1
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Li X, Feng R, Luo P, Zhang Y, Lu L. Synergistic effects of putative Ca 2+-binding sites of calmodulin in fungal development, temperature stress and virulence of Aspergillus fumigatus. Virulence 2024; 15:2290757. [PMID: 38085844 PMCID: PMC10761034 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2290757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In pathogenic fungi, calcium-calmodulin-dependent serine-threonine-specific phosphatase calcineurin is involved in morphogenesis and virulence. Therefore, calcineurin and its tightly related protein complexes are attractive antifungal drug targets. However, there is limited knowledge available on the relationship between in vivo Ca2+-binding sites of calmodulin (CaM) and its functions in regulating stress responses, morphogenesis, and pathogenesis. In the current study, we demonstrated that calmodulin is required for hyphal growth, conidiation, and virulence in the human fungal pathogen, Aspergillus fumigatus. Site-directed mutations of calmodulin revealed that a single Ca2+-binding site mutation had no significant effect on A. fumigatus hyphal development, but multiple Ca2+-binding site mutations exhibited synergistic effects, especially when cultured at 42 °C, indicating that calmodulin function in response to temperature stress depends on its Ca2+-binding sites. Western blotting implied that mutations in Ca2+-binding sites caused highly degraded calmodulin fragments, suggesting that the loss of Ca2+-binding sites results in reduced protein stability. Moreover, normal intracellular calcium homeostasis and the nuclear translocation of the transcriptional factor CrzA are dependent on Ca2+-binding sites of AfCaM, demonstrating that Ca2+-binding sites of calmodulin are required for calcium signalling and its major transcription factor CrzA. Importantly, in situ mutations for four Ca2+-binding sites of calmodulin resulted in an almost complete loss of virulence in the Galleria mellonella wax moth model. This study shed more light on the functional characterization of putative calcium-binding sites of calmodulin in the morphogenesis and virulence of A. fumigatus, which enhances our understanding of calmodulin biological functions in cells of opportunistic fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyue Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruoyun Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pan Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanwei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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2
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Xie D, Zheng J, Sun Y, Li X, Ren S. Effects of Ca 2+ signal on the activities of key enzymes and expression of related genes in yeast ethanol metabolism and mitochondrial function during high sugar fermentation. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:5077-5088. [PMID: 38284794 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During high sugar fermentation, yeast is mainly affected by high sugar stress in the early stage. It becomes jointly affected by high sugar and ethanol stress as ethanol accumulates during fermentation. Ca2+, as the second messenger of the cell, mediates various metabolic processes. In this study, the effects of the Ca2+ signal on the activities of key enzymes, expression of related genes of ethanol metabolism, and mitochondrial function were investigated. RESULTS The results showed a significant increase in the activities of enzymes related to ethanol metabolism in yeast cells under a high sugar environment. Ca2+ significantly promoted the activities of enzymes related to mitochondrial respiratory metabolism and regulated the carbon flow between ethanol metabolism and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The high sugar environment affected the expression of genes related to carbon metabolism, while the addition of Ca2+ stabilized the expression of related genes. CONCLUSION Ca2+ signal participated in ethanol and mitochondrial metabolism and regulated the key enzymes and related gene expression to enhance the resistance of yeast to stress during high sugar fermentation. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Xie
- Food Engineering Technology Research Center/Key Laboratory of Henan Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Zheng
- Food Engineering Technology Research Center/Key Laboratory of Henan Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yingqi Sun
- Food Engineering Technology Research Center/Key Laboratory of Henan Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xing Li
- Food Engineering Technology Research Center/Key Laboratory of Henan Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuncheng Ren
- Food Engineering Technology Research Center/Key Laboratory of Henan Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
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3
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Feng Y, Lu H, Whiteway M, Jiang Y. Understanding fluconazole tolerance in Candida albicans: implications for effective treatment of candidiasis and combating invasive fungal infections. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2023; 35:314-321. [PMID: 37918789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2023.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fluconazole (FLC) tolerant phenotypes in Candida species contribute to persistent candidemia and the emergence of FLC resistance. Therefore, making FLC fungicidal and eliminating FLC tolerance are important for treating invasive fungal diseases (IFDs) caused by Candida species. However, the mechanisms of FLC tolerance in Candida species remain to be fully explored. METHODS This review discusses the high incidence of FLC tolerance in Candida species and the importance of successfully clearing FLC tolerance in treating candidiasis. We further define and characterize FLC tolerance in C. albicans. RESULTS This review identifies global factors affecting FLC tolerance and suggest that FLC tolerance is a strategy of C. albicans response to FLC damage whose mechanism differs from FLC resistance. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights the significance of the cell membrane and cell wall integrity in FLC tolerance, guiding approaches to combat IFDs caused by Candida species..
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Yuanying Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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4
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Eisele-Bürger AM, Eisele F, Malmgren Hill S, Hao X, Schneider KL, Imamoglu R, Balchin D, Liu B, Hartl FU, Bozhkov PV, Nyström T. Calmodulin regulates protease versus co-chaperone activity of a metacaspase. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113372. [PMID: 37938971 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Metacaspases are ancestral homologs of caspases that can either promote cell death or confer cytoprotection. Furthermore, yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) metacaspase Mca1 possesses dual biochemical activity: proteolytic activity causing cell death and cytoprotective, co-chaperone-like activity retarding replicative aging. The molecular mechanism favoring one activity of Mca1 over another remains elusive. Here, we show that this mechanism involves calmodulin binding to the N-terminal pro-domain of Mca1, which prevents its proteolytic activation and promotes co-chaperone-like activity, thus switching from pro-cell death to anti-aging function. The longevity-promoting effect of Mca1 requires the Hsp40 co-chaperone Sis1, which is necessary for Mca1 recruitment to protein aggregates and their clearance. In contrast, proteolytically active Mca1 cleaves Sis1 both in vitro and in vivo, further clarifying molecular mechanism behind a dual role of Mca1 as a cell-death protease versus gerontogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Eisele-Bürger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, PO Box 7015, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frederik Eisele
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9C, 413 90 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Sandra Malmgren Hill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xinxin Hao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kara L Schneider
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rahmi Imamoglu
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - David Balchin
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Beidong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9C, 413 90 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - F Ulrich Hartl
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Peter V Bozhkov
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, PO Box 7015, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Thomas Nyström
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Chawla S, Ahmadpour D, Schneider KL, Kumar N, Fischbach A, Molin M, Nystrom T. Calcineurin stimulation by Cnb1p overproduction mitigates protein aggregation and α-synuclein toxicity in a yeast model of synucleinopathy. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:220. [PMID: 37620860 PMCID: PMC10464345 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01242-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The calcium-responsive phosphatase, calcineurin, senses changes in Ca2+ concentrations in a calmodulin-dependent manner. Here we report that under non-stress conditions, inactivation of calcineurin signaling or deleting the calcineurin-dependent transcription factor CRZ1 triggered the formation of chaperone Hsp100p (Hsp104p)-associated protein aggregates in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Furthermore, calcineurin inactivation aggravated α-Synuclein-related cytotoxicity. Conversely, elevated production of the calcineurin activator, Cnb1p, suppressed protein aggregation and cytotoxicity associated with the familial Parkinson's disease-related mutant α-Synuclein A53T in a partly CRZ1-dependent manner. Activation of calcineurin boosted normal localization of both wild type and mutant α-synuclein to the plasma membrane, an intervention previously shown to mitigate α-synuclein toxicity in Parkinson's disease models. The findings demonstrate that calcineurin signaling, and Ca2+ influx to the vacuole, limit protein quality control in non-stressed cells and may have implications for elucidating to which extent aberrant calcineurin signaling contributes to the progression of Parkinson's disease(s) and other synucleinopathies. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Chawla
- Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health - AgeCap, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 405 30, Sweden.
- Department of Life Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Doryaneh Ahmadpour
- Center for Bionics and Pain Research, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, 431 30, Sweden
| | - Kara L Schneider
- Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health - AgeCap, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 405 30, Sweden
| | - Navinder Kumar
- Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health - AgeCap, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 405 30, Sweden
| | - Arthur Fischbach
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Mikael Molin
- Department of Life Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thomas Nystrom
- Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health - AgeCap, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 405 30, Sweden.
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6
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Martín JF. Interaction of calcium responsive proteins and transcriptional factors with the PHO regulon in yeasts and fungi. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1225774. [PMID: 37601111 PMCID: PMC10437122 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1225774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphate and calcium ions are nutrients that play key roles in growth, differentiation and the production of bioactive secondary metabolites in filamentous fungi. Phosphate concentration regulates the biosynthesis of hundreds of fungal metabolites. The central mechanisms of phosphate transport and regulation, mediated by the master Pho4 transcriptional factor are known, but many aspects of the control of gene expression need further research. High ATP concentration in the cells leads to inositol pyrophosphate molecules formation, such as IP3 and IP7, that act as phosphorylation status reporters. Calcium ions are intracellular messengers in eukaryotic organisms and calcium homeostasis follows elaborated patterns in response to different nutritional and environmental factors, including cross-talking with phosphate concentrations. A large part of the intracellular calcium is stored in vacuoles and other organelles forming complexes with polyphosphate. The free cytosolic calcium concentration is maintained by transport from the external medium or by release from the store organelles through calcium permeable transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels. Calcium ions, particularly the free cytosolic calcium levels, control the biosynthesis of fungal metabolites by two mechanisms, 1) direct interaction of calcium-bound calmodulin with antibiotic synthesizing enzymes, and 2) by the calmodulin-calcineurin signaling cascade. Control of very different secondary metabolites, including pathogenicity determinants, are mediated by calcium through the Crz1 factor. Several interactions between calcium homeostasis and phosphate have been demonstrated in the last decade: 1) The inositol pyrophosphate IP3 triggers the release of calcium ions from internal stores into the cytosol, 2) Expression of the high affinity phosphate transporter Pho89, a Na+/phosphate symporter, is controlled by Crz1. Also, mutants defective in the calcium permeable TRPCa7-like of Saccharomyces cerevisiae shown impaired expression of Pho89. This information suggests that CrzA and Pho89 play key roles in the interaction of phosphate and calcium regulatory pathways, 3) Finally, acidocalcisomes organelles have been found in mycorrhiza and in some melanin producing fungi that show similar characteristics as protozoa calcisomes. In these organelles there is a close interaction between orthophosphate, pyrophosphate and polyphosphate and calcium ions that are absorbed in the polyanionic polyphosphate matrix. These advances open new perspectives for the control of fungal metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F. Martín
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de León, León, Spain
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7
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Zhang L, Li Y, Dong L, Sun K, Liu H, Ma Z, Yan L, Yin Y. MAP Kinase FgHog1 and Importin β FgNmd5 Regulate Calcium Homeostasis in Fusarium graminearum. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:707. [PMID: 37504696 PMCID: PMC10381525 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining cellular calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis is essential for many aspects of cellular life. The high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway responsible for signal integration and transduction plays crucial roles in environmental adaptation, especially in the response to osmotic stress. Hog1 is activated by transient Ca2+ increase in yeast, but the functions of the HOG pathway in Ca2+ homeostasis are largely unknown. We found that the HOG pathway was involved in the regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis in Fusarium graminearum, a devastating fungal pathogen of cereal crops. The deletion mutants of HOG pathway displayed increased sensitivity to Ca2+ and FK506, and elevated intracellular Ca2+ content. Ca2+ treatment induced the phosphorylation of FgHog1, and the phosphorylated FgHog1 was transported into the nucleus by importin β FgNmd5. Moreover, the increased phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation of FgHog1 upon Ca2+ treatment is independent of the calcineurin pathway that is conserved and downstream of the Ca2+ signal. Taken together, this study reported the novel function of FgHog1 in the regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis in F. graminearum, which advance the understanding of the HOG pathway and the association between the HOG and calcineurin pathways in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yiqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lanlan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kewei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Leiyan Yan
- Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo 315040, China
| | - Yanni Yin
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
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8
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A Small Molecule Inhibitor of Erg251 Makes Fluconazole Fungicidal by Inhibiting the Synthesis of the 14α-Methylsterols. mBio 2023; 14:e0263922. [PMID: 36475771 PMCID: PMC9973333 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02639-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluconazole (FLC) is widely used to prevent and treat invasive fungal infections. However, FLC is a fungistatic agent, allowing clinical FLC-susceptible isolates to tolerate FLC. Making FLC fungicidal in combination with adjuvants is a promising strategy to avoid FLC resistance and eliminate the persistence and recurrence of fungal infections. Here, we identify a new small molecule compound, CZ66, that can make FLC fungicidal. The mechanism of action of CZ66 is targeting the C-4 sterol methyl oxidase, encoded by the ERG251 gene, resulting in decreased content of sterols with the 14α-methyl group and ultimately eliminating FLC tolerance of Candida albicans. CZ66 most likely interacts with Erg251 through residues Glu195, Gly206, and Arg241. Establishing Erg251 as a synergistic lethal target protein of FLC should direct research to identify specific small molecule inhibitors of 14α-methylsterol synthesis and open the way to abolishing fungal FLC tolerance. IMPORTANCE Fluconazole (FLC) tolerance increases the frequency of acquired FLC resistance, and a high FLC tolerance level is associated with persistent candidemia. Multiple functional proteins, such as calcineurin, heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), and ADP ribosylation factor, are essential for the survival of C. albicans exposed to FLC, but how these factors increase the fungicidal activity of FLC remains to be determined. In this study, we found that 14α-methylsterols replace ergosterol to allow C. albicans to survive FLC, but Erg251 inactivated by CZ66 results in loss of 14α-methylsterol synthesis and cell death of C. albicans treated with FLC. Establishing Erg251 as a synergistic lethal target protein of FLC should direct research to identify specific small molecule inhibitors of 14α-methylsterol synthesis and open the way to abolishing fungal FLC tolerance.
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9
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Coleman CE, Landin C, Neuer A, Sayegh FM, Marshall PA. Calmodulin kinase 2 genetically interacts with Rch1p to negatively regulate calcium import into Saccharomyces cerevisiae after extracellular calcium pulse. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:519. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03095-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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10
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Jiang Q, Mao R, Li Y, Bi Y, Liu Y, Zhang M, Li R, Yang Y, Dov B P.
AaCaM
is required for infection structure differentiation and secondary metabolites in pear fungal pathogen
Alternaria alternata. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:2631-2641. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.15732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou China
| | - Renyan Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou China
| | - Yongcai Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou China
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou China
| | - Yongxiang Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou China
| | - Miao Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou China
| | - Rong Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou China
| | - Yangyang Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou China
| | - Prusky Dov B
- College of Food Science and Engineering Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou China
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization Rishon LeZion Israel
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11
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Spolaor S, Rovetta M, Nobile MS, Cazzaniga P, Tisi R, Besozzi D. Modeling Calcium Signaling in S. cerevisiae Highlights the Role and Regulation of the Calmodulin-Calcineurin Pathway in Response to Hypotonic Shock. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:856030. [PMID: 35664674 PMCID: PMC9158465 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.856030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium homeostasis and signaling processes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as well as in any eukaryotic organism, depend on various transporters and channels located on both the plasma and intracellular membranes. The activity of these proteins is regulated by a number of feedback mechanisms that act through the calmodulin-calcineurin pathway. When exposed to hypotonic shock (HTS), yeast cells respond with an increased cytosolic calcium transient, which seems to be conditioned by the opening of stretch-activated channels. To better understand the role of each channel and transporter involved in the generation and recovery of the calcium transient—and of their feedback regulations—we defined and analyzed a mathematical model of the calcium signaling response to HTS in yeast cells. The model was validated by comparing the simulation outcomes with calcium concentration variations before and during the HTS response, which were observed experimentally in both wild-type and mutant strains. Our results show that calcium normally enters the cell through the High Affinity Calcium influx System and mechanosensitive channels. The increase of the plasma membrane tension, caused by HTS, boosts the opening probability of mechanosensitive channels. This event causes a sudden calcium pulse that is rapidly dissipated by the activity of the vacuolar transporter Pmc1. According to model simulations, the role of another vacuolar transporter, Vcx1, is instead marginal, unless calcineurin is inhibited or removed. Our results also suggest that the mechanosensitive channels are subject to a calcium-dependent feedback inhibition, possibly involving calmodulin. Noteworthy, the model predictions are in accordance with literature results concerning some aspects of calcium homeostasis and signaling that were not specifically addressed within the model itself, suggesting that it actually depicts all the main cellular components and interactions that constitute the HTS calcium pathway, and thus can correctly reproduce the shaping of the calcium signature by calmodulin- and calcineurin-dependent complex regulations. The model predictions also allowed to provide an interpretation of different regulatory schemes involved in calcium handling in both wild-type and mutants yeast strains. The model could be easily extended to represent different calcium signals in other eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Spolaor
- Department of Informatics, Systems and Communication, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Mattia Rovetta
- Department of Informatics, Systems and Communication, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco S. Nobile
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy
- Bicocca Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Bioimaging Centre—B4, Milan, Italy
- SYSBIO/ISBE.IT Centre of Systems Biology, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Cazzaniga
- Bicocca Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Bioimaging Centre—B4, Milan, Italy
- SYSBIO/ISBE.IT Centre of Systems Biology, Milan, Italy
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Renata Tisi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Renata Tisi, ; Daniela Besozzi,
| | - Daniela Besozzi
- Department of Informatics, Systems and Communication, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- Bicocca Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Bioimaging Centre—B4, Milan, Italy
- SYSBIO/ISBE.IT Centre of Systems Biology, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Renata Tisi, ; Daniela Besozzi,
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12
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Amini M, Chang Y, Wissenbach U, Flockerzi V, Schlenstedt G, Beck A. Activity of the yeast vacuolar TRP channel TRPY1 is inhibited by Ca 2+-calmodulin binding. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101126. [PMID: 34461097 PMCID: PMC8449268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) cation channels, which are conserved across mammals, flies, fish, sea squirts, worms, and fungi, essentially contribute to cellular Ca2+ signaling. The activity of the unique TRP channel in yeast, TRP yeast channel 1 (TRPY1), relies on the vacuolar and cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration. However, the mechanism(s) of Ca2+-dependent regulation of TRPY1 and possible contribution(s) of Ca2+-binding proteins are yet not well understood. Our results demonstrate a Ca2+-dependent binding of yeast calmodulin (CaM) to TRPY1. TRPY1 activity was increased in the cmd1–6 yeast strain, carrying a non–Ca2+-binding CaM mutant, compared with the parent strain expressing wt CaM (Cmd1). Expression of Cmd1 in cmd1–6 yeast rescued the wt phenotype. In addition, in human embryonic kidney 293 cells, hypertonic shock-induced TRPY1-dependent Ca2+ influx and Ca2+ release were increased by the CaM antagonist ophiobolin A. We found that coexpression of mammalian CaM impeded the activity of TRPY1 by reinforcing effects of endogenous CaM. Finally, inhibition of TRPY1 by Ca2+–CaM required the cytoplasmic amino acid stretch E33–Y92. In summary, our results show that TRPY1 is under inhibitory control of Ca2+–CaM and that mammalian CaM can replace yeast CaM for this inhibition. These findings add TRPY1 to the innumerable cellular proteins, which include a variety of ion channels, that use CaM as a constitutive or dissociable Ca2+-sensing subunit, and contribute to a better understanding of the modulatory mechanisms of Ca2+–CaM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Amini
- Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie/PZMS, Universität des Saarlandes, Homburg, Deutschland; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/PZMS, Medical School, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Yiming Chang
- Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie/PZMS, Universität des Saarlandes, Homburg, Deutschland; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/PZMS, Medical School, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Wissenbach
- Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie/PZMS, Universität des Saarlandes, Homburg, Deutschland
| | - Veit Flockerzi
- Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie/PZMS, Universität des Saarlandes, Homburg, Deutschland
| | - Gabriel Schlenstedt
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/PZMS, Medical School, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Beck
- Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie/PZMS, Universität des Saarlandes, Homburg, Deutschland.
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Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is a unique mineral that serves as both a nutrient and a signal in all eukaryotes. To maintain Ca2+ homeostasis for both nutrition and signaling purposes, the toolkit for Ca2+ transport has expanded across kingdoms of eukaryotes to encode specific Ca2+ signals referred to as Ca2+ signatures. In parallel, a large array of Ca2+-binding proteins has evolved as specific sensors to decode Ca2+ signatures. By comparing these coding and decoding mechanisms in fungi, animals, and plants, both unified and divergent themes have emerged, and the underlying complexity will challenge researchers for years to come. Considering the scale and breadth of the subject, instead of a literature survey, in this review we focus on a conceptual framework that aims to introduce to readers to the principles and mechanisms of Ca2+ signaling. We finish with several examples of Ca2+-signaling pathways, including polarized cell growth, immunity and symbiosis, and systemic signaling, to piece together specific coding and decoding mechanisms in plants versus animals. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Volume 37 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;
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Zhang T, Cao Q, Li N, Liu D, Yuan Y. Transcriptome analysis of fungicide-responsive gene expression profiles in two Penicillium italicum strains with different response to the sterol demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicide prochloraz. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:156. [PMID: 32050894 PMCID: PMC7017498 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6564-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Penicillium italicum (blue mold) is one of citrus pathogens causing undesirable citrus fruit decay even at strictly-controlled low temperatures (< 10 °C) during shipping and storage. P. italicum isolates with considerably high resistance to sterol demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides have emerged; however, mechanism(s) underlying such DMI-resistance remains unclear. In contrast to available elucidation on anti-DMI mechanism for P. digitatum (green mold), how P. italicum DMI-resistance develops has not yet been clarified. Results The present study prepared RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) libraries for two P. italicum strains (highly resistant (Pi-R) versus highly sensitive (Pi-S) to DMI fungicides), with and without prochloraz treatment, to identify prochloraz-responsive genes facilitating DMI-resistance. After 6 h prochloraz-treatment, comparative transcriptome profiling showed more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Pi-R than Pi-S. Functional enrichments identified 15 DEGs in the prochloraz-induced Pi-R transcriptome, simultaneously up-regulated in P. italicum resistance. These included ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter-encoding genes, major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporter-encoding genes, ergosterol (ERG) anabolism component genes ERG2, ERG6 and EGR11 (CYP51A), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling-inducer genes Mkk1 and Hog1, and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase (CaMK) signaling-inducer genes CaMK1 and CaMK2. Fragments Per Kilobase per Million mapped reads (FPKM) analysis of Pi-R transcrtiptome showed that prochloraz induced mRNA increase of additional 4 unigenes, including the other two ERG11 isoforms CYP51B and CYP51C and the remaining kinase-encoding genes (i.e., Bck1 and Slt2) required for Slt2-MAPK signaling. The expression patterns of all the 19 prochloraz-responsive genes, obtained in our RNA-seq data sets, have been validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). These lines of evidence in together draw a general portrait of anti-DMI mechanisms for P. italicum species. Intriguingly, some strategies adopted by the present Pi-R were not observed in the previously documented prochloraz-resistant P. digitatum transcrtiptomes. These included simultaneous induction of all major EGR11 isoforms (CYP51A/B/C), over-expression of ERG2 and ERG6 to modulate ergosterol anabolism, and concurrent mobilization of Slt2-MAPK and CaMK signaling processes to overcome fungicide-induced stresses. Conclusions The present findings provided transcriptomic evidence on P. italicum DMI-resistance mechanisms and revealed some diversity in anti-DMI strategies between P. italicum and P. digitatum species, contributing to our knowledge on P. italicum DMI-resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingfu Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Qianwen Cao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Na Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China.,Yunnan Higher Education Institutions, College of Life Science and Technology, Honghe University, Mengzi, 661199, China
| | - Deli Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Yongze Yuan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
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15
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Li Y, Ren H, Zhao Y, Sun J, Fan Y, Jin D, Pei Y. Characterization of three FK506-binding proteins in the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. J Invertebr Pathol 2020; 171:107334. [PMID: 32006551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2020.107334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
FK506 binding proteins (FKBPs) participate in regulation of diverse biological processes. However, the role of these proteins in insect-pathogenic fungi is far from well understood. To investigate the functions of FKBPs in Beauveria bassiana, a widely used entomopathogenic fungus for control of insect pests, we identify three putative FKBP genes, Bbfkbp12, Bbfkbp15, and Bbfkbp50, in the fungus. Gene-disruption experiments show that loss of Bbfkbp12 results in a significant increase of resistance of B. bassiana against the immunosuppressive compounds FK506 and rapamycin, while loss of Bbfkbp50 leads to the resistance to the ergosterol synthesis inhibitor lovastatin. Transcription assays of calcineurin (CaN)- and mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin)-downstream target genes confirm that BbFKBP12 is the target of both FK506 and rapamycin, associated with CaN- and mTOR-signal pathways in B. bassiana. GFP-tagging of the proteins shows that BbFKBP12 and BbFKBP15 localize in cytoplasm while BbFKBP50 in nucleus. Our results provide useful information for the study of functions of CaN- and mTOR-mediated signaling, and ergosterol synthesis in the entomopathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Li
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Hui Ren
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yutao Zhao
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jiyuan Sun
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yanhua Fan
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Dan Jin
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yan Pei
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China.
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16
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Prieto JA, Estruch F, Córcoles-Sáez I, Del Poeta M, Rieger R, Stenzel I, Randez-Gil F. Pho85 and PI(4,5)P 2 regulate different lipid metabolic pathways in response to cold. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158557. [PMID: 31678512 PMCID: PMC7254492 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lipid homeostasis allows cells to adjust membrane biophysical properties in response to changes in environmental conditions. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a downward shift in temperature from an optimal reduces membrane fluidity, which triggers a lipid remodeling of the plasma membrane. How changes in membrane fluidity are perceived, and how the abundance and composition of different lipid classes is properly balanced, remain largely unknown. Here, we show that the levels of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], the most abundant plasma membrane phosphoinositide, drop rapidly in response to a downward shift in temperature. This change triggers a signaling cascade transmitted to cytosolic diphosphoinositol phosphate derivatives, among them 5-PP-IP4 and 1-IP7, that exert regulatory functions on genes involved in the inositol and phospholipids (PLs) metabolism, and inhibit the activity of the protein kinase Pho85. Consistent with this, cold exposure triggers a specific program of neutral lipids and PLs changes. Furthermore, we identified Pho85 as playing a key role in controlling the synthesis of long-chain bases (LCBs) via the Ypk1-Orm2 regulatory circuit. We conclude that Pho85 orchestrates a coordinated response of lipid metabolic pathways that ensure yeast thermal adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Prieto
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Agustín Escardino, 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Estruch
- Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot 46100, Spain
| | - Isaac Córcoles-Sáez
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Agustín Escardino, 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Northport, NY, United States of America
| | - Robert Rieger
- Proteomics Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Irene Stenzel
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Francisca Randez-Gil
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Agustín Escardino, 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
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17
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Paxillin-Mediated Recruitment of Calcineurin to the Contractile Ring Is Required for the Correct Progression of Cytokinesis in Fission Yeast. Cell Rep 2019; 25:772-783.e4. [PMID: 30332655 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Paxillin is a scaffold protein that participates in focal adhesion signaling in mammalian cells. Fission yeast paxillin ortholog, Pxl1, is required for contractile actomyosin ring (CAR) integrity and collaborates with the β-glucan synthase Bgs1 in septum formation. We show here that Pxl1's main function is to recruit calcineurin (CN) phosphatase to the actomyosin ring; and thus the absence of either Pxl1 or calcineurin causes similar cytokinesis defects. In turn, CN participates in the dephosphorylation of the Cdc15 F-BAR protein, which recruits and concentrates Pxl1 at the CAR. Our findings suggest the existence of a positive feedback loop between Pxl1 and CN and establish that Pxl1 is a crucial component of the CN signaling pathway during cytokinesis.
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18
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Choi YJ, Kim MH, Yu KY, Kim J. Suppression of urease, which affects nitrogen metabolism and biological efficacy, by Ca 2+/calmodulin in Cordyceps militaris. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1867:118568. [PMID: 31676355 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ji Choi
- Jeonju AgroBio-Materials Institute, Jeonju-si, Jeonbuk 54810, Republic of Korea; National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon-gun, Chungnam 33662, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hee Kim
- Jeonju AgroBio-Materials Institute, Jeonju-si, Jeonbuk 54810, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Yeol Yu
- Jeonju AgroBio-Materials Institute, Jeonju-si, Jeonbuk 54810, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Kim
- Jeonju AgroBio-Materials Institute, Jeonju-si, Jeonbuk 54810, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Regulation of secondary metabolism by calmodulin signaling in filamentous fungi. Rev Iberoam Micol 2019; 36:167-168. [PMID: 31530465 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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20
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Hameed S, Hans S, Singh S, Fatima Z. Harnessing Metal Homeostasis Offers Novel and Promising Targets Against Candida albicans. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2019; 17:415-429. [PMID: 30827249 DOI: 10.2174/1570163816666190227231437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections, particularly of Candida species, which are the commensal organisms of human, are one of the major debilitating diseases in immunocompromised patients. The limited number of antifungal drugs available to treat Candida infections, with the concomitant increasing incidence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, further worsens the therapeutic options. Thus, there is an urgent need for the better understanding of MDR mechanisms, and their reversal, by employing new strategies to increase the efficacy and safety profiles of currently used therapies against the most prevalent human fungal pathogen, Candida albicans. Micronutrient availability during C. albicans infection is regarded as a critical factor that influences the progression and magnitude of the disease. Intracellular pathogens colonize a variety of anatomical locations that are likely to be scarce in micronutrients, as a defense strategy adopted by the host, known as nutritional immunity. Indispensable critical micronutrients are required both by the host and by C. albicans, especially as a cofactor in important metabolic functions. Since these micronutrients are not freely available, C. albicans need to exploit host reservoirs to adapt within the host for survival. The ability of pathogenic organisms, including C. albicans, to sense and adapt to limited micronutrients in the hostile environment is essential for survival and confers the basis of its success as a pathogen. This review describes that micronutrients availability to C. albicans is a key attribute that may be exploited when one considers designing strategies aimed at disrupting MDR in this pathogenic fungi. Here, we discuss recent advances that have been made in our understanding of fungal micronutrient acquisition and explore the probable pathways that may be utilized as targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif Hameed
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram (Manesar)-122413, India
| | - Sandeep Hans
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram (Manesar)-122413, India
| | - Shweta Singh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram (Manesar)-122413, India
| | - Zeeshan Fatima
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram (Manesar)-122413, India
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21
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Sullivan A, Wallace RL, Wellington R, Luo X, Capaldi AP. Multilayered regulation of TORC1-body formation in budding yeast. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:400-410. [PMID: 30485160 PMCID: PMC6589571 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-05-0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The target of rapamycin kinase complex 1 (TORC1) regulates cell growth and metabolism in eukaryotes. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, TORC1 activity is known to be controlled by the conserved GTPases, Gtr1/2, and movement into and out of an inactive agglomerate/body. However, it is unclear whether/how these regulatory steps are coupled. Here we show that active Gtr1/2 is a potent inhibitor of TORC1-body formation, but cells missing Gtr1/2 still form TORC1-bodies in a glucose/nitrogen starvation-dependent manner. We also identify 13 new activators of TORC1-body formation and show that seven of these proteins regulate the Gtr1/2-dependent repression of TORC1-body formation, while the remaining proteins drive the subsequent steps in TORC1 agglomeration. Finally, we show that the conserved phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI(3)P) binding protein, Pib2, forms a complex with TORC1 and overrides the Gtr1/2-dependent repression of TORC1-body formation during starvation. These data provide a unified, systems-level model of TORC1 regulation in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arron Sullivan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0206
| | - Ryan L. Wallace
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0206
| | - Rachel Wellington
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0206
| | - Xiangxia Luo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0206
| | - Andrew P. Capaldi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0206
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22
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Soczewka P, Kolakowski D, Smaczynska-de Rooij I, Rzepnikowska W, Ayscough KR, Kaminska J, Zoladek T. Yeast-model-based study identified myosin- and calcium-dependent calmodulin signalling as a potential target for drug intervention in chorea-acanthocytosis. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm.036830. [PMID: 30635263 PMCID: PMC6361151 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.036830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chorea-acanthocytosis (ChAc) is a rare neurodegenerative disease associated with mutations in the human VPS13A gene. The mechanism of ChAc pathogenesis is unclear. A simple yeast model was used to investigate the function of the single yeast VSP13 orthologue, Vps13. Vps13, like human VPS13A, is involved in vesicular protein transport, actin cytoskeleton organisation and phospholipid metabolism. A newly identified phenotype of the vps13Δ mutant, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) hypersensitivity, was used to screen a yeast genomic library for multicopy suppressors. A fragment of the MYO3 gene, encoding Myo3-N (the N-terminal part of myosin, a protein involved in the actin cytoskeleton and in endocytosis), was isolated. Myo3-N protein contains a motor head domain and a linker. The linker contains IQ motifs that mediate the binding of calmodulin, a negative regulator of myosin function. Amino acid substitutions that disrupt the interaction of Myo3-N with calmodulin resulted in the loss of vps13Δ suppression. Production of Myo3-N downregulated the activity of calcineurin, a protein phosphatase regulated by calmodulin, and alleviated some defects in early endocytosis events. Importantly, ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA), which sequesters calcium and thus downregulates calmodulin and calcineurin, was a potent suppressor of vps13Δ. We propose that Myo3-N acts by sequestering calmodulin, downregulating calcineurin and increasing activity of Myo3, which is involved in endocytosis and, together with Osh2/3 proteins, functions in endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane contact sites. These results show that defects associated with vps13Δ could be overcome, and point to a functional connection between Vps13 and calcium signalling as a possible target for chemical intervention in ChAc. Yeast ChAc models may uncover the underlying pathological mechanisms, and may also serve as a platform for drug testing. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: Using the vps13Δ strain, a yeast model of the neurodegenerative disorder chorea-acanthocytosis, we found that its defects can be overcome by reduction of calcineurin activity and/or type-I-myosin activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Soczewka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Genetics, Pawinskiego 5A, 02106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Damian Kolakowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Genetics, Pawinskiego 5A, 02106 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Weronika Rzepnikowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Genetics, Pawinskiego 5A, 02106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kathryn R Ayscough
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Joanna Kaminska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Genetics, Pawinskiego 5A, 02106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Teresa Zoladek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Genetics, Pawinskiego 5A, 02106 Warsaw, Poland
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Antifungal tolerance is a subpopulation effect distinct from resistance and is associated with persistent candidemia. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2470. [PMID: 29941885 PMCID: PMC6018213 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04926-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tolerance to antifungal drug concentrations above the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) is rarely quantified, and current clinical recommendations suggest it should be ignored. Here, we quantify antifungal tolerance in Candida albicans isolates as the fraction of growth above the MIC, and find that it is distinct from susceptibility/resistance. Instead, tolerance is due to the slow growth of subpopulations of cells that overcome drug stress more efficiently than the rest of the population, and correlates inversely with intracellular drug accumulation. Many adjuvant drugs used in combination with fluconazole, a widely used fungistatic drug, reduce tolerance without affecting resistance. Accordingly, in an invertebrate infection model, adjuvant combination therapy is more effective than fluconazole in treating infections with highly tolerant isolates and does not affect infections with low tolerance isolates. Furthermore, isolates recovered from immunocompetent patients with persistent candidemia display higher tolerance than isolates readily cleared by fluconazole. Thus, tolerance correlates with, and may help predict, patient responses to fluconazole therapy. The authors show that antifungal tolerance, defined as the fraction of growth of a fungal pathogen above the minimal inhibitory concentration, is due to the slow growth of subpopulations of cells that overcome drug stress, and that high tolerance is often associated with persistent infections.
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24
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Kim J, Sung GH. Beauvericin synthetase contains a calmodulin binding motif in the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2018; 64:145-147. [PMID: 29553056 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Beauvericin is a mycotoxin which has insecticidal, anti-microbial, anti-viral and anti-cancer activities. Beauvericin biosynthesis is rapidly catalyzed by the beauvericin synthetase (BEAS) in Beauveria bassiana. Ca2+ plays crucial roles in multiple signaling pathways in eukaryotic cells. These Ca2+ signals are partially decoded by Ca2+ sensor calmodulin (CaM). In this report, we describe that B. bassiana BEAS (BbBEAS) can interact with CaM in a Ca2+-dependent manner. A synthetic BbBEAS peptide, corresponding to the putative CaM-binding motif, formed a stable complex with CaM in the presence of Ca2+. In addition, in vitro CaM-binding assay revealed that the His-tagged BbBEAS (amino acids 2421-2538) binds to CaM in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Therefore, this work suggests that BbBEAS is a novel CaM-binding protein in B. bassiana.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gi-Ho Sung
- Institute for Healthcare and Life Science, International St. Mary's Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University.,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University.,Institute for Translational and Clinical Research, International St. Mary's Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University
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Bifurcations and limit cycles in cytosolic yeast calcium. Math Biosci 2017; 298:58-70. [PMID: 29104134 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Calcium homeostasis is a fundamental cellular process in yeast. The regulation of the cytosolic calcium concentration is required for volume preservation and to regulate many vital calcium dependent processes such as mating and response to stress. The homeostatic mechanism is often studied by applying calcium pulses: sharply changing the calcium concentration in the yeast environment and observing the cellular response. To address these experimental investigations, several mathematical models have been proposed to describe this response. In this article we demonstrate that a previously studied model for this response predicts the presence of limit point instabilities and limit cycles in the dynamics of the calcium homeostasis system. We discuss the ways in which such dynamic characteristics can be observed with luminometric techniques. We contrast these predictions with experimentally observed responses and find that the experiments reveal a number of features that are consistent with modeling predictions. In particular, we find that equilibrium cytosolic concentrations have a sharp change in behavior as pulse size changes in the micromolar range. We show that such change is consistent with the presence of limit point instabilities. Additionally, we find that the response of synchronized yeast cells to millimolar range pulses is non-monotonic in its late stages. This response has characteristics similar to those associated with limit cycles.
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Kim J, Oh J, Yoon DH, Sung GH. Suppression of a methionine synthase by calmodulin under environmental stress in the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017; 9:612-617. [PMID: 28556625 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Methionine synthase (MetE, EC 2.1.1.14) catalyses the final step in the methionine biosynthetic pathway. Methionine biosynthesis plays a major role in protein biogenesis and is the source of S-adenosyl methionine (SAM), the universal donor of methyl groups. In this study, we demonstrated that BbMetE acts as a typical MetE enzyme in the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. In addition, we found that BbMetE binds to calmodulin (CaM) in vitro and in vivo. The functional role of CaM binding to BbMetE was to negatively regulate BbMetE activity in B. bassiana. Our proton-nuclear magnetic resonance data revealed that CaM inhibitor W-7 increases methionine content in B. bassiana, suggesting that CaM negatively regulates the BbMetE activity. Environmental stress stimuli such as salt, H2 O2 and heat suppressed BbMetE activity in B. bassiana. W-7 reversed this effect, suggesting that the inhibitory mechanism is mediated through stimulation of CaM activity. Therefore, this work suggests that BbMetE plays an important role in methionine biosynthesis, which is mediated by environmental stress stimuli via the CaM signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Kim
- Institute for Healthcare and Life Science, International St. Mary's Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Korea
| | - Junsang Oh
- Institute for Healthcare and Life Science, International St. Mary's Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Deok-Hyo Yoon
- Institute for Healthcare and Life Science, International St. Mary's Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Korea
| | - Gi-Ho Sung
- Institute for Healthcare and Life Science, International St. Mary's Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Korea
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do 25601, Korea
- Institute for Translational and Clinical Research, International St. Mary's Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Korea
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The Lectin Chaperone Calnexin Is Involved in the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response by Regulating Ca 2+ Homeostasis in Aspergillus nidulans. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.00673-17. [PMID: 28550061 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00673-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ca2+-mediated signaling pathway is crucial for environmental adaptation in fungi. Here we show that calnexin, a molecular chaperone located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), plays an important role in regulating the cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]c) in Aspergillus nidulans Inactivation of calnexin (ClxA) in A. nidulans caused severe defects in hyphal growth and conidiation under ER stress caused by the ER stress-inducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT) or high temperature. Importantly, defects in the ΔclxA mutant were restored by the addition of extracellular calcium. Furthermore, the CchA/MidA complex (the high-affinity Ca2+ channels), calcineurin (calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase), and PmrA (secretory pathway Ca2+ ATPase) were required for extracellular calcium-based restoration of the DTT/thermal stress sensitivity in the ΔclxA mutant. Interestingly, the ΔclxA mutant exhibited markedly reduced conidium formation and hyphal growth defects under the low-calcium condition, which is similar to defects caused by mutations in MidA/CchA. Moreover, the phenotypic defects were further exacerbated in the ΔclxA ΔmidA ΔcchA mutant, which suggested that ClxA and MidA/CchA are both required under the calcium-limiting condition. Using the calcium-sensitive photoprotein aequorin to monitor [Ca2+]c in living cells, we found that ClxA and MidA/CchA complex synergistically coordinate transient increase in [Ca2+]c in response to extracellular calcium. Moreover, ClxA, in particular its luminal domain, plays a role in mediating the transient [Ca2+]c in response to DTT-induced ER stress in the absence of extracellular calcium, indicating ClxA may mediate calcium release from internal calcium stores. Our findings provide new insights into the role of calnexin in the regulation of calcium-mediated response in fungal ER stress adaptation.IMPORTANCE Calnexin is a well-known molecular chaperone conserved from yeast to humans. Although it contains calcium binding domains, little is known about the role of calnexin in Ca2+ regulation. In this study, we demonstrate that calnexin (ClxA) in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans, similar to the high-affinity calcium uptake system (HACS), is required for normal growth and conidiation under the calcium-limiting condition. The ClxA dysfunction decreases the transient cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]c) induced by a high extracellular calcium or DTT-induced ER stress. Our findings provide the direct evidence that calnexin plays important roles in regulating Ca2+ homeostasis in addition to its role as a molecular chaperone in fungi. These results provide new insights into the roles of calnexin and expand knowledge of fungal stress adaptation.
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Kim J, Oh J, Yoon DH, Sung GH. Identification of calmodulin binding proteins in the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2017; 63:13-16. [PMID: 28497337 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-017-0529-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Calmodulin (CaM) is a primary Ca2+ receptor and plays a pivotal role in a variety of cellular responses in eukaryotes. Even though a large number of CaM-binding proteins are well known in yeast, plants, and animals, little is known regarding CaM-targeted proteins in filamentous fungi. To identify CaM-binding proteins in filamentous fungi, we used a proteomics method coupled with co-immunoprecipitation (CoIP) and MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry (MS) in Beauveria bassiana. Through this method, we identified ten CaM-binding proteins in B. bassiana. One of the CaM-targeted proteins was the heat shock protein 70 (BbHSP70) in B. bassiana. Our biochemical study showed that ATP inhibits the molecular interaction between BbHSP70 and CaM, suggesting a regulatory mechanism between CaM and ATP for regulating BbHSP70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Kim
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, International St. Mary's Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, 404-834, South Korea.
| | - Junsang Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Deok-Hyo Yoon
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, International St. Mary's Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, 404-834, South Korea
| | - Gi-Ho Sung
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, International St. Mary's Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, 404-834, South Korea.
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Pérez-Torrado R, Rantsiou K, Perrone B, Navarro-Tapia E, Querol A, Cocolin L. Ecological interactions among Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains: insight into the dominance phenomenon. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43603. [PMID: 28266552 PMCID: PMC5339867 DOI: 10.1038/srep43603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the behaviour of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, in order to obtain insight into the intraspecies competition taking place in mixed populations of this species. Two strains of S. cerevisiae, one dominant and one non-dominant, were labelled and mixed, and individual fermentations were set up to study the transcriptomes of the strains by means of RNA-seq. The results obtained suggest that cell-to-cell contact and aggregation, which are driven by the expression of genes that are associated with the cell surface, are indispensable conditions for the achievement of dominance. Observations on mixed aggregates, made up of cells of both strains, which were detected by means of flow cytometry, have confirmed the transcriptomic data. Furthermore, overexpression of the SSU1 gene, which encodes for a transporter that confers resistance to sulphites, provides an ecological advantage to the dominant strain. A mechanistic model is proposed that sheds light on the dominance phenomenon between different strains of the S. cerevisiae species. The collected data suggest that cell-to-cell contact, together with differential sulphite production and resistance is important in determining the dominance of one strain over another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pérez-Torrado
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos, IATA-CSIC. Food Biotechnology Department. Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC) Avda. Agustín Escardino, 7. E-46980 Paterna (Valencia), Spain
| | - Kalliopi Rantsiou
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Benedeta Perrone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Elisabeth Navarro-Tapia
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos, IATA-CSIC. Food Biotechnology Department. Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC) Avda. Agustín Escardino, 7. E-46980 Paterna (Valencia), Spain
| | - Amparo Querol
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos, IATA-CSIC. Food Biotechnology Department. Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC) Avda. Agustín Escardino, 7. E-46980 Paterna (Valencia), Spain
| | - Luca Cocolin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
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Myers MD, Ryazantsev S, Hicke L, Payne GS. Calmodulin Promotes N-BAR Domain-Mediated Membrane Constriction and Endocytosis. Dev Cell 2016; 37:162-73. [PMID: 27093085 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Membrane remodeling by BAR (Bin, Amphiphysin, RVS) domain-containing proteins, such as endophilins and amphiphysins, is integral to the process of endocytosis. However, little is known about the regulation of endocytic BAR domain activity. We have identified an interaction between the yeast Rvs167 N-BAR domain and calmodulin. Calmodulin-binding mutants of Rvs167 exhibited defects in endocytic vesicle release. In vitro, calmodulin enhanced membrane tubulation and constriction by wild-type Rvs167 but not calmodulin-binding-defective mutants. A subset of mammalian N-BAR domains bound calmodulin, and co-expression of calmodulin with endophilin A2 potentiated tubulation in vivo. These studies reveal a conserved role for calmodulin in regulating the intrinsic membrane-sculpting activity of endocytic N-BAR domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret D Myers
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sergey Ryazantsev
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Linda Hicke
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Gregory S Payne
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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31
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Kim J, Yoon DH, Oh J, Hyun MW, Han JG, Sung GH. Calmodulin-mediated suppression of 2-ketoisovalerate reductase in Beauveria bassiana beauvericin biosynthetic pathway. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:4136-4143. [PMID: 27449895 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ketoisovalerate reductase (KIVR, E.C. 1.2.7.7) mediates the specific reduction of 2-ketoisovalerate (2-Kiv) to d-hydroxyisovalerate (d-Hiv), a precursor for beauvericin biosynthesis. Beauvericin, a famous mycotoxin produced by many fungi, is a cyclooligomer depsipeptide, which has insecticidal, antimicrobial, antiviral, and cytotoxic activities. In this report, we demonstrated that Beauveria bassiana 2-ketoisovalerate reductase (BbKIVR) acts as a typical KIVR enzyme in the entomopathogenic fungus B. bassiana. In addition, we found that BbKIVR interacts with calmodulin (CaM) in vitro and in vivo. The functional role of CaM-binding to BbKIVR was to negatively regulate the BbKIVR activity in B. bassiana. Environmental stimuli such as light and salt stress suppressed BbKIVR activity in B. bassiana. Interestingly, this negative effect of BbKIVR activity by light and salt stress was recovered by CaM inhibitors, suggesting that the inhibitory mechanism is mediated through stimulation of CaM activity. Therefore, this work suggests that BbKIVR plays an important role in the beauvericin biosynthetic pathway mediated by environmental stimuli such as light and salt stress via the CaM signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Kim
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, International St. Mary's Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, 404-834, Korea.,Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Deok-Hyo Yoon
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, International St. Mary's Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, 404-834, Korea
| | - Junsang Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Woo Hyun
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, 369-873, Korea
| | - Jae-Gu Han
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, 369-873, Korea
| | - Gi-Ho Sung
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, International St. Mary's Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, 404-834, Korea
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32
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Regulation of MAP kinase Hog1 by calmodulin during hyperosmotic stress. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:2551-2559. [PMID: 27421986 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (Hog1 in yeast and ortholog p38 in human cells) plays a critical role in the signal transduction pathway that is rapidly activated under multiple stress conditions. Environmental stress stimuli such as hyperosmotic stress cause changes in cellular ATP metabolism required for hyperosmotic stress tolerance. Furthermore, hyperosmotic stress induces rapid Ca2+ signals in eukaryotic cells. These Ca2+ signals can be decoded by Ca2+ sensor calmodulin (CaM). By using genetic and biochemical approaches, we demonstrate that Hog1 is a novel CaM-binding protein, and that CaM-binding to Hog1 is involved in the mediation of the hyperosmotic stress signaling pathway. In addition, we show that p38α, a human ortholog of Hog1, interacts with CaM, suggesting that the CaM-binding feature of Hog1/p38α is evolutionarily conserved in eukaryotic cells. Hog1 is likely involved in cellular ATP regulation through CaM signaling during hyperosmotic stress. Therefore, this work suggests that Hog1 plays an important role in connecting CaM signaling with the hyperosmotic stress pathway by directly interacting with CaM in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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Cao Z, Liu D, Zhang Q, Sun X, Li Y. Aluminum Chloride Induces Osteoblasts Apoptosis via Disrupting Calcium Homeostasis and Activating Ca(2+)/CaMKII Signal Pathway. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 169:247-53. [PMID: 26138010 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0417-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum promotes osteoblast (OB) apoptosis. Apoptosis is induced by the disordered calcium homeostasis. Therefore, to investigate the relationship between Al-induced OB apoptosis and calcium homeostasis, calvarium OBs from neonatal rats (3-4 days) were cultured and exposed to 0.048-mg/mL Al(3+) or 0.048-mg/mL Al(3+) combined with 5 μM BAPTA-AM (OBs were pretreated with 5 μM BAPTA-AM for 1 h, then added 0.048 mg/mL Al(3+)), respectively. Then OB apoptosis rate, intracellular calcium ions concentration ([Ca(2+)]i), mRNA expression level of calmodulin (CaM), and protein expression levels of CaM and p-CaMKII in OBs were examined. The result showed that AlCl3 increased OB apoptosis rate, and [Ca(2+)]i and p-CaMKII expression levels and decreased CaM expression levels, whereas BAPTA-AM relieved the effects. These results proved that AlCl3 induced OB apoptosis by disrupting the intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis and activating the Ca(2+)/CaMKII signal pathway. Our findings can provide new insights for revealing the apoptosis mechanism of OBs exposed to AlCl3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Dawei Liu
- Heilongjiang Province Hospital, Harbin, 150036, China
- School Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Qiuyue Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xudong Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yanfei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Abstract
Calcium is an essential cation for a cell. This cation participates in the regulation of numerous processes in either prokaryotes or eukaryotes, from bacteria to humans. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has served as a model organism to understand calcium homeostasis and calcium-dependent signaling in fungi. In this chapter it will be reviewed known and predicted transport mechanisms that mediate calcium homeostasis in the yeast. How and when calcium enters the cell, how and where it is stored, when is reutilized, and finally secreted to the environment to close the cycle. As a second messenger, maintenance of a controlled free intracellular calcium concentration is important for mediating transcriptional regulation. Many environmental stimuli modify the concentration of cytoplasmic free calcium generating the "calcium signal". This is sensed and transduced through the calmodulin/calcineurin pathway to a transcription factor, named calcineurin-responsive zinc finger, CRZ, also known as "crazy", to mediate transcriptional regulation of a large number of genes of diverse pathways including a negative feedback regulation of the calcium homeostasis system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo A Espeso
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Alshahni MM, Shimizu K, Yoshimoto M, Yamada T, Nishiyama Y, Arai T, Makimura K. Genetic and Phenotypic analyses of Calcineurin A subunit in Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii. Med Mycol 2015; 54:207-18. [PMID: 26483437 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myv088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcineurin is a serine/threonine protein phosphatase that consists of catalytic (calcineurin A) and regulatory (calcineurin B) subunits. The conserved protein plays important roles in various biological processes. Drug combination of fluconazole and the calcineurin inhibitor (FK506) showed synergistic effects against dermatophytes. In the current study, we identified the calcineurin A homologous gene (TmcanA) in the dermatophyte Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii (anamorph: Trichophyton mentagrophytes). Knockdown mutants were produced from A. vanbreuseghemii, resulting in a defection in growth properties in accordance with dose of the suppressing reagent. The TmcanA gene restored the ability of calcineurin A-deficient Cryptococcus neoformans strain to grow at elevated temperatures. Repression of TmcanA at 37°C resulted in severely stunted growth, suggesting that this protein plays a role in tolerance to elevated temperatures. In addition, TMCANA showed an interaction with high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) signalling pathway by governing the secretion of a secondary metabolite. Moreover, expression of the hydrophobin A gene (TmHF) decreased significantly under the TmcanA-repressive condition, suggesting that TMCANA is involved in its regulation. In conclusion, calcineurin A is a multifunctional gene that is involved in the regulation of several biological processes and therefore is worth being considered as a drug target for treatment of dermatophytoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mahdi Alshahni
- Laboratory of Space and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Teikyo University, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Kiminori Shimizu
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
| | - Maki Yoshimoto
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, 359 Otsuka, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0395, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamada
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, 359 Otsuka, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0395, Japan
| | - Yayoi Nishiyama
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, 359 Otsuka, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0395, Japan
| | - Toshiro Arai
- Department of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Koichi Makimura
- Laboratory of Space and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Teikyo University, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, 359 Otsuka, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0395, Japan
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36
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Cadmium induces the activation of cell wall integrity pathway in budding yeast. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 240:316-23. [PMID: 26362500 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
MAP kinases are important signaling molecules regulating cell survival, proliferation and differentiation, and can be activated by cadmium stress. In this study, we demonstrate that cadmium induces phosphorylation of the yeast cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway_MAP kinase Slt2, and this cadmium-induced CWI activation is mediated by the cell surface sensor Mid2 through the GEF Rom1, the central regulator Rho1 and Bck1. Nevertheless, cadmium stress does not affect the subcellular localization of Slt2 proteins. In addition, this cadmium-induced CWI activation is independent on the calcium/calcineurin signaling and the high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) signaling pathways in yeast cells. Furthermore, we tested the cadmium sensitivity of 42 paired double-gene deletion mutants between six CWI components and seven components of the HOG pathway. Our results indicate that the CWI pathway is epistatic to the HOG pathway in cadmium sensitivity. However, gene deletion mutations for the Swi4/Swi6 transcription factor complex show synergistic effects with mutations of HOG components in cadmium sensitivity.
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Kim J, Park H, Han JG, Oh J, Choi HK, Kim SH, Sung GH. Regulation of a phenylalanine ammonia lyase (BbPAL) by calmodulin in response to environmental changes in the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:4484-94. [PMID: 25970691 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL, E.C. 4.3.1.5) catalyses the deamination of L -phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid and ammonia, facilitating a critical step in the phenylpropanoid pathway that produces a variety of secondary metabolites. In this study, we isolated BbPAL gene in the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. According to multiple sequence alignment, homology modelling and in vitro PAL activity, we demonstrated that BbPAL acts as a typical PAL enzyme in B. bassiana. BbPAL interacted with calmodulin (CaM) in vitro and in vivo, indicating that BbPAL is a novel CaM-binding protein. The functional role of CaM in BbPAL action was to negatively regulate the BbPAL activity in B. bassiana. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed that L -phenylalanine was reduced and trans-cinnamic acid was increased in response to the CaM inhibitor W-7. Dark conditions suppressed BbPAL activity in B. bassiana, compared with light. In addition, heat and cold stresses inhibited BbPAL activity in B. bassiana. Interestingly, these negative effects of BbPAL activity by dark, heat and cold conditions were recovered by W-7 treatment, suggesting that the inhibitory mechanism is mediated through stimulation of CaM activity. Therefore, this work suggests that BbPAL plays a role in the phenylpropanoid pathway mediated by environmental stimuli via the CaM signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Kim
- Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Korea
| | - Hyesung Park
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, 369-873, Korea
| | - Jae-Gu Han
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, 369-873, Korea
| | - Junsang Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Korea
| | - Hyung-Kyoon Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Korea
| | - Seong Hwan Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Dankook University, Cheonan, 330-714, Korea
| | - Gi-Ho Sung
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do, 210-701, Korea.,Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon Metropolitan City, 404-834, Korea
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Nishizawa M. The regulators of yeast PHO system participate in the transcriptional regulation of G1 cyclin under alkaline stress conditions. Yeast 2015; 32:367-78. [PMID: 25582350 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast Pho85 kinase oversees whether environmental conditions are favourable for cell growth and enables yeast cells to express only genes that are appropriate for the conditions. Alkaline stress perturbs transport of molecules across the plasma membrane that is vital for cell survival. Progression through the cell cycle is halted until the cells can adapt to the stress conditions. I found that Pho85 is required for CLN2 expression and that overproduction of the transcription factors Pho4, Rim101 and Crz1, all targets of Pho85, inhibited CLN2 expression. CLN2 expression in the absence of Pho85 could be recovered only when all the three transcription factors were deleted. Whi5, a functional homologue of the mammalian Rb protein, represses CLN2 expression and is inactivated when phosphorylated by either of the CDK-cyclin complexes, Cdc28-Cln3 or Pho85-Pcl9. Under alkaline conditions, the absence of Whi5 caused an increase in CLN2 expression but failed to do so when Pho85 was also absent, or when Pho4 was overproduced. The expression level of CLN2 in a Δpho85 Δpho4 Δrim101 Δcrz1 quadruple mutant was stimulated when the Whi5 activity was repressed by overproduction of Pho85-Pcl9. These results indicate that Whi5 is also under control of alkaline stress. The inhibitory function of Whi5 on CLN2 is dependent on Rpd3 HDAC, and the absence of Rpd3 could also suppress the inhibitory effect of Pho4 overproduction. Based on these findings, a model is presented in which Pho85 and Pho4 functions in CLN2 regulation under alkaline conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Nishizawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Components of the calcium-calcineurin signaling pathway in fungal cells and their potential as antifungal targets. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2015; 14:324-34. [PMID: 25636321 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00271-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the emergence of fungal resistance has become frequent, partly due to the widespread clinical use of fluconazole, which is minimally toxic and effective in the prevention and treatment of Candida albicans infections. The limited selection of antifungal drugs for clinical fungal infection therapy has prompted us to search for new antifungal drug targets. Calcium, which acts as the second messenger in both mammals and fungi, plays a direct role in controlling the expression patterns of its signaling systems and has important roles in cell survival. In addition, calcium and some of the components, mainly calcineurin, in the fungal calcium signaling pathway mediate fungal resistance to antifungal drugs. Therefore, an overview of the components of the fungal calcium-calcineurin signaling network and their potential roles as antifungal targets is urgently needed. The calcium-calcineurin signaling pathway consists of various channels, transporters, pumps, and other proteins or enzymes. Many transcriptional profiles have indicated that mutant strains that lack some of these components are sensitized to fluconazole or other antifungal drugs. In addition, many researchers have identified efficient compounds that exhibit antifungal activity by themselves or in combination with antifungal drugs by targeting some of the components in the fungal calcium-calcineurin signaling pathway. This targeting disrupts Ca(2+) homeostasis, which suggests that this pathway contains potential targets for the development of new antifungal drugs.
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Kaps S, Kettner K, Migotti R, Kanashova T, Krause U, Rödel G, Dittmar G, Kriegel TM. Protein kinase Ymr291w/Tda1 is essential for glucose signaling in saccharomyces cerevisiae on the level of hexokinase isoenzyme ScHxk2 phosphorylation*. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:6243-55. [PMID: 25593311 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.595074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme ScHxk2 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a dual-function hexokinase that besides its catalytic role in glycolysis is involved in the transcriptional regulation of glucose-repressible genes. Relief from glucose repression is accompanied by the phosphorylation of the nuclear fraction of ScHxk2 at serine 15 and the translocation of the phosphoenzyme into the cytosol. Different studies suggest different serine/threonine protein kinases, Ymr291w/Tda1 or Snf1, to accomplish ScHxk2-S15 phosphorylation. The current paper provides evidence that Ymr291w/Tda1 is essential for that modification, whereas protein kinases Ydr477w/Snf1, Ynl307c/Mck1, Yfr014c/Cmk1, and Ykl126w/Ypk1, which are co-purified during Ymr291w/Tda1 tandem affinity purification, as well as protein kinase PKA and PKB homolog Sch9 are dispensable. Taking into account the detection of a significantly higher amount of the Ymr291w/Tda1 protein in cells grown in low-glucose media as compared with a high-glucose environment, Ymr291w/Tda1 is likely to contribute to glucose signaling in S. cerevisiae on the level of ScHxk2-S15 phosphorylation in a situation of limited external glucose availability. The evolutionary conservation of amino acid residue serine 15 in yeast hexokinases and its phosphorylation is illustrated by the finding that YMR291W/TDA1 of S. cerevisiae and the homologous KLLA0A09713 gene of Kluyveromyces lactis allow for cross-complementation of the respective protein kinase single-gene deletion strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Kaps
- From the Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden
| | - Karina Kettner
- From the Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden,
| | - Rebekka Migotti
- the Mass Spectrometry Platform, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, and
| | - Tamara Kanashova
- the Mass Spectrometry Platform, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, and
| | - Udo Krause
- the Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerhard Rödel
- the Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gunnar Dittmar
- the Mass Spectrometry Platform, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, and
| | - Thomas M Kriegel
- From the Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden
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41
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Juvvadi PR, Lamoth F, Steinbach WJ. Calcineurin-mediated regulation of hyphal growth, septation, and virulence in Aspergillus fumigatus. Mycopathologia 2014; 178:341-8. [PMID: 25118871 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-014-9794-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Calcineurin is a heterodimeric protein phosphatase complex composed of catalytic (CnaA) and regulatory (CnaB) subunits and plays diverse roles in regulating fungal stress responses, morphogenesis, and pathogenesis. Fungal pathogens utilize the calcineurin pathway to survive in the host environment and cause life-threatening infections. The immunosuppressive calcineurin inhibitors (FK506 and cyclosporine A) are active against fungi, making calcineurin a promising antifungal drug target. Here, we review novel findings on calcineurin localization and functions in Aspergillus fumigatus hyphal growth and septum formation through regulation of proteins involved in cell wall biosynthesis. Extensive mutational analysis in the functional domains of A. fumigatus CnaA has led to an understanding of the relevance of these domains for the localization and function of CnaA at the hyphal septum. An evolutionarily conserved novel mode of calcineurin regulation by phosphorylation in filamentous fungi was found to be responsible for virulence in A. fumigatus. This finding of a filamentous fungal-specific mechanism controlling hyphal growth and virulence represents a potential target for antifungal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen R Juvvadi
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, 427 Jones Building, Research Drive, Durham, NC, 27710, USA,
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Song J, Yang Q, Yang J, Larsson L, Hao X, Zhu X, Malmgren-Hill S, Cvijovic M, Fernandez-Rodriguez J, Grantham J, Gustafsson CM, Liu B, Nyström T. Essential genetic interactors of SIR2 required for spatial sequestration and asymmetrical inheritance of protein aggregates. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004539. [PMID: 25079602 PMCID: PMC4117435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sir2 is a central regulator of yeast aging and its deficiency increases daughter cell inheritance of stress- and aging-induced misfolded proteins deposited in aggregates and inclusion bodies. Here, by quantifying traits predicted to affect aggregate inheritance in a passive manner, we found that a passive diffusion model cannot explain Sir2-dependent failures in mother-biased segregation of either the small aggregates formed by the misfolded Huntingtin, Htt103Q, disease protein or heat-induced Hsp104-associated aggregates. Instead, we found that the genetic interaction network of SIR2 comprises specific essential genes required for mother-biased segregation including those encoding components of the actin cytoskeleton, the actin-associated myosin V motor protein Myo2, and the actin organization protein calmodulin, Cmd1. Co-staining with Hsp104-GFP demonstrated that misfolded Htt103Q is sequestered into small aggregates, akin to stress foci formed upon heat stress, that fail to coalesce into inclusion bodies. Importantly, these Htt103Q foci, as well as the ATPase-defective Hsp104Y662A-associated structures previously shown to be stable stress foci, co-localized with Cmd1 and Myo2-enriched structures and super-resolution 3-D microscopy demonstrated that they are associated with actin cables. Moreover, we found that Hsp42 is required for formation of heat-induced Hsp104Y662A foci but not Htt103Q foci suggesting that the routes employed for foci formation are not identical. In addition to genes involved in actin-dependent processes, SIR2-interactors required for asymmetrical inheritance of Htt103Q and heat-induced aggregates encode essential sec genes involved in ER-to-Golgi trafficking/ER homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Song
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Qian Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Junsheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Lisa Larsson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Xinxin Hao
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Xuefeng Zhu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Sandra Malmgren-Hill
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Marija Cvijovic
- Mathematical Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Julie Grantham
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Claes M. Gustafsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Beidong Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas Nyström
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
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Expression of NYV1 encoding the negative regulator of Pmc1 is repressed by two transcriptional repressors, Nrg1 and Mig1. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:3195-201. [PMID: 25017437 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
ESCRT components function to form multivesicular bodies for sorting of proteins destined to the yeast vacuole. The calcium hypersensitivity of ESCRT mutants is mainly due to repressed expression of PMR1 through the Rim101/Nrg1 pathway in budding yeast. Here, we show that overexpression of PMC1 and its negative regulator gene NYV1 suppresses and increases calcium hypersensitivity of ESCRT mutants, respectively. Consistently, deletion of NYV1 suppresses their calcium hypersensitivity. Expression of NYV1 is dramatically reduced in ESCRT mutants. Promoter analysis demonstrates that both Nrg1 and Mig1 repress NYV1 expression. Deletion of ESCRTs increases Nrg1 binding, but not Mig1-binding, to the NYV1 promoter. Deletion of MIG1 increases calcium sensitivity of ESCRT mutants due to derepression of NYV1 expression.
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44
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TOR complex 2-Ypk1 signaling is an essential positive regulator of the general amino acid control response and autophagy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:10586-91. [PMID: 25002487 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1406305111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly conserved Target of Rapamycin (TOR) kinase is a central regulator of cell growth and metabolism in response to nutrient availability. TOR functions in two structurally and functionally distinct complexes, TOR Complex 1 (TORC1) and TOR Complex 2 (TORC2). Through TORC1, TOR negatively regulates autophagy, a conserved process that functions in quality control and cellular homeostasis and, in this capacity, is part of an adaptive nutrient deprivation response. Here we demonstrate that during amino acid starvation TOR also operates independently as a positive regulator of autophagy through the conserved TORC2 and its downstream target protein kinase, Ypk1. Under these conditions, TORC2-Ypk1 signaling negatively regulates the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent phosphatase, calcineurin, to enable the activation of the amino acid-sensing eIF2α kinase, Gcn2, and to promote autophagy. Our work reveals that the TORC2 pathway regulates autophagy in an opposing manner to TORC1 to provide a tunable response to cellular metabolic status.
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45
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Miyakawa T, Mizunuma M. Physiological Roles of Calcineurin inSaccharomyces cerevisiaewith Special Emphasis on Its Roles in G2/M Cell-Cycle Regulation. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 71:633-45. [PMID: 17341827 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.60495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Calcineurin, a highly conserved Ca(2+)/CaM-dependent protein phosphatase, plays key regulatory roles in diverse biological processes from yeast to humans. Genetic and molecular analyses of the yeast model system have proved successful in dissecting complex regulatory pathways mediated by calcineurin. Saccharomyces cerevisiae calcineurin is not essential for growth under laboratory conditions, but becomes essential for survival under certain stress conditions, and is required for stress-induced expression of the genes for ion transporters and cell-wall synthesis. Yeast calcineurin, in collaboration with a Mpk1 MAP kinase cascade, is also important in G(2) cell-cycle regulation due to its action in a checkpoint-like mechanism. Genetic and molecular analysis of the Ca(2+)-dependent cell-cycle regulation has revealed an elaborate mechanism for the calcineurin-dependent regulation of the G(2)/M transition, in which calcineurin multilaterally activates Swe1, a negative regulator of the Cdc28/Clb complex, at the transcriptional, posttranslational, and degradation levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokichi Miyakawa
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.
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46
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Kleist TJ, Spencley AL, Luan S. Comparative phylogenomics of the CBL-CIPK calcium-decoding network in the moss Physcomitrella, Arabidopsis, and other green lineages. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:187. [PMID: 24860579 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Land plants have evolved a host of anatomical and molecular adaptations for terrestrial growth. Many of these adaptations are believed to be elaborations of features that were present in their algal-like progenitors. In the model plant Arabidopsis, 10 Calcineurin B-Like proteins (CBLs) function as calcium sensors and modulate the activity of 26 CBL-Interacting Protein Kinases (CIPKs). The CBL-CIPK network coordinates environmental responses and helps maintain proper ion balances, especially during abiotic stress. We identified and analyzed CBL and CIPK homologs in green lineages, including CBLs and CIPKs from charophyte green algae, the closest living relatives of land plants. Phylogenomic evidence suggests that the network expanded from a small module, likely a single CBL-CIPK pair, present in the ancestor of modern plants and algae. Extreme conservation of the NAF motif, which mediates CBL-CIPK physical interactions, among all identified CIPKs supports the interpretation of CBL and CIPK homologs in green algae and early diverging land plants as functionally linked network components. We identified the full complement of CBL and CIPK loci in the genome of Physcomitrella, a model moss. These analyses demonstrate the strong effects of a recent moss whole genome duplication: CBL and CIPK loci appear in cognate pairs, some of which appear to be pseudogenes, with high sequence similarity. We cloned all full-length transcripts from these loci and performed yeast two-hybrid analyses to demonstrate CBL-CIPK interactions and identify specific connections within the network. Using phylogenomics, we have identified three ancient types of CBLs that are discernible by N-terminal localization motifs and a "green algal-type" clade of CIPKs with members from Physcomitrella and Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Kleist
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Andrew L Spencley
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA ; Department of Dermatology, Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA
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47
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Kleist TJ, Spencley AL, Luan S. Comparative phylogenomics of the CBL-CIPK calcium-decoding network in the moss Physcomitrella, Arabidopsis, and other green lineages. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:187. [PMID: 24860579 PMCID: PMC4030171 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Land plants have evolved a host of anatomical and molecular adaptations for terrestrial growth. Many of these adaptations are believed to be elaborations of features that were present in their algal-like progenitors. In the model plant Arabidopsis, 10 Calcineurin B-Like proteins (CBLs) function as calcium sensors and modulate the activity of 26 CBL-Interacting Protein Kinases (CIPKs). The CBL-CIPK network coordinates environmental responses and helps maintain proper ion balances, especially during abiotic stress. We identified and analyzed CBL and CIPK homologs in green lineages, including CBLs and CIPKs from charophyte green algae, the closest living relatives of land plants. Phylogenomic evidence suggests that the network expanded from a small module, likely a single CBL-CIPK pair, present in the ancestor of modern plants and algae. Extreme conservation of the NAF motif, which mediates CBL-CIPK physical interactions, among all identified CIPKs supports the interpretation of CBL and CIPK homologs in green algae and early diverging land plants as functionally linked network components. We identified the full complement of CBL and CIPK loci in the genome of Physcomitrella, a model moss. These analyses demonstrate the strong effects of a recent moss whole genome duplication: CBL and CIPK loci appear in cognate pairs, some of which appear to be pseudogenes, with high sequence similarity. We cloned all full-length transcripts from these loci and performed yeast two-hybrid analyses to demonstrate CBL-CIPK interactions and identify specific connections within the network. Using phylogenomics, we have identified three ancient types of CBLs that are discernible by N-terminal localization motifs and a "green algal-type" clade of CIPKs with members from Physcomitrella and Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Kleist
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, USA
| | - Andrew L. Spencley
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford UniversityStanford, CA, USA
| | - Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, USA
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48
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Nygård Y, Mojzita D, Toivari M, Penttilä M, Wiebe MG, Ruohonen L. The diverse role of Pdr12 in resistance to weak organic acids. Yeast 2014; 31:219-32. [PMID: 24691985 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to weak organic acids is important relative to both weak organic acid preservatives and the development of inhibitor tolerant yeast as industrial production organisms. The ABC transporter Pdr12 is important for resistance to sorbic and propionic acid, but its role in tolerance to other weak organic acids with industrial relevance is not well established. In this study, yeast strains with altered expression of PDR12 and/or CMK1, a protein kinase associated with post-transcriptional negative regulation of Pdr12, were exposed to seven weak organic acids: acetic, formic, glycolic, lactic, propionic, sorbic and levulinic acid. These are widely used as preservatives, present in lignocellulosic hydrolysates or attractive as chemical precursors. Overexpression of PDR12 increased tolerance to acids with longer chain length, such as sorbic, propionic and levulinic acid, whereas deletion of PDR12 increased tolerance to the shorter acetic and formic acid. The viability of all strains decreased dramatically in acetic or propionic acid, but the Δpdr12 strains recovered more rapidly than other strains in acetic acid. Furthermore, our results indicated that Cmk1 plays a role in weak organic acid tolerance, beyond its role in regulation of Pdr12, since deletion of both Cmk1 and Pdr12 resulted in different responses to exposure to acids than were explained by deletion of Pdr12 alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Nygård
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland
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49
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Shen H, Hu Y, Zhang Y, Zhou X, Xu Z. Calcium–calmodulin dependent protein kinase I from Macrobrachium nipponense: cDNA cloning and involvement in molting. Gene 2014; 538:235-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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50
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Estrogen receptor antagonists are anti-cryptococcal agents that directly bind EF hand proteins and synergize with fluconazole in vivo. mBio 2014; 5:e00765-13. [PMID: 24520056 PMCID: PMC3950514 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00765-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcosis is an infectious disease of global significance for which new therapies are needed. Repurposing previously developed drugs for new indications can expedite the translation of new therapies from bench to beside. Here, we characterized the anti-cryptococcal activity and antifungal mechanism of estrogen receptor antagonists related to the breast cancer drugs tamoxifen and toremifene. Tamoxifen and toremifene are fungicidal and synergize with fluconazole and amphotericin B in vitro. In a mouse model of disseminated cryptococcosis, tamoxifen at concentrations achievable in humans combines with fluconazole to decrease brain burden by ~1 log10. In addition, these drugs inhibit the growth of Cryptococcus neoformans within macrophages, a niche not accessible by current antifungal drugs. Toremifene and tamoxifen directly bind to the essential EF hand protein calmodulin, as determined by thermal shift assays with purified C. neoformans calmodulin (Cam1), prevent Cam1 from binding to its well-characterized substrate calcineurin (Cna1), and block Cna1 activation. In whole cells, toremifene and tamoxifen block the calcineurin-dependent nuclear localization of the transcription factor Crz1. A large-scale chemical genetic screen with a library of C. neoformans deletion mutants identified a second EF hand-containing protein, which we have named calmodulin-like protein 1 (CNAG_05655), as a potential target, and further analysis showed that toremifene directly binds Cml1 and modulates its ability to bind and activate Cna1. Importantly, tamoxifen analogs (idoxifene and methylene-idoxifene) with increased calmodulin antagonism display improved anti-cryptococcal activity, indicating that calmodulin inhibition can be used to guide a systematic optimization of the anti-cryptococcal activity of the triphenylethylene scaffold. Worldwide, cryptococcosis affects approximately 1 million people annually and kills more HIV/AIDS patients per year than tuberculosis. The gold standard therapy for cryptococcosis is amphotericin B plus 5-flucytosine, but this regimen is not readily available in regions where resources are limited and where the burden of disease is highest. Herein, we show that molecules related to the breast cancer drug tamoxifen are fungicidal for Cryptococcus and display a number of pharmacological properties desirable for an anti-cryptococcal drug, including synergistic fungicidal activity with fluconazole in vitro and in vivo, oral bioavailability, and activity within macrophages. We have also demonstrated that this class of molecules targets calmodulin as part of their mechanism of action and that tamoxifen analogs with increased calmodulin antagonism have improved anti-cryptococcal activity. Taken together, these results indicate that tamoxifen is a pharmacologically attractive scaffold for the development of new anti-cryptococcal drugs and provide a mechanistic basis for its further optimization.
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