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Lu D, Evangelou AV, Shankar K, Dewji FI, Lin J, Levison SW. Neuroprotective effect of lipopolysaccharides in a dual-hit rat pup model of preterm hypoxia-ischemia. Neurosci Lett 2023; 795:137033. [PMID: 36574812 PMCID: PMC9852086 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.137033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The combination of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and hypoxia-ischemia (HI) has been used to model the brain injury sustained by sick pre-term infants in order to study the pathological conditions of diffuse white matter injury, which is a major cause of preterm morbidity. Prior studies have shown that the timing and dose of LPS administration will determine whether the injury is reduced or exacerbated. Here we show that administering a single injection of LPS (0.1 mg/kg) to postnatal-day-2 rat pups 14 h before inducing HI effectively protects the brain from HI-associated damage. We show that the LPS-treated HI rat pups have significantly less histopathology compared to the saline-treated HI rat pups. Apoptotic deaths were dramatically curtailed in both the neocortex and white matter when evaluated at 2 days of recovery. Microglial activation was reduced when the percentage of CD68+/Iba1+ cells was quantified in the neocortex of the LPS-treated vs the saline-treated HI rat pups. One mechanism through which LPS pre-treatment appears to be preventing injury is through the AKT-endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) pathway as LPS induced an increase in both the expression and phosphorylation of eNOS. Altogether these data show that the neocortex, as well as the white matter sustain damage after HI at this timepoint in forebrain development and that acutely activating the immune system can protect the brain from brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Angelina V Evangelou
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Krithika Shankar
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Fatemah Iman Dewji
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Steven W Levison
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
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2
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Abiramalatha T, Ramaswamy VV, Ponnala AK, Kallem VR, Murkunde YV, Punnoose AM, Vivekanandhan A, Pullattayil AK, Amboiram P. Emerging neuroprotective interventions in periventricular leukomalacia: A systematic review of preclinical studies. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2022; 31:305-330. [PMID: 35143732 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2022.2040479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is a result of various antenatal, intrapartum, or postnatal insults to the developing brain and is an important harbinger of cerebral palsy in preterm neonates. There is no proven therapy for PVL. This calls for appraisal of targeted therapies that have been investigated in animal models to evaluate their relevance in clinical research context. AREAS COVERED This systematic review identifies interventions that were evaluated in preclinical studies for neuroprotective efficacy against PVL. We identified 142 studies evaluating various interventions in PVL animal models. (Search method is detailed in section 2). EXPERT OPINION Interventions that have yielded significant results in preclinical research, and that have been evaluated in a limited number of clinical trials include stem cells, erythropoietin, and melatonin. Many other therapeutic modalities evaluated in preclinical studies have been identified, but more data on their neuroprotective potential in PVL must be garnered before they can be considered for clinical trials. Because most of the tested interventions had only a partial efficacy, a combination of interventions that could be synergistic should be investigated in future preclinical studies. Furthermore, since the nature and pattern of perinatal insults to preterm brain predisposing it to PVL are substantially variable, individualised approaches for the choice of appropriate neuroprotective interventions tailored to different sub-groups of preterm neonates should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangaraj Abiramalatha
- Consultant Neonatologist, Kovai Medical Center and Hospital (KMCH).,Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, KMCH Institute of Health Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, India
| | | | - Andelsivj Kumar Ponnala
- Centre for Toxicology and Developmental Research (CEFTE), Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | | | - Yogeshkumar V Murkunde
- Centre for Toxicology and Developmental Research (CEFTE), Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Alan Mathew Punnoose
- Department of Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | | | | | - Prakash Amboiram
- Department of Neonatology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
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3
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White matter injury in infants with intraventricular haemorrhage: mechanisms and therapies. Nat Rev Neurol 2021; 17:199-214. [PMID: 33504979 PMCID: PMC8880688 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-020-00447-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) continues to be a major complication of prematurity that can result in cerebral palsy and cognitive impairment in survivors. No optimal therapy exists to prevent IVH or to treat its consequences. IVH varies in severity and can present as a bleed confined to the germinal matrix, small-to-large IVH or periventricular haemorrhagic infarction. Moderate-to-severe haemorrhage dilates the ventricle and damages the periventricular white matter. This white matter injury results from a constellation of blood-induced pathological reactions, including oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, inflammation, perturbed signalling pathways and remodelling of the extracellular matrix. Potential therapies for IVH are currently undergoing investigation in preclinical models and evidence from clinical trials suggests that stem cell treatment and/or endoscopic removal of clots from the cerebral ventricles could transform the outcome of infants with IVH. This Review presents an integrated view of new insights into the mechanisms underlying white matter injury in premature infants with IVH and highlights the importance of early detection of disability and immediate intervention in optimizing the outcomes of IVH survivors.
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4
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Pisani F, Fusco C, Nagarajan L, Spagnoli C. Acute symptomatic neonatal seizures, brain injury, and long-term outcome: The role of neuroprotective strategies. Expert Rev Neurother 2020; 21:189-203. [PMID: 33176104 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2021.1848547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neonatal seizures are frequent but underdiagnosed manifestations of acute brain dysfunction and an important contributor to unfavorable outcomes. Etiology and severity of brain injury are the single strongest outcome determinants. AREAS COVERED The authors will discuss the prognostic role of acute symptomatic seizures versus brain injury and the main neuroprotective and neurorestorative strategies for full-term and preterm infants. EXPERT OPINION Prolonged acute symptomatic seizures likely contribute to long-term outcomes by independently adding further brain injury to initial insults. Correct timing and dosing of therapeutic interventions, depending on etiology and gestational ages, need careful evaluation. Although promising strategies are under study, the only standard of care is whole-body therapeutic hypothermia in full-term newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pisani
- Child Neuropsychiatric Unit, Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Parma , Parma, Italy
| | - Carlo Fusco
- Child Neurology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Azienda USL-IRCCS Di Reggio Emilia , Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Lakshmi Nagarajan
- Department of Neurology, Perth Children's Hospital, University of Western Australia , Perth, Australia
| | - Carlotta Spagnoli
- Child Neurology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Azienda USL-IRCCS Di Reggio Emilia , Reggio Emilia, Italy
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5
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Vaes JEG, Brandt MJV, Wanders N, Benders MJNL, de Theije CGM, Gressens P, Nijboer CH. The impact of trophic and immunomodulatory factors on oligodendrocyte maturation: Potential treatments for encephalopathy of prematurity. Glia 2020; 69:1311-1340. [PMID: 33595855 PMCID: PMC8246971 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Encephalopathy of prematurity (EoP) is a major cause of morbidity in preterm neonates, causing neurodevelopmental adversities that can lead to lifelong impairments. Preterm birth-related insults, such as cerebral oxygen fluctuations and perinatal inflammation, are believed to negatively impact brain development, leading to a range of brain abnormalities. Diffuse white matter injury is a major hallmark of EoP and characterized by widespread hypomyelination, the result of disturbances in oligodendrocyte lineage development. At present, there are no treatment options available, despite the enormous burden of EoP on patients, their families, and society. Over the years, research in the field of neonatal brain injury and other white matter pathologies has led to the identification of several promising trophic factors and cytokines that contribute to the survival and maturation of oligodendrocytes, and/or dampening neuroinflammation. In this review, we discuss the current literature on selected factors and their therapeutic potential to combat EoP, covering a wide range of in vitro, preclinical and clinical studies. Furthermore, we offer a future perspective on the translatability of these factors into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josine E G Vaes
- Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Myrna J V Brandt
- Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nikki Wanders
- Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Manon J N L Benders
- Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline G M de Theije
- Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Cora H Nijboer
- Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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6
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Janowska J, Gargas J, Ziemka-Nalecz M, Zalewska T, Sypecka J. Oligodendrocyte Response to Pathophysiological Conditions Triggered by Episode of Perinatal Hypoxia-Ischemia: Role of IGF-1 Secretion by Glial Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4250-4268. [PMID: 32691304 PMCID: PMC7467917 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02015-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitors towards myelinating cells is influenced by a plethora of exogenous instructive signals. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is one of the major factors regulating cell survival, proliferation, and maturation. Recently, there is an ever growing recognition concerning the role of autocrine/paracrine IGF-1 signaling in brain development and metabolism. Since oligodendrocyte functioning is altered after the neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) insult, a question arises if the injury exerts any influence on the IGF-1 secreted by neural cells and how possibly the change in IGF-1 concentration affects oligodendrocyte growth. To quantify the secretory activity of neonatal glial cells, the step-wise approach by sequentially using the in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro models of perinatal asphyxia was applied. A comparison of the results of in vivo and ex vivo studies allowed evaluating the role of autocrine/paracrine IGF-1 signaling. Accordingly, astroglia were indicated to be the main local source of IGF-1 in the developing brain, and the factor secretion was shown to be significantly upregulated during the first 24 h after the hypoxic-ischemic insult. And conversely, the IGF-1 amounts released by oligodendrocytes and microglia significantly decreased. A morphometric examination of oligodendrocyte differentiation by means of the Sholl analysis showed that the treatment with low IGF-1 doses markedly improved the branching of oligodendroglial cell processes and, in this way, promoted their differentiation. The changes in the IGF-1 amounts in the nervous tissue after HI might contribute to the resulting white matter disorders, observed in newborn children who experienced perinatal asphyxia. Pharmacological modulation of IGF-1 secretion by neural cells could be reasonable solution in studies aimed at searching for therapies alleviating the consequences of perinatal asphyxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Janowska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5, A. Pawinskiego Str., 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Gargas
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5, A. Pawinskiego Str., 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Ziemka-Nalecz
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5, A. Pawinskiego Str., 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Teresa Zalewska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5, A. Pawinskiego Str., 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Sypecka
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5, A. Pawinskiego Str., 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
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7
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Prabhu D, Khan SM, Blackburn K, Marshall JP, Ashpole NM. Loss of insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling in astrocytes disrupts glutamate handling. J Neurochem 2019; 151:689-702. [PMID: 31563149 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) has been studied extensively for its ability to promote neuronal growth and excitability. Declining levels of IGF-1 have been correlated with impaired learning and memory as well as an increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases. While neuronal regulation by IGF-1 is well understood, the role of IGF-1 in influencing astrocyte function requires further exploration. Astrocytes regulate many aspects of the brain microenvironment, including controlling glutamate-glutamine cycling, which ultimately supports neuronal metabolism, neurotransmission, and protection from over stimulation. In this study, we examined whether IGF-1 acts through its cognate receptor, IGFR, to alter astrocytic glutamate handling. We utilized both small molecule IGFR inhibitors and Cre-driven genetic approaches to reduce IGFR in vivo and in cultured rodent astrocytes. When IGFR was knocked out of primary astrocytes derived from igfrf/f mice using AAV5-CMV-Cre, significant reductions in glutamate uptake were observed. Similarly, inhibition of IGFR with picropodophyllotoxin for 2 h, as well as 24 h, reduced glutamate uptake in vitro. Mechanistically, short-term inhibition of IGFR resulted in a significant decrease in glutamate transporter availability on the cell surface, as assessed by biotinylation. Long-term inhibition of IGFR led to significant reductions in mRNA expression of glutamate transport machinery, as assessed with qPCR. Reduced glutamate transporter mRNA was also observed in the brains of astrocyte-specific IGFR-deficient mice, three to four months after knock-out was induced with tamoxifen. Interestingly, long-term IGF-1 inhibition also resulted in an increase in adenosine triphosphate-stimulated glutamate release, though no change in adenosine triphosphate-stimulated calcium flux was observed nor were any changes in purinergic receptor protein expression. Together, these data suggest that reduced IGF-1 signaling will favor an accumulation of extrasynaptic glutamate, which may contribute to neurodegeneration in disease states where IGF-1 levels are low. Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14534.
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Affiliation(s)
- Disha Prabhu
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Sariya M Khan
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Katherine Blackburn
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Jessica P Marshall
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Nicole M Ashpole
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, University, Mississippi, USA.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, University, Mississippi, USA
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8
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Prabhu D, Khan SM, Blackburn K, Marshall JP, Ashpole NM. Loss of insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling in astrocytes disrupts glutamate handling. J Neurochem 2019. [PMID: 31563149 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) has been studied extensively for its ability to promote neuronal growth and excitability. Declining levels of IGF-1 have been correlated with impaired learning and memory as well as an increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases. While neuronal regulation by IGF-1 is well understood, the role of IGF-1 in influencing astrocyte function requires further exploration. Astrocytes regulate many aspects of the brain microenvironment, including controlling glutamate-glutamine cycling, which ultimately supports neuronal metabolism, neurotransmission, and protection from over stimulation. In this study, we examined whether IGF-1 acts through its cognate receptor, IGFR, to alter astrocytic glutamate handling. We utilized both small molecule IGFR inhibitors and Cre-driven genetic approaches to reduce IGFR in vivo and in cultured rodent astrocytes. When IGFR was knocked out of primary astrocytes derived from igfrf/f mice using AAV5-CMV-Cre, significant reductions in glutamate uptake were observed. Similarly, inhibition of IGFR with picropodophyllotoxin for 2 h, as well as 24 h, reduced glutamate uptake in vitro. Mechanistically, short-term inhibition of IGFR resulted in a significant decrease in glutamate transporter availability on the cell surface, as assessed by biotinylation. Long-term inhibition of IGFR led to significant reductions in mRNA expression of glutamate transport machinery, as assessed with qPCR. Reduced glutamate transporter mRNA was also observed in the brains of astrocyte-specific IGFR-deficient mice, three to four months after knock-out was induced with tamoxifen. Interestingly, long-term IGF-1 inhibition also resulted in an increase in adenosine triphosphate-stimulated glutamate release, though no change in adenosine triphosphate-stimulated calcium flux was observed nor were any changes in purinergic receptor protein expression. Together, these data suggest that reduced IGF-1 signaling will favor an accumulation of extrasynaptic glutamate, which may contribute to neurodegeneration in disease states where IGF-1 levels are low. Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14534.
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Affiliation(s)
- Disha Prabhu
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Sariya M Khan
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Katherine Blackburn
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Jessica P Marshall
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Nicole M Ashpole
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, University, Mississippi, USA.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, University, Mississippi, USA
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9
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Arteaga Cabeza O, Mikrogeorgiou A, Kannan S, Ferriero DM. Advanced nanotherapies to promote neuroregeneration in the injured newborn brain. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 148:19-37. [PMID: 31678359 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal brain injury affects thousands of babies each year and may lead to long-term and permanent physical and neurological problems. Currently, therapeutic hypothermia is standard clinical care for term newborns with moderate to severe neonatal encephalopathy. Nevertheless, it is not completely protective, and additional strategies to restore and promote regeneration are urgently needed. One way to ensure recovery following injury to the immature brain is to augment endogenous regenerative pathways. However, novel strategies such as stem cell therapy, gene therapies and nanotechnology have not been adequately explored in this unique age group. In this perspective review, we describe current efforts that promote neuroprotection and potential targets that are unique to the developing brain, which can be leveraged to facilitate neuroregeneration.
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10
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Volpe JJ. Dysmaturation of Premature Brain: Importance, Cellular Mechanisms, and Potential Interventions. Pediatr Neurol 2019; 95:42-66. [PMID: 30975474 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prematurity, especially preterm birth (less than 32 weeks' gestation), is common and associated with high rates of both survival and neurodevelopmental disability, especially apparent in cognitive spheres. The neuropathological substrate of this disability is now recognized to be related to a variety of dysmaturational disturbances of the brain. These disturbances follow initial brain injury, particularly cerebral white matter injury, and involve many of the extraordinary array of developmental events active in cerebral white and gray matter structures during the premature period. This review delineates these developmental events and the dysmaturational disturbances that occur in premature infants. The cellular mechanisms involved in the genesis of the dysmaturation are emphasized, with particular focus on the preoligodendrocyte. A central role for the diffusely distributed activated microglia and reactive astrocytes in the dysmaturation is now apparent. As these dysmaturational cellular mechanisms appear to occur over a relatively long time window, interventions to prevent or ameliorate the dysmaturation, that is, neurorestorative interventions, seem possible. Such interventions include pharmacologic agents, especially erythropoietin, and particular attention has also been paid to such nutritional factors as quality and source of milk, breastfeeding, polyunsaturated fatty acids, iron, and zinc. Recent studies also suggest a potent role for interventions directed at various experiential factors in the neonatal period and infancy, i.e., provision of optimal auditory and visual exposures, minimization of pain and stress, and a variety of other means of environmental behavioral enrichment, in enhancing brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Volpe
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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11
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Baud O, Berkane N. Hormonal Changes Associated With Intra-Uterine Growth Restriction: Impact on the Developing Brain and Future Neurodevelopment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:179. [PMID: 30972026 PMCID: PMC6443724 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The environment in which a fetus develops is not only important for its growth and maturation but also for its long-term postnatal health and neurodevelopment. Several hormones including glucocorticosteroids, estrogens and progesterone, insulin growth factor and thyroid hormones, carefully regulate the growth of the fetus and its metabolism during pregnancy by controlling the supply of nutrients crossing the placenta. In addition to fetal synthesis, hormones regulating fetal growth are also expressed and regulated in the placenta, and they play a key role in the vulnerability of the developing brain and its maturation. This review summarizes the current understanding and evidence regarding the involvement of hormonal dysregulation associated with intra-uterine growth restriction and its consequences on brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Baud
- Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Department of Women-Children-Teenagers, University Hospitals Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Inserm U1141, Sorbonne, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Olivier Baud
| | - Nadia Berkane
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Women-Children-Teenagers, University Hospitals Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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12
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Promoting neuroregeneration after perinatal arterial ischemic stroke: neurotrophic factors and mesenchymal stem cells. Pediatr Res 2018; 83:372-384. [PMID: 28949952 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Newborns suffering from perinatal arterial ischemic stroke (PAIS) are at risk of neurodevelopmental problems. Current treatment options for PAIS are limited and mainly focus on supportive care, as presentation of PAIS is beyond the time window of current treatment strategies. Therefore, recent focus has shifted to interventions that stimulate regeneration of damaged brain tissue. From animal models, it is known that the brain increases its neurogenic capability after ischemic injury, by promoting neural cell proliferation and differentiation. However, neurogenesis is not maintained at the long term, which consequently impedes full repair leading to adverse consequences later in life. Boosting neuroregeneration of the newborn brain using treatment with neurotrophic factors and/or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may be promising novel therapeutic strategies to improve neurological prospects and quality of life of infants with PAIS. This review focuses on effectiveness of neurotrophic growth factors, including erythropoietin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, glial-derived neurotrophic factor, and MSC therapy, in both experimental neonatal stroke studies and first clinical trials for neonatal ischemic brain injury.
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13
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Multipotency and therapeutic potential of NG2 cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 141:42-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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Newville J, Jantzie LL, Cunningham LA. Embracing oligodendrocyte diversity in the context of perinatal injury. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:1575-1585. [PMID: 29171412 PMCID: PMC5696828 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.217320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence is fueling a new appreciation of oligodendrocyte diversity that is overturning the traditional view that oligodendrocytes are a homogenous cell population. Oligodendrocytes of distinct origins, maturational stages, and regional locations may differ in their functional capacity or susceptibility to injury. One of the most unique qualities of the oligodendrocyte is its ability to produce myelin. Myelin abnormalities have been ascribed to a remarkable array of perinatal brain injuries, with concomitant oligodendrocyte dysregulation. Within this review, we discuss new insights into the diversity of the oligodendrocyte lineage and highlight their relevance in paradigms of perinatal brain injury. Future therapeutic development will be informed by comprehensive knowledge of oligodendrocyte pathophysiology that considers the particular facets of heterogeneity that this lineage exhibits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Newville
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Lauren L. Jantzie
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Lee Anna Cunningham
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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15
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Tien LT, Lee YJ, Pang Y, Lu S, Lee JW, Tseng CH, Bhatt AJ, Savich RD, Fan LW. Neuroprotective Effects of Intranasal IGF-1 against Neonatal Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neurobehavioral Deficits and Neuronal Inflammation in the Substantia Nigra and Locus Coeruleus of Juvenile Rats. Dev Neurosci 2017; 39:443-459. [PMID: 28787734 PMCID: PMC5799046 DOI: 10.1159/000477898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure-induced brain inflammation resulted in motor dysfunction and brain dopaminergic neuronal injury, and increased the risks of neurodegenerative disorders in adult rats. Our previous studies showed that intranasal administration of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) protects against LPS-induced white matter injury in the developing rat brain. To further examine whether IGF-1 protects against LPS-induced brain neuronal injury and neurobehavioral dysfunction, recombinant human IGF-1 (rhIGF-1) at a dose of 50 µg/pup was administered intranasally 1 h following intracerebral injection of LPS (1 mg/kg) in postnatal day 5 (P5) Sprague-Dawley rat pups. Neurobehavioral tests were carried out from P7 to P21, and brain neuronal injury was examined at P21. Our results showed that LPS exposure resulted in disturbances of motor behaviors in juvenile rats. Moreover, LPS exposure caused injury to central catecholaminergic neurons, as indicated by a reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity in the substantia nigra (SN), ventral tegmental area (VTA) and olfactory bulb (OB), and brain noradrenergic neurons, as indicated by a reduction of TH immunoreactivity in the locus coeruleus (LC) of the P21 rat brain. The LPS-induced reduction of TH+ cells was observed at a greater degree in the SN and LC of the P21 rat brain. Intranasal rhIGF-1 treatment attenuated LPS-induced central catecholaminergic neuronal injury and motor behavioral disturbances, including locomotion, beam walking test and gait analysis. Intranasal rhIGF-1 administration also attenuated LPS-induced elevation of IL-1β levels and numbers of activated microglia, and cyclooxygenase-2+ cells, which were double labeled with TH+ cells in the SN, VTA, OB and LC of the P21 rat brain. These results suggest that IGF-1 may provide protection against neonatal LPS exposure-induced central catecholaminergic neuronal injury and motor behavioral disturbances, and that the protective effects are associated with the inhibition of microglia activation and the reduction of neuronal oxidative stress by the suppression of the neuronal cyclooxygenase-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Tai Tien
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang Dist, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Jing Lee
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang Dist, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
| | - Yi Pang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Silu Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Jonathan W Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Chih-Hsueh Tseng
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang Dist, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
| | - Abhay J Bhatt
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Renate D Savich
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Lir-Wan Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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Schindler N, Mayer J, Saenger S, Gimsa U, Walz C, Brenmoehl J, Ohde D, Wirthgen E, Tuchscherer A, Russo VC, Frank M, Kirschstein T, Metzger F, Hoeflich A. Phenotype analysis of male transgenic mice overexpressing mutant IGFBP-2 lacking the Cardin-Weintraub sequence motif: Reduced expression of synaptic markers and myelin basic protein in the brain and a lower degree of anxiety-like behaviour. Growth Horm IGF Res 2017; 33:1-8. [PMID: 27919008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Brain growth and function are regulated by insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I and IGF-II) but also by IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), including IGFBP-2. In addition to modulating IGF activities, IGFBP-2 interacts with a number of components of the extracellular matrix and cell membrane via a Cardin-Weintraub sequence or heparin binding domain (HBD1). The nature and the signalling elicited by these interactions are not fully understood. Here, we examined transgenic mice (H1d-hBP2) overexpressing a mutant human IGFBP-2 that lacks a specific heparin binding domain (HBD1) known as the Cardin-Weintraub sequence. H1d-hBP2 transgenic mice have the genetic background of FVB mice and are characterized by severe deficits in brain growth throughout their lifetime (p<0.05). In tissue lysates from brain hemispheres of 12-21day old male mice, protein levels of the GTPase dynamin-I were significantly reduced (p<0.01). Weight reductions were also found in distinct brain regions in two different age groups (12 and 80weeks). In the younger group, impaired weights were observed in the hippocampus (-34%; p<0.001), cerebellum (-25%; p<0.0001), olfactory bulb (-31%; p<0.05) and prefrontal cortex (-29%; p<0.05). At an age of 12weeks expression of myelin basic protein was reduced (p<0.01) in H1d-BP-2 mice in the cerebellum but not in the hippocampus. At 80weeks of age, weight reductions were similarly present in the cerebellum (-28%; p<0.001) and hippocampus (-31; p<0.05). When mice were challenged in the elevated plus maze, aged but not younger H1d-hBP2 mice displayed significantly less anxiety-like behaviour, which was also observed in a second transgenic mouse model overexpressing mouse IGFBP-2 lacking HBD1 (H1d-mBP2). These in vivo studies provide, for the first time, evidence for a specific role of IGFBP-2 in brain functions associated with anxiety and risk behaviour. These activities of IGFBP-2 could be mediated by the Cardin-Weintraub/HBD1 sequence and are altered in mice expressing IGFBP-2 lacking the HBD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Schindler
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - J Mayer
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, University of Rostock, Germany
| | - S Saenger
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, DTA CNS, Basel, Switzerland
| | - U Gimsa
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - C Walz
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - J Brenmoehl
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - D Ohde
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - E Wirthgen
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - A Tuchscherer
- Institute of Genetic and Biometry, Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - V C Russo
- Hormone Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - M Frank
- Medical Biology and Electron Microscopy Centre, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - T Kirschstein
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, University of Rostock, Germany
| | - F Metzger
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, DTA CNS, Basel, Switzerland
| | - A Hoeflich
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany.
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17
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iPS-derived neural progenitor cells from PPMS patients reveal defect in myelin injury response. Exp Neurol 2016; 288:114-121. [PMID: 27865736 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) is a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) currently lacking any effective treatment. Promoting endogenous brain repair offers a potential strategy to halt and possibly restore neurologic function in PPMS. To understand how the microenvironment within white matter lesions plays a role in repair we have focused on neural progenitor cells (NPCs) since these are found in lesions in PPMS and have been found to influence oligodendrocyte progenitor cell maturation (OPCs). To better understand the cellular nature of NPCs in PPMS we developed iPS cells from blood samples of PPMS patients and age matched non-disease spouse or blood relative controls. Using these iPS cell lines we determined that the NPCs from PPMS cases provided no neuroprotection against active CNS demyelination compared to NPCs from control iPS lines which were capable of completely preventing injury. Conditioned media (CM) from PPMS NPCs provides no protection to OPCs and prevents maturation of OPCs into oligodendrocytes in vitro. We also found that CM from PPMS iPS NPCs elicited patient-specific differences in the response to compounds that should foster oligodendrocyte (OL) maturation. Together, these data establish a new model for understanding the nature of myelination defects in PPMS which may lead to novel targeted approaches for preventing demyelination in these patients.
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18
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Kersbergen KJ, Makropoulos A, Aljabar P, Groenendaal F, de Vries LS, Counsell SJ, Benders MJNL. Longitudinal Regional Brain Development and Clinical Risk Factors in Extremely Preterm Infants. J Pediatr 2016; 178:93-100.e6. [PMID: 27634629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate third-trimester extrauterine brain growth and correlate this with clinical risk factors in the neonatal period, using serially acquired brain tissue volumes in a large, unselected cohort of extremely preterm born infants. STUDY DESIGN Preterm infants (gestational age <28 weeks) underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at around 30 weeks postmenstrual age and again around term equivalent age. MRIs were segmented in 50 different regions covering the entire brain. Multivariable regression analysis was used to determine the influence of clinical variables on volumes at both scans, as well as on volumetric growth. RESULTS MRIs at term equivalent age were available for 210 infants and serial data were available for 131 infants. Growth over these 10 weeks was greatest for the cerebellum, with an increase of 258%. Sex, birth weight z-score, and prolonged mechanical ventilation showed global effects on brain volumes on both scans. The effect of brain injury on ventricular size was already visible at 30 weeks, whereas growth data and volumes at term-equivalent age revealed the effect of brain injury on the cerebellum. CONCLUSION This study provides data about third-trimester extrauterine volumetric brain growth in preterm infants. Both global and local effects of several common clinical risk factors were found to influence serial volumetric measurements, highlighting the vulnerability of the human brain, especially in the presence of brain injury, during this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina J Kersbergen
- Department of Perinatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital and Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Antonios Makropoulos
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK; Biomedical Image Analysis Group, Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Aljabar
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Floris Groenendaal
- Department of Perinatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital and Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linda S de Vries
- Department of Perinatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital and Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Serena J Counsell
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Manon J N L Benders
- Department of Perinatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital and Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
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19
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Chew LJ, DeBoy CA. Pharmacological approaches to intervention in hypomyelinating and demyelinating white matter pathology. Neuropharmacology 2016; 110:605-625. [PMID: 26116759 PMCID: PMC4690794 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
White matter disease afflicts both developing and mature central nervous systems. Both cell intrinsic and extrinsic dysregulation result in profound changes in cell survival, axonal metabolism and functional performance. Experimental models of developmental white matter (WM) injury and demyelination have not only delineated mechanisms of signaling and inflammation, but have also paved the way for the discovery of pharmacological approaches to intervention. These reagents have been shown to enhance protection of the mature oligodendrocyte cell, accelerate progenitor cell recruitment and/or differentiation, or attenuate pathological stimuli arising from the inflammatory response to injury. Here we highlight reports of studies in the CNS in which compounds, namely peptides, hormones, and small molecule agonists/antagonists, have been used in experimental animal models of demyelination and neonatal brain injury that affect aspects of excitotoxicity, oligodendrocyte development and survival, and progenitor cell function, and which have been demonstrated to attenuate damage and improve WM protection in experimental models of injury. The molecular targets of these agents include growth factor and neurotransmitter receptors, morphogens and their signaling components, nuclear receptors, as well as the processes of iron transport and actin binding. By surveying the current evidence in non-immune targets of both the immature and mature WM, we aim to better understand pharmacological approaches modulating endogenous oligodendroglia that show potential for success in the contexts of developmental and adult WM pathology. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Oligodendrocytes in Health and Disease'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jin Chew
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Cynthia A DeBoy
- Biology Department, Trinity Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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20
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Wheeler NA, Fuss B. Extracellular cues influencing oligodendrocyte differentiation and (re)myelination. Exp Neurol 2016; 283:512-30. [PMID: 27016069 PMCID: PMC5010977 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing number of neurologic disorders found to be associated with loss and/or dysfunction of the CNS myelin sheath, ranging from the classic demyelinating disease, multiple sclerosis, through CNS injury, to neuropsychiatric diseases. The disabling burden of these diseases has sparked a growing interest in gaining a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating the differentiation of the myelinating cells of the CNS, oligodendrocytes (OLGs), and the process of (re)myelination. In this context, the importance of the extracellular milieu is becoming increasingly recognized. Under pathological conditions, changes in inhibitory as well as permissive/promotional cues are thought to lead to an overall extracellular environment that is obstructive for the regeneration of the myelin sheath. Given the general view that remyelination is, even though limited in human, a natural response to demyelination, targeting pathologically 'dysregulated' extracellular cues and their downstream pathways is regarded as a promising approach toward the enhancement of remyelination by endogenous (or if necessary transplanted) OLG progenitor cells. In this review, we will introduce the extracellular cues that have been implicated in the modulation of (re)myelination. These cues can be soluble, part of the extracellular matrix (ECM) or mediators of cell-cell interactions. Their inhibitory and permissive/promotional roles with regard to remyelination as well as their potential for therapeutic intervention will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Wheeler
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Babette Fuss
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
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21
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Huang B, Ning S, Zhang Q, Chen A, Jiang C, Cui Y, Hu J, Li H, Fan G, Qin L, Liu J. Bisphenol A Represses Dopaminergic Neuron Differentiation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells through Downregulating the Expression of Insulin-like Growth Factor 1. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:3798-3812. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9898-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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22
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Wu Q, Chen W, Sinha B, Tu Y, Manning S, Thomas N, Zhou S, Jiang H, Ma H, Kroessler DA, Yao J, Li Z, Inder TE, Wang X. Neuroprotective agents for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:1372-81. [PMID: 26360053 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic (H-I) brain injury in newborns is a major cause of morbidity and mortality that claims thousands of lives each year. In this review, we summarize the promising neuroprotective agents tested on animal models and pilot clinical studies of neonatal H-I brain injury according to the different phases of the disease. These agents target various phases of injury including the early phase of excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and apoptosis as well as late-phase inflammatory reaction and neural repair. We analyze the cell survival and cell death pathways modified by these agents in neonatal H-I brain injury. We aim to 'build a bridge' between animal trials of neuroprotective agents and potential candidate treatments for future clinical applications against H-I encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaofeng Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610091, China
| | - Wu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dongfeng Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442012, China
| | - Bharati Sinha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Yanyang Tu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Simon Manning
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Niranjan Thomas
- Department of Neonatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shuanhu Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - He Ma
- Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530031, China
| | - Daphne A Kroessler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jiemin Yao
- Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530031, China
| | - Zhipu Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Terry E Inder
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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23
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Back SA. Brain Injury in the Preterm Infant: New Horizons for Pathogenesis and Prevention. Pediatr Neurol 2015; 53:185-92. [PMID: 26302698 PMCID: PMC4550810 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Preterm neonates are surviving with a milder spectrum of motor and cognitive disabilities that appear to be related to widespread disturbances in cell maturation that target cerebral gray and white matter. Whereas the preterm brain was previously at high risk for destructive lesions, preterm survivors now commonly display less severe injury that is associated with aberrant regeneration and repair responses that result in reduced cerebral growth. Impaired cerebral white matter growth is related to myelination disturbances that are initiated by acute death of premyelinating oligodendrocytes, but are followed by rapid regeneration of premyelinating oligodendrocytes that fail to normally mature to myelinating cells. Although immature neurons are more resistant to cell death than mature neurons, they display widespread disturbances in maturation of their dendritic arbors and synapses, which further contributes to impaired cerebral growth. Thus, even more mild cerebral injury involves disrupted repair mechanisms in which neurons and premyelinating oligodendrocytes fail to fully mature during a critical window in development of neural circuitry. These recently recognized distinct forms of cerebral gray and white matter dysmaturation raise new diagnostic challenges and suggest new therapeutic strategies to promote brain growth and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A. Back
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A
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24
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Rong Z, Pan R, Chang L, Lee W. Combination treatment with ethyl pyruvate and IGF-I exerts neuroprotective effects against brain injury in a rat model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:195-203. [PMID: 25999282 PMCID: PMC4494588 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury causes severe brain damage in newborns. Following HI injury, rapidly accumulating oxidants injure neurons and interrupt ongoing developmental processes. The antioxidant, sodium pyruvate, has been shown to reduce neuronal injury in neonatal rats under conditions of oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) and HI injury. In this study, we evaluated the effects of ethyl pyruvate (EP) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) alone or in combination in a similar setting. For this purpose, we used an in vitro model involving primary neonatal rat cortical neurons subjected to OGD for 2.5 h and an in vivo model involving unilateral carotid ligation in rats on post-natal day 7 with exposure to 8% hypoxia for 2.5 h. The cultured neurons were examined by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and cell viability assays. For the in vivo experiments, behavioral development was evaluated by the foot fault test at 4 weeks of recovery. 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride monohydrate and cresyl violet staining were used to evaluate HI injury. The injured neurons were Fluoro-Jade B-labeled, new neuroprecursors were double labeled with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and doublecortin, new mature neurons were BrdU-labeled and neuronal nuclei were labeled by immunofluorescence. Under conditions of OGD, the LDH levels increased and neuronal viability decreased. Treatment with 0.5 mM EP or 25 ng/ml IGF-I protected the neurons (P<0.05), exerting additive effects. Similarly, either the early administration of EP or delayed treatment with IGF-I protected the neonatal rat brains against HI injury and improved neurological performance and these effects were also additive. This effect may be the result of reduced neuronal injury, and enhanced neurogenesis and maturation. On the whole, our findings demonstrate that the combination of the early administration of EP with delayed treatment with IGF-I exerts neuroprotective effects against HI injury in neonatal rat brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Rong
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Rui Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Liwen Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Weihua Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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25
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Lu L, Dong H, Liu G, Yuan B, Li Y, Liu H. The Protective Effects of IGF-1 on Different Subpopulations of DRG Neurons with Neurotoxicity Induced by gp120 and Dideoxycytidine In Vitro. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 22:532-9. [PMID: 25489421 PMCID: PMC4256033 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2014.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy induced by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and antiretroviral therapy is not only difficult to distinguish in clinical practice, but also difficult to relieve the pain symptoms by analgesics because of the severity of the disease at the later stage. Hence, to explore the mechanisms of HIV-related neuropathy and find new therapeutic options are particularly important for relieving neuropathic pain symptoms of the patients. In the present study, primary cultured embryonic rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons were used to determine the neurotoxic effects of HIV-gp120 protein and/or antiretroviral drug dideoxycytidine (ddC) and the therapeutic actions of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) on gp120- or ddC-induced neurotoxicity. DRG neurons were exposed to gp120 (500 pmol/L), ddC (50 μmol/L), gp120 (500 pmol/L) plus ddC (50 μmol/L), gp120 (500 pmol/L) plus IGF-1 (20 nmol/L), ddC (50 μmol/L) plus IGF-1 (20 nmol/L), gp120 (500 pmol/L) plus ddC (50 μmol/L) plus IGF-1 (20 nmol/L), respectively, for 72 hours. The results showed that gp120 and/or ddC caused neurotoxicity of primary cultured DRG neurons. Interestingly, the severity of neurotoxicity induced by gp120 and ddC was different in different subpopulation of DRG neurons. gp120 mainly affected large diameter DRG neurons (>25 μm), whereas ddC mainly affected small diameter DRG neurons (≤25 μm). IGF-1 could reverse the neurotoxicity induced by gp120 and/or ddC on small, but not large, DRG neurons. These data provide new insights in elucidating the pathogenesis of HIV infection- or antiretroviral therapy-related peripheral neuropathy and facilitating the development of novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong University Affiliated Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan 250021
| | - Haixia Dong
- Department of Computer Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Weifang Medical College Affiliated Yidu Central Hospital, Qingzhou 262500
| | - Guixiang Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Binzhou Medical College, Binzhou 256603
| | - Bin Yuan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Heze Boai Hospital, Heze 274000
| | - Yizhao Li
- Jinan e-Join Science and Technology, Co., Ltd, Jinan 250100
| | - Huaxiang Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan 250012, China
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Alagappan D, Ziegler AN, Chidambaram S, Min J, Wood TL, Levison SW. Insulin-Like Growth Factor Receptor Signaling is Necessary for Epidermal Growth Factor Mediated Proliferation of SVZ Neural Precursors in vitro Following Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia. Front Neurol 2014; 5:79. [PMID: 24904523 PMCID: PMC4033605 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the importance of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor co-signaling for rat neural precursor (NP) cell proliferation and self-renewal in the context of a developmental brain injury that is associated with cerebral palsy. Consistent with previous studies, we found that there is an increase in the in vitro growth of subventricular zone NPs isolated acutely after cerebral hypoxia–ischemia; however, when cultured in medium that is insufficient to stimulate the IGF type 1 receptor, neurosphere formation and the proliferative capacity of those NPs was severely curtailed. This reduced growth capacity could not be attributed simply to failure to survive. The growth and self-renewal of the NPs could be restored by addition of both IGF-I and IGF-II. Since the size of the neurosphere is predominantly due to cell proliferation we hypothesized that the IGFs were regulating progression through the cell cycle. Analyses of cell cycle progression revealed that IGF-1R activation together with EGFR co-signaling decreased the percentage of cells in G1 and enhanced cell progression into S and G2. This was accompanied by increases in expression of cyclin D1, phosphorylated histone 3, and phosphorylated Rb. Based on these data, we conclude that coordinate signaling between the EGF receptor and the IGF type 1 receptor is necessary for the normal proliferation of NPs as well as for their reactive expansion after injury. These data indicate that manipulations that maintain or amplify IGF signaling in the brain during recovery from developmental brain injuries will enhance the production of new brain cells to improve neurological function in children who are at risk for developing cerebral palsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhivyaa Alagappan
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University , Newark, NJ , USA
| | - Amber N Ziegler
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University , Newark, NJ , USA
| | - Shravanthi Chidambaram
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University , Newark, NJ , USA
| | - Jungsoo Min
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University , Newark, NJ , USA
| | - Teresa L Wood
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University , Newark, NJ , USA
| | - Steven W Levison
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University , Newark, NJ , USA
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Elitt CM, Rosenberg PA. The challenge of understanding cerebral white matter injury in the premature infant. Neuroscience 2014; 276:216-38. [PMID: 24838063 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
White matter injury in the premature infant leads to motor and more commonly behavioral and cognitive problems that are a tremendous burden to society. While there has been much progress in understanding unique vulnerabilities of developing oligodendrocytes over the past 30years, there remain no proven therapies for the premature infant beyond supportive care. The lack of translational progress may be partially explained by the challenge of developing relevant animal models when the etiology remains unclear, as is the case in this disorder. There has been an emphasis on hypoxia-ischemia and infection/inflammation as upstream etiologies, but less consideration of other contributory factors. This review highlights the evolution of white matter pathology in the premature infant, discusses the prevailing proposed etiologies, critically analyzes a sampling of common animal models and provides detailed support for our hypothesis that nutritional and hormonal deprivation may be additional factors playing critical and overlooked roles in white matter pathology in the premature infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Elitt
- Department of Neurology and the F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - P A Rosenberg
- Department of Neurology and the F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Back SA, Miller SP. Brain injury in premature neonates: A primary cerebral dysmaturation disorder? Ann Neurol 2014; 75:469-86. [PMID: 24615937 PMCID: PMC5989572 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
With advances in neonatal care, preterm neonates are surviving with an evolving constellation of motor and cognitive disabilities that appear to be related to widespread cellular maturational disturbances that target cerebral gray and white matter. Whereas preterm infants were previously at high risk for destructive brain lesions that resulted in cystic white matter injury and secondary cortical and subcortical gray matter degeneration, contemporary cohorts of preterm survivors commonly display less severe injury that does not appear to involve pronounced glial or neuronal loss. Nevertheless, these milder forms of injury are also associated with reduced cerebral growth. Recent human and experimental studies support that impaired cerebral growth is related to disparate responses in gray and white matter. Myelination disturbances in cerebral white matter are related to aberrant regeneration and repair responses to acute death of premyelinating late oligodendrocyte progenitors (preOLs). In response to preOL death, early oligodendrocyte progenitors rapidly proliferate and differentiate, but the regenerated preOLs fail to normally mature to myelinating cells required for white matter growth. Although immature neurons appear to be more resistant to cell death from hypoxia-ischemia than glia, they display widespread disturbances in maturation of their dendritic arbors, which further contribute to impaired cerebral growth. These complex and disparate responses of neurons and preOLs thus result in large numbers of cells that fail to fully mature during a critical window in development of neural circuitry. These recently recognized forms of cerebral gray and white matter dysmaturation raise new diagnostic challenges and suggest new therapeutic directions centered on reversal of the processes that promote dysmaturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Back
- Departments of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Departments of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland
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Back SA, Rosenberg PA. Pathophysiology of glia in perinatal white matter injury. Glia 2014; 62:1790-815. [PMID: 24687630 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Injury to the preterm brain has a particular predilection for cerebral white matter. White matter injury (WMI) is the most common cause of brain injury in preterm infants and a major cause of chronic neurological morbidity including cerebral palsy. Factors that predispose to WMI include cerebral oxygenation disturbances and maternal-fetal infection. During the acute phase of WMI, pronounced oxidative damage occurs that targets late oligodendrocyte progenitors (pre-OLs). The developmental predilection for WMI to occur during prematurity appears to be related to both the timing of appearance and regional distribution of susceptible pre-OLs that are vulnerable to a variety of chemical mediators including reactive oxygen species, glutamate, cytokines, and adenosine. During the chronic phase of WMI, the white matter displays abberant regeneration and repair responses. Early OL progenitors respond to WMI with a rapid robust proliferative response that results in a several fold regeneration of pre-OLs that fail to terminally differentiate along their normal developmental time course. Pre-OL maturation arrest appears to be related in part to inhibitory factors that derive from reactive astrocytes in chronic lesions. Recent high field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data support that three distinct forms of chronic WMI exist, each of which displays unique MRI and histopathological features. These findings suggest the possibility that therapies directed at myelin regeneration and repair could be initiated early after WMI and monitored over time. These new mechanisms of acute and chronic WMI provide access to a variety of new strategies to prevent or promote repair of WMI in premature infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Back
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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Ofek-Shlomai N, Berger I. Inflammatory injury to the neonatal brain - what can we do? Front Pediatr 2014; 2:30. [PMID: 24783185 PMCID: PMC3988390 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2014.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal brain damage is one of the leading causes of life long disability. This damage could be hypoxic-ischemic, inflammatory, or both. This mini-review discusses different interventions aiming at minimizing inflammatory processes in the neonatal brain, both before and after insult. Current options of anti-inflammatory measures for neonates remain quite limited. We describe current anti-inflammatory intervention strategies such as avoiding perinatal infection and inflammation, and reducing exposure to inflammatory processes. We describe the known effects of anti-inflammatory drugs such as steroids, antibiotics, and indomethacin, and the possible anti-inflammatory role of other substances such as IL-1 receptor antagonists, erythropoietin, caffeine, estradiol, insulin-like growth factor, and melatonin as well as endogenous protectors, and genetic regulation of inflammation. If successful, these may decrease mortality and long-term morbidity among term and pre-term infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Ofek-Shlomai
- Department of Neonatology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center , Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Itai Berger
- Pediatric Division, The Neuro-Cognitive Center, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center , Jerusalem , Israel
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Simonishvili S, Jain M, Li H, Levison S, Wood T. Identification of Bax-interacting proteins in oligodendrocyte progenitors during glutamate excitotoxicity and perinatal hypoxia-ischemia. ASN Neuro 2013; 5:e00131. [PMID: 24195677 PMCID: PMC3891358 DOI: 10.1042/an20130027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OPC (oligodendrocyte progenitor cell) death contributes significantly to the pathology and functional deficits following hypoxic-ischemic injury in the immature brain and to deficits resulting from demyelinating diseases, trauma and degenerative disorders in the adult CNS. Glutamate toxicity is a major cause of oligodendroglial death in diverse CNS disorders, and previous studies have demonstrated that AMPA/kainate receptors require the pro-apoptotic protein Bax in OPCs undergoing apoptosis. The goal of the present study was to define the pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic effectors that regulate Bax in healthy OPCs and after exposure to excess glutamate in vitro and following H-I (hypoxia-ischemia) in the immature rat brain. We show that Bax associates with a truncated form of Bid, a BH3-only domain protein, subsequent to glutamate treatment. Furthermore, glutamate exposure reduces Bax association with the anti-apoptotic Bcl family member, Bcl-xL. Cell fractionation studies demonstrated that both Bax and Bid translocate from the cytoplasm to mitochondria during the early stages of cell death consistent with a role for Bid as an activator, whereas Bcl-xL, which normally complexes with both Bax and Bid, disassociates from these complexes when OPCs are exposed to excess glutamate. Bax remained unactivated in the presence of insulin-like growth factor-1, and the Bcl-xL complexes were protected. Our data similarly demonstrate loss of Bcl-xL-Bax association in white matter following H-I and implicate active Bad in Bax-mediated OPC death. To identify other Bax-binding partners, we used proteomics and identified cofilin as a Bax-associated protein in OPCs. Cofilin and Bax associated in healthy OPCs, whereas the Bax-cofilin association was disrupted during glutamate-induced OPC apoptosis.
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Key Words
- apoptosis
- bcl-xl
- bid
- cofilin
- insulin-like growth factor 1 (igf-i)
- oligodendrocyte
- acn, acetonitrile
- adf, actin depolymerizing factor
- af488, alexa fluor 488
- af546, alexa fluor 546
- cca, common carotid artery
- cl, contralateral
- cns, central nervous system
- dmem, dulbecco’s modified eagle’s medium
- fbs, fetal bovine serum
- fgf-2, fibroblast growth factor-2
- h–i, hypoxia–ischemia
- igf, insulin-like growth factor
- il, ipsilateral
- ip, immunoprecipitation
- mem, minimal essential media
- opc, oligodendrocyte progenitor cell
- pic, protease inhibitor cocktail
- tbid, truncated bid
- vdac, voltage-dependent anion channel
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Affiliation(s)
- Sopio Simonishvili
- *Department of Neurology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Rutgers Biomedical & Health Sciences, Newark, NJ 07101, U.S.A
| | - Mohit Raja Jain
- †Center for Advanced Proteomic Research and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Rutgers Biomedical & Health Sciences, Newark, NJ 07101, U.S.A
| | - Hong Li
- †Center for Advanced Proteomic Research and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Rutgers Biomedical & Health Sciences, Newark, NJ 07101, U.S.A
| | - Steven W. Levison
- *Department of Neurology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Rutgers Biomedical & Health Sciences, Newark, NJ 07101, U.S.A
| | - Teresa L. Wood
- *Department of Neurology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Rutgers Biomedical & Health Sciences, Newark, NJ 07101, U.S.A
- 1To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Clemente D, Ortega MC, Melero-Jerez C, de Castro F. The effect of glia-glia interactions on oligodendrocyte precursor cell biology during development and in demyelinating diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:268. [PMID: 24391545 PMCID: PMC3868919 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) originate in specific areas of the developing central nervous system (CNS). Once generated, they migrate towards their destinations where they differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes. In the adult, 5-8% of all cells in the CNS are OPCs, cells that retain the capacity to proliferate, migrate, and differentiate into oligodendrocytes. Indeed, these endogenous OPCs react to damage in demyelinating diseases, like multiple sclerosis (MS), representing a key element in spontaneous remyelination. In the present work, we review the specific interactions between OPCs and other glial cells (astrocytes, microglia) during CNS development and in the pathological scenario of MS. We focus on: (i) the role of astrocytes in maintaining the homeostasis and spatial distribution of different secreted cues that determine OPC proliferation, migration, and differentiation during CNS development; (ii) the role of microglia and astrocytes in the redistribution of iron, which is crucial for myelin synthesis during CNS development and for myelin repair in MS; (iii) how microglia secrete different molecules, e.g., growth factors, that favor the recruitment of OPCs in acute phases of MS lesions; and (iv) how astrocytes modify the extracellular matrix in MS lesions, affecting the ability of OPCs to attempt spontaneous remyelination. Together, these issues demonstrate how both astroglia and microglia influence OPCs in physiological and pathological situations, reinforcing the concept that both development and neural repair are complex and global phenomena. Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms that control OPC survival, proliferation, migration, and differentiation during development, as well as in the mature CNS, may open new opportunities in the search for reparative therapies in demyelinating diseases like MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Clemente
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos Toledo, Spain
| | - María Cristina Ortega
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos Toledo, Spain
| | - Carolina Melero-Jerez
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos Toledo, Spain
| | - Fernando de Castro
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos Toledo, Spain
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Liu H, Lu J, He Y, Yuan B, Li Y, Li X. Insulin-like growth factor-1 prevents dorsal root ganglion neuronal tyrosine kinase receptor expression alterations induced by dideoxycytidine in vitro. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2013; 34:183-94. [PMID: 24198040 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-013-0001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Dideoxycytidine (zalcitabine, ddC) produces neurotoxic effects. It is particularly important to understand the toxic effects of ddC on different subpopulations of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons which express distinct tyrosine kinase receptor (Trk) and to find therapeutic factors for prevention and therapy for ddC-induced peripheral sensory neuropathy. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) has been shown to have neurotrophic effects on DRG sensory neurons. However, little is known about the effects of ddC on distinct Trk (TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC) expression in DRG neurons and the neuroprotective effects of IGF-1 on ddC-induced neurotoxicity. Here, we have tested the extent to which the expression of TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC receptors in primary cultured DRG neurons is affected by ddC in the presence or absence of IGF-1. In this experiment, we found that exposure of 5, 25, and 50 μmol/L ddC caused a dose-dependent decrease of the mRNA, protein, and the proportion of TrkA-, TrkB-, and TrkC-expressing neurons. IGF-1 (20 nmol/L) could partially reverse the decrease of TrkA and TrkB, but not TrkC, expression with ddC exposure. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 (10 μmol/L) blocked the effects of IGF-1. These results suggested that the subpopulations of DRG neurons which express distinct TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC receptors were affected by ddC exposure. IGF-1 might relieve the ddC-induced toxicity of TrkA- and TrkB-, but not TrkC-expressing DRG neurons. These data offer new clues for a better understanding of the association of ddC with distinct Trk receptor expression and provide new evidence of the potential therapeutic role of IGF-1 on ddC-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxiang Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China,
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34
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Genetic association study of adaptor protein complex 4 with cerebral palsy in a Han Chinese population. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:6459-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2761-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Li H, Dong H, Li J, Liu H, Liu Z, Li Z. Neuroprotective effect of insulin-like growth factor-1: effects on tyrosine kinase receptor (Trk) expression in dorsal root ganglion neurons with glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in vitro. Brain Res Bull 2013; 97:86-95. [PMID: 23769847 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) may play an important role in regulating the expression of distinct tyrosine kinase receptor (Trk) in primary sensory dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Glutamate (Glu) is the main excitatory neurotransmitter and induces neuronal excitotoxicity for primary sensory neurons. It is not known whether IGF-1 influences expression of TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC in DRG neurons with excitotoxicity induced by Glu. In the present study, primary cultured DRG neurons with Glu-induced excitotoxicity were used to determine the effects of IGF-1 on TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC expression. The results showed that IGF-1 increased the expression of TrkA and TrkB and their mRNAs, but not TrkC and its mRNA, in primary cultured DRG neurons with excitotoxicity induced by Glu. Interestingly, neither the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2) inhibitor PD98059 nor the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 blocked the effect of IGF-1, but both inhibitors together were effective. IGF-1 may play an important role in regulating different Trk receptor expression in DRG neurons through ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. The contribution of distinct Trk receptors might be one of the mechanisms that IGF-1 rescues dying neurons from Glu excitotoxic injury. These data imply that IGF-1 signaling might be a potential target on modifying distinct Trk receptor-mediated biological effects of primary sensory neurons with excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Anatomy, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China.
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Ahrendsen JT, Macklin W. Signaling mechanisms regulating myelination in the central nervous system. Neurosci Bull 2013; 29:199-215. [PMID: 23558589 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1322-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise and coordinated production of myelin is essential for proper development and function of the nervous system. Diseases that disrupt myelin, including multiple sclerosis, cause significant functional disability. Current treatment aims to reduce the inflammatory component of the disease, thereby preventing damage resulting from demyelination. However, therapies are not yet available to improve natural repair processes after damage has already occurred. A thorough understanding of the signaling mechanisms that regulate myelin generation will improve our ability to enhance repair. in this review, we summarize the positive and negative regulators of myelination, focusing primarily on central nervous system myelination. Axon-derived signals, extracellular signals from both diffusible factors and the extracellular matrix, and intracellular signaling pathways within myelinating oligodendrocytes are discussed. Much is known about the positive regulators that drive myelination, while less is known about the negative regulators that shift active myelination to myelin maintenance at the appropriate time. Therefore, we also provide new data on potential negative regulators of CNS myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared T Ahrendsen
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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37
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Alterations in tyrosine kinase receptor (Trk) expression induced by insulin-like growth factor-1 in cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons. Brain Res Bull 2013; 90:25-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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38
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Guardia Clausi M, Paez PM, Campagnoni AT, Pasquini LA, Pasquini JM. Intranasal administration of aTf protects and repairs the neonatal white matter after a cerebral hypoxic-ischemic event. Glia 2012; 60:1540-54. [PMID: 22736466 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies showed that the intracerebral injection of apotransferrin (aTf) attenuates white matter damage and accelerates the remyelination process in a neonatal rat model of cerebral hypoxia-ischemia (HI) injury. However, the intracerebral injection of aTf might not be practical for clinical treatments. Therefore, the development of less invasive techniques capable of delivering aTf to the central nervous system would clearly aid in its effective clinical use. In this work, we have determined whether intranasal (iN) administration of human aTf provides neuroprotection to the neonatal mouse brain following a cerebral hypoxic-ischemic event. Apotransferrin was infused into the naris of neonatal mice and the HI insult was induced by right common carotid artery ligation followed by exposure to low oxygen concentration. Our results showed that aTf was successfully delivered into the neonatal HI brain and detected in the olfactory bulb, forebrain and posterior brain 30 min after inhalation. This treatment successfully reduced white matter damage, neuronal loss and astrogliosis in different brain regions and enhanced the proliferation and survival of oligodendroglial progenitor cells (OPCs) in the subventricular zone and corpus callosum (CC). Additionally, using an in vitro hypoxic model, we demonstrated that aTf prevents oligodendrocyte progenitor cell death by promoting their differentiation. In summary, these data suggest that iN administration of aTf has the potential to be used for clinical treatment to protect myelin and to induce remyelination in demyelinating hypoxic-ischemic events in the neonatal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Guardia Clausi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, and Institute of Chemistry and Biological Physicochemistry (IQUIFIB), School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires and National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina
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Lafuente JV, Ortuzar N, Bengoetxea H, Bulnes S, Argandoña EG. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Other Angioglioneurins. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2012; 102:317-46. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386986-9.00012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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40
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Akundi RS, Zhi L, Büeler H. PINK1 enhances insulin-like growth factor-1-dependent Akt signaling and protection against apoptosis. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 45:469-78. [PMID: 21945539 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the PARK6 gene coding for PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) cause recessive early-onset Parkinsonism. Although PINK1 and Parkin promote the degradation of depolarized mitochondria in cultured cells, little is known about changes in signaling pathways that may additionally contribute to dopamine neuron loss in recessive Parkinsonism. Accumulating evidence implicates impaired Akt cell survival signaling in sporadic and familial PD (PD). IGF-1/Akt signaling inhibits dopamine neuron loss in several animal models of PD and both IGF-1 and insulin are neuroprotective in various settings. Here, we tested whether PINK1 is required for insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and insulin dependent phosphorylation of Akt and the regulation of downstream Akt target proteins. Our results show that embryonic fibroblasts from PINK1-deficient mice display significantly reduced Akt phosphorylation in response to both IGF-1 and insulin. Moreover, phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and nuclear exclusion of FoxO1 are decreased in IGF-1 treated PINK1-deficient cells. In addition, phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 is reduced indicating decreased activity of mitochondrial target of rapamycin (mTOR) in IGF-1 treated PINK1(-/-) cells. Importantly, the protection afforded by IGF-1 against staurosporine-induced metabolic dysfunction and apoptosis is abrogated in PINK1-deficient cells. Moreover, IGF-1-induced Akt phosphorylation is impaired in primary cortical neurons from PINK1-deficient mice. Inhibition of cellular Ser/Thr phosphatases did not increase the amount of phosphorylated Akt in PINK1(-/-) cells, suggesting that components upstream of Akt phosphorylation are compromised in PINK1-deficient cells. Our studies show that PINK1 is required for optimal IGF-1 and insulin dependent Akt signal transduction, and raise the possibility that impaired IGF-1/Akt signaling is involved in PINK1-related Parkinsonism by increasing the vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons to stress-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi S Akundi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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41
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Cai Z, Fan LW, Lin S, Pang Y, Rhodes PG. Intranasal administration of insulin-like growth factor-1 protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced injury in the developing rat brain. Neuroscience 2011; 194:195-207. [PMID: 21840378 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies show that insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) can either protect against or increase lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced damage in the developing brain, depending on the dose, when it is co-administered with LPS through intracerebral injection. To further explore effects of IGF-1 on central inflammation associated brain injury, IGF-1 was administered through intranasal infusion in the current study. Postnatal day 5 (P5) rats were exposed to LPS at a dose of 1 μg/g body weight or sterile saline through intracerebral injection. Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-1 (rhIGF-1) at a dose of 50 μg/pup or vehicle was administered intranasally 1 or 2 h after the LPS injection. Neonatal LPS exposure resulted in oligodendrocyte (OL) and white matter injury in the P6 or P21 rat brain. The damages include dilatation of lateral ventricles, pyknotic cell death, loss of OL progenitor cells and mature OLs in the cingulum area, and impairment of myelination at the corpus callosum area. Neurological dysfunctions were observed in juvenile rats with neonatal LPS exposure. Intranasal IGF-1 treatment at either 1 or 2 h after LPS exposure significantly attenuated LPS-induced brain injury and improved some behavioral deficits. Intranasal IGF-1 treatment also reduced infiltration of polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes and activation of microglia in the rat brain 24 h after LPS exposure, but it did not prevent the elevation in concentrations of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) in the LPS-exposed rat brain during the first 24 h. This is an indication that direct anti-inflammation might not be the primary mechanism for the protection of IGF-1, and other mechanisms, such as anti-apoptotic effects, are likely involved in its protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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42
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Shababi M, Glascock J, Lorson CL. Combination of SMN trans-splicing and a neurotrophic factor increases the life span and body mass in a severe model of spinal muscular atrophy. Hum Gene Ther 2010; 22:135-44. [PMID: 20804424 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2010.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a neurodegenerative disease, is the second most common genetic disorder and the leading genetic cause of infantile death. SMA arises from the loss of Survival Motor Neuron-1 (SMN1), leading to degeneration of lower motor neurons and, consequently, the atrophy of voluntary muscles. A duplicated copy gene called SMN2 exists in humans. SMN2 is unable to fully compensate for the loss of SMN1 because it produces very low levels of functional SMN protein due to an alternative splicing event. A C/T transition in SMN2 exon 7 results in a transcript lacking exon 7 and, therefore, creates a truncated SMN protein that cannot fully compensate for the loss of SMN1. However, SMN2 is an ideal target for therapeutic strategies that redirect this critical splicing event. Previously, we developed the first trans-splicing strategy to increase the full-length mRNA and functional SMN protein from the SMN2 gene. To improve the trans-splicing efficacy, we then developed a single-vector system that expressed a trans-splicing RNA (tsRNA) and an antisense blocking the downstream splice site. This single vector greatly enhanced trans-splicing of SMN2 transcripts in vitro and in vivo. In this report, we have added a neurotrophic factor [insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1] to this single vector to determine whether neuroprotection and SMN induction provide greater protection in an SMA animal model. Intracerebroventricular injection of the trans-splicing/IGF vector significantly increased SMN protein in brain and spinal cord of SMAΔ7 mice and lessened the severity of disease in a more severe mouse model as evidenced by an extension of life span and increased body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monir Shababi
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Response of human oligodendrocyte progenitors to growth factors and axon signals. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2010; 69:930-44. [PMID: 20720504 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181ef3be4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effects of growth factors and axonal signals on the differentiation of human fetal and adult oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and determined whether these effects translated into enhanced axonal ensheathment. Only small numbers of fetal OPCs grown in defined medium expressed the oligodendroglial lineage markers Olig2 and O4. The combination of platelet-derived growth factor-AA and basic fibroblast growth factor enhanced proliferation of Olig2-positive and O4-positive cells; a combination of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and insulin-like growth factor 1 promoted O4-positive cell differentiation, galactocerebroside expression, and morphological complexity. Coculturing with rodent dorsal root ganglion neurons in defined medium alone enhanced OPC differentiation and myelin basic protein expression. The addition of brain-derived neurotrophic factor/insulin-like growth factor 1 further enhanced differentiation, axonal attachment and ensheathment, and clustering of the contactin-associated protein Caspr and Na+ channels. By contrast, most adult OPCs were O4 positive and Olig2 positive in defined medium; both brain-derived neurotrophic factor/insulin-like growth factor 1 and platelet-derived growth factor-AA/basic fibroblast growth factor promoted their myelin basic protein expression and membrane sheet formation; coculture with dorsal root ganglion neurons further increased myelin basic protein expression. Growth factors also enhanced attachment of adult OPCs to axons, but their capacity to ensheath axons was lower than that of fetal OPCs. These results demonstrate that fetal and adult OPCs show measurable responses to selected growth factors and axon signals that correlate with their capacity for axon ensheathment. The distinct properties of fetal and adult OPCs may be related to differences in their chronological age and initial differentiation states.
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Pang Y, Zheng B, Campbell LR, Fan LW, Cai Z, Rhodes PG. IGF-1 can either protect against or increase LPS-induced damage in the developing rat brain. Pediatr Res 2010; 67:579-84. [PMID: 20220546 PMCID: PMC3076081 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181dc240f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is a major form of brain damage in premature infants. This study was to test whether IGF-1 can prevent PVL-like brain damage induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the neonatal rat. Intraventricular delivery of LPS resulted in an acute brain inflammatory response, i.e., rapid recruitment of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), activation of microglia and astrocytes, and induction of IL-1beta (IL1beta) expression. Brain inflammation was associated with the loss of O4+ preoligodendrocytes (preOLs), a decrease of myelin basic protein (MBP) in the white matter and an increase of pyknotic cells in the cortex. IGF-1 at a low dose significantly prevented LPS-induced deleterious effects without alteration of IL-1beta expression and microglia/astrocytes activation. On the other hand, the low dose of IGF-1 enhanced LPS-induced PMNs recruitment and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and caused intracerebral hemorrhage. At higher doses, co-application of IGF-1 with LPS resulted in a high mortality rate. Brains from the surviving rats showed massive PMN infiltration and intracerebral hemorrhage. However, these adverse effects were not found in rats treated with IGF-1 alone. This study provides the alarming evidence that in an acute inflammatory condition, IGF-1 may have severe, harmful effects on the developing brain.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Astrocytes/drug effects
- Astrocytes/pathology
- Blood-Brain Barrier/drug effects
- Blood-Brain Barrier/metabolism
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/growth & development
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Capillary Permeability/drug effects
- Cell Death
- Cerebral Hemorrhage/chemically induced
- Cerebral Hemorrhage/pathology
- Cerebral Hemorrhage/physiopathology
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Encephalitis/chemically induced
- Encephalitis/metabolism
- Encephalitis/pathology
- Encephalitis/physiopathology
- Encephalitis/prevention & control
- Female
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Injections, Intraventricular
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/administration & dosage
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/toxicity
- Interleukin-1beta/metabolism
- Leukomalacia, Periventricular/chemically induced
- Leukomalacia, Periventricular/metabolism
- Leukomalacia, Periventricular/pathology
- Leukomalacia, Periventricular/physiopathology
- Leukomalacia, Periventricular/prevention & control
- Lipopolysaccharides
- Male
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/pathology
- Neuroprotective Agents/administration & dosage
- Neuroprotective Agents/toxicity
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Pang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA
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Bartzokis G. Alzheimer's disease as homeostatic responses to age-related myelin breakdown. Neurobiol Aging 2009; 32:1341-71. [PMID: 19775776 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2008] [Revised: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid hypothesis (AH) of Alzheimer's disease (AD) posits that the fundamental cause of AD is the accumulation of the peptide amyloid beta (Aβ) in the brain. This hypothesis has been supported by observations that genetic defects in amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin increase Aβ production and cause familial AD (FAD). The AH is widely accepted but does not account for important phenomena including recent failures of clinical trials to impact dementia in humans even after successfully reducing Aβ deposits. Herein, the AH is viewed from the broader overarching perspective of the myelin model of the human brain that focuses on functioning brain circuits and encompasses white matter and myelin in addition to neurons and synapses. The model proposes that the recently evolved and extensive myelination of the human brain underlies both our unique abilities and susceptibility to highly prevalent age-related neuropsychiatric disorders such as late onset AD (LOAD). It regards oligodendrocytes and the myelin they produce as being both critical for circuit function and uniquely vulnerable to damage. This perspective reframes key observations such as axonal transport disruptions, formation of axonal swellings/sphenoids and neuritic plaques, and proteinaceous deposits such as Aβ and tau as by-products of homeostatic myelin repair processes. It delineates empirically testable mechanisms of action for genes underlying FAD and LOAD and provides "upstream" treatment targets. Such interventions could potentially treat multiple degenerative brain disorders by mitigating the effects of aging and associated changes in iron, cholesterol, and free radicals on oligodendrocytes and their myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Bartzokis
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Beresewicz M, Majewska M, Makarewicz D, Vayro S, Zabłocka B, Górecki DC. Changes in the expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 variants in the postnatal brain development and in neonatal hypoxia-ischaemia. Int J Dev Neurosci 2009; 28:91-7. [PMID: 19766709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a multifunctional peptide of which numerous isoforms exist. The predominant form, IGF-1Ea is involved in physiological processes while IGF-1Ec (mechano-growth factor, MGF) is expressed in response to a different set of stimuli. We have identified specific changes in the expression patterns of these IGF-1 variants in brain development in normal rats and following neonatal hypoxia-ischaemia (HI). Both IGF-1Ea and IGF-1Ec are expressed during normal postnatal brain development, albeit with highly specific temporal distributions. In contrast, HI produced increased and prolonged expression of the IGF-1Ec isoform only. Importantly, hypoxia alone stimulated the expression of IGF-1Ec as well. Thus, IGF-1Ec may play a role in HI pathology. Neonatal hypoxia-ischaemia occurs in approximately 1:4000-1:10,000 newborns and causes neurological deficits in approximately 75% of those affected. Unfortunately, no specific treatment is available. IGF-1 is known to have neuroprotective activity and its IGF-1Ec variant appears to be an endogenous protective factor in hypoxia-ischaemia. Therefore, IGF-1Ec could potentially be developed into a therapeutic modality for the attenuation or prevention of neuronal damage in this and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Beresewicz
- Molecular Biology Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Hua K, Forbes ME, Lichtenwalner RJ, Sonntag WE, Riddle DR. Adult-onset deficiency in growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I alters oligodendrocyte turnover in the corpus callosum. Glia 2009; 57:1062-71. [PMID: 19115393 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) provide trophic support during development and also appear to influence cell structure, function and replacement in the adult brain. Recent studies demonstrated effects of the GH/IGF-I axis on adult neurogenesis, but it is unclear whether the GH/IGF-I axis influences glial turnover in the normal adult brain. In the current study, we used a selective model of adult-onset GH and IGF-I deficiency to evaluate the role of GH and IGF-I in regulating glial proliferation and survival in the adult corpus callosum. GH/IGF-I-deficient dwarf rats of the Lewis strain were made GH/IGF-I replete via twice daily injections of GH starting at postnatal day 28 (P28), approximately the age at which GH pulse amplitude increases in developing rodents. GH/IGF-I deficiency was initiated in adulthood by removing animals from GH treatment. Quantitative analyses revealed that adult-onset GH/IGF-I deficiency decreased cell proliferation in the white matter and decreased the survival of newborn oligodendrocytes. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that aging-related changes in the GH/IGF-I axis produce deficits in ongoing turnover of oligodendrocytes, which may contribute to aging-related cognitive changes and deficits in remyelination after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Hua
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1010, USA
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48
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Scafidi J, Fagel DM, Ment LR, Vaccarino FM. Modeling premature brain injury and recovery. Int J Dev Neurosci 2009; 27:863-71. [PMID: 19482072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2009.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Premature birth is a growing and significant public health problem because of the large number of infants that survive with neurodevelopmental sequelae from brain injury. Recent advances in neuroimaging have shown that although some neuroanatomical structures are altered, others improve over time. This review outlines recent insights into brain structure and function in these preterm infants at school age and relevant animal models. These animal models have provided scientists with an opportunity to explore in depth the molecular and cellular mechanisms of injury as well as the potential of the brain for recovery. The endogenous potential that the brain has for neurogenesis and gliogenesis, and how environment contributes to recovery, are also outlined. These preclinical models will provide important insights into the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms responsible for variable degrees of injury and recovery, permitting the exploration of targeted therapies to facilitate recovery in the developing preterm brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey Scafidi
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
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Lin S, Fan LW, Rhodes PG, Cai Z. Intranasal administration of IGF-1 attenuates hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats. Exp Neurol 2009; 217:361-70. [PMID: 19332057 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Revised: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/14/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether intranasal administration (iN) of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-1 (rhIGF-1) provides neuroprotection to the neonatal rat brain following cerebral hypoxia-ischemia (HI), two doses of rhIGF-1 (50 microg at a 1 h interval) were infused into the right naris of postnatal day 7 (P7) rat pups with or without a prior HI insult (right common carotid artery ligation, followed by an exposure to 8% oxygen for 2 h). Our result showed that rhIGF-1 administered via iN was successfully delivered into the brain 30 min after the second dose. In the following studies rhIGF-1 was administered to P7 rat pups at 0, 1 or 2 h after HI at the dose described above. Pups in the control group received cerebral HI and vehicle treatment. Pups that underwent sham operation and vehicle treatment served as the sham group. Brain pathological changes were evaluated 2 and 15 days after HI. Our results showed that rhIGF-1 treatment up to 1 h after cerebral HI effectively reduced brain injury as compared to that in the vehicle-treated rats. Moreover, rhIGF-1 treatment improved neurobehavioral performance (tested on P5-P21) in juvenile rats subjected to HI. Our results further showed that rhIGF-1 inhibited apoptotic cell death, possibly through activating the Akt signal transduction pathway. rhIGF-1 enhanced proliferation of neuronal and oligodendroglial progenitors after cerebral HI as well. These data suggest that iN administration of IGF-1 has the potential to be used for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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50
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Abstract
Perinatal brain damage has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental impairments and psychiatric illnesses. This article reviews evidence that infection outside of the brain can damage the brain, and discusses specific cytokines and pathomechanisms that probably mediate the putative effect of remote infection on the developing brain. Events associated with increased circulating inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and immune cells are described. Finally, studies of genetic variation in susceptibility to cytokine-related brain damage are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Dammann
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Director of Clinical Research, Div. of Newborn Medicine, Floating Hospital for Children at Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Box 854, Boston, MA 02111 USA, Phone 617-636-0240, Fax 617-636-8943,
| | - Michael O’Shea
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, , Phone: (336)-716-2529, FAX: (336)-716-2525
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