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Stamellou E, Sterzer V, Alam J, Roumeliotis S, Liakopoulos V, Dounousi E. Sex-Specific Differences in Kidney Function and Blood Pressure Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8637. [PMID: 39201324 PMCID: PMC11354550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Premenopausal women generally exhibit lower blood pressure and a lower prevalence of hypertension than men of the same age, but these differences reverse postmenopause due to estrogen withdrawal. Sexual dimorphism has been described in different components of kidney physiology and pathophysiology, including the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, endothelin system, and tubular transporters. This review explores the sex-specific differences in kidney function and blood pressure regulation. Understanding these differences provides insights into potential therapeutic targets for managing hypertension and kidney diseases, considering the patient's sex and hormonal status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Stamellou
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany (J.A.)
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece;
| | - Viktor Sterzer
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany (J.A.)
| | - Jessica Alam
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany (J.A.)
| | - Stefanos Roumeliotis
- 2nd Department of Nephrology, AHEPA University Hospital Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.R.); (V.L.)
| | - Vassilios Liakopoulos
- 2nd Department of Nephrology, AHEPA University Hospital Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.R.); (V.L.)
| | - Evangelia Dounousi
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece;
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Drury ER, Wu J, Gigliotti JC, Le TH. Sex differences in blood pressure regulation and hypertension: renal, hemodynamic, and hormonal mechanisms. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:199-251. [PMID: 37477622 PMCID: PMC11281816 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The teleology of sex differences has been argued since at least as early as Aristotle's controversial Generation of Animals more than 300 years BC, which reflects the sex bias of the time to contemporary readers. Although the question "why are the sexes different" remains a topic of debate in the present day in metaphysics, the recent emphasis on sex comparison in research studies has led to the question "how are the sexes different" being addressed in health science through numerous observational studies in both health and disease susceptibility, including blood pressure regulation and hypertension. These efforts have resulted in better understanding of differences in males and females at the molecular level that partially explain their differences in vascular function and renal sodium handling and hence blood pressure and the consequential cardiovascular and kidney disease risks in hypertension. This review focuses on clinical studies comparing differences between men and women in blood pressure over the life span and response to dietary sodium and highlights experimental models investigating sexual dimorphism in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone, vascular, sympathetic nervous, and immune systems, endothelin, the major renal sodium transporters/exchangers/channels, and the impact of sex hormones on these systems in blood pressure homeostasis. Understanding the mechanisms governing sex differences in blood pressure regulation could guide novel therapeutic approaches in a sex-specific manner to lower cardiovascular risks in hypertension and advance personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika R Drury
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Jing Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Joseph C Gigliotti
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Liberty University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lynchburg, Virginia, United States
| | - Thu H Le
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
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Piťha J, Vaněčková I, Zicha J. Hypertension after the Menopause: What Can We Learn from Experimental Studies? Physiol Res 2023; 72:S91-S112. [PMID: 37565415 PMCID: PMC10660576 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.935151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is the most prevalent cardiovascular disease of the adult population and is closely associated with serious cardiovascular events. The burden of hypertension with respect to vascular and other organ damage is greater in women. These sex differences are not fully understood. The unique feature in women is their transition to menopause accompanied by profound hormonal changes that affect the vasculature that are also associated with changes of blood pressure. Results from studies of hormone replacement therapy and its effects on the cardiovascular system are controversial, and the timing of treatment after menopause seems to be important. Therefore, revealing potential sex- and sex hormone-dependent pathophysiological mechanisms of hypertension in experimental studies could provide valuable information for better treatment of hypertension and vascular impairment, especially in postmenopausal women. The experimental rat models subjected to ovariectomy mimicking menopause could be useful tools for studying the mechanisms of blood pressure regulation after menopause and during subsequent therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Piťha
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.
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4
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Stallone JN, Oloyo AK. Cardiovascular and metabolic actions of the androgens: Is testosterone a Janus-faced molecule? Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 208:115347. [PMID: 36395900 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and in the Western world, one-third of all deaths are attributed to CVD. A conspicuous characteristic of this healthcare epidemic is that most CVD is higher in men than in age-matched premenopausal women, yet reasons for these obvious sex differences remain poorly understood. Driven by clinical case and epidemiological studies and supported by animal experiments, a strong dogma emerged early on that testosterone (TES) exerts deleterious effects on cardiovascular health and exacerbates development of CVD and metabolic dysfunctions in men. In this review, earlier and more recent clinical and experimental animal evidence of cardiovascular and metabolic effects of androgens are discussed. The more recent evidence overwhelmingly suggests that it is progressive, age-dependent declines in TES levels in men that exacerbate CVD and metabolic dysfunctions, while TES exerts beneficial systemic hypotensive effects and protects against metabolic syndrome (MetS) and type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Recent findings reveal existence of bi-directional modulation of glucose and fat homeostasis by TES in females vs males, such that age-dependent declines in TES levels in males and abnormal increases in normally low TES levels in females both result in similar dysfunction in glucose and fat homeostasis, resulting in development of MetS and T2DM, central risk factors for development of CVD, in men as well as women. These findings suggest that the long-held view that TES is detrimental to male health should be discarded in favor of the view that, at least in men, TES is beneficial to cardiovascular and metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Stallone
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology and Michael E. DeBakey Institute for Comparative Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4466, United States.
| | - Ahmed K Oloyo
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos 23401, Nigeria
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Liu R, Juncos LA, Lu Y, Wei J, Zhang J, Wang L, Lai EY, Carlstrom M, Persson AEG. The Role of Macula Densa Nitric Oxide Synthase 1 Beta Splice Variant in Modulating Tubuloglomerular Feedback. Compr Physiol 2023; 13:4215-4229. [PMID: 36715280 PMCID: PMC9990375 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Abnormalities in renal electrolyte and water excretion may result in inappropriate salt and water retention, which facilitates the development and maintenance of hypertension, as well as acid-base and electrolyte disorders. A key mechanism by which the kidney regulates renal hemodynamics and electrolyte excretion is via tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF), an intrarenal negative feedback between tubules and arterioles. TGF is initiated by an increase of NaCl delivery at the macula densa cells. The increased NaCl activates luminal Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC2) of the macula densa cells, which leads to activation of several intracellular processes followed by the production of paracrine signals that ultimately result in a constriction of the afferent arteriole and a tonic inhibition of single nephron glomerular filtration rate. Neuronal nitric oxide (NOS1) is highly expressed in the macula densa. NOS1β is the major splice variant and accounts for most of NO generation by the macula densa, which inhibits TGF response. Macula densa NOS1β-mediated modulation of TGF responses plays an essential role in control of sodium excretion, volume and electrolyte hemostasis, and blood pressure. In this article, we describe the mechanisms that regulate macula densa-derived NO and their effect on TGF response in physiologic and pathologic conditions. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4215-4229, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruisheng Liu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology
- Hypertension and Kidney Research Center, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Luis A. Juncos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR
| | - Yan Lu
- Division of Nephrology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL
| | - Jin Wei
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology
| | - En Yin Lai
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mattias Carlstrom
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A. Erik G Persson
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Jin X, Kim WB, Kim MN, Jung WW, Kang HK, Hong EH, Kim YS, Shim WJ, Han HC, Colwell CS, Kim YB, Kim YI. Oestrogen inhibits salt-dependent hypertension by suppressing GABAergic excitation in magnocellular AVP neurons. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:2263-2274. [PMID: 32960965 PMCID: PMC10616626 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Abundant evidence indicates that oestrogen (E2) plays a protective role against hypertension. Yet, the mechanism underlying the antihypertensive effect of E2 is poorly understood. In this study, we sought to determine the mechanism through which E2 inhibits salt-dependent hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS To this end, we performed a series of in vivo and in vitro experiments employing a rat model of hypertension that is produced by deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt treatment after uninephrectomy. We found that E2 prevented DOCA-salt treatment from inducing hypertension, raising plasma arginine-vasopressin (AVP) level, enhancing the depressor effect of the V1a receptor antagonist (Phenylac1,D-Tyr(Et)2,Lys6,Arg8,des-Gly9)-vasopressin, and converting GABAergic inhibition to excitation in hypothalamic magnocellular AVP neurons. Moreover, we obtained results indicating that the E2 modulation of the activity and/or expression of NKCC1 (Cl- importer) and KCC2 (Cl- extruder) underpins the effect of E2 on the transition of GABAergic transmission in AVP neurons. Lastly, we discovered that, in DOCA-salt-treated hypertensive ovariectomized rats, CLP290 (prodrug of the KCC2 activator CLP257, intraperitoneal injections) lowered blood pressure, and plasma AVP level and hyperpolarized GABA equilibrium potential to prevent GABAergic excitation from emerging in the AVP neurons of these animals. CONCLUSION Based on these results, we conclude that E2 inhibits salt-dependent hypertension by suppressing GABAergic excitation to decrease the hormonal output of AVP neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyan Jin
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1 Anam-dong 5-ga, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Bin Kim
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1 Anam-dong 5-ga, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Na Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Section, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Woo Jung
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1 Anam-dong 5-ga, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Kyung Kang
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1 Anam-dong 5-ga, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hwa Hong
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1 Anam-dong 5-ga, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Sik Kim
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1 Anam-dong 5-ga, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Joo Shim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Section, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Chul Han
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1 Anam-dong 5-ga, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher S Colwell
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Young-Beom Kim
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1 Anam-dong 5-ga, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang In Kim
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1 Anam-dong 5-ga, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
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DeLalio LJ, Stocker SD. Impact of anesthesia and sex on sympathetic efferent and hemodynamic responses to renal chemo- and mechanosensitive stimuli. J Neurophysiol 2021; 126:668-679. [PMID: 34259043 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00277.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of renal sensory nerves by chemo- and mechanosensitive stimuli produces changes in efferent sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and arterial blood pressure (ABP). Anesthesia and sex influence autonomic function and cardiovascular hemodynamics, but it is unclear to what extent anesthesia and sex impact SNA and ABP responses to renal sensory stimuli. We measured renal, splanchnic, and lumbar SNA and ABP in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats during contralateral renal infusion of capsaicin and bradykinin or during elevation in renal pelvic pressure. Responses were evaluated with a decerebrate preparation or Inactin, urethane, or isoflurane anesthesia. Intrarenal arterial infusion of capsaicin (0.1-30.0 μM) increased renal SNA, splanchnic SNA, or ABP but decreased lumbar SNA in the Inactin group. Intrarenal arterial infusion of bradykinin (0.1-30.0 μM) increased renal SNA, splanchnic SNA, and ABP but decreased lumbar SNA in the Inactin group. Elevated renal pelvic pressure (0-20 mmHg, 30 s) significantly increased renal SNA and splanchnic SNA but not lumbar SNA in the Inactin group. In marked contrast, SNA and ABP responses to every renal stimulus were severely blunted in the urethane and decerebrate groups and absent in the isoflurane group. In the Inactin group, the magnitude of SNA responses to chemo- and mechanosensory stimuli were not different between male and female rats. Thus, chemo- and mechanosensitive stimuli produce differential changes in renal, splanchnic, and lumbar SNA. Experimentally, future investigations should consider Inactin anesthesia to examine sympathetic and hemodynamic responses to renal sensory stimuli.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The findings highlight the impact of anesthesia, and to a lesser extent sex, on sympathetic efferent and hemodynamic responses to chemosensory and mechanosensory renal stimuli. Sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and arterial blood pressure (ABP) responses were present in Inactin-anesthetized rats but largely absent in decerebrate, isoflurane, or urethane preparations. Renal chemosensory stimuli differentially changed SNA: renal and splanchnic SNA increased, but lumbar SNA decreased. Future investigations should consider Inactin anesthesia to study SNA and hemodynamic responses to renal sensory nerve activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon J DeLalio
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sean D Stocker
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Hanson AE, Perusquia M, Stallone JN. Hypogonadal hypertension in male Sprague-Dawley rats is renin-angiotensin system-dependent: role of endogenous androgens. Biol Sex Differ 2020; 11:48. [PMID: 32843085 PMCID: PMC7448502 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-020-00324-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acutely, testosterone (TES) and other androgens are efficacious vasodilators, both in vitro and in vivo; however, their long-term effects on arterial blood pressure (BP) remain unclear. It was hypothesized that endogenous androgens exert long-term anti-hypertensive effects on systemic BP through a combination of genomic and nongenomic effects to enhance vasodilation of the systemic vasculature. Methods The long-term effects of endogenous TES and exogenous TES replacement therapy (TRT) on BP were studied in intact (InT) and castrated (CsX) male Sprague-Dawley (SD) and testicular-feminized male (Tfm, androgen receptor defective) rats (12 weeks old). Systolic BP (tail-cuff plethysmography) was determined weekly for 15 weeks in InT-control and CsX rats. Some CsX-SD rats received androgen replacement therapy at 10-15 weeks with TES-enanthate (TRT; 1.75 mg/kg, 2x/week) or DHT-enanthate (DRT; 1.00 mg/kg. 2x/week) and a separate group of CsX-SD rats received losartan-potassium in drinking water (LST, 250 mg/L) for the entire 15 week period. Expression of renin, angiotensinogen (Agt), angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), and angiotensin II type I receptor (AT1R) mRNA in kidney and aorta were determined by real-time PCR (rt-PCR) and plasma renin levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. Results There was a progressive rise in BP over 10 weeks in CsX (109 ± 3.3 vs. 143 ± 3.5 mmHg), while BP remained stable in InT-control (109 ± 3.0 vs. 113 ± 0.3). BP gradually declined to normal in CsX-TRT rats (113 ± 1.3), while BP remained elevated in CsX (140 ± 1.2) and normal in InT-control (113 ± 0.3). LST prevented the development of hypertension in CsX at 10 weeks (100 ± 1.5 in CsX + LST vs. 143 ± 3.5 in CsX). During the next 5 weeks with TES-RT, BP declined in CsX-TRT (113 ± 1.3) and remained lower in CsX + LST (99 ± 0.4). DHT-RT reduced BP in CxS to a similar extent. In Tfm, CsX resulted in a similar rise in BP (109 ± 0.7 vs. 139 ± 0.4 mmHg), but TRT reduced BP more rapidly and to a greater extent (106 ± 2.8). rt-PCR of the kidney revealed that CsX increased expression of mRNA for renin (92%), ACE (58%), and AT1R (80%) compared to InT, while TES RT normalized expression of renin, AT1R, and ACE mRNA to levels of InT rats. Plasma renin levels exhibited changes similar to those observed for renin mRNA expression. Conclusions This is the first study to examine the long-term effects of endogenous and exogenous androgens on BP in male SD and Tfm rats. These data reveal that endogenous androgens (TES) exert anti-hypertensive effects that appear to involve non-genomic and possibly genomic mechanism(s), resulting in reductions in RAS expression in the kidney and enhanced systemic vasodilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E Hanson
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA
| | - Mercedes Perusquia
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, México D.F, Mexico
| | - John N Stallone
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA. .,Michael E. DeBakey Institute For Comparative Cardiovascular Sciences, Women's Health Division, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA.
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Singh P, Dutta SR, Song CY, Oh S, Gonzalez FJ, Malik KU. Brain Testosterone-CYP1B1 (Cytochrome P450 1B1) Generated Metabolite 6β-Hydroxytestosterone Promotes Neurogenic Hypertension and Inflammation. Hypertension 2020; 76:1006-1018. [PMID: 32755412 PMCID: PMC7418933 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Previously, we showed that peripheral administration of 6β-hydroxytestosterone, a CYP1B1 (cytochrome P450 1B1)-generated metabolite of testosterone, promotes angiotensin II-induced hypertension in male mice. However, the site of action and the underlying mechanism by which 6β-hydroxytestosterone contributes to angiotensin II-induced hypertension is not known. Angiotensin II increases blood pressure by its central action, and CYP1B1 is expressed in the brain. This study was conducted to determine whether testosterone-CYP1B1 generated metabolite 6β-hydroxytestosterone locally in the brain promotes the effect of systemic angiotensin II to produce hypertension in male mice. Central CYP1B1 knockdown in wild-type (Cyp1b1+/+) mice by intracerebroventricular-adenovirus-GFP (green fluorescence protein)-CYP1B1-short hairpin (sh)RNA attenuated, whereas reconstitution of CYP1B1 by adenovirus-GFP-CYP1B1-DNA in the paraventricular nucleus but not in subfornical organ in Cyp1b1−/− mice restored angiotensin II-induced increase in systolic blood pressure measured by tail-cuff. Intracerebroventricular-testosterone in orchidectomized (Orchi)-Cyp1b1+/+ but not in Orchi-Cyp1b1−/−, and intracerebroventricular-6β-hydroxytestosterone in the Orchi-Cyp1b1−/− mice restored the angiotensin II-induced: (1) increase in mean arterial pressure measured by radiotelemetry, and autonomic imbalance; (2) reactive oxygen species production in the subfornical organ and paraventricular nucleus; (3) activation of microglia and astrocyte, and neuroinflammation in the paraventricular nucleus. The effect of intracerebroventricular-6β-hydroxytestosterone to restore the angiotensin II-induced increase in mean arterial pressure and autonomic imbalance in Orchi-Cyp1b1−/− mice was inhibited by intracerebroventricular-small interfering (si)RNA-androgen receptor (AR) and GPRC6A (G protein-coupled receptor C6A). These data suggest that testosterone-CYP1B1-generated metabolite 6β-hydroxytestosterone, most likely in the paraventricular nucleus via AR and GPRC6A, contributes to angiotensin II-induced hypertension and neuroinflammation in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purnima Singh
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (P.S., S.R.D., C.Y.S.)
| | - Shubha Ranjan Dutta
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (P.S., S.R.D., C.Y.S.)
| | - Chi Young Song
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (P.S., S.R.D., C.Y.S.)
| | | | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
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Turbeville HR, Johnson AC, Garrett MR, Dent EL, Sasser JM. Nitric oxide and oxidative stress pathways do not contribute to sex differences in renal injury and function in Dahl SS/Jr rats. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14440. [PMID: 32652814 PMCID: PMC7354091 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The burden of hypertension in the United States is increasing and yields significant morbidity and mortality, and sex differences in hypertension are widely recognized. Reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and increased oxidative stress are known to contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertensive renal injury, and but their contributions to sex differences in injury progression of are undefined. Our purpose was to test the hypothesis that male hypertensive rats have accelerated renal injury compared to females and to determine the contributions of the nitric oxide pathway and oxidative stress in these differences. Male and female Dahl SS/Jr rats, a model that spontaneously develops hypertension with age, were allowed to age on a 0.3% NaCl diet until 3 or 6 months of age, at which points blood pressure was measured and plasma, tissue, and urine were collected. While no significant sex differences in blood pressure were present at either time point, renal injury measured by urine protein excretion was more severe (male = 44.9 ± 6; female = 15±3 mg/day/100 g bw, p = .0001), and renal function was reduced (male = 0.48 ± 0.02; female = 0.7 ± 0.03 ml min-1 g-1 kw, p = .001) in males compared to females with age. Both male and female rats exhibited reduced nitric oxide metabolites (3 months: male = 0.65 ± 0.1; female = 0.74 ± 0.3; 6 months: male = 0.16 ± 0.1; female = 0.41 ± 0.1 ml min-1 g-1 kw, p, age = 0.02, p, sex = 0.3). Levels of urinary TBARS were similar (3 months: male = 20±1.5; female = 23±1.8; 6 months: male = 26±4.8; female = 23±4.7µM day g-1 kw, p, age = 0.4, p, sex = 0.9), extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC SOD) mRNA was greater in females (3 months: male = 0.35 ± 0.03; female = 1.4 ± 0.2; 6 months: male = 0.4 ± 0.05; female = 1.3 ± 0.1 normalized counts, p, age = 0.7, p, sex < 0.0001), but EC SOD protein expression was not different (3 months: male = 0.01 ± 0.002; female = 0.01 ± 0.002; 6 months: male = 0.02 ± 0.004; female = 0.01 ± 0.002 relative density, p, age = 0.2, p, sex = 0.8). These data support the presence of significant sex differences in renal injury and function in the Dahl S rat and identify a need for further study into the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R. Turbeville
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMSUSA
| | - Ashley C. Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMSUSA
| | - Michael R. Garrett
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMSUSA
| | - Elena L. Dent
- Department Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMSUSA
| | - Jennifer M. Sasser
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMSUSA
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Zhang J, Zhu J, Wei J, Jiang S, Xu L, Qu L, Yang K, Wang L, Buggs J, Cheng F, Tan X, Liu R. New Mechanism for the Sex Differences in Salt-Sensitive Hypertension: The Role of Macula Densa NOS1β-Mediated Tubuloglomerular Feedback. Hypertension 2020; 75:449-457. [PMID: 31865794 PMCID: PMC7015450 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.13822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Females are relatively resistant to salt-sensitive hypertension than males, but the mechanisms are not completely elucidated. We recently demonstrated a decisive role of macula densa neuronal NOS1β (nitric oxide synthase β)-mediated tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) in the long-term control of glomerular filtration rate, sodium excretion, and blood pressure. In the present study, we hypothesized that the macula densa NOS1β-mediated TGF mechanism is different between male and female, thereby contributing to the sexual dimorphism of salt-sensitive hypertension. We used microperfusion, micropuncture, clearance of fluorescein isothiocyanate-inulin, and radio telemetry to examine the sex differences in the changes of macula densa NOS1β expression and activity, TGF response, natriuresis, and blood pressure after salt loading in wild-type and macula densa-specific NOS1 knockout mice. In wild-type mice, a high-salt diet induced greater increases in macula densa NOS1β expression and phosphorylation at Ser 1417, greater nitric oxide generation by the macula densa, and more inhibition in TGF response in vitro and in vivo in females than in males. Additionally, the increases of glomerular filtration rate, urine flow rate, and sodium excretion in response to an acute volume expansion were significantly greater in females than in males. The blood pressure responses to angiotensin II plus a high-salt diet were significantly less in females than in males. In contrast, these sex differences in TGF, natriuretic response, and blood pressure were largely diminished in knockout mice. In conclusion, macula densa NOS1β-mediated TGF is a novel and important mechanism for the sex differences in salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Jinxiu Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin Wei
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Lan Xu
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Larry Qu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Jacentha Buggs
- Advanced Organ Disease & Transplantation Institute, Tampa General Hospital, Tampa, FL
| | - Feng Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Xuerui Tan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruisheng Liu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
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12
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Mishra JS, More AS, Gopalakrishnan K, Kumar S. Testosterone plays a permissive role in angiotensin II-induced hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy in male rats. Biol Reprod 2019; 100:139-148. [PMID: 30102356 PMCID: PMC6335213 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex hormones contribute to sex differences in blood pressure. Inappropriate activation of the renin-angiotensin system is involved in vascular dysfunction and hypertension. This study evaluated the role of androgens (testosterone) in angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced increase in blood pressure, vascular reactivity, and cardiac hypertrophy. Eight-week-old male Wistar rats underwent sham operation, castration, or castration with testosterone replacement. After 12 weeks of chronic changes in androgen status, Ang II (120 ng/kg per minute) or saline was infused for 28 days via subcutaneous miniosmotic pump, and changes in blood pressure was measured. Vascular reactivity and Ang II receptor levels were examined in mesenteric arteries. Heart weight, cardiac ANP mRNA levels, and fibrosis were also assessed. Ang II infusion increased arterial pressure in intact males. The Ang II-induced increase in hypertensive response was prevented in castrated males. Testosterone replacement in castrated males restored Ang II-induced hypertensive responses. Castration reduced vascular AT1R/AT2R ratio, an effect that was reversed by testosterone replacement. Ang II-induced hypertension was associated with increased contractile response of mesenteric arteries to Ang II and phenylephrine in intact and testosterone-replaced castrated males; these increases were prevented in castrated males. Ang II infusion induced increased left ventricle-to-body weight ratio and ANP mRNA expression, indicators of left ventricular hypertrophy, and fibrosis in intact and testosterone-replaced castrated males, and castration prevented the increase in these parameters caused by Ang II. This study demonstrates that testosterone plays a permissive role in development and maintenance of Ang II-induced vascular dysfunction, hypertension, and cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay S Mishra
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Amar S More
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Sathish Kumar
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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13
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Kafami M, Hosseini M, Niazmand S, Farrokhi E, Hajzadeh MAR, Nazemi S. The effects of estradiol and testosterone on renal tissues oxidative after central injection of angiotensin II in female doca - salt treated rats. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2018; 37:/j/hmbci.ahead-of-print/hmbci-2018-0044/hmbci-2018-0044.xml. [PMID: 30398970 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2018-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Although numerous studies have proven that estrogen (Est) has a protective effect on the development of hypertension, more research needs to be done to show its detailed mechanism in a variety of hypertension. The important role of active oxygen species in blood pressure is well defined. We examined whether or not sex hormones change the growth of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in kidneys after central microinjection of angiotensin II (Ang II). Materials and methods Female Wistar rats, 8 weeks old (200 ± 10 g) were used in this study. The animal groups were (1) Sham, (2) Ovariectomy (OVX), (3) Sham-Hypertension (Sham-Hyper), (4) OVX-Hypertension (OVX-Hyper), (5) Sham-Hyper-Est, (6) OVX-Hyper-Est; (7) Sham-Hyper-Testosterone (Tst) and (8) OVX-Hyper-Tst. Solutions of 1% NaCl and 0.1 KCl were used and desoxycorticostrone (doca-salt) was injected (45 mg/kg) 3 times a week in Hypertension groups. Estradiol and Tst (2 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg; daily; subcutaneously) for 4 weeks. Ang II (50 μM, 5 μL) was microinjected by intracerebroventricular ( i.c.v.) infusion and malondialdehyde (MDA) and thiol in the kidneys were measured. Results MDA in the kidneys was increased by Ang II and doca-salt treatments. Both estradiol and Tst decreased the kidney's MDA. The level of thiol was higher in Hyper groups and reversed after treatment with estradiol and Tst. Conclusions Our findings suggest that central effect of Ang II on blood pressure and kidney disease is accompanied with increased levels of oxidative stress in the kidneys. Indeed sex hormones change the ROS level in the kidneys after central microinjection of Ang II..
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Kafami
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar Universityof Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran, Phone: 0098-051-4446070, Fax: 0098-051-4445648
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeed Niazmand
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Farrokhi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mosa Al-Reza Hajzadeh
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Samad Nazemi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
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14
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Červenka L, Škaroupková P, Kompanowska-Jezierska E, Sadowski J. Sex-linked differences in the course of chronic kidney disease and congestive heart failure: a study in 5/6 nephrectomized Ren-2 transgenic hypertensive rats with volume overload induced using aorto-caval fistula. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 43:883-95. [PMID: 27385471 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The role of hypertension and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in sex-related differences in the course of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and congestive heart failure (CHF) remain unclear, especially when the two diseases are combined. In male and female Ren-2 transgenic rats (TGR), a model of hypertension with activation of endogenous RAS, CKD was induced by 5/6 renal mass reduction (5/6 NX) and CHF was elicited by volume overload achieved by creation of an aorto-caval fistula (ACF). The primary aim of the study was to examine long-term CKD- and CHF-related mortality, especially in animals with CKD and CHF combined, with particular interest in the potential sex-related differences. The follow-up period was 23 weeks after the first intervention (5/6 NX). We found, first, that TGR did not exhibit sexual dimorphism in the course of 5/6 NX-induced CKD. Second, in contrast, TGR exhibited important sex-related differences in the course of ACF-induced CHF-related mortality: intact female TGR showed higher survival rate than male TGR. This situation is reversed in the course of combined 5/6 NX-induced CKD and ACF-induced CHF-related mortality: intact female TGR exhibited poorer survival than male TGR. Third, the survival rate in animals with combined 5/6 NX-induced CKD and ACF-induced CHF was significantly worsened as compared with rat groups that were exposed to 'single organ disease'. Collectively, our present results clearly show that CKD aggravates long-term mortality of animals with CHF. In addition, TGR exhibit remarkable sexual dimorphism with respect to CKD- and CHF-related mortality, especially in animals with combined CKD and CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luděk Červenka
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Pathophysiology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Škaroupková
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Elzbieta Kompanowska-Jezierska
- Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Sadowski
- Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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15
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Pingili AK, Davidge KN, Thirunavukkarasu S, Khan NS, Katsurada A, Majid DSA, Gonzalez FJ, Navar LG, Malik KU. 2-Methoxyestradiol Reduces Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension and Renal Dysfunction in Ovariectomized Female and Intact Male Mice. Hypertension 2017; 69:1104-1112. [PMID: 28416584 PMCID: PMC5426976 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.09175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 1B1 protects against angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertension and associated cardiovascular changes in female mice, most likely via production of 2-methoxyestradiol. This study was conducted to determine whether 2-methoxyestradiol ameliorates Ang II-induced hypertension, renal dysfunction, and end-organ damage in intact Cyp1b1-/-, ovariectomized female, and Cyp1b1+/+ male mice. Ang II or vehicle was infused for 2 weeks and administered concurrently with 2-methoxyestradiol. Mice were placed in metabolic cages on day 12 of Ang II infusion for urine collection for 24 hours. 2-Methoxyestradiol reduced Ang II-induced increases in systolic blood pressure, water consumption, urine output, and proteinuria in intact female Cyp1b1-/- and ovariectomized mice. 2-Methoxyestradiol also reduced Ang II-induced increase in blood pressure, water intake, urine output, and proteinuria in Cyp1b1+/+ male mice. Treatment with 2-methoxyestradiol attenuated Ang II-induced end-organ damage in intact Cyp1b1-/- and ovariectomized Cyp1b1+/+ and Cyp1b1-/- female mice and Cyp1b1+/+ male mice. 2-Methoxyestradiol mitigated Ang II-induced increase in urinary excretion of angiotensinogen in intact Cyp1b1-/- and ovariectomized Cyp1b1+/+ and Cyp1b1-/- female mice but not in Cyp1b1+/+ male mice. The G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 antagonist G-15 failed to alter Ang II-induced increases in blood pressure and renal function in Cyp1b1+/+ female mice. These data suggest that 2-methoxyestradiol reduces Ang II-induced hypertension and associated end-organ damage in intact Cyp1b1-/-, ovariectomized Cyp1b1+/+ and Cyp1b1-/- female mice, and Cyp1b1+/+ male mice independent of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1. Therefore, 2-methoxyestradiol could serve as a therapeutic agent for treating hypertension and associated pathogenesis in postmenopausal females, and in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajeeth K Pingili
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (A.K.P., K.N.D., S.T., N.S.K., K.U.M.); Department of Physiology, Hypertension & Renal Center, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (A.K., D.S.A.M., L.G.N.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Karen N Davidge
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (A.K.P., K.N.D., S.T., N.S.K., K.U.M.); Department of Physiology, Hypertension & Renal Center, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (A.K., D.S.A.M., L.G.N.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Shyamala Thirunavukkarasu
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (A.K.P., K.N.D., S.T., N.S.K., K.U.M.); Department of Physiology, Hypertension & Renal Center, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (A.K., D.S.A.M., L.G.N.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Nayaab S Khan
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (A.K.P., K.N.D., S.T., N.S.K., K.U.M.); Department of Physiology, Hypertension & Renal Center, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (A.K., D.S.A.M., L.G.N.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Akemi Katsurada
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (A.K.P., K.N.D., S.T., N.S.K., K.U.M.); Department of Physiology, Hypertension & Renal Center, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (A.K., D.S.A.M., L.G.N.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Dewan S A Majid
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (A.K.P., K.N.D., S.T., N.S.K., K.U.M.); Department of Physiology, Hypertension & Renal Center, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (A.K., D.S.A.M., L.G.N.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (A.K.P., K.N.D., S.T., N.S.K., K.U.M.); Department of Physiology, Hypertension & Renal Center, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (A.K., D.S.A.M., L.G.N.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - L Gabriel Navar
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (A.K.P., K.N.D., S.T., N.S.K., K.U.M.); Department of Physiology, Hypertension & Renal Center, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (A.K., D.S.A.M., L.G.N.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Kafait U Malik
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (A.K.P., K.N.D., S.T., N.S.K., K.U.M.); Department of Physiology, Hypertension & Renal Center, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (A.K., D.S.A.M., L.G.N.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.).
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16
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Yu G, Cheng M, Wang W, Zhao R, Liu Z. Involvement of WNK1-mediated potassium channels in the sexual dimorphism of blood pressure. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 485:255-260. [PMID: 28237360 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.02.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Potassium homeostasis plays an essential role in the control of blood pressure. It is unknown, however, whether potassium balance is involved in the gender-associated blood pressure differences. We therefore investigated the possible mechanism of sexual dimorphism in blood pressure regulation by measuring the blood pressure, plasma potassium, renal actions of potassium channels and upstream regulator in male and female mice. Here we found that female mice exhibited lower blood pressure and higher plasma K+ level as compared to male littermates. Western blot analyses of mouse kidney extract revealed a significant decrease in renal outer medullary potassium (ROMK) channel expression, while large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channel and Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC2) as well as the upstream regulator with-no-lysine kinase 1 (WNK1) enhanced in female mice under normal condition. Surprisingly, both dietary K+ loading and K+ depletion eliminated the differences in plasma K+ and blood pressure between females and males, and the differences of renal K+ channels and WNK1 also attenuated in both groups of mice. These findings indicated the existence of a close correlation between K+ homeostasis and sex-associated blood pressure. Moreover, the differential regulation of ROMK, BK-α and NKCC2 between female and male mice, at least, were partly mediated via WNK1 pathway, which may contribute to the sexual dimorphism of plasma K+ and blood pressure control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China
| | - Mengting Cheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China
| | - Rong Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China.
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17
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Loh SY, Salleh N. Influence of testosterone on mean arterial pressure: A physiological study in male and female normotensive WKY and hypertensive SHR rats. Physiol Int 2017; 104:25-34. [DOI: 10.1556/2060.104.2017.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction
Testosterone plays an important role in the blood pressure regulation. However, information with regard to the effect of this hormone on blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive conditions is limited. Therefore, in this study, the relationship between plasma testosterone level and mean arterial pressure (MAP) was investigated under these conditions.
Methods
Normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and hypertensive Spontaneous Hypertensive (SHR) male and female rats were gonadectomized with female rats treated with testosterone. Estrous cycle stages of intact female rats of both strains were identified by vaginal smear. Pressure in the carotid artery of anesthetized rats was measured via direct cannulation technique. The blood was withdrawn for plasma testosterone level measurement by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Results
Treatment of ovariectomized female WKY and SHR rats with testosterone for 6-week duration has resulted in MAP to increase (P < 0.05). In male WKY and SHR rats, MAP and plasma testosterone levels decreased by orchidectomy (P < 0.05). No significant differences in MAP and plasma testosterone levels were observed in intact female WKY and SHR rats between stages of the estrous cycle.
Conclusions
The effects seen in testosterone-treated ovariectomized female rats and in orchidectomized male rats suggested that testosterone could play an important role in causing the blood pressure to increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- SY Loh
- 1 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - N Salleh
- 1 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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18
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Hinton AO, Yang Y, Quick AP, Xu P, Reddy CL, Yan X, Reynolds CL, Tong Q, Zhu L, Xu J, Wehrens XHT, Xu Y, Reddy AK. SRC-1 Regulates Blood Pressure and Aortic Stiffness in Female Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168644. [PMID: 28006821 PMCID: PMC5179266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Framingham Heart Study suggests that dysfunction of steroid receptor coactivator-1 may be involved in the development of hypertension. However, there is no functional evidence linking steroid receptor coactivator-1 to the regulation of blood pressure. We used immunohistochemistry to map the expression of steroid receptor coactivator-1 protein in mouse brain, especially in regions implicated in the regulation of blood pressure. Steroid receptor coactivator-1 protein was found in central amygdala, medial amygdala, supraoptic nucleus, arcuate nucleus, ventromedial, dorsomedial, paraventricular hypothalamus, and nucleus of the solitary tract. To determine the effects of steroid receptor coactivator-1 protein on cardiovascular system we measured blood pressures, blood flow velocities, echocardiographic parameters, and aortic input impedance in female steroid receptor coactivator-1 knockout mice and their wild type littermates. Steroid receptor coactivator-1 knockout mice had higher blood pressures and increased aortic stiffness when compared to female wild type littermates. Additionally, the hearts of steroid receptor coactivator-1 knockout mice seem to consume higher energy as evidenced by increased impedance and higher heart rate pressure product when compared to female wild type littermates. Our results demonstrate that steroid receptor coactivator-1 may be functionally involved in the regulation of blood pressure and aortic stiffness through the regulation of sympathetic activation in various neuronal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antentor Othrell Hinton
- Pediatrics-Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yongjie Yang
- Pediatrics-Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ann P. Quick
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Pingwen Xu
- Pediatrics-Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chitra L. Reddy
- Debakey High School for Health Professions, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xiaofeng Yan
- Pediatrics-Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Corey L. Reynolds
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Advanced Technology/Core Laboratory, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Qingchun Tong
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Liangru Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College and Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianming Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xander H. T. Wehrens
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yong Xu
- Pediatrics-Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AKR); (YX)
| | - Anilkumar K. Reddy
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Section of Cardiovascular Research, Department Medicine and DeBakey Heart Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Indus Instruments, Webster, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AKR); (YX)
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19
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Dai SY, Fan J, Shen Y, He JJ, Peng W. Endoplasmic reticulum stress in the brain subfornical organ contributes to sex differences in angiotensin-dependent hypertension in rats. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2016; 217:33-44. [PMID: 26639993 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
AIM Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the brain subfornical organ (SFO), a key cardiovascular regulatory centre, has been implicated in angiotensin (ANG) II-induced hypertension in males; however, the contribution of ER stress to ANG II-induced hypertension in females is unknown. Female hormones have been shown to prevent ER stress in the periphery. We tested the hypothesis that females are less susceptible to ANG II-induced SFO ER stress than males, leading to sex differences in hypertension. METHODS Male, intact and ovariectomized (OVX) female rats received a continuous 2-week subcutaneous infusion of ANG II or saline. Additional male, intact and OVX female rats received intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of ER stress inducer tunicamycin. RESULTS ANG II, but not saline, increased blood pressure (BP) in both males and females, but intact females exhibited smaller increase in BP and less depressor response to ganglionic blockade compared with males or OVX females. Molecular studies revealed that ANG II elevated expression of ER stress biomarkers and Fra-like activity in the SFO in both males and females; however, elevations in these parameters were less in intact females than in males or OVX females. Moreover, ICV tunicamycin induced smaller elevation in BP and less increase in expression of ER stress biomarkers in the SFO in intact females compared with males or OVX females. CONCLUSION The results suggest that differences in ANG II-induced brain ER stress between males and females contribute to sex differences in ANG II-mediated hypertension and that oestrogen protects females against ANG II-induced brain ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.-Y. Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Shengjing Hospital; China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - J. Fan
- Department of Pathology; Hebei North University; Zhangjiakou China
| | - Y. Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Shengjing Hospital; China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - J.-J. He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Shengjing Hospital; China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - W. Peng
- Life Science Research Center and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology; Hebei North University; Zhangjiakou China
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20
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Hinton AO, He Y, Xia Y, Xu P, Yang Y, Saito K, Wang C, Yan X, Shu G, Henderson A, Clegg DJ, Khan SA, Reynolds C, Wu Q, Tong Q, Xu Y. Estrogen Receptor-α in the Medial Amygdala Prevents Stress-Induced Elevations in Blood Pressure in Females. Hypertension 2016; 67:1321-30. [PMID: 27091896 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.07175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Psychological stress contributes to the development of hypertension in humans. The ovarian hormone, estrogen, has been shown to prevent stress-induced pressor responses in females by unknown mechanisms. Here, we showed that the antihypertensive effects of estrogen during stress were blunted in female mice lacking estrogen receptor-α in the brain medial amygdala. Deletion of estrogen receptor-α in medial amygdala neurons also resulted in increased excitability of these neurons, associated with elevated ionotropic glutamate receptor expression. We further demonstrated that selective activation of medial amygdala neurons mimicked effects of stress to increase blood pressure in mice. Together, our results support a model where estrogen acts on estrogen receptor-α expressed by medial amygdala neurons to prevent stress-induced activation of these neurons, and therefore prevents pressor responses to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antentor Othrell Hinton
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nutrition Research Center (A.O.H., Y.H., Y.X., P.X., Y.Y., K.S., C.W., X.Y., G.S., A.H., Q.W., Y.X.), Advanced Technology/Core Laboratory (C.R.), and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (Y.X.), Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX; Department of Biomedical Research, Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (D.J.C.); Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, OH (S.A.K.); and Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (Q.T.)
| | - Yanlin He
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nutrition Research Center (A.O.H., Y.H., Y.X., P.X., Y.Y., K.S., C.W., X.Y., G.S., A.H., Q.W., Y.X.), Advanced Technology/Core Laboratory (C.R.), and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (Y.X.), Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX; Department of Biomedical Research, Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (D.J.C.); Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, OH (S.A.K.); and Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (Q.T.)
| | - Yan Xia
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nutrition Research Center (A.O.H., Y.H., Y.X., P.X., Y.Y., K.S., C.W., X.Y., G.S., A.H., Q.W., Y.X.), Advanced Technology/Core Laboratory (C.R.), and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (Y.X.), Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX; Department of Biomedical Research, Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (D.J.C.); Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, OH (S.A.K.); and Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (Q.T.)
| | - Pingwen Xu
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nutrition Research Center (A.O.H., Y.H., Y.X., P.X., Y.Y., K.S., C.W., X.Y., G.S., A.H., Q.W., Y.X.), Advanced Technology/Core Laboratory (C.R.), and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (Y.X.), Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX; Department of Biomedical Research, Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (D.J.C.); Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, OH (S.A.K.); and Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (Q.T.)
| | - Yongjie Yang
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nutrition Research Center (A.O.H., Y.H., Y.X., P.X., Y.Y., K.S., C.W., X.Y., G.S., A.H., Q.W., Y.X.), Advanced Technology/Core Laboratory (C.R.), and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (Y.X.), Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX; Department of Biomedical Research, Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (D.J.C.); Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, OH (S.A.K.); and Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (Q.T.)
| | - Kenji Saito
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nutrition Research Center (A.O.H., Y.H., Y.X., P.X., Y.Y., K.S., C.W., X.Y., G.S., A.H., Q.W., Y.X.), Advanced Technology/Core Laboratory (C.R.), and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (Y.X.), Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX; Department of Biomedical Research, Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (D.J.C.); Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, OH (S.A.K.); and Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (Q.T.)
| | - Chunmei Wang
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nutrition Research Center (A.O.H., Y.H., Y.X., P.X., Y.Y., K.S., C.W., X.Y., G.S., A.H., Q.W., Y.X.), Advanced Technology/Core Laboratory (C.R.), and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (Y.X.), Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX; Department of Biomedical Research, Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (D.J.C.); Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, OH (S.A.K.); and Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (Q.T.)
| | - Xiaofeng Yan
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nutrition Research Center (A.O.H., Y.H., Y.X., P.X., Y.Y., K.S., C.W., X.Y., G.S., A.H., Q.W., Y.X.), Advanced Technology/Core Laboratory (C.R.), and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (Y.X.), Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX; Department of Biomedical Research, Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (D.J.C.); Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, OH (S.A.K.); and Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (Q.T.)
| | - Gang Shu
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nutrition Research Center (A.O.H., Y.H., Y.X., P.X., Y.Y., K.S., C.W., X.Y., G.S., A.H., Q.W., Y.X.), Advanced Technology/Core Laboratory (C.R.), and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (Y.X.), Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX; Department of Biomedical Research, Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (D.J.C.); Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, OH (S.A.K.); and Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (Q.T.)
| | - Alexander Henderson
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nutrition Research Center (A.O.H., Y.H., Y.X., P.X., Y.Y., K.S., C.W., X.Y., G.S., A.H., Q.W., Y.X.), Advanced Technology/Core Laboratory (C.R.), and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (Y.X.), Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX; Department of Biomedical Research, Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (D.J.C.); Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, OH (S.A.K.); and Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (Q.T.)
| | - Deborah J Clegg
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nutrition Research Center (A.O.H., Y.H., Y.X., P.X., Y.Y., K.S., C.W., X.Y., G.S., A.H., Q.W., Y.X.), Advanced Technology/Core Laboratory (C.R.), and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (Y.X.), Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX; Department of Biomedical Research, Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (D.J.C.); Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, OH (S.A.K.); and Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (Q.T.)
| | - Sohaib A Khan
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nutrition Research Center (A.O.H., Y.H., Y.X., P.X., Y.Y., K.S., C.W., X.Y., G.S., A.H., Q.W., Y.X.), Advanced Technology/Core Laboratory (C.R.), and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (Y.X.), Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX; Department of Biomedical Research, Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (D.J.C.); Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, OH (S.A.K.); and Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (Q.T.)
| | - Corey Reynolds
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nutrition Research Center (A.O.H., Y.H., Y.X., P.X., Y.Y., K.S., C.W., X.Y., G.S., A.H., Q.W., Y.X.), Advanced Technology/Core Laboratory (C.R.), and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (Y.X.), Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX; Department of Biomedical Research, Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (D.J.C.); Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, OH (S.A.K.); and Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (Q.T.)
| | - Qi Wu
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nutrition Research Center (A.O.H., Y.H., Y.X., P.X., Y.Y., K.S., C.W., X.Y., G.S., A.H., Q.W., Y.X.), Advanced Technology/Core Laboratory (C.R.), and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (Y.X.), Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX; Department of Biomedical Research, Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (D.J.C.); Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, OH (S.A.K.); and Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (Q.T.)
| | - Qingchun Tong
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nutrition Research Center (A.O.H., Y.H., Y.X., P.X., Y.Y., K.S., C.W., X.Y., G.S., A.H., Q.W., Y.X.), Advanced Technology/Core Laboratory (C.R.), and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (Y.X.), Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX; Department of Biomedical Research, Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (D.J.C.); Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, OH (S.A.K.); and Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (Q.T.)
| | - Yong Xu
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nutrition Research Center (A.O.H., Y.H., Y.X., P.X., Y.Y., K.S., C.W., X.Y., G.S., A.H., Q.W., Y.X.), Advanced Technology/Core Laboratory (C.R.), and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology (Y.X.), Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX; Department of Biomedical Research, Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (D.J.C.); Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, OH (S.A.K.); and Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (Q.T.).
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21
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Role of the endothelin system in sexual dimorphism in cardiovascular and renal diseases. Life Sci 2016; 159:20-29. [PMID: 26939577 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.02.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies of blood pressure in men and women and in experimental animal models point to substantial sex differences in the occurrence of arterial hypertension as well as in the various manifestations of arterial hypertension, including myocardial infarction, stroke, retinopathy, chronic kidney failure, as well as hypertension-associated diseases (e.g. diabetes mellitus). Increasing evidence demonstrates that the endothelin (ET) system is a major player in the genesis of sex differences in cardiovascular and renal physiology and diseases. Sex differences in the ET system have been described in the vasculature, heart and kidney of humans and experimental animals. In the current review, we briefly describe the role of the ET system in the cardiovascular and renal systems. We also update information on sex differences at different levels of the ET system including synthesis, circulating and tissue levels, receptors, signaling pathways, ET actions, and responses to antagonists in different organs that contribute to blood pressure regulation. Knowledge of the mechanisms underlying sex differences in arterial hypertension can impact therapeutic strategies. Sex-targeted and/or sex-tailored approaches may improve treatment of cardiovascular and renal diseases.
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22
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Intapad S, Ojeda NB, Varney E, Royals TP, Alexander BT. Sex-Specific Effect of Endothelin in the Blood Pressure Response to Acute Angiotensin II in Growth-Restricted Rats. Hypertension 2015; 66:1260-6. [PMID: 26459423 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.06257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The renal endothelin system contributes to sex differences in blood pressure with males demonstrating greater endothelin type-A receptor-mediated responses relative to females. Intrauterine growth restriction programs hypertension and enhance renal sensitivity to acute angiotensin II in male growth-restricted rats. Endothelin is reported to work synergistically with angiotensin II. Thus, this study tested the hypothesis that endothelin augments the blood pressure response to acute angiotensin II in male growth-restricted rats. Systemic and renal hemodynamics were determined in response to acute angiotensin II (100 mg/kg per minute for 30 minutes) with and without the endothelin type-A receptor antagonist, Atrasentan (ABT-627; 10 ng/kg per minute for 30 minutes), in rats pretreated with enalapril (250 mg/L for 1 week) to normalize the endogenous renin-angiotensin system. Endothelin type-A receptor blockade reduced angiotensin II-mediated increases in blood pressure in male control and male growth-restricted rats. Endothelin type-A receptor blockade also abolished hyper-responsiveness to acute angiotensin II in male growth-restricted rats. Yet, blood pressure remained significantly elevated above baseline after endothelin type-A receptor blockade, suggesting that factors in addition to endothelin contribute to the basic angiotensin II-induced pressor response in male rats. We also determined sex-specific effects of endothelin on acute angiotensin II-mediated hemodynamic responses. Endothelin type-A receptor blockade did not reduce acute angiotensin II-mediated increases in blood pressure in female control or growth-restricted rats, intact or ovariectomized. Thus, these data suggest that endothelin type-A receptor blockade contributes to hypersensitivity to acute angiotensin II in male growth-restricted rats and further supports the sex-specific effect of endothelin on blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suttira Intapad
- Department of Pediatrics (N.B.O.), Department of Physiology and Biophysics (S.I., N.B.O., E.V., T.P.R., B.T.A.), and the Center for Developmental Disorders Research (S.I., N.B.O., B.T.A.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Norma B Ojeda
- Department of Pediatrics (N.B.O.), Department of Physiology and Biophysics (S.I., N.B.O., E.V., T.P.R., B.T.A.), and the Center for Developmental Disorders Research (S.I., N.B.O., B.T.A.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Elliott Varney
- Department of Pediatrics (N.B.O.), Department of Physiology and Biophysics (S.I., N.B.O., E.V., T.P.R., B.T.A.), and the Center for Developmental Disorders Research (S.I., N.B.O., B.T.A.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Thomas P Royals
- Department of Pediatrics (N.B.O.), Department of Physiology and Biophysics (S.I., N.B.O., E.V., T.P.R., B.T.A.), and the Center for Developmental Disorders Research (S.I., N.B.O., B.T.A.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Barbara T Alexander
- Department of Pediatrics (N.B.O.), Department of Physiology and Biophysics (S.I., N.B.O., E.V., T.P.R., B.T.A.), and the Center for Developmental Disorders Research (S.I., N.B.O., B.T.A.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson.
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23
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Hay M. His and hers hypertension-down to a T? Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 308:F822-3. [PMID: 25587126 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00667.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Hay
- Department of Physiology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Saver Heart Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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24
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Abstract
The role of the brain in hypertension between the sexes is known to be important especially with regards to the effects of circulating sex hormones. A number of different brain regions important for regulation of sympathetic outflow and blood pressure express estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ). Estradiol, acting predominantly via the ERα, inhibits angiotensin II activation of the area postrema and subfornical organ neurons and inhibits reactive oxygen generation that is required for the development of Angiotensin II-induced neurogenic hypertension. Estradiol activation of ERβ within the paraventricular nucleus and the rostral ventral lateral medulla inhibits these neurons and inhibits angiotensin II, or aldosterone induced increases in sympathetic outflow and hypertension. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying ERα and ERβ actions within key brain regions regulating blood pressure will be essential for the development of "next generation" selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMS) that can be used clinically for the treatment of neurogenic hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Hay
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, 1501 N Campbell Rd Bldg 201, Rm 4103, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA,
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25
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Herak-Kramberger CM, Breljak D, Ljubojević M, Matokanović M, Lovrić M, Rogić D, Brzica H, Vrhovac I, Karaica D, Micek V, Dupor JI, Brown D, Sabolić I. Sex-dependent expression of water channel AQP1 along the rat nephron. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 308:F809-21. [PMID: 25656365 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00368.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian kidney, nonglycosylated and glycosylated forms of aquaporin protein 1 (AQP1) coexist in the luminal and basolateral plasma membranes of proximal tubule and descending thin limb. Factors that influence AQP1 expression in (patho)physiological conditions are poorly known. Thus far, only angiotensin II and hypertonicity were found to upregulate AQP1 expression in rat proximal tubule in vivo and in vitro (Bouley R, Palomino Z, Tang SS, Nunes P, Kobori H, Lu HA, Shum WW, Sabolic I, Brown D, Ingelfinger JR, Jung FF. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 297: F1575-F1586, 2009), a phenomenon that may be relevant for higher blood pressure observed in men and male experimental animals. Here we investigated the sex-dependent AQP1 protein and mRNA expression in the rat kidney by immunochemical methods and qRT-PCR in tissue samples from prepubertal and intact gonadectomized animals and sex hormone-treated gonadectomized adult male and female animals. In adult rats, the overall renal AQP1 protein and mRNA expression was ∼80% and ∼40% higher, respectively, in males than in females, downregulated by gonadectomy in both sexes and upregulated strongly by testosterone and moderately by progesterone treatment; estradiol treatment had no effect. In prepubertal rats, the AQP1 protein expression was low compared with adults and slightly higher in females, whereas the AQP1 mRNA expression was low and similar in both sexes. The observed differences in AQP1 protein expression in various experiments mainly reflect changes in the glycosylated form. The male-dominant expression of renal AQP1 in rats, which develops after puberty largely in the glycosylated form of the protein, may contribute to enhanced fluid reabsorption following the androgen- or progesterone-stimulated activities of sodium-reabsorptive mechanisms in proximal tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Davorka Breljak
- Molecular Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Ljubojević
- Molecular Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mirela Matokanović
- Molecular Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mila Lovrić
- Clinical Institute of Laboratory Diagnosis, University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dunja Rogić
- Clinical Institute of Laboratory Diagnosis, University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Brzica
- Molecular Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Vrhovac
- Molecular Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dean Karaica
- Molecular Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vedran Micek
- Molecular Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Dennis Brown
- Program in Membrane Biology and Division of Nephrology, Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ivan Sabolić
- Molecular Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia;
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26
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Schreier B, Rabe S, Winter S, Ruhs S, Mildenberger S, Schneider B, Sibilia M, Gotthardt M, Kempe S, Mäder K, Grossmann C, Gekle M. Moderate inappropriately high aldosterone/NaCl constellation in mice: cardiovascular effects and the role of cardiovascular epidermal growth factor receptor. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7430. [PMID: 25503263 PMCID: PMC4262830 DOI: 10.1038/srep07430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-physiological activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), e.g. by aldosterone under conditions of high salt intake, contributes to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, although beneficial effects of aldosterone also have been described. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) contributes to cardiovascular alterations and mediates part of the MR effects. Recently, we showed that EGFR is required for physiological homeostasis and function of heart and arteries in adult animals. We hypothesize that moderate high aldosterone/NaCl, at normal blood pressure, affects the cardiovascular system depending on cardiovascular EGFR. Therefore we performed an experimental series in male and female animals each, using a recently established mouse model with EGFR knockout in vascular smooth muscle cells and cardiomyocytes and determined the effects of a mild-high aldosterone-to-NaCl constellation on a.o. marker gene expression, heart size, systolic blood pressure, impulse conduction and heart rate. Our data show that (i) cardiac tissue of male but not of female mice is sensitive to mild aldosterone/NaCl treatment, (ii) EGFR knockout induces stronger cardiac disturbances in male as compared to female animals and (iii) mild aldosterone/NaCl treatment requires the EGFR in order to disturb cardiac tissue homeostasis whereas beneficial effects of aldosterone seem to be independent of EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Schreier
- Julius-Bernstein-Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Sindy Rabe
- Julius-Bernstein-Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Sabrina Winter
- Julius-Bernstein-Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ruhs
- Julius-Bernstein-Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Sigrid Mildenberger
- Julius-Bernstein-Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Bettina Schneider
- Julius-Bernstein-Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Maria Sibilia
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Gotthardt
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Sabine Kempe
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences 1, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Karsten Mäder
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences 1, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Claudia Grossmann
- Julius-Bernstein-Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Michael Gekle
- Julius-Bernstein-Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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Abstract
20-Hydroxy-5, 8, 11, 14-eicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) is a cytochrome P450 (CYP)-derived omega-hydroxylation metabolite of arachidonic acid. 20-HETE has been shown to play a complex role in blood pressure regulation. In the kidney tubules, 20-HETE inhibits sodium reabsorption and promotes natriuresis, thus, contributing to antihypertensive mechanisms. In contrast, in the microvasculature, 20-HETE has been shown to play a pressor role by sensitizing smooth muscle cells to constrictor stimuli and increasing myogenic tone, and by acting on the endothelium to further promote endothelial dysfunction and endothelial activation. In addition, 20-HETE induces endothelial angiotensin-converting enzyme, thus, setting forth a potential feed forward prohypertensive mechanism by stimulating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. With the advancement of gene sequencing technology, numerous polymorphisms in the regulatory coding and noncoding regions of 20-HETE-producing enzymes, CYP4A11 and CYP4F2, have been associated with hypertension. This in-depth review article discusses the biosynthesis and function of 20-HETE in the cardiovascular system, the pharmacological agents that affect 20-HETE action, and polymorphisms of CYP enzymes that produce 20-HETE and are associated with systemic hypertension in humans.
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Santamaria MH, Chen AY, Chow J, Muñoz DC, Schmid-Schönbein GW. Cleavage and reduced CD36 ectodomain density on heart and spleen macrophages in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Microvasc Res 2014; 95:131-42. [PMID: 25172177 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic disease is accompanied by a range of cellular defects ("comorbidities") whose origin is uncertain. To investigate this pathophysiological phenomenon we used the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR), which besides an elevated arterial blood pressure also has many other comorbidities, including a defective glucose and lipid metabolism. We have shown that this model of metabolic disease has elevated plasma matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, which cleaves the extracellular domain of membrane receptors. We hypothesize here that the increased MMP activity also leads to abnormal cleavage of the scavenger receptor and fatty acid transporter CD36. To test this idea, chronic pharmaceutical MMP inhibition (CGS27023A) of the SHR and its normotensive control, the Wistar Kyoto Rat (WKY), was used to determine if inhibition of MMP activity serves to maintain CD36 receptor density and function. Surface density of CD36 on macrophages from the heart, spleen, and liver was determined in WKY, SHR, CGS-treated WKY (CGS WKY), and CGS-treated SHR (CGS SHR) by immunohistochemistry with an antibody against the CD36 ectodomain. The extracellular CD36 density was lower in SHR heart and spleen macrophages compared to that in the WKY. MMP inhibition by CGS served to restore the reduced CD36 density on SHR cardiac and splanchnic macrophages to levels of the WKY. To examine CD36 function, culture assays with murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) after incubation in fresh WKY or SHR plasma were used to test for adhesion of light-weight donor red blood cell (RBC) by CD36. This form of RBC adhesion to macrophages was reduced after incubation in SHR compared WKY plasma. Analysis of the supernatant macrophage media by Western blot shows a higher level of CD36 extracellular protein fragments following exposure to SHR plasma compared to WKY. MMP inhibition in the SHR plasma compared to untreated plasma, served to increase the RBC adhesion to macrophages and decrease the number of receptor fragments in the macrophage media. In conclusion, these studies bring to light that plasma in the SHR model of metabolic disease has an unchecked MMP degrading activity which causes cleavage of a variety of membrane receptors, including CD36, which attenuates several cellular functions typical for the metabolic disease, including RBC adhesion to the scavenger receptor CD36. In addition to other cell dysfunctions chronic MMP inhibition restores CD36 in the SHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco H Santamaria
- Department of Bioengineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Angela Y Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Jason Chow
- Department of Bioengineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Diana C Muñoz
- Department of Bioengineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Geert W Schmid-Schönbein
- Department of Bioengineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Kittikulsuth W, Looney SW, Pollock DM. Endothelin ET(B) receptors contribute to sex differences in blood pressure elevation in angiotensin II hypertensive rats on a high-salt diet. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2014; 40:362-70. [PMID: 23713708 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Female rats are more resistant to blood pressure increases induced by high salt (HS) intake or angiotensin (Ang) II infusion. Because endothelin ET(B) receptors on endothelial and epithelial cells mediate tonic vasodilation and sodium excretion, we hypothesized that ET(B) receptors limit the hypertensive response and renal injury induced by HS diet alone or with chronic AngII infusion (AngII/HS) in female compared with male rats. A 4 week HS diet (4% NaCl) did not significantly change blood pressure (measured by telemetry) in either male or female Sprague-Dawley rats. Administration of the ET(B) receptor antagonist A-192621 (1, 3 and 10 mg/kg per day in food) during HS feeding caused a dose-dependent increase in blood pressure in both sexes. In AngII/HS rats, males had a larger increase in blood pressure than females. The increase in blood pressure produced by ET(B) receptor blockade in male AngII/HS rats was not significant. However, A-192621 treatment resulted in a significant further increase in blood pressure in female AngII/HS rats. Male rats had consistently higher protein excretion rates before and during AngII/HS, but this was not significantly affected by ET(B) receptor blockade in either sex. In conclusion, ET(B) receptors play a significantly greater beneficial role in protecting female compared with male rats against AngII-induced hypertension and may contribute to the sex differences in AngII-induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wararat Kittikulsuth
- Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
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30
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Holm A, Nilsson BO. Identification and characterization of new mechanisms in vascular oestrogen signalling. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 113:287-93. [PMID: 23953673 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oestrogen exerts vasculoprotective effects in different experimental settings through inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, stimulation of nitric oxide production and attenuation of inflammation. Although these oestrogen-evoked beneficial effects have been attributed to oestrogen receptor alpha (ERα), also ER beta (ERβ) and the novel ER G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30)/G protein-coupled ER1 probably play significant roles in vascular oestrogen signalling. Oestrogen-evoked vasculoprotective effects are well documented in various experimental models, but the underlying mechanisms are still incompletely understood. The age hypothesis represents an interesting and promising model to explain the discrepancy between experimental data showing beneficial vascular effects of oestrogen treatment and the clinical findings on hormone replacement therapy obtained in big epidemiology surveys, where no protective effect from supplementation with oestrogen is observed. Identification of novel ERs expressed also in the vascular system offers exciting opportunities for the future to find and characterize the mechanisms behind oestrogen-evoked beneficial effects in vascular health and disease. Importantly, some vascular effects of pharmacological concentrations of oestrogen are ER-independent, suggesting that oestrogen besides its specific effects through ERα, ERβ and GPR30 also affects vascular function via ER-independent mechanisms probably reflecting interaction of the hydrophobic oestrogen molecule with cell membrane properties. In this MiniReview, we focus on the importance of these different vascular ER subtypes in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Holm
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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31
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Jessup JA, Wang H, MacNamara LM, Presley TD, Kim-Shapiro DB, Zhang L, Chen AF, Groban L. Estrogen therapy, independent of timing, improves cardiac structure and function in oophorectomized mRen2.Lewis rats. Menopause 2013; 20:860-8. [PMID: 23481117 PMCID: PMC3690139 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e318280589a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE mRen2.Lewis rats exhibit exacerbated increases in blood pressure, left ventricular (LV) remodeling, and diastolic impairment after the loss of estrogens. In this same model, depletion of estrogens has marked effects on the cardiac biopterin profile concomitant with suppressed nitric oxide release. With respect to the establishment of overt systolic hypertension after oophorectomy (OVX), we assessed the effects of timing long-term 17β-estradiol (E2) therapy on myocardial function, myocardial structure, and the cardiac nitric oxide system. METHODS OVX (n = 24) or sham operation (Sham; n = 13) was performed in 4-week-old female mRen2.Lewis rats. After randomization, OVX rats received E2 immediately (OVX + E2-early; n = 7), E2 at 11 weeks of age (OVX + E2-late; n = 8), or no E2 at all (OVX; n = 9). RESULTS E2-early was associated with lower body weight, less hypertension-related cardiac remodeling, and decreased LV filling pressure compared with OVX rats without E2 supplementation. E2-late similarly attenuated the adverse effects of ovarian hormone loss on tissue Doppler-derived LV filling pressures and perivascular fibrosis, and significantly improved myocardial relaxation or mitral annular velocity (e'). Early and late exposures to E2 decreased dihydrobiopterin, but only E2-late yielded significant increases in cardiac nitrite concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Although there are some similarities between E2-early and E2-late treatments in relation to preservation of diastolic function and cardiac structure after OVX, the lusitropic potential of E2 is most consistent with late supplementation. The cardioprotective effects of E2-late are independent of blood pressure and may have occurred through regulation of cardiac biopterins and nitric oxide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jewell A. Jessup
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | | | - Tennille D. Presley
- Chemistry Department, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, NC
- Translational Science Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Daniel B. Kim-Shapiro
- Translational Science Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Alex F. Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Vascular Surgery Research, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Leanne Groban
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
- Translational Science Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
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32
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Kittikulsuth W, Sullivan JC, Pollock DM. ET-1 actions in the kidney: evidence for sex differences. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:318-26. [PMID: 22372527 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01922.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension and chronic kidney disease are more common in men than in premenopausal women at the same age. In animal models, females are relatively protected against genetic or pharmacological procedures that produce high blood pressure and renal injury. Overactivation or dysfunction of the endothelin (ET) system modulates the progression of hypertension or kidney diseases with the ET(A) receptor primarily mediating vasoconstriction, injury and anti-natriuresis, and ET(B) receptors having opposite effects. The purpose of this review is to examine the role of the ET system in the kidney with a focus on the inequality between the sexes associated with the susceptibility to and progression of hypertension and kidney diseases. In most animal models, males have higher renal ET-1 mRNA expression, greater ET(A) -mediated responses, including renal medullary vasoconstriction, and increased renal injury. These differences are reduced following gonadectomy suggesting a role for sex hormones, mainly testosterone. In contrast, females are relatively protected from high blood pressure and kidney damage via increased ET(B) versus ET(A) receptor function. Furthermore, ET(A) receptors may have a favourable effect on sodium excretion and reducing renal damage in females. In human studies, the genetic polymorphisms of the ET system are more associated with hypertension and renal injury in women. However, the knowledge of sex differences in the efficacy or adverse events of ET(A) antagonists in the treatment of hypertension and kidney disease is poorly described. Increased understanding how the ET system acts differently in the kidneys between sexes, especially with regard to receptor subtype function, could lead to better treatments for hypertension and renal disease. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Endothelin. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2013.168.issue-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Kittikulsuth
- Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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33
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Wu CC, Mei S, Cheng J, Ding Y, Weidenhammer A, Garcia V, Zhang F, Gotlinger K, Manthati VL, Falck JR, Capdevila JH, Schwartzman ML. Androgen-sensitive hypertension associates with upregulated vascular CYP4A12-20-HETE synthase. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 24:1288-96. [PMID: 23641057 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012070714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the mechanism underlying the effect of androgen on BP and cardiovascular disease is not well understood, recent studies suggest that 20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), a primary cytochrome P450 4 (Cyp4)-derived eicosanoid, may mediate androgen-induced hypertension. Here, treatment of normotensive mice with 5α-dihydrotestosterone increased BP and induced both Cyp4a12 expression and 20-HETE levels in preglomerular microvessels. Administration of a 20-HETE antagonist prevented and reversed the effects of dihydrotestosterone on BP. Cyp4a14(-/-) mice, which exhibit androgen-sensitive hypertension in the male mice, produced increased levels of vascular 20-HETE; furthermore, administration of a 20-HETE antagonist normalized BP. To examine whether androgen-independent increases in 20-HETE are sufficient to cause hypertension, we studied Cyp4a12-transgenic mice, which express the CYP4A12-20-HETE synthase under the control of a doxycycline-sensitive promoter. Administration of doxycycline increased BP by 40%, and administration of a 20-HETE antagonist prevented this increase. Levels of CYP4A12 and 20-HETE in preglomerular microvessels of doxycycline-treated transgenic mice approximately doubled, correlating with increased 20-HETE-dependent sensitivity to phenylephrine-mediated vasoconstriction and with decreased acetylcholine-mediated vasodilation in the renal microvasculature. We observed a similar contribution of 20-HETE to myogenic tone in the mesenteric microvasculature. Taken together, these results suggest that 20-HETE both mediates androgen-induced hypertension and can cause hypertension independent of androgen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chia Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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34
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Gonzales RJ. Androgens and the cerebrovasculature: modulation of vascular function during normal and pathophysiological conditions. Pflugers Arch 2013; 465:627-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1267-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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35
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Fu Y, Lu Y, Liu EY, Zhu X, Mahajan GJ, Lu D, Roman RJ, Liu R. Testosterone enhances tubuloglomerular feedback by increasing superoxide production in the macula densa. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 304:R726-33. [PMID: 23467324 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00341.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Males have higher prevalence of hypertension and renal injury than females, which may be attributed in part to androgen-mediated effects on renal hemodynamics. Tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) is an important mechanism in control of renal microcirculation. The present study examines the role of testosterone in the regulation of TGF responses. TGF was measured by micropuncture (change of stop-flow pressure, ΔPsf) in castrated Sprague-Dawley rats. The addition of testosterone (10(-7) mol/l) into the lumen increased the ΔPsf from 10.1 ± 1.2 to 12.2 ± 1.2 mmHg. To determine whether androgen receptors (AR) are involved, mRNA of AR was measured in the macula dense cells isolated by laser capture microdissection from kidneys, and a macula densa-like cell line (MMDD1). AR mRNA was expressed in the macula densa of rats and in MMDD1 cells. We next examined the effects of the AR blocker, flutamide (10(-5) mol/l) on the TGF response. The addition of flutamide blocked the effects of testosterone on TGF. The addition of Tempol (10(-4) mol/l) or polyethylene glycol-superoxide dismutase (100 U/ml) to scavenge superoxide blocked the effect of testosterone to augment TGF. We then applied apocynin to inhibit NAD(P)H oxidase and oxypurinol to inhibit xanthine oxidase and found the testosterone-induced augmentation of TGF was blocked. In additional experiments in MMDD1 cells, we found that testosterone increased O2(-) generation. Apocynin or oxypurinol blocked the testosterone-induced increases of O2(-), while blockade of COX-2 with NS-398 had no effect. These findings suggest that testosterone enhances TGF response by stimulating O2(-) production in macula densa via an AR-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Fu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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36
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Zhang C, Hamada T. Sex differences in estrogen receptor promoter expression in the area postrema. Neural Regen Res 2013; 8:149-55. [PMID: 25206485 PMCID: PMC4107514 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor α is widely distributed in the rat brain, but the tissue- or target-specificity of the estrogen receptor α gene promoters remains unknown. In the present study, we used transgenic rats expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein under the control of the estrogen receptor α 0/B promoter to examine expression driven by this promoter in two significant nuclei that regulate cardiovascular activity, the area postrema and the nucleus tractus solitarius. Immunohistochemistry showed that enhanced green fluorescent protein-labeled cells were distributed in the area postrema and the nucleus tractus solitarius of both female and male transgenic rats, and a neural network of enhanced green fluorescent protein-positive fibers was seen between the area postrema and the nucleus tractus solitarius. The number of enhanced green fluorescent protein-labeled cells in the area postrema of female rats was significantly higher than in the males, but no significant difference was found in the number of enhanced green fluorescent protein-labeled cells in the nucleus tractus solitarius. The sex differences in the number of enhanced green fluorescent protein-labeled cells in the area postrema was not affected after ovariectomy or 17β-estradiol benzoate treatment in adult rats. Our results suggest that the effects of estrogen in the area postrema are related to the expression of estrogen receptor α under the control of the 0/B promoter, and changes in the sex hormone environment in the adult period do not affect estrogen receptor α expression in the area postrema or the nucleus tractus solitarius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Tomohiro Hamada
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
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Bubb KJ, Khambata RS, Ahluwalia A. Sexual dimorphism in rodent models of hypertension and atherosclerosis. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:298-312. [PMID: 22582712 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately one third of all deaths are attributed to cardiovascular disease (CVD), making it the biggest killer worldwide. Despite a number of therapeutic options available, the burden of CVD morbidity continues to grow indicating the need for continued research to address this unmet need. In this respect, investigation of the mechanisms underlying the protection that premenopausal females enjoy from cardiovascular-related disease and mortality is of interest. In this review, we discuss the essential role that rodent animal models play in enabling this field of research. In particular, we focus our discussion on models of hypertension and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen J Bubb
- William Harvey Research Institute, Clinical Pharmacology, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
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Lindsey SH, Chappell MC. Evidence that the G protein-coupled membrane receptor GPR30 contributes to the cardiovascular actions of estrogen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 8:343-54. [PMID: 22153880 DOI: 10.1016/j.genm.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although female protection from cardiovascular diseases declines with the fall in circulating sex hormones experienced during menopause, clinical trials in older women fail to demonstrate beneficial effects for hormone replacement therapy. The recent discovery of GPR30, a membrane-bound estrogen receptor that is structurally and functionally unique from the steroid receptors ERα and ERβ, has unveiled additional signaling pathways by which estrogen may influence cardiovascular health. This review takes an organ-based approach to assess the expression and function of GPR30 in the cardiovascular system. We concluded that although the current literature does suggest a cardiovascular role for GPR30, additional exploration is necessary to fully elucidate the estrogenic actions mediated by this novel receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Lindsey
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1032, USA.
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39
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Abstract
Men have higher blood pressure than women through much of life regardless of race and ethnicity. This is a robust and highly conserved sex difference that it is also observed across species including dogs, rats, mice and chickens and it is found in induced, genetic and transgenic animal models of hypertension. Not only do the differences between the ovarian and testicular hormonal milieu contribute to this sexual dimorphism in blood pressure, the sex chromosomes also play a role in and of themselves. This review primarily focuses on epidemiological studies of blood pressure in men and women and experimental models of hypertension in both sexes. Gaps in current knowledge regarding what underlie male-female differences in blood pressure control are discussed. Elucidating the mechanisms underlying sex differences in hypertension may lead to the development of anti-hypertensives tailored to one's sex and ultimately to improved therapeutic strategies for treating this disease and preventing its devastating consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Sandberg
- Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Disease and Aging Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057
| | - Hong Ji
- Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Disease and Aging Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057
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40
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STIM1/Orai1 contributes to sex differences in vascular responses to calcium in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Sci (Lond) 2012; 122:215-26. [PMID: 21966957 DOI: 10.1042/cs20110312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Sex differences in Ca2+-dependent signalling and homoeostasis in the vasculature of hypertensive rats are well characterized. However, sex-related differences in SOCE (store-operated Ca2+ entry) have been minimally investigated. We hypothesized that vascular protection in females, compared with males, reflects decreased Ca2+ mobilization due to diminished activation of Orai1/STIM1 (stromal interaction molecule 1). In addition, we investigated whether ovariectomy in females affects the activation of the Orai1/STIM1 pathway. Endothelium-denuded aortic rings from male and female SHRSP (stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats) and WKY (Wistar-Kyoto) rats and from OVX (ovariectomized) or sham female SHRSP and WKY rats were used to functionally evaluate Ca2+ influx-induced contractions. Compared with females, aorta from male SHRSP displayed: (i) increased contraction during the Ca2+-loading period; (ii) similar transient contraction during Ca2+ release from the intracellular stores; (iii) increased activation of STIM1 and Orai1, as shown by the blockade of STIM1 and Orai1 with neutralizing antibodies, which reversed the sex differences in contraction during the Ca2+-loading period; and (iv) increased expression of STIM1 and Orai1. Additionally, we found that aortas from OVX-SHRSP showed increased contraction during the Ca2+-loading period and increased Orai1 expression, but no changes in the SR (sarcoplasmic reticulum)-buffering capacity or STIM1 expression. These findings suggest that augmented activation of STIM1/Orai1 in aortas from male SHRSP represents a mechanism that contributes to sex-related impaired control of intracellular Ca2+ levels. Furthermore, female sex hormones may negatively modulate the STIM/Orai1 pathway, contributing to vascular protection observed in female rats.
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41
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Wu CC, Schwartzman ML. The role of 20-HETE in androgen-mediated hypertension. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2011; 96:45-53. [PMID: 21722750 PMCID: PMC3248593 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Androgen plays an important role in blood pressure regulation. Epidemiological studies have shown that men have a higher prevalence for developing hypertension than aged-matched, premenopausal women. Interestingly, postmenopausal women and women with polycystic ovary syndrome, both of which have increased endogenous androgen production, have elevated risks for hypertension suggesting that androgen may contribute to its development. Studies from our laboratory and others have provided substantial evidence that 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) mediates the hypertension seen in rodents treated with androgen. 20-HETE is the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-derived ω-hydroxylated metabolite of arachidonic acid. 20-HETE plays a complex role in blood pressure regulation. In the kidney tubules, 20-HETE decreases blood pressure by promoting natriuresis, while in the microvasculature it has a pressor effect. In the microcirculation, 20-HETE participates in the regulation of vascular tone by sensitizing the smooth muscle cells to constrictor stimuli and contributes to myogenic, mitogenic and angiogenic responses. In addition, 20-HETE acts on the endothelium to promote endothelial dysfunction and endothelial activation. Recently, we have demonstrated that 20-HETE induces endothelial ACE thus setting forth a potential feed forward mechanism through activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. In this review, we will discuss the pro-hypertensive effects of 20-HETE and its role in androgen-induced vascular dysfunction and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chia Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA. chengchia
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42
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Lindsey SH, Yamaleyeva LM, Brosnihan KB, Gallagher PE, Chappell MC. Estrogen receptor GPR30 reduces oxidative stress and proteinuria in the salt-sensitive female mRen2.Lewis rat. Hypertension 2011; 58:665-71. [PMID: 21844484 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.175174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The current study assessed whether activation of the novel estrogen receptor GPR30 ameliorates salt-dependent renal damage in intact mRen2.Lewis (mRen2) females. Hemizygous mRen2 rats were maintained on either a normal salt (0.5% Na) or high-salt (HS; 4.0% Na) diet for 10 weeks (5 to 15 weeks of age), and HS animals were treated with the GPR30 agonist G-1 or vehicle for 2 weeks. Systolic blood pressure markedly increased with HS diet (149±3 to 219±5 mm Hg; P<0.01), but G-1 did not influence pressure (P=0.42). G-1 and estradiol induced relaxation of preconstricted mesenteric vessels from normal salt mRen2 rats, but both responses were attenuated in the HS group. Despite the lack of an effect on blood pressure, G-1 decreased renal hypertrophy, proteinuria, urinary 8-isoprostane excretion, and tubular 4-hydroxynonenal staining. HS diet significantly increased GPR30 mRNA (1.01±0.04 versus 1.59±0.13; P<0.01) and protein (0.60±0.31 versus 3.99±0.75; P<0.01) in the renal cortex. GPR30 was highly expressed in the brush border of proximal tubules and colocalized with megalin. Finally, megalin expression was reduced by HS diet and restored with G-1. We conclude that GPR30-mediated beneficial effects in salt-sensitive mRen2 females occurred independent of changes in systolic blood pressure. The failure of G-1 to influence pressure may reflect a salt-induced impairment in GPR30-mediated vasorelaxation. The renoprotective actions of GPR30 may involve attenuation of tubular oxidative stress and activation of megalin-mediated protein reabsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Lindsey
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1032, USA.
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Kittikulsuth W, Pollock JS, Pollock DM. Sex differences in renal medullary endothelin receptor function in angiotensin II hypertensive rats. Hypertension 2011; 58:212-8. [PMID: 21646601 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.172734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that angiotensin (Ang) II hypertensive rats have impaired natriuresis after renal medullary endothelin (ET) B receptor stimulation that would be more evident in male versus female rats. Acute intramedullary infusion of the ET(B) agonist sarafotoxin 6c in normotensive male rats increased sodium excretion from 0.51±0.11 μmol/min during baseline to 1.64±0.19 μmol/min (P<0.05) after S6c. After 2 weeks of Ang II infusion (260 ng/kg per minute SC), male rats had an attenuated natriuretic response to S6c of 0.62±0.16 μmol/min during baseline versus 0.95±0.07 μmol/min after S6c. In contrast, ET(B)-dependent natriuresis was similar in female hypertensive rats (0.48±0.07 versus 1.5±0.18 μmol/min; P<0.05) compared with normotensive controls (1.05±0.07 versus 2.14±0.24 μmol/min; P<0.05). Because ET(A) receptors also mediate natriuresis in normotensive female rats, we examined ET(A) receptor function in female Ang II hypertensive rats. Intramedullary infusion of ET-1 increased sodium excretion in both hypertensive and normotensive female rats, which was partially blocked by the ET(A) antagonist BQ-123. Maximum ET(B) receptor binding in inner medullary membrane preparations was comparable between vehicle and Ang II hypertensive females; however, maximum ET(B) binding was significantly lower in male hypertensive rats (1952±251 versus 985±176 fmol/mg; P<0.05). These results indicate that renal ET(B) function is impaired in male Ang II hypertension attributed, at least in part, to a reduced number of ET(B) binding sites. Furthermore, renal ET receptor function is preserved in female rats during chronic Ang II infusion, suggesting that renal ET receptor function could serve to limit hypertension in females compared with males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wararat Kittikulsuth
- Georgia Health Sciences University, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Wu CC, Cheng J, Zhang FF, Gotlinger KH, Kelkar M, Zhang Y, Jat JL, Falck JR, Schwartzman ML. Androgen-dependent hypertension is mediated by 20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid-induced vascular dysfunction: role of inhibitor of kappaB Kinase. Hypertension 2011; 57:788-94. [PMID: 21321301 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.161570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Increased vascular synthesis of 20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) is associated with increased vascular contraction, endothelial dysfunction, and endothelial activation; all are believed to account for 20-HETE prohypertensive properties. We demonstrated previously that the 20-HETE-dependent inhibition of NO production is mediated through inhibitor of κB kinase (IKK), suggesting a cross-talk between 20-HETE-mediated endothelial dysfunction and activation. In this study, we examined the temporal relationship among blood pressure, endothelial dysfunction, and endothelial activation and the role of IKK in the rat model of androgen-driven 20-HETE-mediated hypertension. In Sprague-Dawley rats treated with 5α-dihydrotestosterone, renal vascular 20-HETE levels increased by day 2 of treatment from 17.7±2.4 to 57.7±9.7 ng/mg, whereas blood pressure elevation reached significance by day 3 (132.7±1.7 versus 117.2±0.8 mm Hg). In renal interlobar arteries, when compared with vehicle, 5α-dihydrotestosterone treatment increased the sensitivity to phenylephrine-induced vasoconstriction by 3.5-fold, decreased acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation, and increased nuclear factor κB activity, all of which were attenuated by treatment with the 20-HETE antagonist, 20 hydroxyeicosa-6(Z),15(Z)-dienoic acid, (20-6,15-HEDE). Cotreatment with parthenolide, an IKK inhibitor, attenuated the androgen-dependent 20-HETE-mediated elevation in blood pressure (from 133.7±3.1 to 109.8±3.0 mm Hg). In addition, parthenolide treatment negated 20-HETE-mediated inhibition of the relaxing response to acetylcholine and 20-HETE-mediated increase in vascular nuclear factor κB activity. These findings suggest that inhibition of IKK attenuates the androgen-dependent 20-HETE-mediated increase in blood pressure by inhibiting both 20-HETE-dependent endothelial activation and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chia Wu
- New York Medical College, Department of Pharmacology, 15 Dana Road, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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Characterization of an animal model of postmenopausal cardiac hypertrophy and novel mechanisms responsible for cardiac decompensation using ovariectomized pressure-overloaded rats. Menopause 2010; 17:213-21. [PMID: 19741553 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3181b57489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The development of animal models of cardiovascular disease are critical to define pathophysiological mechanisms and to advance diagnosis and therapy. The lack of a suitable animal model represents a failure to define the mechanisms responsible for postmenopausal myocardial hypertrophy in hypertension and adverse cardiac remodeling. METHODS In this review, we presented a rat model of postmenopausal myocardial hypertrophy, with particular focus on the similarities between the animal model and postmenopausal women regarding myocardial function as well as molecular and subcellular mechanisms. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and remodeling in postmenopausal women, we analyzed myocardial hypertrophy as well as cardiac function and hypertrophy-related protein expression in ovariectomized (OVX) and pressure overloaded (PO) rats. RESULTS The model is characterized by depletion of serum estrogen and increased heart-to-body weight and lung-to-body weight ratios. Moreover, the OVX-PO rats also show increased mean arterial blood pressure, LV end-diastolic pressure, LV developed pressure, and maximal rates of LV contraction and relaxation compared with the OVX group. Importantly, Akt activity was largely attenuated, and both endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and activity were markedly reduced in the OVX-PO group. Finally, significant increased mortality was observed in the OVX-PO group after chronic isoproterenol administration. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that rats subject to OVX are unable to compensate for hypertrophy partly due to impaired Akt-endothelial nitric oxide synthase signaling along with deteriorated heart function and demonstrated increased mortality. In this review, we discussed the mechanisms of cardiac injury, which could play a critical role in postmenopausal hypertrophy, as well as the characteristics of the OVX-PO female rats as a model to test cardioprotective drugs in postmenopausal women.
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Song J, Eyster KM, Kost CK, Kjellsen B, Martin DS. Involvement of protein kinase C-CPI-17 in androgen modulation of angiotensin II-renal vasoconstriction. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 85:614-21. [PMID: 19797427 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Previous studies suggested that androgens augmented renal vascular responses to angiotensin II (Ang II). The protein kinase C (PKC)-CPI-17 pathway is involved in vascular constriction. We tested the hypothesis that this pathway may contribute to androgenic amplification of Ang II-renal vasoconstriction in the New Zealand genetically hypertensive (NZGH) rat. METHODS AND RESULTS NZGH underwent sham operation, castration, or castration with testosterone replacement at 5 weeks of age. When the rats were 16-17 weeks of age, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and renal vascular resistance (RVR) responses to intravenous Ang II infusion (20, 40, and 80 ng/kg/min) were recorded before and after treatment with a PKC inhibitor, chelerythrine. mRNA expression of PKC isoforms and CPI-17 protein expression were analysed in renal cortex. MAP and RVR responses to Ang II were enhanced in androgen-replete NZGH. The Ang II-induced increase in RVR was significantly lower in castrated NZGH (ranged from 100 +/- 8% to 161 +/- 9% of baseline) than in sham-operated NZGH (ranged between 123 +/- 3% and 237 +/- 19% of baseline). Testosterone treatment restored RVR responses to Ang II in castrated rats. Chelerythrine treatment markedly reduced the MAP and RVR responses to Ang II in each group and attenuated the differential MAP and RVR responses to Ang II amongst the three groups. PKCdelta and PKCepsilon mRNA levels were significantly reduced by castration and increased by testosterone treatment. In contrast, no significant differences in protein expression were detected for these PKC isoforms. Castration decreased while testosterone treatment increased CPI-17 and phospho-CPI-17 expression. CONCLUSION Collectively, these results suggest that androgens modulate renal vascular responses to Ang II in part via an effect on the PKC-CPI-17 signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Song
- Department of Medicine, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, NY 11040, USA
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Lindsey SH, Cohen JA, Brosnihan KB, Gallagher PE, Chappell MC. Chronic treatment with the G protein-coupled receptor 30 agonist G-1 decreases blood pressure in ovariectomized mRen2.Lewis rats. Endocrinology 2009; 150:3753-8. [PMID: 19372194 PMCID: PMC2717873 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-1664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The mRen2.Lewis congenic strain is an estrogen-sensitive model of hypertension whereby estrogen depletion produces a significant and sustained increase in blood pressure. The recent identification of G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) as a third estrogen receptor isotype prompted us to test the hypothesis that this novel receptor exhibits beneficial cardiovascular actions in the hypertensive female mRen2.Lewis rat. Intact female, ovariectomized female (OVX), and male mRen2.Lewis rats were treated with the selective GPR30 agonist G-1 or vehicle via osmotic minipump for 2 wk. G-1 significantly reduced systolic blood pressure in OVX (178 +/- 7 to 142 +/- 10 mm Hg, P < 0.001, n = 8) but not intact female (144 +/- 3 to 143 +/- 5 mm Hg, P > 0.05, n = 5) or male mRen2.Lewis rats (207 +/- 7 to 192 +/- 5 mm Hg, P > 0.05, n = 7). G-1 did not alter uterine or body weight in OVX, suggesting activation of a receptor distinct from estrogen receptor-alpha and -beta. In isolated aortic rings from OVX, G-1 reduced constriction in response to angiotensin II. Vascular angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin type 1 receptor mRNA were also lower, whereas angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 mRNA was increased. G-1 treatment in OVX was not associated with alterations in either endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression or acetylcholine-induced relaxation. Immunohistochemical staining for GPR30 was evident in both the intima and media of the aorta. We conclude that the novel estrogen receptor GPR30 may contribute to the beneficial cardiovascular actions of estrogen in female mRen2.Lewis rats through regulation of vascular components of the renin-angiotensin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hoffmann Lindsey
- The Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1032, USA.
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Curtis KS. Estrogen and the central control of body fluid balance. Physiol Behav 2009; 97:180-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Xue B, Badaue-Passos D, Guo F, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Hay M, Johnson AK. Sex differences and central protective effect of 17beta-estradiol in the development of aldosterone/NaCl-induced hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 296:H1577-85. [PMID: 19270192 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01255.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study tested the hypotheses that male and female rats respond differently to subcutaneous infusions of aldosterone (Aldo; 1.8 microg.kg(-1).h(-1), 1% NaCl to drink; 28 days) and that central estrogen plays a protective role against the development of hypertension. In rats with blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) measured by Data Sciences International telemetry, chronic Aldo/NaCl treatment induced a greater increase in BP in males (Delta25.4 +/- 2.4 mmHg) than in females (Delta7.1 +/- 2.2 mmHg). Gonadectomy augmented Aldo/NaCl-induced hypertension in females (Delta18.2 +/- 2.0 mmHg) but had no effect in males (Delta23.1 +/- 2.9 mmHg). Immunohistochemistry for Fra-like activity was higher in the paraventricular nucleus of intact males, castrated males, and ovariectomized (OVX) females compared with intact females after 28 days of Aldo/NaCl treatment. In intact males, central 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) inhibited the Aldo/NaCl increase in BP (Delta10.5 +/- 0.8) compared with that in central vehicle plus systemic Aldo/NaCl (Delta26.1 +/- 2.5 mmHg) rats. Combined administration of E(2) and estrogen receptor antagonist ICI182780 (ICI) blocked the protective effect of E(2) (Delta23.2 +/- 2.4 mmHg). In intact females central, but not peripheral, infusions of ICI augmented the Aldo/NaCl (Delta20.4 +/- 1.8 mmHg) BP increase. Finally, ganglionic blockade after Aldo infusions resulted in a smaller reduction in BP in intact females (-23.9 +/- 2.5 mmHg) and in central estrogen-treated males (-30.2 +/- 1.0 mmHg) compared with other groups (intact males, -39.3 +/- 3.4; castrated males, -41.8 +/- 1.9; intact males with central E(2) + ICI, -42.3 +/- 2.1; OVX females, -40.3 +/- 3.3; and intact females with central ICI, -39.1 +/- 1.3 mmHg). Chronic Aldo infusion produced increases in NaCl intake and decreases in HR that were both similar in all groups. Taken together, the results indicate that central estrogen plays a protective role in the development of Aldo/NaCl-induced hypertension and that this may result from reduced sympathetic outflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojian Xue
- Dept. of Psychology, Univ. of Iowa, 11 Seashore Hall E, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Chappell MC, Westwood BM, Yamaleyeva LM. Differential effects of sex steroids in young and aged female mRen2.Lewis rats: a model of estrogen and salt-sensitive hypertension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 5 Suppl A:S65-75. [PMID: 18395684 DOI: 10.1016/j.genm.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male-female differences in the expression of hypertension and in end-organ damage are evident in both experimental models and human subjects, with males exhibiting a more rapid onset of cardiovascular disease and mortality than do females. The basis for these male-female differences is probably the balance of the complex effects of sex steroids (androgens, estrogen, progesterone) and their metabolites on the multiple regulatory systems that influence blood pressure (BP). A key target of estrogen and other steroids is likely to be the different components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to review the current experimental evidence on the protective effects of estrogen in hypertensive models. METHODS The search terms estrogen , renin-aangiotensin-aldosterone system, renin receptor, salt-sensitivity, endorgan damage, hypertension, kidney, mRen2. Lewis, and injury markers were used to identify relevant publications in the PubMed database (restricted to the English language) from January 1990 to October 2007. RESULTS In a new congenic model that expresses the mouse renin 2 gene (mRen2. Lewis), estrogen depletion (via ovariectomy [OVX ]) in young rats was found to have a marked stimulatory effect on the progression of increased BP and cardiac dysfunction. Moreover, estrogen depletion exacerbated salt-sensitive hypertension and the extent of salt-induced cardiac and renal injury in young mRen2. Lewis rats, which probably reflected the inability to appropriately regulate various components of the RAAS. However, OVX in aged mRen2. Lewis rats conveyed renal protective effects from a high-salt diet compared with intact hypertensive littermates (64 weeks), and these effects were independent of changes in BP. CONCLUSION These studies in hypertensive mRen2. Lewis rats underscored the influence of ovarian hormones on BP and tissue injury, as well as the plasticity of this response, apparently due to age and salt status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Chappell
- Hypertension & Vascular Disease Center, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1095, USA.
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