marcellin-Little
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh North Carolina
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40
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Ekenstedt KJ, Minor KM, Rendahl AK, Conzemius MG. DNM1 mutation status, sex, and sterilization status of a cohort of Labrador retrievers with and without cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2017; 4:2. [PMID: 28168039 PMCID: PMC5288950 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-017-0041-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise-induced collapse (EIC) due to DNM1 mutation and rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament are both common syndromes in the Labrador retriever breed. A cohort of 313 Labradors was recruited based on their CCLR status and were subsequently genetically tested for EIC. Epidemiological aspects of the cohort were also described, including sex, sterilization status, and age at sterilization. Results No sex difference was observed in dogs susceptible to EIC (homozygous for the mutant genotype) compared to dogs not susceptible to EIC (heterozygotes and dogs homozygous for the normal genotype). No evidence for association was detected between CCLR status and EIC status (p =0.357), although the sample cohort was not of sufficient size to entirely rule out an association. A significant difference (p = 0.031) was observed in the sex distribution of dogs affected with CCLR compared to those without CCLR. An increased number of female CCLR cases were observed compared to the number of female controls; male CCLR cases and controls were approximately the same number. When CCLR status was examined in each sex, no significant differences were observed between those that were sterilized and those that weren’t. However, for female dogs that were sterilized, CCLR cases were significantly higher in dogs sterilized at one year of age or younger compared to those sterilized when over the age of one year (p = 0.0021, OR 4.30, 95% CI 1.55–12.72); for males, this finding was suggestive, but not statistically significant (p = 0.0913, OR 3.57, 95% CI 0.809–14.476). Conclusions CCLR is not associated with a large increase in EIC occurrence. Statistically, these two syndromes cannot be proven to be unrelated; however, concomitant occurrence of CCLR and EIC in Labrador retrievers is rare, despite the high prevalence of both syndromes in this breed. Epidemiological findings suggest that females may be over-represented in CCLR cases and that early sterilization (≤1 year) may increase the risk of Labradors developing CCLR later in life (particularly in females). These results should be considered preliminary and require confirmation in larger populations of Labrador retrievers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari J Ekenstedt
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Katie M Minor
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Aaron K Rendahl
- School of Statistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Michael G Conzemius
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
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Bertocci GE, Brown NP, Mich PM. Biomechanics of an orthosis-managed cranial cruciate ligament-deficient canine stifle joint predicted by use of a computer model. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:27-35. [PMID: 28029280 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate effects of an orthosis on biomechanics of a cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL)-deficient canine stifle joint by use of a 3-D quasistatic rigid-body pelvic limb computer model simulating the stance phase of gait and to investigate influences of orthosis hinge stiffness (durometer). SAMPLE A previously developed computer simulation model for a healthy 33-kg 5-year-old neutered Golden Retriever. PROCEDURES A custom stifle joint orthosis was implemented in the CrCL-deficient pelvic limb computer simulation model. Ligament loads, relative tibial translation, and relative tibial rotation in the orthosis-stabilized stifle joint (baseline scenario; high-durometer hinge]) were determined and compared with values for CrCL-intact and CrCL-deficient stifle joints. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate the influence of orthosis hinge stiffness on model outcome measures. RESULTS The orthosis decreased loads placed on the caudal cruciate and lateral collateral ligaments and increased load placed on the medial collateral ligament, compared with loads for the CrCL-intact stifle joint. Ligament loads were decreased in the orthosis-managed CrCL-deficient stifle joint, compared with loads for the CrCL-deficient stifle joint. Relative tibial translation and rotation decreased but were not eliminated after orthosis management. Increased orthosis hinge stiffness reduced tibial translation and rotation, whereas decreased hinge stiffness increased internal tibial rotation, compared with values for the baseline scenario. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Stifle joint biomechanics were improved following orthosis implementation, compared with biomechanics of the CrCL-deficient stifle joint. Orthosis hinge stiffness influenced stifle joint biomechanics. An orthosis may be a viable option to stabilize a CrCL-deficient canine stifle joint.
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Kol A, Arzi B, Athanasiou KA, Farmer DL, Nolta JA, Rebhun RB, Chen X, Griffiths LG, Verstraete FJM, Murphy CJ, Borjesson DL. Companion animals: Translational scientist's new best friends. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:308ps21. [PMID: 26446953 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa9116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge and resources derived from veterinary medicine represent an underused resource that could serve as a bridge between data obtained from diseases models in laboratory animals and human clinical trials. Naturally occurring disease in companion animals that display the defining attributes of similar, if not identical, diseases in humans hold promise for providing predictive proof of concept in the evaluation of new therapeutics and devices. Here we outline comparative aspects of naturally occurring diseases in companion animals and discuss their current uses in translational medicine, benefits, and shortcomings. Last, we envision how these natural models of disease might ultimately decrease the failure rate in human clinical trials and accelerate the delivery of effective treatments to the human clinical market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Kol
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Boaz Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Diana L Farmer
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jan A Nolta
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Robert B Rebhun
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xinbin Chen
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Leigh G Griffiths
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Frank J M Verstraete
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Christopher J Murphy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dori L Borjesson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Suspensory Versus Interference Screw Fixation for Arthroscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in a Translational Large-Animal Model. Arthroscopy 2016; 32:1086-97. [PMID: 26853947 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2015.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare all-inside cortical-button suspensory fixation in sockets versus interference screw fixation in tunnels with respect to clinical, histologic, and biomechanical assessments of all-soft tissue (AST) tendon autografts used for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in a canine model. METHODS By use of a validated "hybrid" double-bundle ACL reconstruction technique (reconstruction of the anteromedial bundle with preservation of the native posterolateral bundle), dogs were randomly assigned to undergo either suspensory fixation in sockets (n = 6) or interference screw fixation in tunnels (n = 6). Contralateral knees were used as nonoperated controls (n = 12). Quadrupled extensor tendon autografts were used for both ACL reconstruction groups. Dogs were assessed radiographically and functionally and humanely euthanized at 12 weeks after surgery for arthroscopic, gross, biomechanical, and histologic assessments. RESULTS Histologic assessments showed significantly (P = .018) better graft incorporation with 4-zone direct healing to bone for the grafts using suspensory fixation in sockets (16.3 ± 1.5) compared with the grafts using interference screw fixation in tunnels (14.2 ± 2.1). Furthermore, graft healing to bone was significantly better at the aperture (P = .05) and mid-socket (P = .01) location for the group that underwent suspensory fixation in sockets (16.1 ± 1.8 and 16.4 ± 1.9, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Suspensory fixation of AST grafts in sockets was associated with superior tendon-to-bone healing compared with interference screw fixation in tunnels, with 4-zone direct graft healing to bone seen for femoral and tibial sockets only in the suspensory-fixation group. Biomechanical properties were similar between groups. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These data provide evidence suggesting that an all-inside ACL reconstruction technique using adjustable-loop cortical-button suspensory fixation in bone sockets has potential clinical advantages for ACL reconstruction using AST grafts.
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Brown NP, Bertocci GE, Marcellin-Little DJ. Influence of biomechanical parameters on cranial cruciate ligament–deficient or –intact canine stifle joints assessed by use of a computer simulation model. Am J Vet Res 2015; 76:952-8. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.76.11.952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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45
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Cook JL, Smith PA, Stannard JP, Pfeiffer FM, Kuroki K, Bozynski CC, Cook CR. A canine hybrid double-bundle model for study of arthroscopic ACL reconstruction. J Orthop Res 2015; 33:1171-9. [PMID: 25763560 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Development and validation of a large animal model for pre-clinical studies of intra-articular anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction that addresses current limitations is highly desirable. The objective of the present study was to investigate a translational canine model for ACL reconstruction. With institutional approval, adult research hounds underwent arthroscopic debridement of the anteromedial bundle (AMB) of the ACL, and then either received a tendon autograft for "hybrid double-bundle" ACL reconstruction (n = 12) or no graft to remain ACL/AMB-deficient (n = 6). Contralateral knees were used as non-operated controls (n = 18) and matched canine cadaveric knees were used as biomechanical controls (n = 6). Dogs were assessed using functional, diagnostic imaging, gross, biomechanical, and histologic outcome measures required for pre-clinical animal models. The data suggest that this canine model was able to overcome the major limitations of large animal models used for translational research in ACL reconstruction and closely follow clinical aspects of human ACL reconstruction. The "hybrid double-bundle" ACL reconstruction allowed for sustained knee function without the development of osteoarthritis and for significantly improved functional, diagnostic imaging, gross, biomechanical, and histologic outcomes in grafted knees compared to ACL/AMB-deficient knees.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Cook
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Comparative Orthopaedic Laboratory, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Patrick A Smith
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Columbia Orthopaedic Group, Columbia, Missouri
| | - James P Stannard
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Comparative Orthopaedic Laboratory, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Ferris M Pfeiffer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Comparative Orthopaedic Laboratory, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Keiichi Kuroki
- Comparative Orthopaedic Laboratory, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - Cristi R Cook
- Comparative Orthopaedic Laboratory, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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46
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Brown NP, Bertocci GE, Marcellin-Little DJ. Canine Stifle Biomechanics Associated With Tibial Tuberosity Advancement Predicted Using a Computer Model. Vet Surg 2015. [PMID: 26211443 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) on canine biomechanics in the cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL)-deficient stifle using a 3-dimensional quasi-static rigid body pelvic limb computer model simulating the stance phase of gait. STUDY DESIGN Computer simulations. ANIMALS A 5-year-old neutered male Golden Retriever weighing 33 kg. METHODS A TTA was implemented in a previously developed canine pelvic limb computer model using the tibial plateau slope and common tangent planning techniques. Ligament loads, relative tibial translation, and relative tibial rotation were determined and compared to CrCL-intact and CrCL-deficient stifles. RESULTS The TTA significantly decreased peak caudal cruciate ligament load, significantly increased peak lateral collateral ligament load, and significantly changed peak medial collateral ligament load occurrence, while there was no significant difference in peak patellar ligament load compared to the CrCL-intact stifle. Compared to the CrCL-deficient stifle, peak caudal cruciate, lateral collateral and medial collateral ligament loads significantly decreased, while peak patellar ligament load was similar, peak relative tibial translation significantly decreased and peak relative tibial rotation was converted to external rotation in the TTA-treated stifle. Each TTA planning technique generated similar caudal cruciate, medial collateral, and patellar ligament loading as well as relative tibial translation, but lateral collateral ligament loading and occurrence of relative tibial rotation differed significantly across the techniques. CONCLUSIONS Model-predicted stifle ligament loads improved following TTA compared to the CrCL-deficient stifle, but TTA did not restore CrCL-intact stifle biomechanics. The TTA effectively reduced tibial translation, but tibial rotation was not stabilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Brown
- Department of Bioengineering, J.B. Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Gina E Bertocci
- Department of Bioengineering, J.B. Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Denis J Marcellin-Little
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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Moreau M, Lussier B, Pelletier JP, Martel-Pelletier J, Bédard C, Gauvin D, Troncy E. A medicinal herb-based natural health product improves the condition of a canine natural osteoarthritis model: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97:574-81. [PMID: 25311158 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An oral herb-based natural health product (NHP) was evaluated in the canine natural osteoarthritis model. At baseline, the peak vertical force (PVF, primary endpoint) and case-specific outcome measure of disability (CSOM) were recorded in privately-owned dogs. Dogs (16/group) were randomized to receive NHP formulations or a negative control. The PVF was measured at week (W) 4 and W8. Daily locomotor activity was recorded using accelerometer. The CSOMs were assessed bi-weekly by the owner. The NHP-treated dogs (n = 13) had higher PVF at W4 (p = 0.020) and W8 (p <0.001) when compared to baseline. The changes at W8 were higher than control dogs (n = 14, p <0.027) and consistent with Cohen's d effect size of 0.7 (95% confidence interval: 0.0-1.5). The NHP-treated dogs had higher locomotor activity at W8 (p = 0.025) when compared to baseline. No significant change was observed for the CSOM. The NHP improved the clinical signs of osteoarthritis in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Moreau
- Research Group in Animal Pharmacology of Quebec (GREPAQ), Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences - Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 7C6, Canada; Osteoarthritis Research Unit, University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), Tour Viger, 900 St-Denis Street, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Bertrand Lussier
- Research Group in Animal Pharmacology of Quebec (GREPAQ), Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences - Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 7C6, Canada; Osteoarthritis Research Unit, University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), Tour Viger, 900 St-Denis Street, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Pelletier
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), Tour Viger, 900 St-Denis Street, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Johanne Martel-Pelletier
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), Tour Viger, 900 St-Denis Street, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Christian Bédard
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology - Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - Dominique Gauvin
- Research Group in Animal Pharmacology of Quebec (GREPAQ), Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences - Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 7C6, Canada; Osteoarthritis Research Unit, University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), Tour Viger, 900 St-Denis Street, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Eric Troncy
- Research Group in Animal Pharmacology of Quebec (GREPAQ), Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences - Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 7C6, Canada; Osteoarthritis Research Unit, University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), Tour Viger, 900 St-Denis Street, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada.
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48
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Brown NP, Bertocci GE, Marcellin-Little DJ. Evaluation of varying morphological parameters on the biomechanics of a cranial cruciate ligament-deficient or intact canine stifle joint with a computer simulation model. Am J Vet Res 2014; 75:26-33. [PMID: 24370242 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.75.1.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of varying morphological parameters on canine stifle joint biomechanics by use of a 3-D rigid-body canine pelvic limb computer model that simulated an intact and cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL)-deficient stifle joint across the stance phase of gait at a walk. SAMPLE Data from computer simulations. PROCEDURES Computer model morphological parameters, including patellar ligament insertion location, tibial plateau angle (TPA), and femoral condyle diameter (FCD), were incrementally altered to determine their influence on outcome measures (ligament loads, relative tibial translation, and relative tibial rotation) during simulation of the stance phase of gait at a walk. Outcome measures were assessed for each scenario and compared between an intact and CrCL-deficient stifle joint with the sensitivity index (the percentage change in outcome measure divided by the percentage change in input parameter). RESULTS In a CrCL-intact stifle joint, ligament loads were most sensitive to TPA. In a CrCL-deficient stifle joint, outcome measures were most sensitive to TPA with the exception of caudal cruciate ligament and lateral collateral ligament loads, which were sensitive to FCD and TPA. Relative tibial translation was sensitive to TPA and patellar ligament insertion location, whereas relative tibial rotation was most sensitive to TPA. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The computer model sensitivity analyses predicted that individual parameters, particularly TPA and FCD, influence stifle joint biomechanics. Therefore, tibial and femoral morphological parameters may affect the likelihood, prevention, and management of CrCL deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Brown
- Department of Bioengineering, J. B. Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
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Brown NP, Bertocci GE, Marcellin-Little DJ. Canine stifle joint biomechanics associated with tibial plateau leveling osteotomy predicted by use of a computer model. Am J Vet Res 2014; 75:626-32. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.75.7.626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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50
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Little JP, Bleedorn JA, Sutherland BJ, Sullivan R, Kalscheur VL, Ramaker MA, Schaefer SL, Hao Z, Muir P. Arthroscopic assessment of stifle synovitis in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97329. [PMID: 24892866 PMCID: PMC4043664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CR) is a degenerative condition in dogs that typically has a non-contact mechanism. Subsequent contralateral rupture often develops in dogs with unilateral CR. Synovitis severity is an important factor that promotes ligament degradation. Consequently, we wished to evaluate the utility of arthroscopy for assessment of stifle synovitis in dogs with CR. Herein, we report results of a prospective study of 27 dogs with unilateral CR and bilateral radiographic osteoarthritis. Arthroscopic images and synovial biopsies from the lateral and medial joint pouches were obtained bilaterally and graded for synovial hypertrophy, vascularity, and synovitis. Synovial tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive (TRAP+) macrophages, CD3(+) T lymphocytes, Factor VIII+ blood vessels, and synovial intima thickness were quantified histologically and related to arthroscopic observations. Risk of subsequent contralateral CR was examined using survival analysis. We found that arthroscopic scores were increased in the index stifle, compared with the contralateral stifle (p<0.05). Numbers of CD3+ T lymphocytes (SR = 0.50, p<0.05) and TRAP+ cells in joint pouches (SR = 0.59, p<0.01) were correlated between joint pairs. Arthroscopic grading of vascularity and synovitis was correlated with number density of Factor VIII+ vessels (SR>0.34, p<0.05). Arthroscopic grading of villus hypertrophy correlated with numbers of CD3(+) T lymphocytes (SR = 0.34, p<0.05). Synovial intima thickness was correlated with arthroscopic hypertrophy, vascularity, and synovitis (SR>0.31, p<0.05). Strong intra-observer and moderate inter-observer agreement for arthroscopic scoring was found. Dog age and arthroscopic vascularity significantly influenced risk of contralateral CR over time. We conclude that arthroscopic grading of synovitis is a precise tool that correlates with histologic synovitis. Arthroscopy is useful for assessment of stifle synovitis in client-owned dogs, and could be used in longitudinal clinical trials to monitor synovial responses to disease-modifying therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P. Little
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jason A. Bleedorn
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Brian J. Sutherland
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ruth Sullivan
- Research Animal Resources Center, Comparative Pathology Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Vicki L. Kalscheur
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Megan A. Ramaker
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Susan L. Schaefer
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Zhengling Hao
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Peter Muir
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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