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Tintino SR, Wilairatana P, de Souza VCA, da Silva JMA, Pereira PS, de Morais Oliveira-Tintino CD, de Matos YMLS, Júnior JTC, de Queiroz Balbino V, Siqueira-Junior JP, Menezes IRA, Siyadatpanah A, Coutinho HDM, Balbino TCL. Inhibition of the norA gene expression and the NorA efflux pump by the tannic acid. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17394. [PMID: 37833301 PMCID: PMC10575910 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43038-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The NorA efflux pump of Staphylococcus aureus is known to play a major role in the development of resistance against quinolone drugs by reducing their concentration inside target pathogens. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of tannic acid to inhibit the gene expression of the NorA efflux pump in Staphylococcus aureus and to evaluate the in silico effect on the pump. Efflux pump inhibition was evaluated by fluorimetry. The checkerboard method evaluates the effect of the test substance in combination with an antimicrobial at different concentrations. To gene expression evaluation NorA the assay was performed using: a sub-inhibitory concentration preparation (MIC/4) of the antibiotic; a sub-inhibitory concentration preparation (MIC/4) of the antibiotic associated with tannic acid at a sub-inhibitory concentration (MIC/4). In this study, docking simulations were performed by the SWISSDOCK webserver. The ability of tannic acid to inhibit the NorA efflux pump can be related to both the ability to inhibit the gene expression of this protein, acting on signaling pathways involving the ArlRS membrane sensor. As well as acting directly through direct interaction with the NorA protein, as seen in the approach and in silico and in vitro per checkerboard method and fluorimetry of bromide accumulated in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulo Relison Tintino
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMBM), Department of Biological Chemistry/CCBS/URCA, Recife, Brazil
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | | | | | - Pedro Silvino Pereira
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMBM), Department of Biological Chemistry/CCBS/URCA, Recife, Brazil
| | | | | | - João Tavares Calixto Júnior
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMBM), Department of Biological Chemistry/CCBS/URCA, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - José P Siqueira-Junior
- Laboratory of Microrganism Genetics (LGM), Department of Molecular Biology/CCEN/UFPB, Recife, Brazil
| | - Irwin Rose Alencar Menezes
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMBM), Department of Biological Chemistry/CCBS/URCA, Recife, Brazil
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2
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Zheng M, Lupoli TJ. Counteracting antibiotic resistance enzymes and efflux pumps. Curr Opin Microbiol 2023; 75:102334. [PMID: 37329679 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2023.102334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens are constantly evolving new resistance mechanisms against antibiotics; hence, strategies to potentiate existing antibiotics or combat mechanisms of resistance using adjuvants are always in demand. Recently, inhibitors have been identified that counteract enzymatic modification of the drugs isoniazid and rifampin, which have implications in the study of multi-drug-resistant mycobacteria. A wealth of structural studies on efflux pumps from diverse bacteria has also fueled the design of new small-molecule and peptide-based agents to prevent the active transport of antibiotics. We envision that these findings will inspire microbiologists to apply existing adjuvants to clinically relevant resistant strains, or to use described platforms to discover novel antibiotic adjuvant scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Tania J Lupoli
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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3
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Fedorowicz J, Cruz CD, Morawska M, Ciura K, Gilbert-Girard S, Mazur L, Mäkkylä H, Ilina P, Savijoki K, Fallarero A, Tammela P, Sączewski J. Antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of permanently ionized quaternary ammonium fluoroquinolones. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 254:115373. [PMID: 37084595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
A series of quaternary ammonium fluoroquinolones was obtained by exhaustive methylation of the amine groups present at the 7-position of fluoroquinolones, including ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, gatifloxacin, lomefloxacin, and norfloxacin. The synthesized molecules were tested for their antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative human pathogens, i.e. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The study showed that the synthesized compounds are potent antibacterial agents (MIC values at the lowest 6.25 μM) with low cytotoxicity in vitro as assessed on the BALB 3T3 mouse embryo cell line. Further experiments proved that the tested derivatives are able to bind to the DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV active sites in a fluoroquinolone-characteristic manner. The most active quaternary ammonium fluoroquinolones, in contrast to ciprofloxacin, reduce the total biomass of P. aeruginosa ATCC 15442 biofilm in post-exposure experiments. The latter effect may be due to the dual mechanism of action of the quaternary fluoroquinolones, which also involves disruption of bacterial cell membranes. IAM-HPLC chromatographic experiments with immobilized artificial membranes (phospholipids) showed that the most active compounds were those with moderate lipophilicity and containing a cyclopropyl group at the N1 nitrogen atom in the fluoroquinolone core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Fedorowicz
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland; Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Cristina D Cruz
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Małgorzata Morawska
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland; Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzesimir Ciura
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland; QSAR Lab Ltd., Trzy Lipy 3 St., 80-172, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Shella Gilbert-Girard
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liliana Mazur
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Plac Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej 5, 20-031, Lublin, Poland
| | - Heidi Mäkkylä
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Polina Ilina
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi Savijoki
- Infection Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Kalevantie 4, FI-33100, Tampere, Finland; Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, P.O. Box, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Adyary Fallarero
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Tammela
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jarosław Sączewski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
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Azzariti S, Bond R, Loeffler A, Zendri F, Timofte D, Chang YM, Pelligand L. Investigation of In Vitro Susceptibility and Resistance Mechanisms in Skin Pathogens: Perspectives for Fluoroquinolone Therapy in Canine Pyoderma. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11091204. [PMID: 36139982 PMCID: PMC9494949 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11091204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones (FQ) are commonly used in dogs with bacterial skin infections. Their use as first choice, along with the increased incidence of FQ-resistance, represents a risk to animal and public health. Our study determined minimum inhibitory (MIC) and bactericidal (MBC) concentrations of five FQs in Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, and Escherichia coli, together with FQ-resistance mechanisms. MICs, efflux pump (EP) overexpression and MBCs were measured in 249 skin infection isolates following CLSI guidelines (CLSI VET01-A4, CLSI M26-A). Chromosomal and plasmid-mediated resistance genes were investigated after DNA extraction and sequencing. FQ-resistance was detected in 10% of methicillin-susceptible (MS), 90% of methicillin-resistant (MR) staphylococci and in 36% of E. coli. Bactericidal effect was observed except in 50% of MRSA/P for ciprofloxacin and in 20% of MRSPs for enrofloxacin. Highest MICs were associated with double mutation in gyrA (Ser83Leu + Asp87Asn), efflux pumps and three PMQR genes in E. coli, and grlA (Ser80Phe + Glu84Lys) in S. aureus. EP overexpression was high among E. coli (96%), low in S. aureus (1%) and absent in S. pseudintermedius. Pradofloxacin and moxifloxacin showed low MICs with bactericidal effect. Since in vitro FQ resistance was associated with MR, FQ use should be prudently guided by susceptibility testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Azzariti
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Ross Bond
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Anette Loeffler
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Flavia Zendri
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology, Veterinary Microbiology Diagnostic, University of Liverpool Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Dorina Timofte
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology, Veterinary Microbiology Diagnostic, University of Liverpool Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Yu-Mei Chang
- Research Support Office, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Ludovic Pelligand
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
- Correspondence:
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5
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Structural basis for inhibition of the drug efflux pump NorA from Staphylococcus aureus. Nat Chem Biol 2022; 18:706-712. [PMID: 35361990 PMCID: PMC9246859 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-022-00994-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Membrane protein efflux pumps confer antibiotic resistance by extruding structurally distinct compounds and lowering their intracellular concentration. Yet, there are no clinically approved drugs to inhibit efflux pumps, which would potentiate the efficacy of existing antibiotics rendered ineffective by drug efflux. Here we identified synthetic antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) that inhibit the quinolone transporter NorA from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Structures of two NorA-Fab complexes determined using cryo-electron microscopy reveal a Fab loop deeply inserted in the substrate-binding pocket of NorA. An arginine residue on this loop interacts with two neighboring aspartate and glutamate residues essential for NorA-mediated antibiotic resistance in MRSA. Peptide mimics of the Fab loop inhibit NorA with submicromolar potency and ablate MRSA growth in combination with the antibiotic norfloxacin. These findings establish a class of peptide inhibitors that block antibiotic efflux in MRSA by targeting indispensable residues in NorA without the need for membrane permeability.
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6
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Remm S, Earp JC, Dick T, Dartois V, Seeger MA. Critical discussion on drug efflux in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 46:6391500. [PMID: 34637511 PMCID: PMC8829022 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) can withstand months of antibiotic treatment. An important goal of tuberculosis research is to shorten the treatment to reduce the burden on patients, increase adherence to the drug regimen and thereby slow down the spread of drug resistance. Inhibition of drug efflux pumps by small molecules has been advocated as a promising strategy to attack persistent Mtb and shorten therapy. Although mycobacterial drug efflux pumps have been broadly investigated, mechanistic studies are scarce. In this critical review, we shed light on drug efflux in its larger mechanistic context by considering the intricate interplay between membrane transporters annotated as drug efflux pumps, membrane energetics, efflux inhibitors and cell wall biosynthesis processes. We conclude that a great wealth of data on mycobacterial transporters is insufficient to distinguish by what mechanism they contribute to drug resistance. Recent studies suggest that some drug efflux pumps transport structural lipids of the mycobacterial cell wall and that the action of certain drug efflux inhibitors involves dissipation of the proton motive force, thereby draining the energy source of all active membrane transporters. We propose recommendations on the generation and interpretation of drug efflux data to reduce ambiguities and promote assigning novel roles to mycobacterial membrane transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sille Remm
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer C Earp
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Dick
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, USA.,Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - Véronique Dartois
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, USA.,Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - Markus A Seeger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
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7
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Oliveira-Tintino CDDM, Muniz DF, Barbosa CRDS, Pereira RLS, Begnini IM, Rebelo RA, Silva LED, Mireski SL, Nasato MC, Krautler MIL, Pereira PS, Costa JGMD, Rodrigues FFG, Teixeira AMR, Ribeiro-Filho J, Tintino SR, de Menezes IRA, Coutinho HDM, Silva TGD. The 1,8-naphthyridines sulfonamides are NorA efflux pump inhibitors. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2020; 24:233-240. [PMID: 33385589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2020.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Efflux pumps are transmembrane proteins associated with bacterial resistance mechanisms. Bacteria use these proteins to actively transport antibiotics to the extracellular medium, preventing the pharmacological action of these drugs. This study aimed to evaluate in vitro the antibacterial activity of 1,8-naphthyridines sulfonamides, as well as their ability to inhibit efflux systems of Staphylococcus aureus strains expressing different levels of the NorA efflux pump. METHODS The broth microdilution test was performed to assess antibacterial activity. Efflux pump inhibition was evaluated in silico by molecular docking and in vitro by fluorometric tests, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined. The MIC was determined in the association between 1,8-naphthyridine and norfloxacin or ethidium bromide. RESULTS The 1,8-naphthyridines did not show direct antibacterial activity. However, they effectively reduced the MIC of multidrug-resistant bacteria by associating with norfloxacin and ethidium bromide, in addition to increasing the fluorescence emission. In silico analysis addressing the binding between NorA and 1,8-naphthyridines suggests that hydrogen bonds and hydrophilic interactions represent the interactions with the most favourable binding energy, corroborating the experimental data. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that 1,8-naphthyridines sulfonamides inhibit bacterial resistance through molecular mechanisms associated with inhibition of the NorA efflux pump in S. aureus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Débora Feitosa Muniz
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Raimundo Luiz Silva Pereira
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Iêda Maria Begnini
- Department of Chemistry, Regional University of Blumenau, FURB, Itoupava Seca, 89030-903, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Andrade Rebelo
- Department of Chemistry, Regional University of Blumenau, FURB, Itoupava Seca, 89030-903, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - Luiz Everson da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Sustainable Territorial Development, Coastal Sector, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Sandro Lucio Mireski
- Department of Chemistry, Regional University of Blumenau, FURB, Itoupava Seca, 89030-903, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - Michele Caroline Nasato
- Department of Chemistry, Regional University of Blumenau, FURB, Itoupava Seca, 89030-903, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Silvino Pereira
- Laboratory of Pharmatoxicological Prospecting of Bioactive Products, Department of Antibiotics, Federal University of Pernambuco, UFPE, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - José Galberto Martins da Costa
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Magno Rodrigues Teixeira
- Laboratory of simulations and molecular spectroscopy, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Jaime Ribeiro-Filho
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, IGM-Fiocruz, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Saulo Relison Tintino
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Irwin Rose Alencar de Menezes
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Teresinha Gonçalves da Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmatoxicological Prospecting of Bioactive Products, Department of Antibiotics, Federal University of Pernambuco, UFPE, Recife, PE, Brazil
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8
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Lam AK, Panlilio H, Pusavat J, Wouters CL, Moen EL, Brennan RE, Rice CV. Expanding the Spectrum of Antibiotics Capable of Killing Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1421-1428. [PMID: 32497366 PMCID: PMC7485129 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Infections from antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are a serious threat because reduced antibiotic efficacy complicates treatment decisions and prolongs the disease state in many patients. To expand the arsenal of treatments against antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) pathogens, 600-Da branched polyethylenimine (BPEI) can overcome antibiotic resistance mechanisms and potentiate β-lactam antibiotics against Gram-positive bacteria. BPEI binds cell-wall teichoic acids and disables resistance factors from penicillin binding proteins PBP2a and PBP4. This study describes a new mechanism of action for BPEI potentiation of antibiotics generally regarded as agents effective against Gram-positive pathogens but not Gram-negative bacteria. 600-Da BPEI is able to reduce the barriers to drug influx and facilitate the uptake of a non-β-lactam co-drug, erythromycin, which targets the intracellular machinery. Also, BPEI can suppress production of the cytokine interleukin IL-8 by human epithelial keratinocytes. This enables BPEI to function as a broad-spectrum antibiotic potentiator, and expands the opportunities to improve drug design, antibiotic development, and therapeutic approaches against pathogenic bacteria, especially for wound care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh K Lam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Hannah Panlilio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Jennifer Pusavat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Cassandra L Wouters
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Erika L Moen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Robert E Brennan
- Department of Biology, University of Central Oklahoma, 100 North University Drive, Edmond, OK 73034, USA
| | - Charles V Rice
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, USA
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9
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Effect of Vitamin K 3 Inhibiting the Function of NorA Efflux Pump and Its Gene Expression on Staphylococcus aureus. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10060130. [PMID: 32630491 PMCID: PMC7345349 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10060130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to antibiotics has made diseases that previously healed easily become more difficult to treat. Staphylococcus aureus is an important cause of hospital-acquired infections and multi-drug resistant. NorA efflux pump, present in bacteria S. aureus, is synthesized by the expression of the norA gene. Menadione, also known as vitamin K3, is one of the synthetic forms of vitamin K. Therefore, the aim of this study is to verify the menadione effect on efflux inhibition through NorA pump gene expression inhibition and assess the effects of menadione in bacterial membrane. The effect of menadione as an efflux pump inhibitor (EPI) was evaluated by the microdilution method, fluorimetry, electron microscopy, and by RT-qPCR to evaluate gene expression. In the molecular docking, association with menadione induces increased fluorescence intensity. Menadione was observed (100% of the clusters) interacting with residues ILE12, ILE15, PHE16, ILE19, PHE47, GLN51, ALA105, and MET109 from NorA. The results showed the norA gene had its expression significantly diminished in the presence of menadione. The simulation showed that several menadione molecules were able to go through the bilayer and allow the entry of water molecules into the hydrophobic regions of the bilayer. When present within membranes, menadione may have caused membrane structural changes resulting in a decline of the signaling pathways involved in norA expression. Menadione demonstrated to be an efflux pump inhibitor with dual mechanism: affecting the efflux pump by direct interaction with protein NorA and indirectly inhibiting the norA gene expression, possibly by affecting regulators present in the membrane altered by menadione.
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10
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Functional and Structural Roles of the Major Facilitator Superfamily Bacterial Multidrug Efflux Pumps. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8020266. [PMID: 32079127 PMCID: PMC7074785 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic microorganisms that are multidrug-resistant can pose severe clinical and public health concerns. In particular, bacterial multidrug efflux transporters of the major facilitator superfamily constitute a notable group of drug resistance mechanisms primarily because multidrug-resistant pathogens can become refractory to antimicrobial agents, thus resulting in potentially untreatable bacterial infections. The major facilitator superfamily is composed of thousands of solute transporters that are related in terms of their phylogenetic relationships, primary amino acid sequences, two- and three-dimensional structures, modes of energization (passive and secondary active), and in their mechanisms of solute and ion translocation across the membrane. The major facilitator superfamily is also composed of numerous families and sub-families of homologous transporters that are conserved across all living taxa, from bacteria to humans. Members of this superfamily share several classes of highly conserved amino acid sequence motifs that play essential mechanistic roles during transport. The structural and functional importance of multidrug efflux pumps that belong to the major facilitator family and that are harbored by Gram-negative and -positive bacterial pathogens are considered here.
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11
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Fedorowicz J, Sączewski J, Konopacka A, Waleron K, Lejnowski D, Ciura K, Tomašič T, Skok Ž, Savijoki K, Morawska M, Gilbert-Girard S, Fallarero A. Synthesis and biological evaluation of hybrid quinolone-based quaternary ammonium antibacterial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 179:576-590. [PMID: 31279292 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel fluoroquinolone-Safirinium dye hybrids was synthesized by means of tandem Mannich-electrophilic amination reactions from profluorophoric isoxazolones and antibiotics bearing a secondary amino group at position 7 of the quinoline ring. The obtained fluorescent spiro fused conjugates incorporating quaternary nitrogen atoms were characterized by 1H NMR, IR, MS, and elemental analysis. All the synthetic analogues (3a-h and 4a-h) were evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial, bactericidal, and antibiofilm activities against a panel of Gram positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. The most active Safirinium Q derivatives of lomefloxacin (4d) and ciprofloxacin (4e) exhibited molar-based antibacterial activities comparable to the unmodified drugs and displayed considerable inhibitory potencies in E. coli DNA gyrase supercoiling assays with IC50 values in the low micromolar range. Zwiterionic hybrids were noticeably less lipophilic than the parent quinolones in micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MECK) experiments. The tests performed in the presence of phenylalanine-arginine β-naphthylamide (PAβN) or carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) revealed that the conjugates are to some extent subject to bacterial efflux and cellular accumulation, respectively. Moreover, the hybrids did not exhibit notable cytotoxicity towards the HEK 293 control cell line and demonstrated low propensity for resistance development, as exemplified for compounds 3g and 4b. Finally, molecular docking experiments revealed that the synthesized compounds were able to bind in the fluoroquinolone-binding mode at S. aureus DNA gyrase and S. pneumoniae topoisomerase IV active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Fedorowicz
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Sączewski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Konopacka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Waleron
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dawid Lejnowski
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzesimir Ciura
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tihomir Tomašič
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Žiga Skok
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kirsi Savijoki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 4, 00100, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Małgorzata Morawska
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 4, 00100, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shella Gilbert-Girard
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 4, 00100, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Adyary Fallarero
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 4, 00100, Helsinki, Finland
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Abd El-Baky RM, Sandle T, John J, Abuo-Rahma GEDA, Hetta HF. A novel mechanism of action of ketoconazole: inhibition of the NorA efflux pump system and biofilm formation in multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:1703-1718. [PMID: 31354319 PMCID: PMC6585162 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s201124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The rapid emergence of antimicrobial resistance among Gram-positive organisms, especially staphylococci, has become a serious clinical challenge. Efflux machinery and biofilm formation are considered two of the main causes of antimicrobial resistance and therapy failure. Aim: Our study aims to evaluate the antibiofilm and efflux pump inhibitory activity of the antifungal ketoconazole against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: Ketoconazole was tested for its effect on the following: minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, levofloxacin, and ethidium bromide (EtBr) by the broth microdilution method, the efflux of EtBr by NorA-positive MDR S. aureus, and the relative expression of NorA, NorB, and NorC efflux pump genes. Docking studies of ketoconazole were performed using 1PW4 (glycerol-3-phosphate transporter from Escherichia coli which was the representative structure from the major facilitator superfamily). Results: Ketoconazole significantly decreased the MICs of levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and EtBr (a substrate for efflux pump) by 8 to 1024-fold (P<0.01) and decreased the efflux of EtBr. Furthermore, a time-kill assay revealed that combinations of levofloxacin with ketoconazole or carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone showed no growth for the tested strains after 24 h in comparison to the effect of levofloxacin alone. Docking studies and the ability of ketoconazole to diminish the relative expression of NorA gene in comparison to control (untreated strains) confirmed its action as an efflux pump inhibitor. Conclusion: The findings showed that the antifungal ketoconazole has no antibacterial activity but can potentiate the activity of the fluroquinolones against MDR S. aureus via inhibiting efflux pump and biofilm formation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab M Abd El-Baky
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt.,Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia 11566, Egypt
| | - Tim Sandle
- School of Health Sciences, Division of Pharmacy & Optometry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - James John
- Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | | | - Helal F Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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13
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Lamut A, Peterlin Mašič L, Kikelj D, Tomašič T. Efflux pump inhibitors of clinically relevant multidrug resistant bacteria. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:2460-2504. [PMID: 31004360 DOI: 10.1002/med.21591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infections are an increasingly serious issue worldwide. The inability of existing therapies to treat multidrug-resistant pathogens has been recognized as an important challenge of the 21st century. Efflux pumps are important in both intrinsic and acquired bacterial resistance and identification of small molecule efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs), capable of restoring the effectiveness of available antibiotics, is an active research field. In the last two decades, much effort has been made to identify novel EPIs. However, none of them has so far been approved for therapeutic use. In this article, we explore different structural families of currently known EPIs for multidrug resistance efflux systems in the most extensively studied pathogens (NorA in Staphylococcus aureus, AcrAB-TolC in Escherichia coli, and MexAB-OprM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Both synthetic and natural compounds are described, with structure-activity relationship studies and optimization processes presented systematically for each family individually. In vitro activities against selected test strains are presented in a unifying manner for all the EPIs described, together with the most important toxicity, pharmacokinetic and in vivo efficacy data. A critical evaluation of lead-likeness characteristics and the potential for clinical development of the most promising inhibitors of the three efflux systems is described. This overview of EPIs is a good starting point for the identification of novel effective antibacterial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andraž Lamut
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lucija Peterlin Mašič
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Danijel Kikelj
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tihomir Tomašič
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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14
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Hasani A, Madhi M, Gholizadeh P, Shahbazi Mojarrad J, Ahangarzadeh Rezaee M, Zarrini G, Samadi Kafil H. Metal nanoparticles and consequences on multi-drug resistant bacteria: reviving their role. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0344-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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15
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Abd El-Tawab AA, Ammar AM, Ahmed HA, Hefny AA. Efflux Pump Inhibitors, Alpha-Tocopherol and Aspirin: Role in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli Fluoroquinolone Resistance. Microb Drug Resist 2019; 25:203-211. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2018.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf A. Abd El-Tawab
- Bacteriology, Immunology and Mycology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Ammar
- Department of Microbiology and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Heba A. Ahmed
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. Hefny
- Veterinary Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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16
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Delorme T, Dang D, Garcia A, Nasr P. Genotypic and phenotypic variations in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from outpatient, inpatient and nursing homes. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:316-325. [PMID: 30667353 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The epidemiological shift in MRSA distribution from healthcare-related facilities to the general population is distressing and requires continuous monitoring to manage and control the rate of incidences. METHOD The retrospective relationship between genetic and phenotypic variability of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates was determined in respect to the specimen source, patient location, sex and age. A total of 521 MRSA isolates were classified based on SCCmec, mec, agr, pvl and spa genetic markers using three different multiplex PCRs. RESULTS Based on the genetic variability, the isolates were divided into 97 profiles, of which 59% belonged to only two profiles (P17 and P33). P17 was the predominate profile, harbouring SCCmecIVa, ccr2, mecB, agr1, spa413 and pvl markers. P17 was more prevalent among the younger population (average 33.9 years) from outpatient (77%) locations and wound (88%) sources. The second largest profile was P33, harbouring SCCmecII, ccr2+ccr3, mecA, agr2, spa413 and no PVL. P33 was more prevalent in the older population (average 70.7 years) and more common in females (62%) than males (38%). With respect to antibiotic resistance, P33 exhibited a high rate of resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones and macrolides, and P17 had a lower resistance to fluoroquinolones. CONCLUSION This report contributes to the existing understanding of evolutionary epidemiology of antibiotic resistance in MRSA. The diversity of MRSA isolates and unique environmental preferences for each profile highlights the importance of epidemiological knowledge of MRSA distribution to determine the best treatment for patients in both community and hospital settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Delorme
- 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Ashtabula, OH, USA
| | - Duyen Dang
- 2 Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, California State University Dominguez Hills, Carson, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Garcia
- 2 Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, California State University Dominguez Hills, Carson, CA, USA
| | - Payman Nasr
- 2 Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, California State University Dominguez Hills, Carson, CA, USA
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17
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Felicetti T, Cannalire R, Pietrella D, Latacz G, Lubelska A, Manfroni G, Barreca ML, Massari S, Tabarrini O, Kieć-Kononowicz K, Schindler BD, Kaatz GW, Cecchetti V, Sabatini S. 2-Phenylquinoline S. aureus NorA Efflux Pump Inhibitors: Evaluation of the Importance of Methoxy Group Introduction. J Med Chem 2018; 61:7827-7848. [PMID: 30067360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a hot topic in drug discovery. Besides the identification of new antibiotics, the use of nonantibiotic molecules to block resistance mechanisms is a powerful alternative. Bacterial efflux pumps exert an early step in AMR development by allowing bacteria to grow at subinhibitorial drug concentrations. Thus, efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) offer a great opportunity to fight AMR. Given our experience in developing Staphylococcus aureus NorA EPIs, in this work, starting from the 2-phenylquinoline hit 1, we planned the introduction of methoxy groups on the basis of their presence in known NorA EPIs. Among the 35 different synthesized derivatives, compounds 3b and 7d exhibited the best NorA inhibition activity by restoring at very low concentrations ciprofloxacin MICs against resistant S. aureus strains. Interestingly, both compounds displayed EPI activities at nontoxic concentrations for human cells as well as highlighted promising results by preliminary pharmacokinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Felicetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Perugia , via del Liceo 1 , 06123 Perugia , Italy
| | - Rolando Cannalire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Perugia , via del Liceo 1 , 06123 Perugia , Italy
| | - Donatella Pietrella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Perugia , via del Liceo 1 , 06123 Perugia , Italy
| | - Gniewomir Latacz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University-Medical College , ul. Medyczna 9 , 31-688 Cracow , Poland
| | - Annamaria Lubelska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University-Medical College , ul. Medyczna 9 , 31-688 Cracow , Poland
| | - Giuseppe Manfroni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Perugia , via del Liceo 1 , 06123 Perugia , Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Barreca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Perugia , via del Liceo 1 , 06123 Perugia , Italy
| | - Serena Massari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Perugia , via del Liceo 1 , 06123 Perugia , Italy
| | - Oriana Tabarrini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Perugia , via del Liceo 1 , 06123 Perugia , Italy
| | - Katarzyna Kieć-Kononowicz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University-Medical College , ul. Medyczna 9 , 31-688 Cracow , Poland
| | - Bryan D Schindler
- John D. Dingell Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Centre and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine , Wayne State University , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States
| | - Glenn W Kaatz
- John D. Dingell Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Centre and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine , Wayne State University , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States
| | - Violetta Cecchetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Perugia , via del Liceo 1 , 06123 Perugia , Italy
| | - Stefano Sabatini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Perugia , via del Liceo 1 , 06123 Perugia , Italy
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18
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Antibiotic Hybrids: the Next Generation of Agents and Adjuvants against Gram-Negative Pathogens? Clin Microbiol Rev 2018. [PMID: 29540434 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00077-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The global incidence of drug-resistant Gram-negative bacillary infections has been increasing, and there is a dire need to develop novel strategies to overcome this problem. Intrinsic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria, such as their protective outer membrane and constitutively overexpressed efflux pumps, is a major survival weapon that renders them refractory to current antibiotics. Several potential avenues to overcome this problem have been at the heart of antibiotic drug discovery in the past few decades. We review some of these strategies, with emphasis on antibiotic hybrids either as stand-alone antibacterial agents or as adjuvants that potentiate a primary antibiotic in Gram-negative bacteria. Antibiotic hybrid is defined in this review as a synthetic construct of two or more pharmacophores belonging to an established agent known to elicit a desired antimicrobial effect. The concepts, advances, and challenges of antibiotic hybrids are elaborated in this article. Moreover, we discuss several antibiotic hybrids that were or are in clinical evaluation. Mechanistic insights into how tobramycin-based antibiotic hybrids are able to potentiate legacy antibiotics in multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli are also highlighted. Antibiotic hybrids indeed have a promising future as a therapeutic strategy to overcome drug resistance in Gram-negative pathogens and/or expand the usefulness of our current antibiotic arsenal.
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19
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Lekshmi M, Ammini P, Adjei J, Sanford LM, Shrestha U, Kumar S, Varela MF. Modulation of antimicrobial efflux pumps of the major facilitator superfamily in Staphylococcus aureus. AIMS Microbiol 2018; 4:1-18. [PMID: 31294201 PMCID: PMC6605029 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2018.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Variants of the microorganism Staphylococcus aureus which are resistant to antimicrobial agents exist as causative agents of serious infectious disease and constitute a considerable public health concern. One of the main antimicrobial resistance mechanisms harbored by S. aureus pathogens is exemplified by integral membrane transport systems that actively remove antimicrobial agents from bacteria where the cytoplasmic drug targets reside, thus allowing the bacteria to survive and grow. An important class of solute transporter proteins, called the major facilitator superfamily, includes related and homologous passive and secondary active transport systems, many of which are antimicrobial efflux pumps. Transporters of the major facilitator superfamily, which confer antimicrobial efflux and bacterial resistance in S. aureus, are good targets for development of resistance-modifying agents, such as efflux pump inhibition. Such modulatory action upon these antimicrobial efflux systems of the major facilitator superfamily in S. aureus may circumvent resistance and restore the clinical efficacy of therapy towards S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjusha Lekshmi
- QC Laboratory, Harvest and Post Harvest Technology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Seven Bungalows, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - Parvathi Ammini
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), Regional Centre, Dr. Salim Ali Road, Kochi, 682018, India
| | - Jones Adjei
- Eastern New Mexico, Department of Biology, Station 33, 1500 South Avenue K, Portales, NM, 88130, USA
| | - Leslie M Sanford
- Eastern New Mexico, Department of Biology, Station 33, 1500 South Avenue K, Portales, NM, 88130, USA
| | - Ugina Shrestha
- Eastern New Mexico, Department of Biology, Station 33, 1500 South Avenue K, Portales, NM, 88130, USA
| | - Sanath Kumar
- QC Laboratory, Harvest and Post Harvest Technology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Seven Bungalows, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - Manuel F Varela
- Eastern New Mexico, Department of Biology, Station 33, 1500 South Avenue K, Portales, NM, 88130, USA
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20
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Horn J, Stelzner K, Rudel T, Fraunholz M. Inside job: Staphylococcus aureus host-pathogen interactions. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 308:607-624. [PMID: 29217333 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a notorious opportunistic pathogen causing a plethora of diseases. Recent research established that once phagocytosed by neutrophils and macrophages, a certain percentage of S. aureus is able to survive within these phagocytes which thereby even may contribute to dissemination of the pathogen. S. aureus further induces its uptake by otherwise non-phagocytic cells and the ensuing intracellular cytotoxicity is suggested to lead to tissue destruction, whereas bacterial persistence within cells is thought to lead to immune evasion and chronicity of infections. We here review recent work on the S. aureus host pathogen interactions with a focus on the intracellular survival of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Horn
- Chair of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Stelzner
- Chair of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Chair of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Fraunholz
- Chair of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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21
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Garcia A, Delorme T, Nasr P. Patient age as a factor of antibiotic resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:1782-1789. [PMID: 29116037 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections. A thorough understanding of the epidemiology and distribution of MRSA allows the development of better preventive measures and helps to control or reduce the rate of infection among the general population. METHODOLOGY A retrospective survey was performed on 511 cases of MRSA infections from inpatient, outpatient and nursing home populations over a 12-month period. To study the relationships between two continuous quantitative variables (patient age vs resistance percentage), a simple linear regression was calculated for each antibiotic to predict the antibiotic resistance percentage with respect to patient age.Results/Key findings. The pattern of antibiotic resistance with respect to the age of patients depended on the antibiotic mode of action. Antibiotics that target DNA synthesis (i.e. fluoroquinolones) display a direct correlation with the age of patients, with higher rates of resistance among the older population, while antibiotics that target ribosomal functions (i.e. aminoglycosides) or cell wall synthesis (i.e. cephalosporin) do not display an age-dependent pattern and have a consistent degree of resistance across all age classes. CONCLUSION Antibiotics that target DNA synthesis result in a progressively higher number of resistant isolates among the older population. The results emphasize the importance of patient age on antibiotic selection as a preventive measure to reduce the rate of resistant infections in each susceptible population. This pattern suggests that physicians should take into consideration patient age as another factor in determining the best antibiotic regiment with the aim of curtailing the emergence of newer resistant phenotypes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Garcia
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences, California State University Dominguez Hills, CA, USA
| | - Thierry Delorme
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Ashtabula, OH, USA
| | - Payman Nasr
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences, California State University Dominguez Hills, CA, USA
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Wand ME. Bacterial Resistance to Hospital Disinfection. MODELING THE TRANSMISSION AND PREVENTION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-60616-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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23
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García-Gómez E, Jaso-Vera ME, Juárez-Verdayes MA, Alcántar-Curiel MD, Zenteno JC, Betanzos-Cabrera G, Peralta H, Rodríguez-Martínez S, Cancino-Díaz ME, Jan-Roblero J, Cancino-Diaz JC. The 95ΔG mutation in the 5'untranslated region of the norA gene increases efflux activity in Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates. Microb Pathog 2016; 103:139-148. [PMID: 28017900 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 strain, the flqB mutation in the 5'untranslated region (5'UTR) of the norA gene causes increased norA mRNA expression and high efflux activity (HEA). The involvement of the norA gene 5'UTR in HEA has not been explored in S. epidermidis; therefore, we examined the function of this region in S. epidermidis clinical isolates. The selection of isolates with HEA was performed based on ethidium bromide (EtBr) MIC values and efflux efficiency (EF) using the semi-automated fluorometric method. The function of the 5'UTR was studied by quantifying the levels of norA expression (RT-qPCR) and by identifying 5'UTR mutations by sequence analysis. Only 10 isolates from a total of 165 (6.1%) had HEA (EtBr MIC = 300 μg/ml and EF ranged from 48.4 to 97.2%). Eight of 10 isolates with HEA had the 5'UTR 95ΔG mutation. Isolates carrying the 95ΔG mutation had higher levels of norA expression compared with those that did not. To corroborate that the 95ΔG mutation is involved in HEA, a strain adapted to EtBr was obtained in vitro. This strain also presented the 95ΔG mutation and had a high level of norA expression and EF, indicating that the 95ΔG mutation is important for the HEA phenotype. The 95ΔG mutation produces a different structure in the Shine-Dalgarno region, which may promote better translation of norA mRNA. To our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate the participation of the 5'UTR 95ΔG mutation of the norA gene in the HEA phenotype of S. epidermidis isolates. Here, we propose that the efflux of EtBr is caused by an increment in the transcription and/or translation of the norA gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth García-Gómez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Marcos E Jaso-Vera
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Marco A Juárez-Verdayes
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Juan C Zenteno
- Instituto de Oftalmología Fundación Conde de Valenciana, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Betanzos-Cabrera
- Área Académica de Nutrición, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Humberto Peralta
- Programa de Genómica Funcional de Procariotes, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Sandra Rodríguez-Martínez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Mario E Cancino-Díaz
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Janet Jan-Roblero
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Juan C Cancino-Diaz
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Ngo TD, Tran TD, Le MT, Thai KM. Machine learning-, rule- and pharmacophore-based classification on the inhibition of P-glycoprotein and NorA. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 27:747-780. [PMID: 27667641 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2016.1233137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The efflux pumps P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in humans and NorA in Staphylococcus aureus are of great interest for medicinal chemists because of their important roles in multidrug resistance (MDR). The high polyspecificity as well as the unavailability of high-resolution X-ray crystal structures of these transmembrane proteins lead us to combining ligand-based approaches, which in the case of this study were machine learning, perceptual mapping and pharmacophore modelling. For P-gp inhibitory activity, individual models were developed using different machine learning algorithms and subsequently combined into an ensemble model which showed a good discrimination between inhibitors and noninhibitors (acctrain-diverse = 84%; accinternal-test = 92% and accexternal-test = 100%). For ligand promiscuity between P-gp and NorA, perceptual maps and pharmacophore models were generated for the detection of rules and features. Based on these in silico tools, hit compounds for reversing MDR were discovered from the in-house and DrugBank databases through virtual screening in an attempt to restore drug sensitivity in cancer cells and bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- T-D Ngo
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City , Viet Nam
| | - T-D Tran
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City , Viet Nam
| | - M-T Le
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City , Viet Nam
| | - K-M Thai
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City , Viet Nam
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Amino acid amides of piperic acid (PA) and 4-ethylpiperic acid (EPA) as NorA efflux pump inhibitors of Staphylococcus aureus. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:4174-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Tintino SR, Oliveira-Tintino CD, Campina FF, Silva RL, Costa MDS, Menezes IR, Calixto-Júnior JT, Siqueira-Junior JP, Coutinho HD, Leal-Balbino TC, Balbino VQ. Evaluation of the tannic acid inhibitory effect against the NorA efflux pump of Staphylococcus aureus. Microb Pathog 2016; 97:9-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Santos Costa S, Viveiros M, Rosato AE, Melo-Cristino J, Couto I. Impact of efflux in the development of multidrug resistance phenotypes in Staphylococcus aureus. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:232. [PMID: 26498754 PMCID: PMC4619429 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0572-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Efflux has been recognized as a resistance mechanism to antimicrobials in Staphylococcus aureus; however its role on the development of clinically relevant resistance is still poorly characterized. This study aimed to examine the impact of efflux on development of resistance to fluoroquinolones and other antimicrobials in S. aureus strains representing relevant phenotypes in terms of antibiotic susceptibility and efflux activity. Methods Two closely related methicillin- and ciprofloxacin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strains, with different efflux capacity and the pan-susceptible strain ATCC25923 were exposed to constant concentrations of the efflux pump (EP) substrates ciprofloxacin, ethidium bromide and cetrimide. Parental and exposed strains were tested regarding their susceptibility towards antibiotics, biocides and ethidium bromide, efflux capacity and levels of EP gene expression. Occurrence of resistance-associated mutations was screened by sequencing. Results Multidrug resistance phenotypes emerged upon exposure, independently of the substrate or its concentration, which were correlated with increased efflux capacity of the exposed strains. The temporal pattern of EP gene expression disclosed an early-response with high expression of several genes, followed by a late-response, characterized by overexpression of specific genes. The overall cell response was more pronounced for strains with an initial basal efflux activity. Remarkably, detection of the IS256 element in the promoter regions of mgrA and norA, in some cases associated with increased gene expression, suggests that these genes may be hot spots for IS256 insertion events. The results obtained with exposure of ATCC25923 to ciprofloxacin were particularly striking, revealing a step-wise development of fluoroquinolone resistance, with a first efflux-mediated response, followed by the occurrence of a mutation in grlA that resulted in phenotypic resistance. Additionally, challenge by non-fluoroquinolone agents, particularly cetrimide, promoted cross resistance to fluoroquinolones, revealing the potential role of biocides as selective pressure for the emergence of resistance to these antibiotics. Conclusions This study reveals efflux as a significant component of S. aureus resistance to fluoroquinolones and biocides and as a primary mechanism to withstand stress imposed by antimicrobials. This efflux-mediated response can result in the emergence of multidrug resistance in healthcare environments and should be taken into account in the management of this major pathogen. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-015-0572-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Santos Costa
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Miguel Viveiros
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Adriana E Rosato
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - José Melo-Cristino
- Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte E.P.E., Instituto de Microbiologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Isabel Couto
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Andersen JL, He GX, Kakarla P, K C R, Kumar S, Lakra WS, Mukherjee MM, Ranaweera I, Shrestha U, Tran T, Varela MF. Multidrug efflux pumps from Enterobacteriaceae, Vibrio cholerae and Staphylococcus aureus bacterial food pathogens. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:1487-547. [PMID: 25635914 PMCID: PMC4344678 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120201487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne illnesses caused by bacterial microorganisms are common worldwide and constitute a serious public health concern. In particular, microorganisms belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrionaceae families of Gram-negative bacteria, and to the Staphylococcus genus of Gram-positive bacteria are important causative agents of food poisoning and infection in the gastrointestinal tract of humans. Recently, variants of these bacteria have developed resistance to medically important chemotherapeutic agents. Multidrug resistant Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Vibrio cholerae, Enterobacter spp., and Staphylococcus aureus are becoming increasingly recalcitrant to clinical treatment in human patients. Of the various bacterial resistance mechanisms against antimicrobial agents, multidrug efflux pumps comprise a major cause of multiple drug resistance. These multidrug efflux pump systems reside in the biological membrane of the bacteria and actively extrude antimicrobial agents from bacterial cells. This review article summarizes the evolution of these bacterial drug efflux pump systems from a molecular biological standpoint and provides a framework for future work aimed at reducing the conditions that foster dissemination of these multidrug resistant causative agents through human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody L Andersen
- Department of Biology, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, NM 88130, USA.
| | - Gui-Xin He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
| | - Prathusha Kakarla
- Department of Biology, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, NM 88130, USA.
| | - Ranjana K C
- Department of Biology, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, NM 88130, USA.
| | - Sanath Kumar
- QC Laboratory, Harvest and Post-Harvest Technology Division, Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Seven Bungalows, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai 400061, India.
| | - Wazir Singh Lakra
- QC Laboratory, Harvest and Post-Harvest Technology Division, Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Seven Bungalows, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai 400061, India.
| | - Mun Mun Mukherjee
- Department of Biology, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, NM 88130, USA.
| | - Indrika Ranaweera
- Department of Biology, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, NM 88130, USA.
| | - Ugina Shrestha
- Department of Biology, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, NM 88130, USA.
| | - Thuy Tran
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
| | - Manuel F Varela
- Department of Biology, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, NM 88130, USA.
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Christena LR, Mangalagowri V, Pradheeba P, Ahmed KBA, Shalini BIS, Vidyalakshmi M, Anbazhagan V, Sai subramanian N. Copper nanoparticles as an efflux pump inhibitor to tackle drug resistant bacteria. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra15382k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Casein capped copper nanoparticles at sub inhibitory concentrations function as an efflux pump inhibitor and restores susceptibility to antibiotics in drug resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mohan Vidyalakshmi
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology
- SASTRA University
- Thanjavur-613401
- India
| | | | - Nagarajan Sai subramanian
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology
- SASTRA University
- Thanjavur-613401
- India
- Center for Research on Infectious Diseases (CRID)
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Schindler BD, Jacinto PL, Buensalido JAL, Seo SM, Kaatz GW. Clonal relatedness is a predictor of spontaneous multidrug efflux pump gene overexpression in Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2014; 45:464-70. [PMID: 25548027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Increased expression of genes encoding multidrug resistance efflux pumps (MDR-EPs) contributes to antimicrobial agent and biocide resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Previously identified associations between norA overexpression and spa type t002 meticillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and a similar yet weaker association between mepA overexpression and type t008 meticillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), in clinical isolates are suggestive of clonal dissemination. It is also possible that related strains are prone to mutations resulting in overexpression of specific MDR-EP genes. Exposure of non-MDR-EP-overexpressing clinical isolates to biocides and dyes can select for MDR-EP-overexpressing mutants. spa types t002 and t008 isolates are predominated by multilocus sequencing typing sequence types (STs) 5 and 8, respectively. In this study, non-MDR-EP gene-overexpressing clinical isolates (MRSA and MSSA) representing ST5 and ST8 were subjected to single exposures of ethidium bromide (EtBr) to select for EtBr-resistant mutants. Measurements of active EtBr transport among mutants were used to demonstrate an efflux-proficient phenotype. Using quantitative reverse-transcription PCR, it was found that EtBr-resistant mutants of ST5 and ST8 parental strains predominantly overexpressed mepA (100%) and mdeA (83%), respectively, regardless of meticillin sensitivity. Associations between clonal lineage and MDR-EP gene overexpression differed from those previously observed and suggest the latter is due to clonal spread of efflux-proficient strains. The predilection of in vitro-selected mutants of related strains to overexpress the same MDR-EP gene indicates the presence of a consistent mutational process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D Schindler
- The John D. Dingell Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Pauline L Jacinto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Joseph Adrian L Buensalido
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Susan M Seo
- The John D. Dingell Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Glenn W Kaatz
- The John D. Dingell Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Schwaiger K, Harms KS, Bischoff M, Preikschat P, Mölle G, Bauer-Unkauf I, Lindorfer S, Thalhammer S, Bauer J, Hölzel CS. Insusceptibility to disinfectants in bacteria from animals, food and humans-is there a link to antimicrobial resistance? Front Microbiol 2014; 5:88. [PMID: 24672513 PMCID: PMC3957061 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis (n = 834) and Enterococcus faecium (n = 135) from blood and feces of hospitalized humans, from feces of outpatients and livestock and from food were screened for their susceptibility to a quaternary ammonium compound (didecyldimethylammoniumchloride, DDAC) and to 28 antibiotics by micro-/macrodilution. The maximum DDAC-MIC in our field study was 3.5 mg/l, but after adaptation in the laboratory, MIC values of 21.9 mg/l were observed. Strains for which DDAC had MICs > 1.4 mg/l ("non-wildtype," in total: 46 of 969 isolates/4.7%) were most often found in milk and dairy products (14.6%), while their prevalence in livestock was generally low (0-4%). Of human isolates, 2.9-6.8% had a "non-wildtype" phenotype. An association between reduced susceptibility to DDAC, high-level-aminoglycoside resistance and aminopenicillin resistance was seen in E. faecium (p < 0.05). No indications for a common source of non-wildtype strains were found by RAPD-PCR; however, several non-wildtype E. faecalis shared the same variant of the emeA-gene. In addition, bacteria (n = 42) of different genera were isolated from formic acid based boot bath disinfectant (20 ml of 55% formic acid/l). The MICs of this disinfectant exceeded the wildtype MICs up to 20-fold (staphylococci), but were still one to three orders of magnitude below the used concentration of the disinfectant (i. e., 1.1% formic acid). In conclusion, the bacterial susceptibility to disinfectants still seems to be high. Thus, the proper use of disinfectants in livestock surroundings along with a good hygiene praxis should still be highly encouraged. Hints to a link between antibiotic resistance and reduced susceptibility for disinfectants-as seen for E. faecium-should be substantiated in further studies and might be an additional reason to confine the use of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Schwaiger
- Animal Hygiene, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt, Technische Universität MünchenFreising, Germany
| | - Katrin S. Harms
- Animal Hygiene, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt, Technische Universität MünchenFreising, Germany
| | - Meike Bischoff
- Animal Hygiene, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt, Technische Universität MünchenFreising, Germany
| | - Petra Preikschat
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (LGL)Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Mölle
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (LGL)Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Solveig Lindorfer
- Animal Hygiene, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt, Technische Universität MünchenFreising, Germany
| | - Sandra Thalhammer
- Animal Hygiene, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt, Technische Universität MünchenFreising, Germany
| | - Johann Bauer
- Animal Hygiene, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt, Technische Universität MünchenFreising, Germany
| | - Christina S. Hölzel
- Animal Hygiene, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt, Technische Universität MünchenFreising, Germany
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32
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Modulation of Bacterial Multidrug Resistance Efflux Pumps of the Major Facilitator Superfamily. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY 2013; 2013. [PMID: 25750934 PMCID: PMC4347946 DOI: 10.1155/2013/204141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infections pose a serious public health concern, especially when an infectious disease has a multidrug resistant causative agent. Such multidrug resistant bacteria can compromise the clinical utility of major chemotherapeutic antimicrobial agents. Drug and multidrug resistant bacteria harbor several distinct molecular mechanisms for resistance. Bacterial antimicrobial agent efflux pumps represent a major mechanism of clinical resistance. The major facilitator superfamily (MFS) is one of the largest groups of solute transporters to date and includes a significant number of bacterial drug and multidrug efflux pumps. We review recent work on the modulation of multidrug efflux pumps, paying special attention to those transporters belonging primarily to the MFS.
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33
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Truong-Bolduc QC, Villet RA, Estabrooks ZA, Hooper DC. Native efflux pumps contribute resistance to antimicrobials of skin and the ability of Staphylococcus aureus to colonize skin. J Infect Dis 2013; 209:1485-93. [PMID: 24280365 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus colonizes skin in the presence of antimicrobial fatty acids and polyamines. The chromosomally encoded Tet38 efflux transporter confers resistance to tetracycline and fitness in abscesses, but its natural substrates and those of the Nor quinolone efflux pumps are unknown. METHODS Susceptibility of tet38 and other pump mutants to and pump gene induction by fatty acids and polyamines were compared. Transport of fatty acids by Tet38 was determined in membrane vesicles. Survival on skin was tested in an adapted mouse skin infection model. RESULTS The tet38 expression caused a 5- to 8-fold increase in resistance to palmitoleic and undecanoic acids but not polyamines. Subinhibitory concentrations of these fatty acids induced 4-fold increases in tet38 transcripts and competitively inhibited transport of Hoechst 33 342 dye in Tet38 membrane vesicles. Colonization of skin in BALB/c mice was decreased 5-fold in a Δtet38 mutant, which was complemented by plasmid-encoded tet38. Although polyamine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) decreased 4-fold in a norC::cat mutant and increased 8-fold with norC overexpression, spermidine did not induce expression of norC and other pump genes, and norC::cat exhibited wild-type colonization. CONCLUSION Antibacterial fatty acids may be natural substrates of Tet38, which contributes to resistance and the ability of S. aureus to colonize skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Que Chi Truong-Bolduc
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Schindler BD, Jacinto P, Kaatz GW. Inhibition of drug efflux pumps in Staphylococcus aureus: current status of potentiating existing antibiotics. Future Microbiol 2013; 8:491-507. [PMID: 23534361 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus coupled with a declining output of new antibiotic treatment options from the pharmaceutical industry is a growing worldwide healthcare problem. Multidrug efflux pumps are known to play a role in antibiotic and biocide resistance in S. aureus. These membrane transporters are capable of extruding drugs and other structurally unrelated compounds, hence decreasing intracellular concentration and increasing survival. Coadministration of efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) with antibiotics that are pump substrates could increase intracellular drug levels, thus bringing renewed efficacy to existing antistaphylococcal agents. Numerous EPIs have been identified or synthesized over the past two decades; these include existing pharmacologic drugs, naturally occurring compounds, and synthetic derivatives thereof. This review describes the current progress in EPI development for use against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D Schindler
- John D Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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35
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Evaluation of reduced susceptibility to quaternary ammonium compounds and bisbiguanides in clinical isolates and laboratory-generated mutants of Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:3488-97. [PMID: 23669380 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00498-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The MICs and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) for the biocides benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine were determined against 1,602 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Both compounds showed unimodal MIC and MBC distributions (2 and 4 or 8 mg/liter, respectively) with no apparent subpopulation with reduced susceptibility. To investigate further, all isolates were screened for qac genes, and 39 of these also had the promoter region of the NorA multidrug-resistant (MDR) efflux pump sequenced. The presence of qacA, qacB, qacC, and qacG genes increased the mode MIC, but not MBC, to benzalkonium chloride, while only qacA and qacB increased the chlorhexidine mode MIC. Isolates with a wild-type norA promoter or mutations in the norA promoter had similar biocide MIC distributions; notably, not all clinical isolates with norA mutations were resistant to fluoroquinolones. In vitro efflux mutants could be readily selected with ethidium bromide and acriflavine. Multiple passages were necessary to select mutants with biocides, but these mutants showed phenotypes comparable to those of mutants selected by dyes. All mutants showed changes in the promoter region of norA, but these were distinct from this region of the clinical isolates. Still, none of the in vitro mutants displayed fitness defects in a killing assay in Galleria mellonella larvae. In conclusion, our data provide an in-depth comparative overview on efflux in S. aureus mutants and clinical isolates, showing also that plasmid-encoded efflux pumps did not affect bactericidal activity of biocides. In addition, current in vitro tests appear not to be suitable for predicting levels of resistance that are clinically relevant.
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36
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Costa SS, Viveiros M, Amaral L, Couto I. Multidrug Efflux Pumps in Staphylococcus aureus: an Update. Open Microbiol J 2013; 7:59-71. [PMID: 23569469 PMCID: PMC3617543 DOI: 10.2174/1874285801307010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of infections caused by multi- or pan-resistant bacteria in the hospital or in the community settings is an increasing health concern. Albeit there is no single resistance mechanism behind multiresistance, multidrug efflux pumps, proteins that cells use to detoxify from noxious compounds, seem to play a key role in the emergence of these multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria. During the last decades, experimental data has established their contribution to low level resistance to antimicrobials in bacteria and their potential role in the appearance of MDR phenotypes, by the extrusion of multiple, unrelated compounds. Recent studies suggest that efflux pumps may be used by the cell as a first-line defense mechanism, avoiding the drug to reach lethal concentrations, until a stable, more efficient alteration occurs, that allows survival in the presence of that agent. In this paper we review the current knowledge on MDR efflux pumps and their intricate regulatory network in Staphylococcus aureus, a major pathogen, responsible from mild to life-threatening infections. Particular emphasis will be given to the potential role that S. aureus MDR efflux pumps, either chromosomal or plasmid-encoded, have on resistance towards different antimicrobial agents and on the selection of drug - resistant strains. We will also discuss the many questions that still remain on the role of each specific efflux pump and the need to establish appropriate methodological approaches to address all these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Santos Costa
- 1Grupo de Micobactérias, Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (IHMT, UNL), Portugal
- 2Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos (CREM), UNL, Portugal
| | - Miguel Viveiros
- 1Grupo de Micobactérias, Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (IHMT, UNL), Portugal
- 3COST ACTION BM0701 (ATENS), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leonard Amaral
- 1Grupo de Micobactérias, Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (IHMT, UNL), Portugal
- 3COST ACTION BM0701 (ATENS), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabel Couto
- 1Grupo de Micobactérias, Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (IHMT, UNL), Portugal
- 2Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos (CREM), UNL, Portugal
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Huynh TT, McDougald D, Klebensberger J, Al Qarni B, Barraud N, Rice SA, Kjelleberg S, Schleheck D. Glucose starvation-induced dispersal of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms is cAMP and energy dependent. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42874. [PMID: 22905180 PMCID: PMC3419228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon starvation has been shown to induce a massive dispersal event in biofilms of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa; however, the molecular pathways controlling this dispersal response remain unknown. We quantified changes in the proteome of P. aeruginosa PAO1 biofilm and planktonic cells during glucose starvation by differential peptide-fingerprint mass-spectrometry (iTRAQ). In addition, we monitored dispersal photometrically, as a decrease in turbidity/opacity of biofilms pre-grown and starved in continuous flow-cells, in order to evaluate treatments (e.g. inhibitors CCCP, arsenate, chloramphenicol, L-serine hydroxamate) and key mutants altered in biofilm development and dispersal (e.g. nirS, vfr, bdlA, rpoS, lasRrhlR, Pf4-bacteriophage and cyaA). In wild-type biofilms, dispersal started within five minutes of glucose starvation, was maximal after 2 h, and up to 60% of the original biomass had dispersed after 24 h of starvation. The changes in protein synthesis were generally not more than two fold and indicated that more than 100 proteins belonging to various classes, including carbon and energy metabolism, stress adaptation, and motility, were differentially expressed. For the different treatments, only the proton-ionophore CCCP or arsenate, an inhibitor of ATP synthesis, prevented dispersal of the biofilms. For the different mutants tested, only cyaA, the synthase of the intracellular second messenger cAMP, failed to disperse; complementation of the cyaA mutation restored the wild-type phenotype. Hence, the pathway for carbon starvation-induced biofilm dispersal in P. aeruginosa PAO1 involves ATP production via direct ATP synthesis and proton-motive force dependent step(s) and is mediated through cAMP, which is likely to control the activity of proteins involved in remodeling biofilm cells in preparation for planktonic survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran T. Huynh
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Diane McDougald
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
| | - Janosch Klebensberger
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Budoor Al Qarni
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicolas Barraud
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Scott A. Rice
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- The Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Staffan Kjelleberg
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- The Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Schleheck
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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38
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Holler JG, Slotved HC, Mølgaard P, Olsen CE, Christensen SB. Chalcone inhibitors of the NorA efflux pump in Staphylococcus aureus whole cells and enriched everted membrane vesicles. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:4514-21. [PMID: 22682300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A library of 117 chalcones was screened for efflux pump inhibitory (EPI) activity against NorA mediated ethidium bromide efflux. Five of the chalcones (5-7, 9, and 10) were active and two chalcones (9 and 10) were equipotent to reserpine with IC(50)-values of 9.0 and 7.7 μM, respectively. Twenty chalcones were subsequently proved to be inhibitors of the NorA efflux pump in everted membrane vesicles. Compounds 5, 7, and 9 synergistically increased the effect of ciprofloxacin on Staphylococcus aureus. Our results suggest that chalcones might be developed into drugs for overcoming multidrug resistance based on efflux transporters of microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jes Gitz Holler
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Denmark.
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Expression of multidrug resistance efflux pump gene norA is iron responsive in Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol 2012; 194:1753-62. [PMID: 22267518 DOI: 10.1128/jb.06582-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus utilizes efflux transporter NorA to pump out a wide range of structurally dissimilar drugs, conferring low-level multidrug resistance. The regulation of norA expression has yet to be fully understood although past studies have revealed that this gene is under the control of the global transcriptional regulator MgrA and the two-component system ArlRS. To identify additional regulators of norA, we screened a transposon library in strain Newman expressing the transcriptional fusion norA-lacZ for altered β-galactosidase activity. We identify a transposon insertion in fhuB, a gene that encodes a ferric hydroxamate uptake system permease, and propose that the norA transcription is iron responsive. In agreement with this observation, addition of FeCl(3) repressed the induction of norA-lacZ, suggesting that bacterial iron uptake plays an important role in regulating norA transcription. In addition, a fur (ferric uptake regulator) deletion exhibited compromised norA transcription and reduced resistance to quinolone compared to the wild-type strain, indicating that fur functions as a positive regulator of norA. A putative Fur box identified in the promoter region of norA was confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift and DNase I footprint assays. Finally, by employing a siderophore secretion assay, we reveal that NorA may contribute to the export of siderophores. Collectively, our experiments uncover some novel interactions between cellular iron level and norA regulation in S. aureus.
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40
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Azéma J, Guidetti B, Korolyov A, Kiss R, Roques C, Constant P, Daffé M, Malet-Martino M. Synthesis of lipophilic dimeric C-7/C-7-linked ciprofloxacin and C-6/C-6-linked levofloxacin derivatives. Versatile in vitro biological evaluations of monomeric and dimeric fluoroquinolone derivatives as potential antitumor, antibacterial or antimycobacterial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:6025-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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41
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Pruneau M, Mitchell G, Moisan H, Dumont-Blanchette É, Jacob CL, Malouin F. Transcriptional analysis of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes in multiresistant hospital-acquired MRSA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:54-64. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00830.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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42
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Wang H, Claveau D, Vaillancourt JP, Roemer T, Meredith TC. High-frequency transposition for determining antibacterial mode of action. Nat Chem Biol 2011; 7:720-9. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Agustiandari H, Peeters E, de Wit JG, Charlier D, Driessen AJM. LmrR-mediated gene regulation of multidrug resistance in Lactococcus lactis. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2011; 157:1519-1530. [PMID: 21330438 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.048025-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) in Lactococcus lactis is due to the expression of the membrane ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter LmrCD. In the absence of drugs, the transcriptional regulator LmrR prevents expression of the lmrCD operon by binding to its operator site. Through an autoregulatory mechanism LmrR also suppresses its own expression. Although the lmrR and lmrCD genes have their own promoters, primer extension analysis showed the presence of a long transcript spanning the entire lmrR-lmrCD cluster, in addition to various shorter transcripts harbouring the lmrCD genes only. 'In-gel' Cu-phenanthroline footprinting analysis indicated an extensive interaction between LmrR and the lmrR promoter/operator region. Atomic force microscopy imaging of the binding of LmrR to the control region of lmrR DNA showed severe deformations indicative of DNA wrapping and looping, while LmrR binding to a fragment containing the lmrCD control region induced DNA bending. The results further suggest a drug-dependent regulation mechanism in which the lmrCD genes are co-transcribed with lmrR as a polycistronic messenger. This leads to an LmrR-mediated regulation of lmrCD expression that is exerted from two different locations and by distinct regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herfita Agustiandari
- Department of Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and The Kluyver Centre for the Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eveline Peeters
- Erfelijkheidsleer en Microbiologie, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Janny G de Wit
- Department of Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and The Kluyver Centre for the Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Charlier
- Erfelijkheidsleer en Microbiologie, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Arnold J M Driessen
- Department of Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and The Kluyver Centre for the Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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44
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Vranakis I, De Bock PJ, Papadioti A, Tselentis Y, Gevaert K, Tsiotis G, Psaroulaki A. Identification of Potentially Involved Proteins in Levofloxacin Resistance Mechanisms in Coxiella burnetii. J Proteome Res 2010; 10:756-62. [DOI: 10.1021/pr100906v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iosif Vranakis
- Department of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine, Medical School, University of Crete, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece, Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, and Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, GR-71003 Voutes, Greece
| | - Pieter-Jan De Bock
- Department of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine, Medical School, University of Crete, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece, Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, and Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, GR-71003 Voutes, Greece
| | - Anastasia Papadioti
- Department of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine, Medical School, University of Crete, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece, Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, and Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, GR-71003 Voutes, Greece
| | - Yannis Tselentis
- Department of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine, Medical School, University of Crete, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece, Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, and Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, GR-71003 Voutes, Greece
| | - Kris Gevaert
- Department of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine, Medical School, University of Crete, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece, Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, and Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, GR-71003 Voutes, Greece
| | - Georgios Tsiotis
- Department of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine, Medical School, University of Crete, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece, Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, and Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, GR-71003 Voutes, Greece
| | - Anna Psaroulaki
- Department of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine, Medical School, University of Crete, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece, Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, and Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, GR-71003 Voutes, Greece
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45
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LmrS is a multidrug efflux pump of the major facilitator superfamily from Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:5406-12. [PMID: 20855745 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00580-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A multidrug efflux pump designated LmrS (lincomycin resistance protein of Staphylococcus aureus), belonging to the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) of transporters, was cloned, and the role of LmrS in antimicrobial efflux was evaluated. The highest relative increase in MIC, 16-fold, was observed for linezolid and tetraphenylphosphonium chloride (TPCL), followed by an 8-fold increase for sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), trimethoprim, and chloramphenicol. LmrS has 14 predicted membrane-spanning domains and is homologous to putative lincomycin resistance proteins of Bacillus spp., Lactobacillus spp., and Listeria spp.
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46
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Abstract
Multiresistance plasmids and transposons, the integrons, the co-amplification of several resistance genes or finally the accumulation of independent mutations can lead to microorganisms resistant to multiple drugs. On the other hand multidrug resistance is due to an efflux pump conferring resistance to unrelated drugs. These microbial efflux pumps are belonging to various transporter families and are often encoded in microbial genomes. There is mounting evidence that these efflux systems are responsible for clinical multidrug resistance in bacteria, yeasts and parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ouellette
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHUL, Québec, Canada
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47
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Genomewide screening for novel genetic variations associated with ciprofloxacin resistance in Bacillus anthracis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:2787-92. [PMID: 20385868 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01405-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance of Bacillus anthracis is a serious concern in the fields of biodefense and bioterrorism since FQs are very effective antibiotics and are recommended as first-line treatment against this lethal bacterium. In this study, we obtained 2 strains of B. anthracis showing resistance or intermediate resistance to ciprofloxacin (CIP) by a stepwise selection procedure with increasing CIP concentrations. Fifteen genetic variations were identified between the parental and CIP-resistant strains by next-generation sequencing. Nonsynonymous mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of type II DNA topoisomerase were identified in the resistant strain but not in the intermediate-resistant strain. The GBAA0834 (TetR-type transcriptional regulator) locus was also revealed to be a novel "mutation hot spot" that leads to the increased expression of multidrug efflux systems for CIP resistance. As an initial step of CIP resistance in B. anthracis, such disruptive mutations of GBAA0834 appear to be more easily acquired than those in an essential gene, such as that encoding type II DNA topoisomerase. Such an intermediate-resistant phenotype could increase a cell population under CIP-selective pressure and might promote the emergence of highly resistant isolates. Our findings reveal, in addition to QRDR, crucial genetic targets for the investigation of intermediate resistance of B. anthracis to FQs.
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48
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Fàbrega A, Madurga S, Giralt E, Vila J. Mechanism of action of and resistance to quinolones. Microb Biotechnol 2009; 2:40-61. [PMID: 21261881 PMCID: PMC3815421 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2008.00063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 08/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones are an important class of wide-spectrum antibacterial agents. The first quinolone described was nalidixic acid, which showed a narrow spectrum of activity. The evolution of quinolones to more potent molecules was based on changes at positions 1, 6, 7 and 8 of the chemical structure of nalidixic acid. Quinolones inhibit DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV activities, two enzymes essential for bacteria viability. The acquisition of quinolone resistance is frequently related to (i) chromosomal mutations such as those in the genes encoding the A and B subunits of the protein targets (gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE), or mutations causing reduced drug accumulation, either by a decreased uptake or by an increased efflux, and (ii) quinolone resistance genes associated with plasmids have been also described, i.e. the qnr gene that encodes a pentapeptide, which blocks the action of quinolones on the DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV; the aac(6')-Ib-cr gene that encodes an acetylase that modifies the amino group of the piperazin ring of the fluoroquinolones and efflux pump encoded by the qepA gene that decreases intracellular drug levels. These plasmid-mediated mechanisms of resistance confer low levels of resistance but provide a favourable background in which selection of additional chromosomally encoded quinolone resistance mechanisms can occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fàbrega
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Madurga
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona, Spain
- Departments of Physical Chemistry & IQTCUB and
| | - Ernest Giralt
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona, Spain
- Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Vila
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Spain
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49
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NorB, an efflux pump in Staphylococcus aureus strain MW2, contributes to bacterial fitness in abscesses. J Bacteriol 2008; 190:7123-9. [PMID: 18723624 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00655-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While remaining a major problem in hospitals, Staphylococcus aureus is now spreading in communities. Strain MW2 (USA400 lineage) and other community methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains most commonly cause skin infections with abscess formation. Multidrug resistance (MDR) efflux pumps contribute to antimicrobial resistance but may also contribute to bacterial survival by removal of environmental toxins. In S. aureus, NorA, NorB, NorC, and Tet38 are chromosomally encoded efflux pumps whose overexpression can confer MDR to quinolones and other compounds (Nor pumps) or tetracyclines alone (Tet38), but the natural substrates of these pumps are not known. To determine the role of these efflux pumps in a natural environment in the absence of antibiotics, we used strain MW2 in a mouse subcutaneous abscess model and compared pump gene expression as determined by reverse transcription-PCR in the abscesses and in vitro. norB and tet38 were selectively upregulated in vivo more than 171- and 24-fold, respectively, whereas norA and norC were downregulated. These changes were associated with an increase in expression of mgrA, which encodes a transcriptional regulator known to affect pump gene expression. In competition experiments using equal inocula of a norB or tet38 mutant and parent strain MW2, each mutant exhibited growth defects of about two- to threefold in vivo. In complementation experiments, a single-copy insertion of norB (but not a single-copy insertion of tet38) in the attB site within geh restored the growth fitness of the norB mutant in vivo. Our findings indicate that some MDR pumps, like NorB, can facilitate bacterial survival when they are overexpressed in a staphylococcal abscess and may contribute to the relative resistance of abscesses to antimicrobial therapy, thus linking bacterial fitness and resistance in vivo.
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50
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Sabatini S, Kaatz GW, Rossolini GM, Brandini D, Fravolini A. From phenothiazine to 3-phenyl-1,4-benzothiazine derivatives as inhibitors of the Staphylococcus aureus NorA multidrug efflux pump. J Med Chem 2008; 51:4321-30. [PMID: 18578473 DOI: 10.1021/jm701623q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of efflux pumps is an important mechanism by which bacteria evade effects of substrate antimicrobial agents and inhibition of such pumps is a promising strategy to circumvent this resistance mechanism. NorA is a Staphylococcus aureus multidrug efflux pump, the activity of which confers decreased susceptibility to many structurally unrelated agents, including fluoroquinolones, resulting in a multidrug resistant (MDR) phenotype. In this work, a series of 1,4-benzothiazine derivatives were designed and synthesized as a minimized structural template of phenothiazine MDR efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) in an effort to identify more potent S. aureus NorA EPIs. Almost all derivatives evaluated showed good activity in combination with ciprofloxacin against S. aureus ATCC 25923; some were capable of completely restoring ciprofloxacin activity in a norA-overexpressing strain (SA-K2378). Compounds 6k and 7j displayed good activity against SA-1199B, a strain that also overexpresses norA, in an ethidium bromide (EtBr) efflux inhibition assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Sabatini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Universita di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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