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Qi M, Chen TT, Li L, Gao PP, Li N, Zhang SH, Wei W, Sun WY. Insight into the regulatory mechanism of β-arrestin2 and its emerging role in diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:3019-3038. [PMID: 38961617 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
β-arrestin2, a member of the arrestin family, mediates the desensitization and internalization of most G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and functions as a scaffold protein in signalling pathways. Previous studies have demonstrated that β-arrestin2 expression is dysregulated in malignant tumours, fibrotic diseases, cardiovascular diseases and metabolic diseases, suggesting its pathological roles. Transcription and post-transcriptional modifications can affect the expression of β-arrestin2. Furthermore, post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation and S-nitrosylation affect the cellular localization of β-arrestin2 and its interaction with downstream signalling molecules, which further regulate the activity of β-arrestin2. This review summarizes the structure and function of β-arrestin2 and reveals the mechanisms involved in the regulation of β-arrestin2 at multiple levels. Additionally, recent studies on the role of β-arrestin2 in some major diseases and its therapeutic prospects have been discussed to provide a reference for the development of drugs targeting β-arrestin2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Qi
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anhui-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Ting-Ting Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anhui-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Ling Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anhui-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Ping-Ping Gao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anhui-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Nan Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anhui-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Shi-Hao Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anhui-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anhui-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Wu-Yi Sun
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anhui-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
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2
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George K, Hoang HT, Tibbs T, Nagaraja RY, Li G, Troyano-Rodriguez E, Ahmad M. Robust GRK2/3/6-dependent desensitization of oxytocin receptor in neurons. iScience 2024; 27:110047. [PMID: 38883814 PMCID: PMC11179071 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin plays critical roles in the brain as a neuromodulator, regulating social and other affective behavior. However, the regulatory mechanisms controlling oxytocin receptor (OXTR) signaling in neurons remain unexplored. In this study, we have identified robust and rapid-onset desensitization of OXTR response in multiple regions of the mouse brain. Both cell autonomous spiking response and presynaptic activation undergo similar agonist-induced desensitization. G-protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRK) GRK2, GRK3, and GRK6 are recruited to the activated OXTR in neurons, followed by recruitment of β-arrestin-1 and -2. Neuronal OXTR desensitization was impaired by suppression of GRK2/3/6 kinase activity but remained unaltered with double knockout of β-arrestin-1 and -2. Additionally, we observed robust agonist-induced internalization of neuronal OXTR and its Rab5-dependent recruitment to early endosomes, which was impaired by GRK2/3/6 inhibition. This work defines distinctive aspects of the mechanisms governing OXTR desensitization and internalization in neurons compared to prior studies in heterologous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran George
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Hanh T.M. Hoang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Taryn Tibbs
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Raghavendra Y. Nagaraja
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Guangpu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Eva Troyano-Rodriguez
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Mohiuddin Ahmad
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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3
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Michinaga S, Nagata A, Ogami R, Ogawa Y, Hishinuma S. Histamine H 1 Receptor-Mediated JNK Phosphorylation Is Regulated by G q Protein-Dependent but Arrestin-Independent Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3395. [PMID: 38542369 PMCID: PMC10970263 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25063395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Arrestins are known to be involved not only in the desensitization and internalization of G protein-coupled receptors but also in the G protein-independent activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), to regulate cell proliferation and inflammation. Our previous study revealed that the histamine H1 receptor-mediated activation of ERK is dually regulated by Gq proteins and arrestins. In this study, we investigated the roles of Gq proteins and arrestins in the H1 receptor-mediated activation of JNK in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing wild-type (WT) human H1 receptors, the Gq protein-biased mutant S487TR, and the arrestin-biased mutant S487A. In these mutants, the Ser487 residue in the C-terminus region of the WT was truncated (S487TR) or mutated to alanine (S487A). Histamine significantly stimulated JNK phosphorylation in CHO cells expressing WT and S487TR but not S487A. Histamine-induced JNK phosphorylation in CHO cells expressing WT and S487TR was suppressed by inhibitors against H1 receptors (ketotifen and diphenhydramine), Gq proteins (YM-254890), and protein kinase C (PKC) (GF109203X) as well as an intracellular Ca2+ chelator (BAPTA-AM) but not by inhibitors against G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRK2/3) (cmpd101), β-arrestin2 (β-arrestin2 siRNA), and clathrin (hypertonic sucrose). These results suggest that the H1 receptor-mediated phosphorylation of JNK is regulated by Gq-protein/Ca2+/PKC-dependent but GRK/arrestin/clathrin-independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shigeru Hishinuma
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
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Farahbakhsh ZZ, Holleran KM, Sens JP, Fordahl SC, Mauterer MI, López AJ, Cuzon Carlson VC, Kiraly DD, Grant KA, Jones SR, Siciliano CA. Synchrony between midbrain gene transcription and dopamine terminal regulation is modulated by chronic alcohol drinking. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.15.584711. [PMID: 38559169 PMCID: PMC10979957 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.15.584711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder is marked by disrupted behavioral and emotional states which persist into abstinence. The enduring synaptic alterations that remain despite the absence of alcohol are of interest for interventions to prevent relapse. Here, 28 male rhesus macaques underwent over 20 months of alcohol drinking interspersed with three 30-day forced abstinence periods. After the last abstinence period, we paired direct sub-second dopamine monitoring via ex vivo voltammetry in nucleus accumbens slices with RNA-sequencing of the ventral tegmental area. We found persistent augmentation of dopamine transporter function, kappa opioid receptor sensitivity, and dynorphin release - all inhibitory regulators which act to decrease extracellular dopamine. Surprisingly, though transcript expression was not altered, the relationship between gene expression and functional readouts of these encoded proteins was highly dynamic and altered by drinking history. These results outline the long-lasting synaptic impact of alcohol use and suggest that assessment of transcript-function relationships is critical for the rational design of precision therapeutics.
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Xia J, Li X, Zhu H, Zhou X, Chen J, Li Q, Li S, Chu H, Dong M. The μ-opioid receptor-mediated G i/o protein and β-arrestin2 signaling pathways both contribute to morphine-induced side effects. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 966:176333. [PMID: 38278466 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
The μ-opioid receptor-biased agonist theory holds that Gio protein signaling mediates the analgesic effect of opioids and the related side effects via the β-arrestin2 signaling pathway. A series of μ-opioid-biased agonists have been developed in accordance with this theory, and the FDA has approved TRV130 (as a representative of biased agonists) for marketing. However, several reports have raised the issue of opioid side effects associated with the use of agonists. In this study, five permeable peptides were designed to emulate 11 S/T phosphorylation sites at the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) carboxyl-terminal. In vitro experiments were performed to detect the activation level of G proteins from the cAMP inhibition assay and the β-arrestin2 recruitment by the BRET assay. Designed peptides might effectively interfere with the activation of the Gio and β-arrestin2 pathways when combined with morphine. The resulting morphine-induced tolerance, respiratory inhibition, and constipation in mice showed that the β-arrestin2 pathway was responsible for morphine tolerance while the Gio signaling pathway was involved with respiratory depression and constipation and that these side effects were significantly related to phosphorylation sites S363 and T370. This study may provide new directions for the development of safer and more effective opioid analgesics, and the designed peptides may be an effective tool for exploring the mechanism by which μ-opioid receptors function, with the potential of reducing the side effects that are associated with clinical opioid treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Hongyu Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Ji Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Qihong Li
- Department of Stomatology, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Shupeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Haichen Chu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Mingxin Dong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China.
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Lee J, Gonzalez-Hernandez AJ, Kristt M, Abreu N, Roßmann K, Arefin A, Marx DC, Broichhagen J, Levitz J. Distinct beta-arrestin coupling and intracellular trafficking of metabotropic glutamate receptor homo- and heterodimers. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi8076. [PMID: 38055809 PMCID: PMC10699790 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi8076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are family C, dimeric G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which play critical roles in synaptic transmission. Despite an increasing appreciation of the molecular diversity of this family, how distinct mGluR subtypes are regulated remains poorly understood. We reveal that different group II/III mGluR subtypes show markedly different beta-arrestin (β-arr) coupling and endocytic trafficking. While mGluR2 is resistant to internalization and mGluR3 shows transient β-arr coupling, which enables endocytosis and recycling, mGluR8 and β-arr form stable complexes, which leads to efficient lysosomal targeting and degradation. Using chimeras and mutagenesis, we pinpoint carboxyl-terminal domain regions that control β-arr coupling and trafficking, including the identification of an mGluR8 splice variant with impaired internalization. We then use a battery of high-resolution fluorescence assays to find that heterodimerization further expands the diversity of mGluR regulation. Together, this work provides insight into the relationship between GPCR/β-arr complex formation and trafficking while revealing diversity and intricacy in the regulation of mGluRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Melanie Kristt
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nohely Abreu
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kilian Roßmann
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anisul Arefin
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dagan C. Marx
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Joshua Levitz
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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7
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Ganguly A, Quon T, Jenkins L, Joseph B, Al-Awar R, Chevigne A, Tobin AB, Uehling DE, Hoffmann C, Drube J, Milligan G. G protein-receptor kinases 5/6 are the key regulators of G protein-coupled receptor 35-arrestin interactions. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105218. [PMID: 37660910 PMCID: PMC10520886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human G protein-coupled receptor 35 is regulated by agonist-mediated phosphorylation of a set of five phospho-acceptor amino acids within its C-terminal tail. Alteration of both Ser300 and Ser303 to alanine in the GPR35a isoform greatly reduces the ability of receptor agonists to promote interactions with arrestin adapter proteins. Here, we have integrated the use of cell lines genome edited to lack expression of combinations of G protein receptor kinases (GRKs), selective small molecule inhibitors of subsets of these kinases, and antisera able to specifically identify either human GPR35a or mouse GPR35 only when Ser300 and Ser303 (orce; the equivalent residues in mouse GPR35) have become phosphorylated to demonstrate that GRK5 and GRK6 cause agonist-dependent phosphorylation of these residues. Extensions of these studies demonstrated the importance of the GRK5/6-mediated phosphorylation of these amino acids for agonist-induced internalization of the receptor. Homology and predictive modeling of the interaction of human GPR35 with GRKs showed that the N terminus of GRK5 is likely to dock in the same methionine pocket on the intracellular face of GPR35 as the C terminus of the α5 helix of Gα13 and, that while this is also the case for GRK6, GRK2 and GRK3 are unable to do so effectively. These studies provide unique and wide-ranging insights into modes of regulation of GPR35, a receptor that is currently attracting considerable interest as a novel therapeutic target in diseases including ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amlan Ganguly
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, Advanced Research Centre (ARC), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tezz Quon
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, Advanced Research Centre (ARC), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Laura Jenkins
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, Advanced Research Centre (ARC), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Babu Joseph
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rima Al-Awar
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andy Chevigne
- Division of Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, Advanced Research Centre (ARC), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - David E Uehling
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carsten Hoffmann
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, CMB-Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Julia Drube
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, CMB-Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, Advanced Research Centre (ARC), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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Ramos‐Gonzalez N, Groom S, Sutcliffe KJ, Bancroft S, Bailey CP, Sessions RB, Henderson G, Kelly E. Carfentanil is a β-arrestin-biased agonist at the μ opioid receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:2341-2360. [PMID: 37005796 PMCID: PMC10952505 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The illicit use of fentanyl-like drugs (fentanyls), which are μ opioid receptor agonists, and the many overdose deaths that result, has become a major problem. Fentanyls are very potent in vivo, leading to respiratory depression and death. However, the efficacy and possible signalling bias of different fentanyls is not clearly known. Here, we compared the relative efficacy and bias of a series of fentanyls. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH For agonist signalling bias and efficacy measurements, Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer experiments were undertaken in HEK293T cells transiently transfected with μ opioid receptors, to assess Gi protein activation and β-arrestin 2 recruitment. Agonist-induced cell surface receptor loss was assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, whilst agonist-induced G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel current activation was measured electrophysiologically from rat locus coeruleus slices. Ligand poses in the μ opioid receptor were determined in silico using molecular dynamics simulations. KEY RESULTS Relative to the reference ligand DAMGO, carfentanil was β-arrestin-biased, whereas fentanyl, sufentanil and alfentanil did not display bias. Carfentanil induced potent and extensive cell surface receptor loss, whilst the marked desensitisation of G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel currents in the continued presence of carfentanil in neurones was prevented by a GRK2/3 inhibitor. Molecular dynamics simulations suggested unique interactions of carfentanil with the orthosteric site of the receptor that could underlie the bias. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Carfentanil is a β-arrestin-biased opioid drug at the μ receptor. It is uncertain how such bias influences in vivo effects of carfentanil relative to other fentanyls.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sam Groom
- Department of Pharmacy and PharmacologyUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - Katy J. Sutcliffe
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Sukhvinder Bancroft
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Chris P. Bailey
- Department of Pharmacy and PharmacologyUniversity of BathBathUK
| | | | - Graeme Henderson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Eamonn Kelly
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceUniversity of BristolBristolUK
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Bouchet CA, McPherson KB, Coutens B, Janowsky A, Ingram SL. Monoacylglycerol Lipase Protects the Presynaptic Cannabinoid 1 Receptor from Desensitization by Endocannabinoids after Persistent Inflammation. J Neurosci 2023; 43:5458-5467. [PMID: 37414560 PMCID: PMC10376933 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0037-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid-targeted pain therapies are increasing with the expansion of cannabis legalization, however, their efficacy may be limited by pain-induced adaptations in the cannabinoid system. Cannabinoid receptor subtype 1 (CB1R) inhibition of spontaneous, GABAergic miniature IPSCs (mIPSCs) and evoked IPSCs (eIPSCs) in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) were compared in slices from naive and inflamed male and female Sprague Dawley rats. Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) injections into the hindpaw induced persistent inflammation. In naive rats, exogenous cannabinoid agonists robustly reduce both eIPSCs and mIPSCs. After 5-7 d of inflammation, the effects of exogenous cannabinoids are significantly reduced because of CB1R desensitization via GRK2/3, as function is recovered in the presence of the GRK2/3 inhibitor, Compound 101 (Cmp101). Inhibition of GABA release by presynaptic μ-opioid receptors in the vlPAG does not desensitize with persistent inflammation. Unexpectedly, while CB1R desensitization significantly reduces the inhibition produced by exogenous agonists, depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition protocols that promote 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) synthesis exhibit prolonged CB1R activation after inflammation. 2-AG tone is detected in slices from CFA-treated rats when GRK2/3 is blocked, suggesting an increase in 2-AG synthesis after persistent inflammation. Inhibiting 2-AG degradation with the monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitor JZL184 during inflammation results in the desensitization of CB1Rs by endocannabinoids that is reversed with Cmp101. Collectively, these data indicate that persistent inflammation primes CB1Rs for desensitization, and MAGL degradation of 2-AG protects CB1Rs from desensitization in inflamed rats. These adaptations with inflammation have important implications for the development of cannabinoid-based pain therapeutics targeting MAGL and CB1Rs.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Presynaptic G-protein-coupled receptors are resistant to desensitization. Here we find that persistent inflammation increases endocannabinoid levels, priming presynaptic cannabinoid 1 receptors for desensitization on subsequent addition of exogenous agonists. Despite the reduced efficacy of exogenous agonists, endocannabinoids have prolonged efficacy after persistent inflammation. Endocannabinoids readily induce cannabinoid 1 receptor desensitization if their degradation is blocked, indicating that endocannabinoid concentrations are maintained at subdesensitizing levels and that degradation is critical for maintaining endocannabinoid regulation of presynaptic GABA release in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray during inflammatory states. These adaptations with inflammation have important implications for the development of cannabinoid-based pain therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney A Bouchet
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vollum Institute, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Kylie B McPherson
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Basile Coutens
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Aaron Janowsky
- Research Service, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon 97239
- Departments of Psychiatry, and Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Susan L Ingram
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
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10
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Malcolm NJ, Palkovic B, Sprague DJ, Calkins MM, Lanham JK, Halberstadt AL, Stucke AG, McCorvy JD. Mu-opioid receptor selective superagonists produce prolonged respiratory depression. iScience 2023; 26:107121. [PMID: 37416459 PMCID: PMC10320493 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic opioids are increasingly challenging to combat the opioid epidemic and act primarily at opioid receptors, chiefly the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) μ-opioid receptor (MOR), which signals through G protein-dependent and β-arrestin pathways. Using a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) system, we investigate GPCR-signaling profiles by synthetic nitazenes, which are known to cause overdose and death due to respiratory depression. We show that isotonitazene and its metabolite, N-desethyl isotonitazene, are very potent MOR-selective superagonists, surpassing both DAMGO G protein and β-arrestin recruitment activity, which are properties distinct from other conventional opioids. Both isotonitazene and N-desethyl isotonitazene show high potency in mouse analgesia tail-flick assays, but N-desethyl isotonitazene shows longer-lasting respiratory depression compared to fentanyl. Overall, our results suggest that potent MOR-selective superagonists may be a pharmacological property predictive of prolonged respiratory depression resulting in fatal consequences and should be examined for future opioid analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Malcolm
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Barbara Palkovic
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Daniel J. Sprague
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Maggie M. Calkins
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Janelle K. Lanham
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Adam L. Halberstadt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92108, USA
| | - Astrid G. Stucke
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - John D. McCorvy
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Groom S, Blum NK, Conibear AE, Disney A, Hill R, Husbands SM, Li Y, Toll L, Kliewer A, Schulz S, Henderson G, Kelly E, Bailey CP. A novel G protein-biased agonist at the μ opioid receptor induces substantial receptor desensitisation through G protein-coupled receptor kinase. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:943-957. [PMID: 33245558 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE G protein-biased μ opioid receptor agonists have the potential to induce less receptor desensitisation and tolerance than balanced opioids. Here, we investigated if the cyclic endomorphin analogue Tyr-c[D-Lys-Phe-Tyr-Gly] (Compound 1) is a G protein-biased μ agonist and characterised its ability to induce rapid receptor desensitisation in mammalian neurones. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The signalling and trafficking properties of opioids were characterised using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer assays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and phosphosite-specific immunoblotting in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Desensitisation of opioid-induced currents were studied in rat locus coeruleus neurones using whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology. The mechanism of Compound 1-induced μ receptor desensitisation was probed using kinase inhibitors. KEY RESULTS Compound 1 has similar intrinsic activity for G protein signalling as morphine. As predicted for a G protein-biased μ agonist, Compound 1 induced minimal agonist-induced internalisation and phosphorylation at intracellular μ receptor serine/threonine residues known to be involved in G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK)-mediated desensitisation. However, Compound 1 induced robust rapid μ receptor desensitisation in locus coeruleus neurons, to a greater degree than morphine. The extent of Compound 1-induced desensitisation was unaffected by activation or inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) but was significantly reduced by inhibition of GRK. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Compound 1 is a novel G protein-biased μ agonist that induces substantial rapid receptor desensitisation in mammalian neurons. Surprisingly, Compound 1-induced desensitisation was demonstrated to be GRK dependent despite its G protein bias. Our findings refute the assumption that G protein-biased agonists will evade receptor desensitisation and tolerance. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Advances in Opioid Pharmacology at the Time of the Opioid Epidemic. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v180.7/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Groom
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Nina K Blum
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexandra E Conibear
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alexander Disney
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Rob Hill
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Yangmei Li
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Lawrence Toll
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - Andrea Kliewer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Graeme Henderson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Eamonn Kelly
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Chris P Bailey
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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Anto S, Sathish V, Sun C, O'Rourke ST. Apelin-Induced Relaxation of Coronary Arteries Is Impaired in a Model of Second-Hand Cigarette Smoke Exposure. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2022; 80:842-851. [PMID: 35976142 PMCID: PMC9729429 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Apelin, an endogenous ligand for APJ receptors, causes nitric oxide (NO)-dependent relaxation of coronary arteries. Little is known about the effects of apelin/APJ receptor signaling in the coronary circulation under pathological conditions. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the vasorelaxing effect of apelin is impaired by cigarette smoke extract (CSE), an established model for second-hand smoke exposure. Isolated rat coronary arteries were treated with 2% CSE for 4 hours. Apelin-induced relaxation of coronary arteries was abolished by CSE exposure, while relaxations to acetylcholine (ACh) (endothelium-dependent relaxation) and to diethyl amine NONOate (NO donor) were similar in control and CSE-treated arteries. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that apelin increased eNOS ser1177 phosphorylation under control conditions but had no effect after exposure to CSE. Moreover, GRK2 expression was increased in CSE-exposed coronary endothelial cells. Pretreatment with CMPD101, a GRK2 inhibitor, improved the relaxation response to apelin in CSE-exposed coronary arteries. CSE treatment failed to inhibit relaxations evoked by CMF-019, an APJ receptor biased agonist that has little effect on GRK2. In arteries exposed to CSE, apelin impaired the response to ACh but not to diethyl amine NONOate. ACh-induced relaxation was unaffected by CMF-019 in either control or CSE-treated coronary arteries. The results suggest that APJ receptor signaling using the GRK2 pathway contributes to both loss of relaxation to apelin itself and the ability of apelin to inhibit endothelium-dependent relaxation to ACh in CSE-exposed coronary arteries, likely because of impaired production of NO from endothelial cells. These changes in apelin/APJ receptor signaling under pathological conditions (eg, exposure to second-hand smoke) could create an environment that favors increased vasomotor tone in coronary arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santo Anto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
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13
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Park HK, Na YH, Nguyen HT, Nguyen LP, Hurh S, Seong JY, Lee CS, Ham BJ, Hwang JI. Analysis of CCR2 splice variant expression patterns and functional properties. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:59. [PMID: 35551672 PMCID: PMC9102224 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00787-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background C–C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2), the main receptor for monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), is expressed on immune cells, including monocytes, macrophages, and activated T cells, and mediates cell migration toward MCP-1 in inflammation-related diseases. The CCR2 gene encodes two isoforms: CCR2A and CCR2B. The CCR2B open reading frame is localized in a single exon, similar to other chemokine receptors, and CCR2A and CCR2B feature different amino acid sequences in their C-terminal intracellular loops due to alternative splicing. Most biochemical studies on CCR2-related cellular responses in the immune system have focused on CCR2B, with few reports focused on CCR2A. Understanding the functional properties of CCR2A in cellular responses may elucidate the roles played by MCP-1 and CCR2 in pathophysiological responses. Results CCR2 gene expression analysis in several cell types revealed that most adherent cells only expressed CCR2A, whereas CCR2B expression was dominant in monocytic cells. The C-terminal Helix 8 region of CCR2A contains few basic amino acids, which may be unfavorable for cell surface localization, as confirmed with the HiBiT assay. CCR2B contains many C-terminal Ser/Thr residues, similar to other chemokine receptors, which may be phosphorylated by G protein–coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) to promote β-arrestin recruitment and subsequent endocytosis. By contrast, CCR2A contains few C-terminal Ser/Thr residues, which are unlikely to be phosphorylated by GRKs. CCR2A localized on the cell surface is resistant to internalization, despite the interaction between Gβ and GRKs induced by ligand binding with CCR2A. CCR2A induced cellular responses at a relatively higher degree than CCR2B, although both receptors mediated signaling events through Gαq and Gαi. HeLa cells lacking CCR2A showed slowed growth compared with parent cells, regardless of MCP-1 stimulation, and their chemotactic activity toward MCP-1, in addition to basal motility, was significantly impaired. Conclusion MCP-1 and CCR2 may play pivotal roles in cancer progression by recruiting macrophages into cancer tissue. This study demonstrates that CCR2A but not CCR2B is expressed in solid cancer–derived cells. CCR2A is resistant to internalization by β-arrestin due to a distinct C-terminal region from CCR2B, which enhances MCP-1-stimulated responses, indicating that CCR2A may play essential roles in solid cancer progression. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-022-00787-6.
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Adhikary S, Williams JT. Cellular Tolerance Induced by Chronic Opioids in the Central Nervous System. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 16:937126. [PMID: 35837149 PMCID: PMC9273719 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2022.937126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioids are powerful analgesics that elicit acute antinociceptive effects through their action the mu opioid receptor (MOR). However opioids are ineffective for chronic pain management, in part because continuous activation of MORs induces adaptive changes at the receptor level and downstream signaling molecules. These adaptations include a decrease in receptor-effector coupling and changes to second messenger systems that can counteract the persistent activation of MORs by opioid agonists. Homeostatic regulation of MORs and downstream signaling cascades are viewed as precursors to developing tolerance. However, despite numerous studies identifying crucial mechanisms that contribute to opioid tolerance, no single regulatory mechanism that governs tolerance in at the cellular and systems level has been identified. Opioid tolerance is a multifaceted process that involves both individual neurons that contain MORs and neuronal circuits that undergo adaptations following continuous MOR activation. The most proximal event is the agonist/receptor interaction leading to acute cellular actions. This review discusses our understanding of mechanisms that mediate cellular tolerance after chronic opioid treatment that, in part, is mediated by agonist/receptor interaction acutely.
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Omidian H, Babanejad N, Omidi Y. Opioid epidemic and the urge to discover new treatment options. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:2406-2410. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Marsango S, Ward RJ, Jenkins L, Butcher AJ, Al Mahmud Z, Dwomoh L, Nagel F, Schulz S, Tikhonova IG, Tobin AB, Milligan G. Selective phosphorylation of threonine residues defines GPR84-arrestin interactions of biased ligands. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101932. [PMID: 35427647 PMCID: PMC9118924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR84 is an immune cell-expressed, proinflammatory receptor currently being assessed as a therapeutic target in conditions including fibrosis and inflammatory bowel disease. Although it was previously shown that the orthosteric GPR84 activators 2-HTP and 6-OAU promoted its interactions with arrestin-3, a G protein-biased agonist DL-175 did not. Here, we show that replacement of all 21 serine and threonine residues within i-loop 3 of GPR84, but not the two serines in the C-terminal tail, eliminated the incorporation of [32P] and greatly reduced receptor-arrestin-3 interactions promoted by 2-HTP. GPR84 was phosphorylated constitutively on residues Ser221 and Ser224, while various other amino acids are phosphorylated in response to 2-HTP. Consistent with this, an antiserum able to identify pSer221/pSer224 recognized GPR84 from cells treated with and without activators, whereas an antiserum able to identify pThr263/pThr264 only recognized GPR84 after exposure to 2-HTP and not DL-175. Two distinct GPR84 antagonists as well as inhibition of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2/3 prevented phosphorylation of pThr263/pThr264, but neither strategy affected constitutive phosphorylation of Ser221/Ser224. Furthermore, mutation of residues Thr263 and Thr264 to alanine generated a variant of GPR84 also limited in 2-HTP-induced interactions with arrestin-2 and -3. By contrast, this mutant was unaffected in its capacity to reduce cAMP levels. Taken together, these results define a key pair of threonine residues, regulated only by subsets of GPR84 small molecule activators and by GRK2/3 that define effective interactions with arrestins and provide novel tools to monitor the phosphorylation and functional status of GPR84.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Marsango
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Ward
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Jenkins
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian J Butcher
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Zobaer Al Mahmud
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Louis Dwomoh
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stefan Schulz
- 7TM Antibodies GmbH, Jena, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Irina G Tikhonova
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Milligan
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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Khalid E, Chang JP. Receptor-proximal effectors mediating GnRH actions in the goldfish pituitary: Involvement of G protein subunits and GRKs. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 319:113991. [PMID: 35157923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.113991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In goldfish (Carassius auratus), two endogenous isoforms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulate luteinizing hormone (LH) and growth hormone (GH) secretion. These isoforms, GnRH2 and GnRH3, act on a shared population of cell-surface GnRH receptors (GnRHRs) expressed on both gonadotrophs and somatotrophs, and can signal through unique, yet partially overlapping, suites of intracellular effectors, in a phenomenon known as functional selectivity or biased signalling. In this study, G-protein alpha (Gα) subunits were targeted with two inhibitors, YM-254890 and BIM-46187, to ascertain the contribution of specific G-protein subunits in GnRH signalling. Results with the Gαq/11-specific inhibitor YM-254890 on primary cultures of goldfish pituitary cells revealed the use of these subunits in GnRH control of both LH and GH release, as well as GnRH-induced elevations in phospho-ERK levels. Results with the pan-Gα inhibitor BIM-46187 matched those using YM-254890 in LH release but GH responses differed, indicating additional, non-Gαq/11 subunits may be involved in somatotrophs. BIM-46187 also elevated unstimulated LH and GH release suggesting that Gα subunits regulate basal hormone secretion. Furthermore, G-protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK2/3) inhibition reduced LH responses to GnRH2 and GnRH3, and selectively enhanced GnRH2-stimulated GH release, indicating differential use of GRK2/3 in GnRH actions on gonadotrophs and somatotrophs. These findings in a primary untransformed system provide the first direct evidence to establish Gαq/11 as an obligate driver of GnRH signalling in goldfish pituitary cells, and additionally describe the differential agonist- and cell type-selective involvement of GRK2/3 in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enezi Khalid
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2E9, Canada
| | - John P Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2E9, Canada.
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BRET-Based Biosensors to Measure Agonist Efficacies in Histamine H 1 Receptor-Mediated G Protein Activation, Signaling and Interactions with GRKs and β-Arrestins. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063184. [PMID: 35328605 PMCID: PMC8953162 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The histamine H1 receptor (H1R) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and plays a key role in allergic reactions upon activation by histamine which is locally released from mast cells and basophils. Consequently, H1R is a well-established therapeutic target for antihistamines that relieve allergy symptoms. H1R signals via heterotrimeric Gq proteins and is phosphorylated by GPCR kinase (GRK) subtypes 2, 5, and 6, consequently facilitating the subsequent recruitment of β-arrestin1 and/or 2. Stimulation of a GPCR with structurally different agonists can result in preferential engagement of one or more of these intracellular signaling molecules. To evaluate this so-called biased agonism for H1R, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-based biosensors were applied to measure H1R signaling through heterotrimeric Gq proteins, second messengers (inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate and Ca2+), and receptor-protein interactions (GRKs and β-arrestins) in response to histamine, 2-phenylhistamines, and histaprodifens in a similar cellular background. Although differences in efficacy were observed for these agonists between some functional readouts as compared to reference agonist histamine, subsequent data analysis using an operational model of agonism revealed only signaling bias of the agonist Br-phHA-HA in recruiting β-arrestin2 to H1R over Gq biosensor activation.
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19
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Cox BM, Toll L. Contributions of the International Narcotics Research Conference to Opioid Research Over the Past 50 years. ADVANCES IN DRUG AND ALCOHOL RESEARCH 2022; 2:10115. [PMID: 38390618 PMCID: PMC10880772 DOI: 10.3389/adar.2022.10115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The International Narcotics Research Conference (INRC), founded in 1969, has been a successful forum for research into the actions of opiates, with an annual conference since 1971. Every year, scientists from around the world have congregated to present the latest data on novel opiates, opiate receptors and endogenous ligands, mechanisms of analgesic activity and unwanted side effects, etc. All the important discoveries in the opiate field were discussed, often first, at the annual INRC meeting. With an apology to important events and participants not discussed, this review presents a short history of INRC with a discussion of groundbreaking discoveries in the opiate field and the researchers who presented from the first meeting up to the present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Cox
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lawrence Toll
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
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20
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Hill R, Conibear A, Dewey W, Kelly E, Henderson G. Role of Acetaldehyde in Ethanol Reversal of Tolerance to Morphine-Induced Respiratory Depression in Mice. ADVANCES IN DRUG AND ALCOHOL RESEARCH 2022; 1. [PMID: 35909497 PMCID: PMC7613180 DOI: 10.3389/adar.2021.10143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Opioid users regularly consume other drugs such as alcohol (ethanol). Acute administration of ethanol rapidly reverses tolerance to morphine-induced respiratory depression. However, recent research has suggested that the primary metabolite of ethanol, acetaldehyde, may play a key role in mediating the CNS effects seen after ethanol consumption. This research investigated the role of acetaldehyde in ethanol reversal of tolerance to morphine-induced respiratory depression.Methods: Tolerance was induced in mice by 6-days implantation of a 75 mg morphine pellet with control mice implanted with a placebo pellet. Tolerance was assessed by acute morphine administration on day 6 and respiration measured by plethysmography. Levels of acetaldehyde were inhibited or enhanced by pre-treatments with the acetaldehyde chelator D-penicillamine and the inhibitor of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase disulfiram respectively.Results: Morphine pellet implanted mice displayed tolerance to an acute dose of morphine compared to placebo pellet implanted controls. Acute acetaldehyde administration dose-dependently reversed tolerance to morphine respiratory depression. As previously demonstrated, ethanol reversed morphine tolerance, and this was inhibited by D-penicillamine pre-treatment. An acute, low dose of ethanol that did not significantly reverse morphine tolerance was able to do so following disulfiram pre-treatment.Conclusion: These data suggest that acetaldehyde, the primary metabolite of ethanol, is responsible for the reversal of morphine tolerance observed following ethanol administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Hill
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Correspondence: Rob Hill,
| | - Alexandra Conibear
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - William Dewey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Eamonn Kelly
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Henderson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Agonist-induced phosphorylation of orthologues of the orphan receptor GPR35 functions as an activation sensor. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101655. [PMID: 35101446 PMCID: PMC8892012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 35 (GPR35) is poorly characterized but nevertheless has been revealed to have diverse roles in areas including lower gut inflammation and pain. The development of novel reagents and tools will greatly enhance analysis of GPR35 functions in health and disease. Here, we used mass spectrometry, mutagenesis, and [32P] orthophosphate labeling to identify that all five hydroxy-amino acids in the C-terminal tail of human GPR35a became phosphorylated in response to agonist occupancy of the receptor and that, apart from Ser294, each of these contributed to interactions with arretin-3, which inhibits further G protein-coupled receptor signaling. We found that Ser303 was key to such interactions; the serine corresponding to human GPR35a residue 303 also played a dominant role in arrestin-3 interactions for both mouse and rat GPR35. We also demonstrated that fully phospho-site–deficient mutants of human GPR35a and mouse GPR35 failed to interact effectively with arrestin-3, and the human phospho-deficient variant was not internalized from the surface of cells in response to agonist treatment. Even in cells stably expressing species orthologues of GPR35, a substantial proportion of the expressed protein(s) was determined to be immature. Finally, phospho-site–specific antisera targeting the region encompassing Ser303 in human (Ser301 in mouse) GPR35a identified only the mature forms of GPR35 and provided effective sensors of the activation status of the receptors both in immunoblotting and immunocytochemical studies. Such antisera may be useful tools to evaluate target engagement in drug discovery and target validation programs.
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22
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Patel M, Matti C, Grimsey NL, Legler DF, Javitch JA, Finlay DB, Glass M. Delineating the interactions between the cannabinoid CB 2 receptor and its regulatory effectors; β-arrestins and G protein-coupled receptor kinases. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:2223-2239. [PMID: 34811740 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The cannabinoid CB2 receptor (CB2 ) is a promising therapeutic target for modulating inflammation. However, little is known surrounding the mechanisms underpinning CB2 desensitisation and regulation, particularly the role of G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs). Here, we evaluated the role of six GRK isoforms in β-arrestin recruitment to CB2 . Mutagenesis of several distal C-terminal aspartic acid residues was also performed in an attempt to delineate additional structural elements involved in the regulation of CB2 . EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In CB2 -expressing HEK 293 cells, β-arrestin translocation was measured using real-time BRET assays. G protein dissociation BRET assays were performed to assess the activation and desensitisation of CB2 in the presence of β-arrestin 2. KEY RESULTS Overexpression of GRK isoforms 1-6 failed to considerably improve translocation of either β-arrestin 1 or β-arrestin 2 to CB2 . Consistent with this, inhibition of endogenous GRK2/3 did not substantially reduce β-arrestin 2 translocation. Mutagenesis of C-terminal aspartic acid residues resulted in attenuation of β-arrestin 2 translocation, which translated to a reduction in desensitisation of G protein activation. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our findings suggest that CB2 does not adhere to the classical GPCR regulatory paradigm, entailing GRK- and β-arrestin-mediated desensitisation. Instead, C-terminal aspartic acid residues may act as phospho-mimics to induce β-arrestin activation. This study provides novel insights into the regulatory mechanisms of CB2 , which may aid in our understanding of drug tolerance and dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Christoph Matti
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Natasha L Grimsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Daniel F Legler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan A Javitch
- Department of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States.,Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, United States
| | - David B Finlay
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Alonazi ASA, Willets JM. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 is essential to enable vasoconstrictor-mediated arterial smooth muscle proliferation. Cell Signal 2021; 88:110152. [PMID: 34555505 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is associated with increased production and circulation of vasoconstrictors, resulting in enhanced signalling through their cognate G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). Prolonged vasoconstrictor GPCR signalling increases arterial contraction and stimulates signalling pathways that promote vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation, contributing to the development of atherosclerotic plaques, re-stenosis lesions and vascular remodelling. GPCR signalling through phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) promotes VSMC proliferation. In VSMC, G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is known to regulate numerous vasoconstrictor GPCRs and their downstream signalling pathways. As GRK2 is implicated in controlling various aspects of cellular growth, we examined whether GRK2 could affect VSMC proliferation. Using two indices of cell growth, we show that PI3K inhibition and depletion of GRK2 expression produced a similar ablation of pro-proliferative vasoconstrictor-stimulated VSMC growth. Furthermore, GRK2-knockdown ablated the sustained phase of endothelin-1 and angiotensin-II-stimulated Akt phosphorylation, whilst the peak (5 min) phase was unaffected. Conversely, the GRK2 inhibitor compound 101 did not affect vasoconstrictor-driven Akt phosphorylation. Vasoconstrictor-stimulated phosphorylation of the Akt substrates GSK3α and GSK3β was ablated following RNAi-mediated GRK2 depletion, or after PI3K inhibition. Moreover, GRK2 knockdown prevented endothelin-1 and angiotensin-II from increasing cyclin D1 expression. These data suggest GRK2 expression is essential to facilitate vasoconstrictor-driven VSMC proliferation through its ability to promote efficient prolonged PI3K-Akt signalling, and thus relieve the GSK3-mediated block on cell cycling. Considering VSMC GRK2 expression increases early in the development of hypertension, this highlights the potential for GRK2 to promote VSMC growth and exacerbate hypertensive pathophysiological vascular remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma S A Alonazi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmacy College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jonathon M Willets
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom.
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Arveseth CD, Happ JT, Hedeen DS, Zhu JF, Capener JL, Klatt Shaw D, Deshpande I, Liang J, Xu J, Stubben SL, Nelson IB, Walker MF, Kawakami K, Inoue A, Krogan NJ, Grunwald DJ, Hüttenhain R, Manglik A, Myers BR. Smoothened transduces Hedgehog signals via activity-dependent sequestration of PKA catalytic subunits. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001191. [PMID: 33886552 PMCID: PMC8096101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway is essential for organ development, homeostasis, and regeneration. Dysfunction of this cascade drives several cancers. To control expression of pathway target genes, the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) Smoothened (SMO) activates glioma-associated (GLI) transcription factors via an unknown mechanism. Here, we show that, rather than conforming to traditional GPCR signaling paradigms, SMO activates GLI by binding and sequestering protein kinase A (PKA) catalytic subunits at the membrane. This sequestration, triggered by GPCR kinase (GRK)-mediated phosphorylation of SMO intracellular domains, prevents PKA from phosphorylating soluble substrates, releasing GLI from PKA-mediated inhibition. Our work provides a mechanism directly linking Hh signal transduction at the membrane to GLI transcription in the nucleus. This process is more fundamentally similar between species than prevailing hypotheses suggest. The mechanism described here may apply broadly to other GPCR- and PKA-containing cascades in diverse areas of biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corvin D. Arveseth
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - John T. Happ
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Danielle S. Hedeen
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Ju-Fen Zhu
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jacob L. Capener
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Dana Klatt Shaw
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Ishan Deshpande
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jiahao Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jiewei Xu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sara L. Stubben
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Isaac B. Nelson
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Madison F. Walker
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Kouki Kawakami
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Nevan J. Krogan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - David J. Grunwald
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Ruth Hüttenhain
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Aashish Manglik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Benjamin R. Myers
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
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Sulon SM, Benovic JL. Targeting G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) to G protein-coupled receptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 16:56-65. [PMID: 33718657 DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) interact with three protein families following agonist binding: heterotrimeric G proteins, G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) and arrestins. GRK-mediated phosphorylation of GPCRs promotes arrestin binding to uncouple the receptor from G protein, a process called desensitization, and for many GPCRs, arrestin binding also promotes receptor endocytosis and intracellular signaling. Thus, GRKs play a central role in modulating GPCR signaling and localization. Here we review recent advances in this field which include additional insight into how GRKs target GPCRs and bias signaling, and the development of specific inhibitors to dissect GRK function in model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Sulon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Benovic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Gurevich EV, Gurevich VV. GRKs as Modulators of Neurotransmitter Receptors. Cells 2020; 10:cells10010052. [PMID: 33396400 PMCID: PMC7823573 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many receptors for neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and neuropeptides, belong to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). A general model posits that GPCRs undergo two-step homologous desensitization: the active receptor is phosphorylated by kinases of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) family, whereupon arrestin proteins specifically bind active phosphorylated receptors, shutting down G protein-mediated signaling, facilitating receptor internalization, and initiating distinct signaling pathways via arrestin-based scaffolding. Here, we review the mechanisms of GRK-dependent regulation of neurotransmitter receptors, focusing on the diverse modes of GRK-mediated phosphorylation of receptor subtypes. The immediate signaling consequences of GRK-mediated receptor phosphorylation, such as arrestin recruitment, desensitization, and internalization/resensitization, are equally diverse, depending not only on the receptor subtype but also on phosphorylation by GRKs of select receptor residues. We discuss the signaling outcome as well as the biological and behavioral consequences of the GRK-dependent phosphorylation of neurotransmitter receptors where known.
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GRKs as Key Modulators of Opioid Receptor Function. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112400. [PMID: 33147802 PMCID: PMC7692057 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the link between agonist-induced phosphorylation of the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) and the associated physiological effects is critical for the development of novel analgesic drugs and is particularly important for understanding the mechanisms responsible for opioid-induced tolerance and addiction. The family of G protein receptor kinases (GRKs) play a pivotal role in such processes, mediating phosphorylation of residues at the C-tail of opioid receptors. Numerous strategies, such as phosphosite specific antibodies and mass spectrometry have allowed the detection of phosphorylated residues and the use of mutant knock-in mice have shed light on the role of GRK regulation in opioid receptor physiology. Here we review our current understanding on the role of GRKs in the actions of opioid receptors, with a particular focus on the MOR, the target of most commonly used opioid analgesics such as morphine or fentanyl.
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Møller TC, Pedersen MF, van Senten JR, Seiersen SD, Mathiesen JM, Bouvier M, Bräuner-Osborne H. Dissecting the roles of GRK2 and GRK3 in μ-opioid receptor internalization and β-arrestin2 recruitment using CRISPR/Cas9-edited HEK293 cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17395. [PMID: 33060647 PMCID: PMC7567791 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73674-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Most G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) recruit β-arrestins and internalize upon agonist stimulation. For the μ-opioid receptor (μ-OR), this process has been linked to development of opioid tolerance. GPCR kinases (GRKs), particularly GRK2 and GRK3, have been shown to be important for μ-OR recruitment of β-arrestin and internalization. However, the contribution of GRK2 and GRK3 to β-arrestin recruitment and receptor internalization, remain to be determined in their complete absence. Using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing we established HEK293 cells with knockout of GRK2, GRK3 or both to dissect their individual contributions in β-arrestin2 recruitment and μ-OR internalization upon stimulation with four different agonists. We showed that GRK2/3 removal reduced agonist-induced μ-OR internalization and β-arrestin2 recruitment substantially and we found GRK2 to be more important for these processes than GRK3. Furthermore, we observed a sustained and GRK2/3 independent component of β-arrestin2 recruitment to the plasma membrane upon μ-OR activation. Rescue expression experiments restored GRK2/3 functions. Inhibition of GRK2/3 using the small molecule inhibitor CMPD101 showed a high similarity between the genetic and pharmacological approaches, cross-validating the specificity of both. However, off-target effects were observed at high CMPD101 concentrations. These GRK2/3 KO cell lines should prove useful for a wide range of studies on GPCR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thor C Møller
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mie F Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeffrey R van Senten
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sofie D Seiersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper M Mathiesen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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29
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Reichard KL, Newton KA, Rivera ZMG, Sotero de Menezes PM, Schattauer SS, Land BB, Chavkin C. Regulation of Kappa Opioid Receptor Inactivation Depends on Sex and Cellular Site of Antagonist Action. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 98:548-558. [PMID: 32913138 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.120.000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The prototypical member of the receptor-inactivating kappa opioid receptor (KOR) antagonists, norbinaltorphimine (norBNI), produces prolonged receptor inactivation by a cJun kinase mechanism. These antagonists have potential therapeutic utility in the treatment of stress disorders; however, additional preclinical characterization is necessary to understand important aspects of their action. In this study, we report that norBNI does not work as effectively in female mice as in males because of estrogen regulation of G protein receptor kinase (GRK); pretreatment of ovary-intact female mice with the selective GRK2/3 inhibitor, Compound 101, made females equally sensitive to norBNI as males. Prior observations suggested that in vivo treatment with norBNI does not produce long-lasting inhibition of KOR regulation of dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. We assessed the persistence of norBNI receptor inactivation in subcellular compartments. Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry recordings confirmed that presynaptic inhibition of dopamine release by the KOR agonist U69,593 was not blocked by in vivo pretreatment with norBNI under conditions that prevented KOR-mediated aversion and analgesia. We employed a novel in vivo proxy sensor of KOR activation, adenovirus associated double floxed inverted-HyPerRed, and demonstrated that KOR activation stimulates cJun kinase-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in somatic regions of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons, but did not activate ROS production in dopamine terminals. The compartment selective action helps explain how dopamine somatic, but not terminally expressed, KORs are inactivated by norBNI. These results further elucidate molecular signaling mechanisms mediating receptor-inactivating KOR antagonist action and advance medication development for this novel class of stress-resilience medications. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) antagonists are being developed as novel proresilience therapeutics for the treatment of mood and substance use disorders. This study showed that the long-acting KOR antagonists are affected by both the sex of the animal and the subcellular compartment in which the receptor is expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Reichard
- Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion (K.L.R., K.A.N., Z.M.G.R., P.M.S. ., S.S.S., B.B.L., C.C.), University of Washington Department of Pharmacology (K.L.R., K.A.N., Z.M.G.R., P.M.S.M. S.S.S., B.B.L., C.C.), University of Washington Graduate Program in Neuroscience (K.L.R., C.C.), Seattle, Washington
| | - Keionna A Newton
- Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion (K.L.R., K.A.N., Z.M.G.R., P.M.S. ., S.S.S., B.B.L., C.C.), University of Washington Department of Pharmacology (K.L.R., K.A.N., Z.M.G.R., P.M.S.M. S.S.S., B.B.L., C.C.), University of Washington Graduate Program in Neuroscience (K.L.R., C.C.), Seattle, Washington
| | - Zeena M G Rivera
- Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion (K.L.R., K.A.N., Z.M.G.R., P.M.S. ., S.S.S., B.B.L., C.C.), University of Washington Department of Pharmacology (K.L.R., K.A.N., Z.M.G.R., P.M.S.M. S.S.S., B.B.L., C.C.), University of Washington Graduate Program in Neuroscience (K.L.R., C.C.), Seattle, Washington
| | - Paulo M Sotero de Menezes
- Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion (K.L.R., K.A.N., Z.M.G.R., P.M.S. ., S.S.S., B.B.L., C.C.), University of Washington Department of Pharmacology (K.L.R., K.A.N., Z.M.G.R., P.M.S.M. S.S.S., B.B.L., C.C.), University of Washington Graduate Program in Neuroscience (K.L.R., C.C.), Seattle, Washington
| | - Selena S Schattauer
- Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion (K.L.R., K.A.N., Z.M.G.R., P.M.S. ., S.S.S., B.B.L., C.C.), University of Washington Department of Pharmacology (K.L.R., K.A.N., Z.M.G.R., P.M.S.M. S.S.S., B.B.L., C.C.), University of Washington Graduate Program in Neuroscience (K.L.R., C.C.), Seattle, Washington
| | - Benjamin B Land
- Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion (K.L.R., K.A.N., Z.M.G.R., P.M.S. ., S.S.S., B.B.L., C.C.), University of Washington Department of Pharmacology (K.L.R., K.A.N., Z.M.G.R., P.M.S.M. S.S.S., B.B.L., C.C.), University of Washington Graduate Program in Neuroscience (K.L.R., C.C.), Seattle, Washington
| | - Charles Chavkin
- Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion (K.L.R., K.A.N., Z.M.G.R., P.M.S. ., S.S.S., B.B.L., C.C.), University of Washington Department of Pharmacology (K.L.R., K.A.N., Z.M.G.R., P.M.S.M. S.S.S., B.B.L., C.C.), University of Washington Graduate Program in Neuroscience (K.L.R., C.C.), Seattle, Washington
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Lemos Duarte M, Devi LA. Post-translational Modifications of Opioid Receptors. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:417-432. [PMID: 32459993 PMCID: PMC7323054 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are key events in signal transduction since they affect protein function by regulating their abundance and/or activity. PTMs involve the covalent attachment of functional groups to specific amino acids. Since they tend to be generally reversible, PTMs serve as regulators of signal transduction pathways. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are major signaling proteins that undergo multiple types of PTMs. In this Review, we focus on the opioid receptors, members of GPCR family A, and highlight recent advances in the field that have underscored the importance of PTMs in the functional regulation of these receptors. Since opioid receptor activity plays a central role in the development of tolerance and addiction to morphine and other drugs of abuse, understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating receptor activity is of fundamental importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Lemos Duarte
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lakshmi A Devi
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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31
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Leff ER, Arttamangkul S, Williams JT. Chronic Treatment with Morphine Disrupts Acute Kinase-Dependent Desensitization of GPCRs. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 98:497-507. [PMID: 32362586 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.119362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on studies using mutations of the µ-opioid receptor (MOR), phosphorylation of multiple sites on the C-terminus has been recognized as a critical step underlying acute desensitization and the development of cellular tolerance. The aim of this study is to explore which kinases mediate desensitization of MOR in brain slices from drug-naïve and morphine-treated animals. Whole-cell recordings from locus coeruleus neurons were made, and the agonist-induced increase in potassium conductance was measured. In slices from naïve animals, pharmacological inhibition of G-protein receptor kinase (GRK2/3) with compound 101 blocked acute desensitization. Following chronic treatment with morphine, compound 101 was less effective at blocking acute desensitization. Compound 101 blocked receptor internalization in tissue from both naïve and morphine-treated animals, suggesting that GRK2/3 remained active. Kinase inhibitors aimed at blocking protein kinase C and c-Jun N-terminal kinase had no effect on desensitization in tissue taken from naïve animals. However, in slices taken from morphine-treated animals, the combination of these blockers along with compound 101 was required to block acute desensitization. Acute desensitization of the potassium conductance induced by the somatostatin receptor was also blocked by compound 101 in slices from naïve but not morphine-treated animals. As was observed with MOR, it was necessary to use the combination of kinase inhibitors to block desensitization of the somatostatin receptor in slices from morphine-treated animals. The results show that chronic treatment with morphine results in a surprising and heterologous adaptation in kinase-dependent desensitization. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The results show that chronic treatment with morphine induced heterologous adaptations in kinase regulation of G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) desensitization. Although the canonical mechanism for acute desensitization through phosphorylation by G protein-coupled receptor kinase is supported in tissue taken from naïve animals, following chronic treatment with morphine, the acute kinase-dependent desensitization of GPCRs is disrupted such that additional kinases, including protein kinase C and c-Jun N-terminal kinase, contribute to desensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Leff
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | | | - John T Williams
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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32
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Ciccarelli M, Sorriento D, Fiordelisi A, Gambardella J, Franco A, Del Giudice C, Sala M, Monti MG, Bertamino A, Campiglia P, Oliveti M, Poggio P, Trinchese G, Cavaliere G, Cipolletta E, Mollica MP, Bonaduce D, Trimarco B, Iaccarino G. Pharmacological inhibition of GRK2 improves cardiac metabolism and function in experimental heart failure. ESC Heart Fail 2020; 7:1571-1584. [PMID: 32352228 PMCID: PMC7373898 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims The effects of GRK2 inhibition on myocardial metabolism in heart failure (HF) are unchartered. In this work, we evaluated the impact of pharmacological inhibition of GRK2 by a cyclic peptide, C7, on metabolic, biochemical, and functional phenotypes in experimental HF. Methods and results C7 was initially tested on adult mice ventricular myocyte from wild type and GRK2 myocardial deficient mice (GRK2‐cKO), to assess the selectivity on GRK2 inhibition. Then, chronic infusion of 2 mg/kg/day of C7 was performed in HF mice with cryogenic myocardial infarction. Cardiac function in vivo was assessed by echocardiography and cardiac catheterization. Histological, biochemical, and metabolic studies were performed on heart samples at time points. C7 induces a significant increase of contractility in wild type but not in adult ventricle myocytes from GRK2‐cKO mice, thus confirming C7 selectivity for GRK2. In HF mice, 4 weeks of treatment with C7 improved metabolic features, including mitochondrial organization and function, and restored the biochemical and contractile responses. Conclusions GRK2 is a critical molecule in the physiological regulation of cardiac metabolism. Its alterations in the failing heart can be pharmacologically targeted, leading to the correction of metabolic and functional abnormalities observed in HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ciccarelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Daniela Sorriento
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Fiordelisi
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Jessica Gambardella
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Franco
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmine Del Giudice
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Marina Sala
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Maria Gaia Monti
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Marco Oliveti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | | | - Giovanna Trinchese
- Department of Biology, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Gina Cavaliere
- Department of Biology, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Ersilia Cipolletta
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Mollica
- Department of Biology, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Bonaduce
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Bruno Trimarco
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Guido Iaccarino
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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33
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Birdsong WT, Williams JT. Recent Progress in Opioid Research from an Electrophysiological Perspective. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 98:401-409. [PMID: 32198208 PMCID: PMC7562972 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.119040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrophysiological approaches provide powerful tools to further our understanding of how different opioids affect signaling through opioid receptors; how opioid receptors modulate circuitry involved in processes such as pain, respiration, addiction, and feeding; and how receptor signaling and circuits are altered by physiologic challenges, such as injury, stress, and chronic opioid treatment. The use of genetic manipulations to alter or remove μ-opioid receptors (MORs) with anatomic and cell type specificity and the ability to activate or inhibit specific circuits through opto- or chemogenetic approaches are being used in combination with electrophysiological, pharmacological, and systems-level physiology experiments to expand our understanding of the beneficial and maladaptive roles of opioids and opioid receptor signaling. New approaches for studying endogenous opioid peptide signaling and release and the dynamics of these systems in response to chronic opioid use, pain, and stress will add another layer to our understanding of the intricacies of opioid modulation of brain circuits. This understanding may lead to new targets or approaches for drug development or treatment regimens that may affect both acute and long-term effects of manipulating the activity of circuits involved in opioid-mediated physiology and behaviors. This review will discuss recent advancements in our understanding of the role of phosphorylation in regulating MOR signaling, as well as our understanding of circuits and signaling pathways mediating physiologic behaviors such as respiratory control, and discuss how electrophysiological tools combined with new technologies have and will continue to advance the field of opioid research.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Birdsong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (W.T.B.) and Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon (J.T.W.)
| | - John T Williams
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (W.T.B.) and Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon (J.T.W.)
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Verweij EWE, Al Araaj B, Prabhata WR, Prihandoko R, Nijmeijer S, Tobin AB, Leurs R, Vischer HF. Differential Role of Serines and Threonines in Intracellular Loop 3 and C-Terminal Tail of the Histamine H 4 Receptor in β-Arrestin and G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase Interaction, Internalization, and Signaling. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:321-333. [PMID: 32296771 PMCID: PMC7155198 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The histamine H4 receptor (H4R) activates Gαi-mediated signaling and recruits β-arrestin2 upon stimulation with histamine. β-Arrestins play a regulatory role in G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling by interacting with phosphorylated serine and threonine residues in the GPCR C-terminal tail and intracellular loop 3, resulting in receptor desensitization and internalization. Using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-based biosensors, we show that G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRK) 2 and 3 are more quickly recruited to the H4R than β-arrestin1 and 2 upon agonist stimulation, whereas receptor internalization dynamics toward early endosomes was slower. Alanine-substitution revealed that a serine cluster at the distal end of the H4R C-terminal tail is essential for the recruitment of β-arrestin1/2, and consequently, receptor internalization and desensitization of G protein-driven extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 phosphorylation and label-free cellular impedance. In contrast, alanine substitution of serines and threonines in the intracellular loop 3 of the H4R did not affect β-arrestin2 recruitment and receptor desensitization, but reduced β-arrestin1 recruitment and internalization. Hence, β-arrestin recruitment to H4R requires the putative phosphorylated serine cluster in the H4R C-terminal tail, whereas putative phosphosites in the intracellular loop 3 have different effects on β-arrestin1 versus β-arrestin2. Mutation of these putative phosphosites in either intracellular loop 3 or the C-terminal tail did not affect the histamine-induced recruitment of GRK2 and GRK3 but does change the interaction of H4R with GRK5 and GRK6, respectively. Identification of H4R interactions with these proteins is a first step in the understanding how this receptor might be dysregulated in pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eléonore W E Verweij
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Betty Al Araaj
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wimzy R Prabhata
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi Prihandoko
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Saskia Nijmeijer
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Rob Leurs
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henry F Vischer
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Jullié D, Stoeber M, Sibarita JB, Zieger HL, Bartol TM, Arttamangkul S, Sejnowski TJ, Hosy E, von Zastrow M. A Discrete Presynaptic Vesicle Cycle for Neuromodulator Receptors. Neuron 2020; 105:663-677.e8. [PMID: 31837915 PMCID: PMC7035187 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A major function of GPCRs is to inhibit presynaptic neurotransmitter release, requiring ligand-activated receptors to couple locally to effectors at terminals. The current understanding of how this is achieved is through receptor immobilization on the terminal surface. Here, we show that opioid peptide receptors, GPCRs that mediate highly sensitive presynaptic inhibition, are instead dynamic in axons. Opioid receptors diffuse rapidly throughout the axon surface and internalize after ligand-induced activation specifically at presynaptic terminals. We delineate a parallel regulated endocytic cycle for GPCRs operating at the presynapse, separately from the synaptic vesicle cycle, which clears activated receptors from the surface of terminals and locally reinserts them to maintain the diffusible surface pool. We propose an alternate strategy for achieving local control of presynaptic effectors that, opposite to using receptor immobilization and enforced proximity, is based on lateral mobility of receptors and leverages the inherent allostery of GPCR-effector coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Jullié
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94158, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Miriam Stoeber
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94158, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94158, USA,Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Baptiste Sibarita
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 33077 Bordeaux, France,Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University of Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Hanna L. Zieger
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 33077 Bordeaux, France,Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University of Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Thomas M. Bartol
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Seksiri Arttamangkul
- The Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Terrence J. Sejnowski
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Eric Hosy
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 33077 Bordeaux, France,Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University of Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Mark von Zastrow
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94158, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94158, USA,Lead contact,Correspondence:
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36
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Udoh M, Santiago M, Devenish S, McGregor IS, Connor M. Cannabichromene is a cannabinoid CB 2 receptor agonist. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:4537-4547. [PMID: 31368508 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cannabichromene (CBC) is one of the most abundant phytocannabinoids in Cannabis spp. It has modest antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects and potentiates some effects of Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol in vivo. How CBC exerts these effects is poorly defined and there is little information about its efficacy at cannabinoid receptors. We sought to determine the functional activity of CBC at cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH AtT20 cells stably expressing haemagglutinin-tagged human CB1 and CB2 receptors were used. Assays of cellular membrane potential and loss of cell surface receptors were performed. KEY RESULTS CBC activated CB2 but not CB1 receptors to produce hyperpolarization of AtT20 cells. This activation was inhibited by a CB2 receptor antagonist AM630, and sensitive to Pertussis toxin. Application of CBC reduced activation of CB2 , but not CB1 , receptors by subsequent co-application of CP55,940, an efficacious CB1 and CB2 receptor agonist. Continuous CBC application induced loss of cell surface CB2 receptors and desensitization of the CB2 receptor-induced hyperpolarization. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS CBC is a selective CB2 receptor agonist displaying higher efficacy than tetrahydrocannabinol in hyperpolarizing AtT20 cells. CBC can also recruit CB2 receptor regulatory mechanisms. CBC may contribute to the potential therapeutic effectiveness of some cannabis preparations, potentially through CB2 receptor-mediated modulation of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Udoh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marina Santiago
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Steven Devenish
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Iain S McGregor
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Connor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Cannavo A, Marzano F, Elia A, Liccardo D, Bencivenga L, Gambino G, Perna C, Rapacciuolo A, Cittadini A, Ferrara N, Paolocci N, Koch WJ, Rengo G. Aldosterone Jeopardizes Myocardial Insulin and β-Adrenergic Receptor Signaling via G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:888. [PMID: 31447681 PMCID: PMC6695474 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperaldosteronism alters cardiac function, inducing adverse left ventricle (LV) remodeling either via increased fibrosis deposition, mitochondrial dysfunction, or both. These harmful effects are due, at least in part, to the activation of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2). In this context, we have previously reported that this kinase dysregulates both β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) and insulin (Ins) signaling. Yet, whether aldosterone modulates cardiac Ins sensitivity and βAR function remains untested. Nor is it clear whether GRK2 has a role in this modulation, downstream of aldosterone. Here, we show in vitro, in 3T3 cells, that aldosterone impaired insulin signaling, increasing the negative phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (ser307pIRS1) and reducing the activity of Akt. Similarly, aldosterone prevented the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and the production of cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) in response to the β1/β2AR agonist, isoproterenol. Of note, all of these effects were sizably reduced in the presence of GRK2-inhibitor CMPD101. Next, in wild-type (WT) mice undergoing chronic infusion of aldosterone, we observed a marked GRK2 upregulation that was paralleled by a substantial β1AR downregulation and augmented ser307pIRS1 levels. Importantly, in keeping with the current in vitro data, we found that aldosterone effects were wholly abolished in cardiac-specific GRK2-knockout mice. Finally, in WT mice that underwent 4-week myocardial infarction (MI), we observed a substantial deterioration of cardiac function and increased LV dilation and fibrosis deposition. At the molecular level, these effects were associated with a significant upregulation of cardiac GRK2 protein expression, along with a marked β1AR downregulation and increased ser307pIRS1 levels. Treating MI mice with spironolactone prevented adverse aldosterone effects, blocking GRK2 upregulation, and thus leading to a marked reduction in cardiac ser307pIRS1 levels while rescuing β1AR expression. Our study reveals that GRK2 activity is a critical player downstream of the aldosterone signaling pathway; therefore, inhibiting this kinase is an attractive strategy to prevent the cardiac structural disarray and dysfunction that accompany any clinical condition accompanied by hyperaldosteronism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Cannavo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Federica Marzano
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Elia
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Liccardo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Leonardo Bencivenga
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Gambino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Perna
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Rapacciuolo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Cittadini
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Ferrara
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Department of Cardiology, Istituti Clinici Scientifici ICS Maugeri S.p.A. IRCCS Istituto Scientifico di Telese Terme, Benevento, Italy
| | - Nazareno Paolocci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Walter J Koch
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Giuseppe Rengo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Department of Cardiology, Istituti Clinici Scientifici ICS Maugeri S.p.A. IRCCS Istituto Scientifico di Telese Terme, Benevento, Italy
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38
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DiCello JJ, Rajasekhar P, Eriksson EM, Saito A, Gondin AB, Veldhuis NA, Canals M, Carbone SE, Poole DP. Clathrin and GRK2/3 inhibitors block δ-opioid receptor internalization in myenteric neurons and inhibit neuromuscular transmission in the mouse colon. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 317:G79-G89. [PMID: 31091149 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00085.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis is a major mechanism through which cellular signaling by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is terminated. However, recent studies demonstrate that GPCRs are internalized in an active state and continue to signal from within endosomes, resulting in effects on cellular function that are distinct to those arising at the cell surface. Endocytosis inhibitors are commonly used to define the importance of GPCR internalization for physiological and pathophysiological processes. Here, we provide the first detailed examination of the effects of these inhibitors on neurogenic contractions of gastrointestinal smooth muscle, a key preliminary step to evaluate the importance of GPCR endocytosis for gut function. Inhibitors of clathrin-mediated endocytosis (Pitstop2, PS2) or G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2/3-dependent phosphorylation (Takeda compound 101, Cmpd101), significantly reduced GPCR internalization. However, they also attenuated cholinergic contractions through different mechanisms. PS2 abolished contractile responses by colonic muscle to SNC80 and morphine, which strongly and weakly internalize δ-opioid and μ-opioid receptors, respectively. PS2 did not affect the increased myogenic contractile activity following removal of an inhibitory neural influence (tetrodotoxin) but suppressed electrically evoked neurogenic contractions. Ca2+ signaling by myenteric neurons in response to exogenous ATP was unaffected by PS2, suggesting inhibitory actions on neurotransmitter release rather than neurotransmission. In contrast, Cmpd101 attenuated contractions to the cholinergic agonist carbachol, indicating direct effects on smooth muscle. We conclude that, although PS2 and Cmpd101 are effective blockers of GPCR endocytosis in enteric neurons, these inhibitors are unsuitable for the study of neurally mediated gut function due to their inhibitory effects on neuromuscular transmission and smooth muscle contractility.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Internalization of activated G protein-coupled receptors is a major determinant of the type and duration of subsequent downstream signaling events. Inhibitors of endocytosis effectively block opioid receptor internalization in enteric neurons. The clathrin-dependent endocytosis inhibitor Pitstop2 blocks effects of opioids on neurogenic contractions of the colon in an internalization-independent manner. These inhibitors also significantly impact cholinergic neuromuscular transmission. We conclude that these tools are unsuitable for examination of the contribution of neuronal G protein-coupled receptor endocytosis to gastrointestinal motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse J DiCello
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pradeep Rajasekhar
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emily M Eriksson
- Divisions of Population Health & Immunity and Infection and Immunity, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ayame Saito
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arisbel B Gondin
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Veldhuis
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Meritxell Canals
- Centre for Membrane Proteins and Receptors, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simona E Carbone
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel P Poole
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Wang T, Liang J, Xiang X, Yuan J, Chen X, Xiang X, Yang J. Functional identification and expressional responses of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) interleukin-8 and its receptor. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 87:470-477. [PMID: 30708055 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-8 (IL-8 or chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8, CXCL8) is a chemokine produced by multiple cell types. It promotes chemotaxis and phagocytosis via interaction with chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. Using published data, IL-8 gene (LcIL-8) of the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) was cloned into the pcDNA3.1 plasmid, and an interleukin-8 receptor (LcCXCR2) was cloned into the pEGFP-N1 plasmid. Secratory expression of LcIL-8 in HEK293T cells was carried out, and product in culture medium was collected for LcCXCR2 stimulation in HEK293 cells. Following receptor internalization observation and intracellular signaling detection, the functional interaction of LcIL-8 and LcCXCR2 was further determined and the ERK phosphorylation signal activation mediated by LcCXCR2 was demonstrated. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis was used to analyze transcription level regulation of LcIL-8 and LcCXCR2 in various tissues of large yellow croaker. Expression of LcIL-8 and LcCXCR2 was elevated in the spleen, head kidney, and liver after Vibrio parahemolyticus challenge. Results illustrated the functional interaction between LcIL-8 and LcCXCR2 in mediating intracellular ERK1/2 phosphorylation signaling and suggested that the LcIL-8 and LcCXCR2 system is part of the immune response induced by V. Parahemolyticus in L. crocea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Sciences, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316022, China
| | - Jing Liang
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Sciences, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316022, China
| | - Xiaowei Xiang
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Sciences, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316022, China
| | - Jiajie Yuan
- Shaoxing Entry-exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau Comprehensive Technology Service Center, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China
| | - Xu Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Sciences, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316022, China
| | - Xingwei Xiang
- Zhejiang Marine Development Research Institute, Tiyu Road 10, New Town, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province 316000, China.
| | - Jingwen Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Sciences, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316022, China.
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40
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Kliewer A, Schmiedel F, Sianati S, Bailey A, Bateman JT, Levitt ES, Williams JT, Christie MJ, Schulz S. Phosphorylation-deficient G-protein-biased μ-opioid receptors improve analgesia and diminish tolerance but worsen opioid side effects. Nat Commun 2019; 10:367. [PMID: 30664663 PMCID: PMC6341117 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08162-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid analgesics are powerful pain relievers; however, over time, pain control diminishes as analgesic tolerance develops. The molecular mechanisms initiating tolerance have remained unresolved to date. We have previously shown that desensitization of the μ-opioid receptor and interaction with β-arrestins is controlled by carboxyl-terminal phosphorylation. Here we created knockin mice with a series of serine- and threonine-to-alanine mutations that render the receptor increasingly unable to recruit β-arrestins. Desensitization is inhibited in locus coeruleus neurons of mutant mice. Opioid-induced analgesia is strongly enhanced and analgesic tolerance is greatly diminished. Surprisingly, respiratory depression, constipation, and opioid withdrawal signs are unchanged or exacerbated, indicating that β-arrestin recruitment does not contribute to the severity of opioid side effects and, hence, predicting that G-protein-biased µ-agonists are still likely to elicit severe adverse effects. In conclusion, our findings identify carboxyl-terminal multisite phosphorylation as key step that drives acute μ-opioid receptor desensitization and long-term tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kliewer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - F Schmiedel
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - S Sianati
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - A Bailey
- Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education, St George's University of London, London, SW17 ORE, UK
| | - J T Bateman
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - E S Levitt
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - J T Williams
- The Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181S.W. Sam Jackson Pk. Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - M J Christie
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - S Schulz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07747, Jena, Germany.
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41
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Enman NM, Reyes BAS, Shi Y, Valentino RJ, Van Bockstaele EJ. Sex differences in morphine-induced trafficking of mu-opioid and corticotropin-releasing factor receptors in locus coeruleus neurons. Brain Res 2018; 1706:75-85. [PMID: 30391476 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC)-norepinephrine (NE) system is a key nucleus in which endogenous opioid and stress systems intersect to regulate the stress response. LC neurons of male rats become sensitized to stress following chronic morphine administration. Whether sex dictates this pattern of opioid-induced plasticity has not been demonstrated. Delineating the neurobiological adaptations produced by chronic opioids will enhance our understanding of stress vulnerability in opioid-dependent individuals, and may reveal how stress negatively impacts addiction recovery. In the present study, the effect of chronic morphine on the subcellular distribution of mu-opioid (MOR) and CRF receptors (CRFR) was investigated in the LC of male and female rats using immunoelectron microscopy. Results showed that placebo-treated females exhibited higher MOR and CRFR cytoplasmic distribution ratio when compared to placebo-treated males. Chronic morphine exposure induced a shift in the distribution of MOR immunogold-silver particles from the plasma membrane to the cytoplasm selectively in male LC neurons. Interestingly, chronic morphine exposure induced CRFR recruitment to the plasma membrane of both male and female LC neurons. These findings provide a potential mechanism by which chronic opioid administration increases stress vulnerability in males and females via an increase in surface availability of CRFR in LC neurons. However, our results also support the notion that cellular adaptations to chronic opioids differ across the sexes as redistribution of MOR following morphine exposure was only observed in male LC neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Enman
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
| | - Beverly A S Reyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
| | - Yufan Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Rita J Valentino
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Elisabeth J Van Bockstaele
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
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Differential regulation of β2-adrenoceptor and adenosine A2B receptor signalling by GRK and arrestin proteins in arterial smooth muscle. Cell Signal 2018; 51:86-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Estrogen Regulation of GRK2 Inactivates Kappa Opioid Receptor Signaling Mediating Analgesia, But Not Aversion. J Neurosci 2018; 38:8031-8043. [PMID: 30076211 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0653-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of κ opioid receptors (KORs) produces analgesia and aversion via distinct intracellular signaling pathways, but whether G protein-biased KOR agonists can be designed to have clinical utility will depend on a better understanding of the signaling mechanisms involved. We found that KOR activation produced conditioned place aversion and potentiated CPP for cocaine in male and female C57BL/6N mice. Consistent with this, males and females both showed arrestin-mediated increases in phospho-p38 MAPK following KOR activation. Unlike in males, however, KOR activation had inconsistent analgesic effects in females and KOR increased Gβγ-mediated ERK phosphorylation in males, but not females. KOR desensitization was not responsible for the lack of response in females because neither Grk3 nor Pdyn gene knock-out enhanced analgesia. Instead, responsiveness was estrous cycle dependent because KOR analgesia was evident during low estrogen phases of the cycle and in ovariectomized (OVX) females. Estradiol treatment of OVX females suppressed KOR-mediated analgesia, demonstrating that estradiol was sufficient to blunt Gβγ-mediated KOR signals. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is known to regulate ERK activation, and we found that the inhibitory, phosphorylated form of GRK2 was significantly higher in intact females. GRK2/3 inhibition by CMPD101 increased KOR stimulation of phospho-ERK in females, decreased sex differences in KOR-mediated inhibition of dopamine release, and enhanced mu opioid receptor and KOR-mediated analgesia in females. In OVX females, estradiol increased the association between GRK2 and Gβγ. These studies suggest that estradiol, through increased phosphorylation of GRK2 and possible sequestration of Gβγ by GRK2, blunts G protein-mediated signals.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Chronic pain disorders are more prevalent in females than males, but opioid receptor agonists show inconsistent analgesic efficacy in females. κ opioid receptor (KOR) agonists have been tested in clinical trials for treating pain disorders based on their analgesic properties and low addictive potential. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying sex differences in KOR actions were previously unknown. Our studies identify an intracellular mechanism involving estradiol regulation of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 that is responsible for sexually dimorphic analgesic responses following opioid receptor activation. Understanding this mechanism will be critical for developing effective nonaddictive opioid analgesics for use in women and characterizing sexually dimorphic effects in other inhibitory G protein-coupled receptor signaling responses.
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Miess E, Gondin AB, Yousuf A, Steinborn R, Mösslein N, Yang Y, Göldner M, Ruland JG, Bünemann M, Krasel C, Christie MJ, Halls ML, Schulz S, Canals M. Multisite phosphorylation is required for sustained interaction with GRKs and arrestins during rapid μ-opioid receptor desensitization. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/539/eaas9609. [PMID: 30018083 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aas9609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
G protein receptor kinases (GRKs) and β-arrestins are key regulators of μ-opioid receptor (MOR) signaling and trafficking. We have previously shown that high-efficacy opioids such as DAMGO stimulate a GRK2/3-mediated multisite phosphorylation of conserved C-terminal tail serine and threonine residues, which facilitates internalization of the receptor. In contrast, morphine-induced phosphorylation of MOR is limited to Ser375 and is not sufficient to drive substantial receptor internalization. We report how specific multisite phosphorylation controlled the dynamics of GRK and β-arrestin interactions with MOR and show how such phosphorylation mediated receptor desensitization. We showed that GRK2/3 was recruited more quickly than was β-arrestin to a DAMGO-activated MOR. β-Arrestin recruitment required GRK2 activity and MOR phosphorylation, but GRK recruitment also depended on the phosphorylation sites in the C-terminal tail, specifically four serine and threonine residues within the 370TREHPSTANT379 motif. Our results also suggested that other residues outside this motif participated in the initial and transient recruitment of GRK and β-arrestins. We identified two components of high-efficacy agonist desensitization of MOR: a sustained component, which required GRK2-mediated phosphorylation and a potential soluble factor, and a rapid component, which was likely mediated by GRK2 but independent of receptor phosphorylation. Elucidating these complex receptor-effector interactions represents an important step toward a mechanistic understanding of MOR desensitization that leads to the development of tolerance and dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Miess
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Arisbel B Gondin
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Arsalan Yousuf
- Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Ralph Steinborn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Nadja Mösslein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Yunshi Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Martin Göldner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Julia G Ruland
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Bünemann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Cornelius Krasel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - MacDonald J Christie
- Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Michelle L Halls
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Meritxell Canals
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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Rainbow RD, Brennan S, Jackson R, Beech AJ, Bengreed A, Waldschmidt HV, Tesmer JJG, Challiss RAJ, Willets JM. Small-Molecule G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase Inhibitors Attenuate G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2-Mediated Desensitization of Vasoconstrictor-Induced Arterial Contractions. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 94:1079-1091. [PMID: 29980659 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.112524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vasoconstrictor-driven G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)/phospholipase C (PLC) signaling increases intracellular Ca2+ concentration to mediate arterial contraction. To counteract vasoconstrictor-induced contraction, GPCR/PLC signaling can be desensitized by G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), with GRK2 playing a predominant role in isolated arterial smooth muscle cells. In this study, we use an array of GRK2 inhibitors to assess their effects on the desensitization of UTP and angiotensin II (AngII)-mediated arterial contractions. The effects of GRK2 inhibitors on the desensitization of UTP- or AngII-stimulated mesenteric third-order arterial contractions, and PLC activity in isolated mesenteric smooth muscle cells (MSMC), were determined using wire myography and Ca2+ imaging, respectively. Applying a stimulation protocol to cause receptor desensitization resulted in reductions in UTP- and AngII-stimulated arterial contractions. Preincubation with the GRK2 inhibitor paroxetine almost completely prevented desensitization of UTP- and attenuated desensitization of AngII-stimulated arterial contractions. In contrast, fluoxetine was ineffective. Preincubation with alternative GRK2 inhibitors (Takeda compound 101 or CCG224063) also attenuated the desensitization of UTP-mediated arterial contractile responses. In isolated MSMC, paroxetine, Takeda compound 101, and CCG224063 also attenuated the desensitization of UTP- and AngII-stimulated increases in Ca2+, whereas fluoxetine did not. In human uterine smooth muscle cells, paroxetine reversed GRK2-mediated histamine H1 receptor desensitization, but not GRK6-mediated oxytocin receptor desensitization. Utilizing various small-molecule GRK2 inhibitors, we confirm that GRK2 plays a central role in regulating vasoconstrictor-mediated arterial tone, highlighting a potentially novel strategy for blood pressure regulation through targeting GRK2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Rainbow
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom (A.B., R.A.J.C., J.M.W.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (R.D.R., S.B., R.J., A.J.B.); Life Sciences Institute and Departments of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences, and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (H.V.W., J.J.G.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (J.J.G.T.)
| | - Sean Brennan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom (A.B., R.A.J.C., J.M.W.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (R.D.R., S.B., R.J., A.J.B.); Life Sciences Institute and Departments of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences, and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (H.V.W., J.J.G.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (J.J.G.T.)
| | - Robert Jackson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom (A.B., R.A.J.C., J.M.W.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (R.D.R., S.B., R.J., A.J.B.); Life Sciences Institute and Departments of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences, and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (H.V.W., J.J.G.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (J.J.G.T.)
| | - Alison J Beech
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom (A.B., R.A.J.C., J.M.W.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (R.D.R., S.B., R.J., A.J.B.); Life Sciences Institute and Departments of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences, and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (H.V.W., J.J.G.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (J.J.G.T.)
| | - Amal Bengreed
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom (A.B., R.A.J.C., J.M.W.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (R.D.R., S.B., R.J., A.J.B.); Life Sciences Institute and Departments of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences, and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (H.V.W., J.J.G.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (J.J.G.T.)
| | - Helen V Waldschmidt
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom (A.B., R.A.J.C., J.M.W.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (R.D.R., S.B., R.J., A.J.B.); Life Sciences Institute and Departments of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences, and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (H.V.W., J.J.G.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (J.J.G.T.)
| | - John J G Tesmer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom (A.B., R.A.J.C., J.M.W.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (R.D.R., S.B., R.J., A.J.B.); Life Sciences Institute and Departments of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences, and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (H.V.W., J.J.G.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (J.J.G.T.)
| | - R A John Challiss
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom (A.B., R.A.J.C., J.M.W.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (R.D.R., S.B., R.J., A.J.B.); Life Sciences Institute and Departments of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences, and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (H.V.W., J.J.G.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (J.J.G.T.)
| | - Jonathon M Willets
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom (A.B., R.A.J.C., J.M.W.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (R.D.R., S.B., R.J., A.J.B.); Life Sciences Institute and Departments of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences, and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (H.V.W., J.J.G.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (J.J.G.T.)
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46
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Yu Q, Gratzke C, Wang Y, Herlemann A, Strittmatter F, Rutz B, Stief CG, Hennenberg M. Inhibition of prostatic smooth muscle contraction by the inhibitor of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2/3, CMPD101. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 831:9-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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47
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Marcott PF, Gong S, Donthamsetti P, Grinnell SG, Nelson MN, Newman AH, Birnbaumer L, Martemyanov KA, Javitch JA, Ford CP. Regional Heterogeneity of D2-Receptor Signaling in the Dorsal Striatum and Nucleus Accumbens. Neuron 2018; 98:575-587.e4. [PMID: 29656874 PMCID: PMC6048973 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine input to the dorsal and ventral striatum originates from separate populations of midbrain neurons. Despite differences in afferent inputs and behavioral output, little is known about how dopamine release is encoded by dopamine receptors on medium spiny neurons (MSNs) across striatal subregions. Here we examined the activation of D2 receptors following the synaptic release of dopamine in the dorsal striatum (DStr) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell. We found that D2 receptor-mediated synaptic currents were slower in the NAc and this difference occurred at the level of D2-receptor signaling. As a result of preferential coupling to Gαo, we also found that D2 receptors in MSNs demonstrated higher sensitivity for dopamine in the NAc. The higher sensitivity in the NAc was eliminated following cocaine exposure. These results identify differences in the sensitivity and timing of D2-receptor signaling across the striatum that influence how nigrostriatal and mesolimbic signals are encoded across these circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela F Marcott
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Sheng Gong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | | - Steven G Grinnell
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Melissa N Nelson
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Amy H Newman
- National Institute of Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Lutz Birnbaumer
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC 27709, USA; Institute of Biomedical Research (BIOMED), Catholic University of Argentina, Buenos Aires C1107AAZ, Argentina
| | - Kirill A Martemyanov
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Jonathan A Javitch
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Christopher P Ford
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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48
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Pusapati GV, Kong JH, Patel BB, Gouti M, Sagner A, Sircar R, Luchetti G, Ingham PW, Briscoe J, Rohatgi R. G protein-coupled receptors control the sensitivity of cells to the morphogen Sonic Hedgehog. Sci Signal 2018; 11:eaao5749. [PMID: 29438014 PMCID: PMC5828112 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aao5749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The morphogen Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) patterns tissues during development by directing cell fates in a concentration-dependent manner. The SHH signal is transmitted across the membrane of target cells by the heptahelical transmembrane protein Smoothened (SMO), which activates the GLI family of transcription factors through a mechanism that is undefined in vertebrates. Using CRISPR-edited null alleles and small-molecule inhibitors, we systematically analyzed the epistatic interactions between SMO and three proteins implicated in SMO signaling: the heterotrimeric G protein subunit GαS, the G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2), and the GαS-coupled receptor GPR161. Our experiments uncovered a signaling mechanism that modifies the sensitivity of target cells to SHH and consequently changes the shape of the SHH dose-response curve. In both fibroblasts and spinal neural progenitors, the loss of GPR161, previously implicated as an inhibitor of basal SHH signaling, increased the sensitivity of target cells across the entire spectrum of SHH concentrations. Even in cells lacking GPR161, GRK2 was required for SHH signaling, and Gαs, which promotes the activation of protein Kinase A (PKA), antagonized SHH signaling. We propose that the sensitivity of target cells to Hedgehog morphogens, and the consequent effects on gene expression and differentiation outcomes, can be controlled by signals from G protein-coupled receptors that converge on Gαs and PKA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh V Pusapati
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jennifer H Kong
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bhaven B Patel
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mina Gouti
- The Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Andreas Sagner
- The Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ria Sircar
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Giovanni Luchetti
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Philip W Ingham
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - James Briscoe
- The Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Liu WJ, Zhou L, Liang ZY, Zhou WX, You L, Zhang TP, Zhao YP. High expression of GRK3 is associated with favorable prognosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2017; 214:228-232. [PMID: 29254792 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It was found that G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 3 (GRK3) played key biological roles in some cancers. However, its associations with clinicopathologic features and prognosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remain unknown. METHODS AND METHODS Expression of GRK3 was detected, using tissue microarray-based immunohistochemistry, in paired formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor and non-tumor samples from 165 patients with PDAC after curative resection, and was further correlated with clinicopathologic parameters and cancer-specific survival (CSS). RESULTS It was shown that GRK3 expression was much lower in tumor than in non-tumor tissues. Moreover, expression of GRK3 in tumor tissues was significantly associated with gender and T stage. Univariately, high GRK3 expression was predictive for favorable CSS, along with some conventional clinicopathologic variables. In multivariate Cox regression test, GRK3 expression remained to be a significant prognostic marker for PDAC. Finally, combination of GRK3 with some clinicopathologic variables, especially N stage, obtained more precise prediction for CSS. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggested that expression of GRK3 was down-regulated in PDAC and was an independent prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Liang
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Xun Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lei You
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tai-Ping Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Yu-Pei Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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50
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Levitt ES, Williams JT. Desensitization and Tolerance of Mu Opioid Receptors on Pontine Kölliker-Fuse Neurons. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 93:8-13. [PMID: 29097440 DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.109603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute desensitization of mu opioid receptors is thought to be an initial step in the development of tolerance to opioids. Given the resistance of the respiratory system to develop tolerance, desensitization of neurons in the Kölliker-Fuse (KF), a key area in the respiratory circuit, was examined. The activation of G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium current was measured using whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings from KF and locus coeruleus (LC) neurons contained in acute rat brain slices. A saturating concentration of the opioid agonist [Met5]-enkephalin (ME) caused significantly less desensitization in KF neurons compared with LC neurons. In contrast to LC, desensitization in KF neurons was not enhanced by activation of protein kinase C or in slices from morphine-treated rats. Cellular tolerance to ME and morphine was also lacking in KF neurons from morphine-treated rats. The lack of cellular tolerance in KF neurons correlates with the relative lack of tolerance to the respiratory depressant effect of opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica S Levitt
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (E.S.L.) and Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon (J.T.W.)
| | - John T Williams
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (E.S.L.) and Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon (J.T.W.)
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