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Allen JP, Garber KB, Perszyk R, Khayat CT, Kell SA, Kaneko M, Quindipan C, Saitta S, Ladda RL, Hewson S, Inbar-Feigenberg M, Prasad C, Prasad AN, Olewiler L, Mu W, Rosenthal LS, Scala M, Striano P, Zara F, McCullock TW, Jauss RT, Lemke JR, MacLean DM, Zhu C, Yuan H, Myers SJ, Traynelis SF. Clinical features, functional consequences, and rescue pharmacology of missense GRID1 and GRID2 human variants. Hum Mol Genet 2024; 33:355-373. [PMID: 37944084 PMCID: PMC10840383 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
GRID1 and GRID2 encode the enigmatic GluD1 and GluD2 proteins, which form tetrameric receptors that play important roles in synapse organization and development of the central nervous system. Variation in these genes has been implicated in neurodevelopmental phenotypes. We evaluated GRID1 and GRID2 human variants from the literature, ClinVar, and clinical laboratories and found that many of these variants reside in intolerant domains, including the amino terminal domain of both GRID1 and GRID2. Other conserved regions, such as the M3 transmembrane domain, show different intolerance between GRID1 and GRID2. We introduced these variants into GluD1 and GluD2 cDNA and performed electrophysiological and biochemical assays to investigate the mechanisms of dysfunction of GRID1/2 variants. One variant in the GRID1 distal amino terminal domain resides at a position predicted to interact with Cbln2/Cbln4, and the variant disrupts complex formation between GluD1 and Cbln2, which could perturb its role in synapse organization. We also discovered that, like the lurcher mutation (GluD2-A654T), other rare variants in the GRID2 M3 domain create constitutively active receptors that share similar pathogenic phenotypes. We also found that the SCHEMA schizophrenia M3 variant GluD1-A650T produced constitutively active receptors. We tested a variety of compounds for their ability to inhibit constitutive currents of GluD receptor variants and found that pentamidine potently inhibited GluD2-T649A constitutive channels (IC50 50 nM). These results identify regions of intolerance to variation in the GRID genes, illustrate the functional consequences of GRID1 and GRID2 variants, and suggest how these receptors function normally and in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Allen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Kathryn B Garber
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael St., Atlanta GA 30322, United States
- EGL Genetics, 2460 Mountain Industrial Blvd., Tucker, GA 30084, United States
| | - Riley Perszyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Cara T Khayat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
| | - Steven A Kell
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, 1515 Dickey Dr, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Maki Kaneko
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Department of Pathology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90027, United States
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90027, United States
| | - Catherine Quindipan
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90027, United States
| | - Sulagna Saitta
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Departments of Human Genetics, OBGYN and Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 200 Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Roger L Ladda
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, 600 University Dr, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Stacy Hewson
- Department of Genetic Counselling, The Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Michal Inbar-Feigenberg
- Division of Clinical & Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children and Pediatrics, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Chitra Prasad
- Department of Pediatrics (Section of Genetics and Metabolism), Western University and Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Children’s Hospital LHSC, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, ON N6A5W9, Canada
| | - Asuri N Prasad
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics and Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University and Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Children’s Hospital LHSC, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, ON N6A5W9, Canada
| | - Leah Olewiler
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St., Jackson, MS 39216, United States
| | - Weiyi Mu
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 600 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore MD 21287, United States
| | - Liana S Rosenthal
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, 601 N. Caroline St., Baltimore MD 21287, United States
| | - Marcello Scala
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Largo Paolo Daneo, 3, 16132 Genova GE, Italy
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Pavilion 16, Via Gerolamo Gaslini, 516147 Genoa GE, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Largo Paolo Daneo, 3, 16132 Genova GE, Italy
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Pavilion 16, Via Gerolamo Gaslini, 516147 Genoa GE, Italy
| | - Federico Zara
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Pavilion 20, Via Gerolamo Gaslini, 516147 Genoa GE, Italy
| | - Tyler W McCullock
- Department Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester NY, 14642, United States
| | - Robin-Tobias Jauss
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, Haus W, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Johannes R Lemke
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, Haus W, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - David M MacLean
- Department Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester NY, 14642, United States
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Scott J Myers
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
- Emory Neurodegenerative Disease Center, 615 Michael St., Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
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2
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Powell SB, Swerdlow NR. The Relevance of Animal Models of Social Isolation and Social Motivation for Understanding Schizophrenia: Review and Future Directions. Schizophr Bull 2023; 49:1112-1126. [PMID: 37527471 PMCID: PMC10483472 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbad098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESES Social dysfunction in schizophrenia includes symptoms of withdrawal and deficits in social skills, social cognition, and social motivation. Based on the course of illness, with social withdrawal occurring prior to psychosis onset, it is likely that the severity of social withdrawal/isolation contributes to schizophrenia neuropathology. STUDY DESIGN We review the current literature on social isolation in rodent models and provide a conceptual framework for its relationship to social withdrawal and neural circuit dysfunction in schizophrenia. We next review preclinical tasks of social behavior used in schizophrenia-relevant models and discuss strengths and limitations of existing approaches. Lastly, we consider new effort-based tasks of social motivation and their potential for translational studies in schizophrenia. STUDY RESULTS Social isolation rearing in rats produces profound differences in behavior, pharmacologic sensitivity, and neurochemistry compared to socially reared rats. Rodent models relevant to schizophrenia exhibit deficits in social behavior as measured by social interaction and social preference tests. Newer tasks of effort-based social motivation are being developed in rodents to better model social motivation deficits in neuropsychiatric disorders. CONCLUSIONS While experimenter-imposed social isolation provides a viable experimental model for understanding some biological mechanisms linking social dysfunction to clinical and neural pathology in schizophrenia, it bypasses critical antecedents to social isolation in schizophrenia, notably deficits in social reward and social motivation. Recent efforts at modeling social motivation using effort-based tasks in rodents have the potential to quantify these antecedents, identify models (eg, developmental, genetic) that produce deficits, and advance pharmacological treatments for social motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan B Powell
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs VISN22 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Neal R Swerdlow
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs VISN22 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
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3
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Masternak M, Koch A, Laulumaa S, Tapken D, Hollmann M, Jørgensen FS, Kastrup JS. Differences between the GluD1 and GluD2 receptors revealed by GluD1 X-ray crystallography, binding studies and molecular dynamics. FEBS J 2023; 290:3781-3801. [PMID: 36128700 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Ionotropic glutamate receptors are ligand-gated ion channels essential for fast excitatory neurotransmission in the brain. In contrast to most other members of the iGluR family, the subfamily of delta receptors, GluD1 and GluD2, does not bind glutamate but glycine/D-serine. GluD1 is widely expressed in the brain and the inner ear, where it is required for high-frequency hearing. Furthermore, it has been associated with schizophrenia, autism and depression. X-ray structures of the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of GluD2 have been published; however, no high-resolution structure is available for the ligand-binding domain of GluD1 (GluD1-LBD). Here, we report the X-ray crystal structure of the GluD1-LBD in its apo form at 2.57 Å resolution. Using isothermal titration calorimetry, we show that D-serine binds to the GluD1-LBD in an exothermic manner with a Kd of 160 μm, which is approximately five-fold greater than at GluD2. Furthermore, we identify Glu822 as a critical determinant of receptor activation in GluD1 A654T. In contrast to studies on the GluD2 lurcher mutant A654T, we did not observe any effect of 1 mm D-serine on the spontaneous currents at mouse GluD1 A654T by electrophysiological recordings of Xenopus laevis oocytes as previously also reported by others. These results point towards differences in the structure and dynamics between GluD1 and GluD2. Molecular dynamics simulations were employed to address this observation, suggesting that the apo structure of GluD1 is less flexible than the apo structure of GluD2 and that Pro725 in GluD1 may affect the interlobe closure of the ligand-binding domain of GluD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Masternak
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Angela Koch
- Department of Biochemistry I - Receptor Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
- Institute of Neural and Sensory Physiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Saara Laulumaa
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Tapken
- Department of Biochemistry I - Receptor Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael Hollmann
- Department of Biochemistry I - Receptor Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Flemming Steen Jørgensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Research Cluster on Personalised Medicine, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jette Sandholm Kastrup
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Research Cluster on Molecular Neuroprotection, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Candemir E, Fattakhov N, Leary AO, Slattery DA, Courtney MJ, Reif A, Freudenberg F. Disrupting the nNOS/NOS1AP interaction in the medial prefrontal cortex impairs social recognition and spatial working memory in mice. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2023; 67:66-79. [PMID: 36513018 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and its interacting protein NOS1AP have been linked to several mental disorders including schizophrenia and depression. An increase in the interaction between nNOS and NOS1AP in the frontal cortex has been suggested to contribute to the emergence of these disorders. Here we aimed to uncover whether disruption of their interactions in the frontal cortex leads to mental disorder endophenotypes. Targeting the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), we stereotaxically injected wild-type C57BL/6J mice with recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) expressing either full-length NOS1AP, the nNOS binding region of NOS1AP (i.e. NOS1AP396-503), or the nNOS amino-terminus (i.e. nNOS1-133), which was shown to disrupt the interaction of endogenous nNOS with PSD-95. We tested these mice in a comprehensive behavioural battery, assessing different endophenotypes related to mental disorders. We found no differences in anxiety-related and exploratory behaviours. Likewise, social interaction was comparable in all groups. However, social recognition was impaired in NOS1AP and NOS1AP396-503 mice. These mice, as well as mice overexpressing nNOS1-133 also displayed impaired spatial working memory (SWM) capacity, while spatial reference memory (SRM) remained intact. Finally, mice overexpressing NOS1AP and nNOS1-133, but not NOS1AP396-503, failed to habituate to the startling pulses in an acoustic startle response (ASR) paradigm, though we found no difference in overall startle intensity or prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the ASR. Our findings indicate a distinct role of NOS1AP/nNOS/PSD-95 interactions in the mPFC to contribute to specific endophenotypic changes observed in different mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esin Candemir
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Straße 10, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Graduate School of Life Sciences, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nikolai Fattakhov
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Straße 10, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Aet O Leary
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Straße 10, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - David A Slattery
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Straße 10, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael J Courtney
- Neuronal Signalling Laboratory, Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Straße 10, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Florian Freudenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Straße 10, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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5
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Visual masking deficits in schizophrenia: a view into the genetics of the disease through an endophenotype. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:529. [PMID: 36585402 PMCID: PMC9803632 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02275-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder determined by a complex mixture of genetic and environmental factors. To better understand the contributions of human genetic variations to schizophrenia, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of a highly sensitive endophenotype. In this visual masking endophenotype, two vertical bars, slightly shifted in the horizontal direction, are briefly presented (vernier offset). Participants are asked to indicate the offset direction of the bars (either left or right). The bars are followed by a grating mask, which makes the task both spatially and temporally challenging. The inter-stimulus interval (ISI) between the vernier and the mask was determined in 206 patients with schizophrenia, 109 first-order relatives, and 143 controls. Usually, in GWAS studies, patients are compared to controls (i.e., a binary task) without considering the large differences in performance between patients and controls, as it occurs in many paradigms. The masking task allows for a particularly powerful analysis because the differences in ISI within the patient population are large. We genotyped all participants and searched for associations between human polymorphisms and the masking endophenotype using a linear mixed model. We did not identify any genome-wide significant associations (p < 5 × 10-8), indicating that common variants with strong effects are unlikely to contribute to the large inter-group differences in visual masking. However, we found significant differences in polygenetic risk scores (PRS) between patients and controls, and relatives and controls.
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6
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Wang Y, Sun Z, He Q, Li J, Ni M, Yang M. Self-supervised graph representation learning integrates multiple molecular networks and decodes gene-disease relationships. PATTERNS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 4:100651. [PMID: 36699743 PMCID: PMC9868676 DOI: 10.1016/j.patter.2022.100651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Leveraging molecular networks to discover disease-relevant modules is a long-standing challenge. With the accumulation of interactomes, there is a pressing need for powerful computational approaches to handle the inevitable noise and context-specific nature of biological networks. Here, we introduce Graphene, a two-step self-supervised representation learning framework tailored to concisely integrate multiple molecular networks and adapted to gene functional analysis via downstream re-training. In practice, we first leverage GNN (graph neural network) pre-training techniques to obtain initial node embeddings followed by re-training Graphene using a graph attention architecture, achieving superior performance over competing methods for pathway gene recovery, disease gene reprioritization, and comorbidity prediction. Graphene successfully recapitulates tissue-specific gene expression across disease spectrum and demonstrates shared heritability of common mental disorders. Graphene can be updated with new interactomes or other omics features. Graphene holds promise to decipher gene function under network context and refine GWAS (genome-wide association study) hits and offers mechanistic insights via decoding diseases from genome to networks to phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- MGI, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zijun Sun
- Computer Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jiwei Li
- Department of Computer Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming Ni
- MGI, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- MGI-QingDao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, China
| | - Meng Yang
- MGI, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Corresponding author
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7
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Braff DL, Bigdeli TB. Ultrarare Coding Variants and Cognitive Function in Schizophrenia-Unraveling the Enduring Mysteries of Neuropsychiatric Genetics. JAMA Psychiatry 2022; 79:946-948. [PMID: 35976678 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David L Braff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Tim B Bigdeli
- SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York.,VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York
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8
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Foka K, Georganta EM, Semelidou O, Skoulakis EMC. Loss of the Schizophrenia-Linked Furin Protein from Drosophila Mushroom Body Neurons Results in Antipsychotic-Reversible Habituation Deficits. J Neurosci 2022; 42:7496-7511. [PMID: 36028314 PMCID: PMC9525163 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1055-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Habituation is a conserved adaptive process essential for incoming information assessment, which drives the behavioral response decrement to recurrent inconsequential stimuli and does not involve sensory adaptation or fatigue. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying the process are not well understood, habituation has been reported to be defective in a number of disorders including schizophrenia. We demonstrate that loss of furin1, the Drosophila homolog of a gene whose transcriptional downregulation has been linked to schizophrenia, results in defective habituation to recurrent footshocks in mixed sex populations. The deficit is reversible by transgenic expression of the Drosophila or human Furin in adult α'/β' mushroom body neurons and by acute oral delivery of the typical antipsychotic haloperidol and the atypical clozapine, which are commonly used to treat schizophrenic patients. The results validate the proposed contribution of Furin downregulation in schizophrenia and suggest that defective footshock habituation is a Drosophila protophenotype of the human disorder.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Genome-wide association studies have revealed a number of loci linked to schizophrenia, but most have not been verified experimentally in a relevant behavioral task. Habituation deficits constitute a schizophrenia endophenotype. Drosophila with attenuated expression of the schizophrenia-linked highly conserved Furin gene present delayed habituation reversible with acute exposure to antipsychotics. This strongly suggests that footshock habituation defects constitute a schizophrenia protophenotype in Drosophila Furthermore, determination of the neurons whose regulated activity is required for footshock habituation provides a facile metazoan system to expediently validate putative schizophrenia genes and variants in a well understood simple brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Foka
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Science Research Centre "Alexander Fleming," 16672 Vari, Greece
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Eirini-Maria Georganta
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Science Research Centre "Alexander Fleming," 16672 Vari, Greece
| | - Ourania Semelidou
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Science Research Centre "Alexander Fleming," 16672 Vari, Greece
| | - Efthimios M C Skoulakis
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Science Research Centre "Alexander Fleming," 16672 Vari, Greece
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9
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On the Use of Eye Movements in Symptom Validity Assessment of Feigned Schizophrenia. PSYCHOLOGICAL INJURY & LAW 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12207-022-09462-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAssessing the credibility of reported mental health problems is critical in a variety of assessment situations, particularly in forensic contexts. Previous research has examined how the assessment of performance validity can be improved through the use of bio-behavioral measures (e.g., eye movements). To date, however, there is a paucity of literature on the use of eye tracking technology in assessing the validity of presented symptoms of schizophrenia, a disorder that is known to be associated with oculomotor abnormalities. Thus, we collected eye tracking data from 83 healthy individuals during the completion of the Inventory of Problems – 29 and investigated whether the oculomotor behavior of participants instructed to feign schizophrenia would differ from those of control participants asked to respond honestly. Results showed that feigners had a longer dwell time and a greater number of fixations in the feigning-keyed response options, regardless of whether they eventually endorsed those options (d > 0.80). Implications on how eye tracking technology can deepen comprehension on simulation strategies are discussed, as well as the potential of investigating eye movements to advance the field of symptom validity assessment.
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10
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Greenwood TA. Genetic Influences on Cognitive Dysfunction in Schizophrenia. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 63:291-314. [PMID: 36029459 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe and debilitating psychotic disorder that is highly heritable and relatively common in the population. The clinical heterogeneity associated with schizophrenia is substantial, with patients exhibiting a broad range of deficits and symptom severity. Large-scale genomic studies employing a case-control design have begun to provide some biological insight. However, this strategy combines individuals with clinically diverse symptoms and ignores the genetic risk that is carried by many clinically unaffected individuals. Consequently, the majority of the genetic architecture underlying schizophrenia remains unexplained, and the pathways by which the implicated variants contribute to the clinically observable signs and symptoms are still largely unknown. Parsing the complex, clinical phenotype of schizophrenia into biologically relevant components may have utility in research aimed at understanding the genetic basis of liability. Cognitive dysfunction is a hallmark symptom of schizophrenia that is associated with impaired quality of life and poor functional outcome. Here, we examine the value of quantitative measures of cognitive dysfunction to objectively target the underlying neurobiological pathways and identify genetic variants and gene networks contributing to schizophrenia risk. For a complex disorder, quantitative measures are also more efficient than diagnosis, allowing for the identification of associated genetic variants with fewer subjects. Such a strategy supplements traditional analyses of schizophrenia diagnosis, providing the necessary biological insight to help translate genetic findings into actionable treatment targets. Understanding the genetic basis of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia may thus facilitate the development of novel pharmacological and procognitive interventions to improve real-world functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany A Greenwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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11
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Esen-Sehir D, Kopf J, Hägele S, Plichta MM, Reif A, Freudenberg F. Influence of NOS1AP Risk Variants on the Corrected QT (QTc) Interval in the Pharmacotherapy of Schizophrenia. PHARMACOPSYCHIATRY 2022; 55:266-273. [PMID: 35732169 DOI: 10.1055/a-1811-7241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The variants of the gene for nitric oxide synthase 1 adaptor protein (NOS1AP) are associated with schizophrenia and cardiovascular deficits involving corrected QT (QTc) interval prolongation. Here, we investigated a possible pharmacogenetic effect of antipsychotic treatment on QTc length in interaction with two NOS1AP variants (rs12143842 and rs10494366) whose minor alleles are associated with increased QTc interval length. METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis of electrocardiographic (ECG) and genotype data of 239 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. We converted antipsychotics dosage to chlorpromazine equivalents and defined daily doses. We analysed the effects of the minor (i. e. rs12143842-CT/TT and rs10494366-GT/GG) and major (i. e. rs12143842-CC and rs10494366-TT) allele genotypes to QTc interval for female and male participants separately. RESULTS As expected, rs12143842 and rs10494366 exhibit strong linkage disequilibrium. Both polymorphisms had no direct effect on antipsychotic use or QTc interval. However, there was a continuous increase in QTc interval with increasing antipsychotic dosage in males. For both variants, positive correlation of QTc length with antipsychotic dosage was found in homozygous male carriers of the major alleles (i. e. rs12143842-CC and rs10494366-TT), but not in minor allele carriers. There was no significant interaction between antipsychotic dosage and QTc interval for either genotype in female patients. CONCLUSIONS In this study, a significant interaction was found between both NOS1AP variants, rs12143842 and rs10494366, and antipsychotic treatment on the QTc interval in a sex-dependent manner. Our findings might be relevant for adequate antipsychotic treatment in rs12143842 and rs10494366 major allele carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilhan Esen-Sehir
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Juliane Kopf
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sandra Hägele
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael M Plichta
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Florian Freudenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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12
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Luo G, Chen L, Kostich WA, Hamman B, Allen J, Easton A, Bourin C, Gulianello M, Lippy J, Nara S, Pattipati SN, Dandapani K, Dokania M, Vattikundala P, Sharma V, Elavazhagan S, Verma MK, Lal Das M, Wagh S, Balakrishnan A, Johnson BM, Santone KS, Thalody G, Denton R, Saminathan H, Holenarsipur VK, Kumar A, Rao A, Putlur SP, Sarvasiddhi SK, Shankar G, Louis JV, Ramarao M, Conway CM, Li YW, Pieschl R, Tian Y, Hong Y, Bristow L, Albright CF, Bronson JJ, Macor JE, Dzierba CD. Discovery and Optimization of Biaryl Alkyl Ethers as a Novel Class of Highly Selective, CNS-Penetrable, and Orally Active Adaptor Protein-2-Associated Kinase 1 (AAK1) Inhibitors for the Potential Treatment of Neuropathic Pain. J Med Chem 2022; 65:4534-4564. [PMID: 35261239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent mouse knockout studies identified adapter protein-2-associated kinase 1 (AAK1) as a viable target for treating neuropathic pain. BMS-986176/LX-9211 (4), as a highly selective, CNS-penetrable, and potent AAK1 inhibitor, has advanced into phase II human trials. On exploring the structure-activity relationship (SAR) around this biaryl alkyl ether chemotype, several additional compounds were found to be highly selective and potent AAK1 inhibitors with good druglike properties. Among these, compounds 43 and 58 showed very good efficacy in two neuropathic pain rat models and had excellent CNS penetration and spinal cord target engagement. Both compounds also exhibited favorable physicochemical and oral pharmacokinetic (PK) properties. Compound 58, a central pyridine isomer of BMS-986176/LX-9211 (4), was 4-fold more potent than 4 in vitro and showed lower plasma exposure needed to achieve similar efficacy compared to 4 in the CCI rat model. However, both 43 and 58 showed an inferior preclinical toxicity profile compared to 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin Luo
- Department of Neuroscience Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Neuroscience Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Walter A Kostich
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Brian Hamman
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, Texas 77381, United States
| | - Jason Allen
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, Texas 77381, United States
| | - Amy Easton
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Clotilde Bourin
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Michael Gulianello
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Jonathan Lippy
- Department of Lead Evaluation, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 & Province Line Rd, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Susheel Nara
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Sreenivasulu Naidu Pattipati
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Kumaran Dandapani
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Manoj Dokania
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Pradeep Vattikundala
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Vivek Sharma
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Saravanan Elavazhagan
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Verma
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Manish Lal Das
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Santosh Wagh
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Anand Balakrishnan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Benjamin M Johnson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Kenneth S Santone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - George Thalody
- Discovery Toxicology, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 & Province Line Rd, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Rex Denton
- Discovery Toxicology, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 & Province Line Rd, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Hariharan Saminathan
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Vinay K Holenarsipur
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Anoop Kumar
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Abhijith Rao
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Siva Prasad Putlur
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Sarat Kumar Sarvasiddhi
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Ganesh Shankar
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Justin V Louis
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Manjunath Ramarao
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Charles M Conway
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Yu-Wen Li
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Rick Pieschl
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Yang Hong
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Linda Bristow
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Charles F Albright
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Joanne J Bronson
- Department of Neuroscience Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - John E Macor
- Department of Neuroscience Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Carolyn D Dzierba
- Department of Neuroscience Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
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13
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Luo G, Chen L, Kostich WA, Hamman B, Allen J, Easton A, Bourin C, Gulianello M, Lippy J, Nara S, Maishal TK, Thiyagarajan K, Jalagam P, Pattipati SN, Dandapani K, Dokania M, Vattikundala P, Sharma V, Elavazhagan S, Verma MK, Das ML, Wagh S, Balakrishnan A, Johnson BM, Santone KS, Thalody G, Denton R, Saminathan H, Holenarsipur VK, Kumar A, Rao A, Putlur SP, Sarvasiddhi SK, Shankar G, Louis JV, Ramarao M, Conway CM, Li YW, Pieschl R, Tian Y, Hong Y, Ditta J, Mathur A, Li J, Smith D, Pawluczyk J, Sun D, Yip S, Wu DR, Vetrichelvan M, Gupta A, Wilson A, Gopinathan S, Wason S, Bristow L, Albright CF, Bronson JJ, Macor JE, Dzierba CD. Discovery of ( S)-1-((2',6-Bis(difluoromethyl)-[2,4'-bipyridin]-5-yl)oxy)-2,4-dimethylpentan-2-amine (BMS-986176/LX-9211): A Highly Selective, CNS Penetrable, and Orally Active Adaptor Protein-2 Associated Kinase 1 Inhibitor in Clinical Trials for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain. J Med Chem 2022; 65:4457-4480. [PMID: 35257579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent mouse knockout studies identified adapter protein-2 associated kinase 1 (AAK1) as a viable target for treating neuropathic pain. Potent small-molecule inhibitors of AAK1 have been identified and show efficacy in various rodent pain models. (S)-1-((2',6-Bis(difluoromethyl)-[2,4'-bipyridin]-5-yl)oxy)-2,4-dimethylpentan-2-amine (BMS-986176/LX-9211) (34) was identified as a highly selective, CNS penetrant, potent AAK1 inhibitor from a novel class of bi(hetero)aryl ethers. BMS-986176/LX9211 (34) showed excellent efficacy in two rodent neuropathic pain models and excellent central nervous system (CNS) penetration and target engagement at the spinal cord with an average brain to plasma ratio of 20 in rat. The compound exhibited favorable physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties, had an acceptable preclinical toxicity profile, and was chosen for clinical trials. BMS-986176/LX9211 (34) completed phase I trials with good human pharmacokinetics and minimum adverse events and is currently in phase II clinical trials for diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04455633) and postherpetic neuralgia (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04662281).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin Luo
- Department of Neuroscience Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Neuroscience Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Walter A Kostich
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Brian Hamman
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, Texas 77381, United States
| | - Jason Allen
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, Texas 77381, United States
| | - Amy Easton
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Clotilde Bourin
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Michael Gulianello
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Jonathan Lippy
- Department of Lead Evaluation, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Rd, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Susheel Nara
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Tarun Kumar Maishal
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Kamalraj Thiyagarajan
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Prasadrao Jalagam
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Sreenivasulu Naidu Pattipati
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Kumaran Dandapani
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Manoj Dokania
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Pradeep Vattikundala
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Vivek Sharma
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Saravanan Elavazhagan
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Verma
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Manish Lal Das
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Santosh Wagh
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Anand Balakrishnan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Benjamin M Johnson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Kenneth S Santone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - George Thalody
- Discovery Toxicology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Rd, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Rex Denton
- Discovery Toxicology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Rd, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Hariharan Saminathan
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Vinay K Holenarsipur
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Anoop Kumar
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Abhijith Rao
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Siva Prasad Putlur
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Sarat Kumar Sarvasiddhi
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Ganesh Shankar
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Justin V Louis
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Manjunath Ramarao
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Charles M Conway
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Yu-Wen Li
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Rick Pieschl
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Yang Hong
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Jonathan Ditta
- Department of Neuroscience Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Arvind Mathur
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Rd, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Jianqing Li
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Rd, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Daniel Smith
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Rd, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Joseph Pawluczyk
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Rd, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Dawn Sun
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Rd, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Shiuhang Yip
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Rd, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Dauh-Rurng Wu
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Rd, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Muthalagu Vetrichelvan
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Anuradha Gupta
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Alan Wilson
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, Texas 77381, United States
| | - Suma Gopinathan
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, Texas 77381, United States
| | - Suman Wason
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, Texas 77381, United States
| | - Linda Bristow
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Charles F Albright
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Joanne J Bronson
- Department of Neuroscience Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - John E Macor
- Department of Neuroscience Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Carolyn D Dzierba
- Department of Neuroscience Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
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14
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Janz P, Nicolas MJ, Redondo RL, Valencia M.
GABA
B
R
activation partially normalizes acute
NMDAR
hypofunction oscillatory abnormalities but fails to rescue sensory processing deficits. J Neurochem 2022; 161:417-434. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Janz
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann‐La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Maria Jesus Nicolas
- Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Program of Neuroscience, 31080 Pamplona Spain
- IdiSNA Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31080 Pamplona Spain
| | - Roger L. Redondo
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann‐La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Miguel Valencia
- Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Program of Neuroscience, 31080 Pamplona Spain
- IdiSNA Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31080 Pamplona Spain
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15
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Moe JS, Bolstad I, Mørland JG, Bramness JG. GABA A subunit single nucleotide polymorphisms show sex-specific association to alcohol consumption and mental distress in a Norwegian population-based sample. Psychiatry Res 2022; 307:114257. [PMID: 34852975 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about genetic influences on the relationship between alcohol consumption and mental distress in the general population, where the majority report consumption and distress far below diagnostic thresholds. This study investigated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from candidate gene studies on alcohol use disorder and depressive disorders, for association with alcohol consumption and with mental distress in a population-based sample from the Cohort of Norway (n = 1978, 49% women). The relationship between alcohol consumption and mental distress was further examined for genotype modification. There was a positive correlation between mental distress and alcohol consumption in men, as well as an association between SNPs and mental distress in men (GABRG1, GABRA2, DRD2, ANKK1, MTHFR) and women (CHRM2, MTHFR) and between SNPs and alcohol consumption in women (GABRA2, MTHFR). No modification by SNP genotype was found on the relationship between alcohol consumption and mental distress. The association between mental distress and GABRG1 in men remained significant after correcting for multiple comparisons. The results indicate that alcohol consumption and mental distress are associated in the general population even at levels below clinical thresholds and point to SNPs in genes related to GABAergic signalling for level of mental distress in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Skumsnes Moe
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Ingeborg Bolstad
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway; Blue Cross East, Norway
| | - Jørg Gustav Mørland
- Division of Health Data and Organization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen Gustav Bramness
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Alcohol, Tobacco and Drugs, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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16
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Carrillo E, Gonzalez CU, Berka V, Jayaraman V. Delta glutamate receptors are functional glycine- and ᴅ-serine-gated cation channels in situ. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabk2200. [PMID: 34936451 PMCID: PMC8694607 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk2200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Delta receptors are members of the ionotropic glutamate receptor superfamily and form trans-synaptic connections by interacting with the extracellular scaffolding protein cerebellin-1 and presynaptic transmembrane protein neurexin-1β. Unlike other family members, however, direct agonist-gated ion channel activity has not been recorded in delta receptors. Here, we show that the GluD2 subtype of delta receptor forms cation-selective channels when bound to cerebellin-1 and neurexin-1β. Using fluorescence lifetime measurements and chemical cross-linking, we reveal that tight packing of the amino-terminal domains of GluD2 permits glycine- and d-serine–induced channel openings. Thus, cerebellin-1 and neurexin-1β act as biological cross-linkers to stabilize the extracellular domains of GluD2 receptors, allowing them to function as ionotropic excitatory neurotransmitter receptors in synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Carrillo
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cuauhtemoc U. Gonzalez
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Vladimir Berka
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Vasanthi Jayaraman
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Corresponding author.
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17
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Hansen KB, Wollmuth LP, Bowie D, Furukawa H, Menniti FS, Sobolevsky AI, Swanson GT, Swanger SA, Greger IH, Nakagawa T, McBain CJ, Jayaraman V, Low CM, Dell'Acqua ML, Diamond JS, Camp CR, Perszyk RE, Yuan H, Traynelis SF. Structure, Function, and Pharmacology of Glutamate Receptor Ion Channels. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:298-487. [PMID: 34753794 PMCID: PMC8626789 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many physiologic effects of l-glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system, are mediated via signaling by ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs). These ligand-gated ion channels are critical to brain function and are centrally implicated in numerous psychiatric and neurologic disorders. There are different classes of iGluRs with a variety of receptor subtypes in each class that play distinct roles in neuronal functions. The diversity in iGluR subtypes, with their unique functional properties and physiologic roles, has motivated a large number of studies. Our understanding of receptor subtypes has advanced considerably since the first iGluR subunit gene was cloned in 1989, and the research focus has expanded to encompass facets of biology that have been recently discovered and to exploit experimental paradigms made possible by technological advances. Here, we review insights from more than 3 decades of iGluR studies with an emphasis on the progress that has occurred in the past decade. We cover structure, function, pharmacology, roles in neurophysiology, and therapeutic implications for all classes of receptors assembled from the subunits encoded by the 18 ionotropic glutamate receptor genes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Glutamate receptors play important roles in virtually all aspects of brain function and are either involved in mediating some clinical features of neurological disease or represent a therapeutic target for treatment. Therefore, understanding the structure, function, and pharmacology of this class of receptors will advance our understanding of many aspects of brain function at molecular, cellular, and system levels and provide new opportunities to treat patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper B Hansen
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Lonnie P Wollmuth
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Derek Bowie
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Hiro Furukawa
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Frank S Menniti
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Alexander I Sobolevsky
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Geoffrey T Swanson
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Sharon A Swanger
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Ingo H Greger
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Terunaga Nakagawa
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Chris J McBain
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Vasanthi Jayaraman
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Chian-Ming Low
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Mark L Dell'Acqua
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Jeffrey S Diamond
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Chad R Camp
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Riley E Perszyk
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
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Hippocampal overexpression of NOS1AP promotes endophenotypes related to mental disorders. EBioMedicine 2021; 71:103565. [PMID: 34455393 PMCID: PMC8403735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide synthase 1 adaptor protein (NOS1AP; previously named CAPON) is linked to the glutamatergic postsynaptic density through interaction with neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). NOS1AP and its interaction with nNOS have been associated with several mental disorders. Despite the high levels of NOS1AP expression in the hippocampus and the relevance of this brain region in glutamatergic signalling as well as mental disorders, a potential role of hippocampal NOS1AP in the pathophysiology of these disorders has not been investigated yet. METHODS To uncover the function of NOS1AP in hippocampus, we made use of recombinant adeno-associated viruses to overexpress murine full-length NOS1AP or the NOS1AP carboxyterminus in the hippocampus of mice. We investigated these mice for changes in gene expression, neuronal morphology, and relevant behavioural phenotypes. FINDINGS We found that hippocampal overexpression of NOS1AP markedly increased the interaction of nNOS with PSD-95, reduced dendritic spine density, and changed dendritic spine morphology at CA1 synapses. At the behavioural level, we observed an impairment in social memory and decreased spatial working memory capacity. INTERPRETATION Our data provide a mechanistic explanation for a highly selective and specific contribution of hippocampal NOS1AP and its interaction with the glutamatergic postsynaptic density to cross-disorder pathophysiology. Our findings allude to therapeutic relevance due to the druggability of this molecule. FUNDING This study was funded in part by the DFG, the BMBF, the Academy of Finland, the NIH, the Japanese Society of Clinical Neuropsychopharmacology, the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, and the European Community.
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19
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Nia MH, Shahroudi MJ, Saravani R, Sargazi S, Moudi M, Mojahed A. Relationship between P2XR4 Gene Variants and the Risk of Schizophrenia in South-East of Iran: A Preliminary Case-Control Study and in Silico Analysis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 50:978-989. [PMID: 34183956 PMCID: PMC8223582 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v50i5.6115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background: Schizophrenia (SZN) is a heterogeneous disorder. Recently, the role of purinergic receptor’s signaling in mental disorders has implicated. There is no evidence regarding the association of P2XR4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the risk of behavioral disorders. Therefore, this preliminary study, we determined the association of rs1169727A/G and rs25644A/G variants located in P2XR4 gene with the risk of SZN. Methods: This case-control study was performed on 150 SZN patient referring to Baharan Hospital, Zahedan (Eastern of Iran) in 2018. Genotyping was done by tetra-amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction (Tetra ARMS-PCR). Different databases were used to determine the effects of the SNPs on the secondary structure of P2XR4 pre-mRNA and protein as well as binding of transcriptional regulators. Results: The G allele of rs1169727 significantly increased the risk of SZN (OR=1.41, 95%CI=1.02–1.93, P=0.039), but there was no significant association was found between the other SNP and SZN. Moreover, GG model of rs1169727 (OR=2.46, 95%CI= 1.32–4.62, P=0.004) and rs25644 (OR=3.45, 95%CI= 1.12–5.10, P=0.013) increased the risk of SZN. The substitution of A and G alleles of rs1169727 significantly altered the secondary structure of pre-mRNA (P=0.1). In silico analysis revealed that rs25644A/G could act as an intronic cryptic donor site. Screening for flanking sequence of rs1169727A/G and rs25644A/G predicted a novel enhancer and silencer for both SNPs. Conclusion: rs1169727A/G and rs25644A/G are linked to SZN susceptibility in a sample of the Iranian population. In-silico analysis indicated that rs25644 have substantial roles in determining the pre-mRNA and protein structure of P2XR4 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Heidari Nia
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | | | - Ramin Saravani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Saman Sargazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mahdiyeh Moudi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Azizollah Mojahed
- Health Promotion Research Center, Department of Clinical Psychology, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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20
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Burada AP, Vinnakota R, Bharti P, Dutta P, Dubey N, Kumar J. Emerging insights into the structure and function of ionotropic glutamate delta receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 179:3612-3627. [DOI: 10.1111/bph.15313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ananth Prasad Burada
- Laboratory of Membrane Protein Biology National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, S. P. Pune University Pune India
| | - Rajesh Vinnakota
- Laboratory of Membrane Protein Biology National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, S. P. Pune University Pune India
| | - Pratibha Bharti
- Laboratory of Membrane Protein Biology National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, S. P. Pune University Pune India
| | - Priyanka Dutta
- Laboratory of Membrane Protein Biology National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, S. P. Pune University Pune India
| | - Neelima Dubey
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Lab Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth Tathawade Pune 411033 India
| | - Janesh Kumar
- Laboratory of Membrane Protein Biology National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, S. P. Pune University Pune India
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21
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Rovný R, Besterciová D, Riečanský I. Genetic Determinants of Gating Functions: Do We Get Closer to Understanding Schizophrenia Etiopathogenesis? Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:550225. [PMID: 33324248 PMCID: PMC7723973 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.550225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficits in the gating of sensory stimuli, i.e., the ability to suppress the processing of irrelevant sensory input, are considered to play an important role in the pathogenesis of several neuropsychiatric disorders, in particular schizophrenia. Gating is disrupted both in schizophrenia patients and their unaffected relatives, suggesting that gating deficit may represent a biomarker associated with a genetic liability to the disorder. To assess the strength of the evidence for the etiopathogenetic links between genetic variation, gating efficiency, and schizophrenia, we carried out a systematic review of human genetic association studies of sensory gating (suppression of the P50 component of the auditory event-related brain potential) and sensorimotor gating (prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response). Sixty-three full-text articles met the eligibility criteria for inclusion in the review. In total, 117 genetic variants were reported to be associated with gating functions: 33 variants for sensory gating, 80 variants for sensorimotor gating, and four variants for both sensory and sensorimotor gating. However, only five of these associations (four for prepulse inhibition-CHRNA3 rs1317286, COMT rs4680, HTR2A rs6311, and TCF4 rs9960767, and one for P50 suppression-CHRNA7 rs67158670) were consistently replicated in independent samples. Although these variants and genes were all implicated in schizophrenia in research studies, only two polymorphisms (HTR2A rs6311 and TCF4 rs9960767) were also reported to be associated with schizophrenia at a meta-analytic or genome-wide level of evidence. Thus, although gating is widely considered as an important endophenotype of schizophrenia, these findings demonstrate that evidence for a common genetic etiology of impaired gating functions and schizophrenia is yet unsatisfactory, warranting further studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rastislav Rovný
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dominika Besterciová
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Igor Riečanský
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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22
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Naujock M, Speidel A, Fischer S, Kizner V, Dorner-Ciossek C, Gillardon F. Neuronal Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Schizophrenia Patients in Two-Dimensional and in Three-Dimensional Cultures Reveals Increased Expression of the Kv4.2 Subunit DPP6 That Contributes to Decreased Neuronal Activity. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 29:1577-1587. [PMID: 33143549 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2020.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the molecular underpinnings of schizophrenia (SZ) are still incompletely understood, deficits in synaptic activity and neuronal connectivity have been identified as core pathomechanisms of SZ and other neuropsychiatric disorders. In this study, we generated induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from skin fibroblasts from healthy donors and patients diagnosed with idiopathic SZ. We differentiated the human iPSC into cortical neurons both as adherent monolayers and as three-dimensional spheroids. RNA sequencing revealed little overlap in differentially expressed genes between 2D and 3D neuron cultures from SZ iPSC compared with controls. Notably, mRNA transcripts encoding dipeptidyl peptidase-like protein 6 (DPP6), an accessory subunit of Kv4.2 voltage-gated potassium channels, were massively increased in cortical neurons from SZ iPSC in the 2D and 3D model. Consistently, multielectrode array recordings and calcium imaging showed significantly decreased neuronal activity both in 2D and in 3D cultures from SZ neurons. To show a causal relationship, we treated iPSC-derived neurons in 2D cultures with lentiviral DPP6 shRNA vectors and the Kv4.2 channel blocker AmmTx3, respectively. Both treatments successfully reversed neuronal hypoexcitability and hypoactivity in cortical neurons from SZ iPSC. Our data highlight a contribution of DPP6 and Kv4.2 to the deficit in neurotransmission in an iPSC model for SZ, which may be of therapeutic relevance for a subset of SZ patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Naujock
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, CNS Diseases Research, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Anna Speidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, CNS Diseases Research, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Sandra Fischer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, CNS Diseases Research, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Valeria Kizner
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, CNS Diseases Research, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Cornelia Dorner-Ciossek
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, CNS Diseases Research, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Frank Gillardon
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, CNS Diseases Research, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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23
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Lemoine D, Mondoloni S, Tange J, Lambolez B, Faure P, Taly A, Tricoire L, Mourot A. Probing the ionotropic activity of glutamate GluD2 receptor in HEK cells with genetically-engineered photopharmacology. eLife 2020; 9:59026. [PMID: 33112237 PMCID: PMC7679134 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate delta (GluD) receptors belong to the ionotropic glutamate receptor family, yet they don’t bind glutamate and are considered orphan. Progress in defining the ion channel function of GluDs in neurons has been hindered by a lack of pharmacological tools. Here, we used a chemo-genetic approach to engineer specific and photo-reversible pharmacology in GluD2 receptor. We incorporated a cysteine mutation in the cavity located above the putative ion channel pore, for site-specific conjugation with a photoswitchable pore blocker. In the constitutively open GluD2 Lurcher mutant, current could be rapidly and reversibly decreased with light. We then transposed the cysteine mutation to the native receptor, to demonstrate with high pharmacological specificity that metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling triggers opening of GluD2. Our results assess the functional relevance of GluD2 ion channel and introduce an optogenetic tool that will provide a novel and powerful means for probing GluD2 ionotropic contribution to neuronal physiology. Neurotransmitters are chemicals released by the body that trigger activity in neurons. Receptors on the surface of neurons detect these neurotransmitters, providing a link between the inside and the outside of the cell. Glutamate is one of the major neurotransmitters and is involved in virtually all brain functions. Glutamate binds to two different types of receptors in neurons. Ionotropic receptors have pores known as ion channels, which open when glutamate binds. This is a fast-acting response that allows sodium ions to flow into the neuron, triggering an electrical signal. Metabotropic receptors, on the other hand, trigger a series of events inside the cell that lead to a response. Metabotropic receptors take more time than ionotropic receptors to elicit a response in the cell, but their effects last much longer. One type of receptor, known as the GluD family, is very similar to ionotropic glutamate receptors but does not directly respond to glutamate. Instead, the ion channel of GluD receptors opens after being activated by glutamate metabotropic receptors. GluD receptors are produced throughout the brain and play roles in synapse formation and activity, but the way they work remains unclear. An obstacle to understanding how GluD receptors work is the lack of molecules that can specifically block these receptors’ ion channel activity. Lemoine et al. have developed a tool that enables control of the ion channel in GluD receptors using light. Human cells grown in the lab were genetically modified to produce a version of GluD2 (a member of the GluD family) with a light-sensitive molecule attached. In darkness or under green light, the light-sensitive molecule blocks the channel and prevents ions from passing through. Under violet light, the molecule twists, and ions can flow through the channel. With this control over the GluD2 ion channel activity, Lemoine et al. were able to validate previous research showing that the activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors can trigger GluD2 to open. The next step will be to test this approach in neurons. This will help researchers to understand what role GluD ion channels play in neuron to neuron communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Lemoine
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Mondoloni
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jérome Tange
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Lambolez
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Faure
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Taly
- CNRS, Université de Paris, UPR 9080, Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, Paris, France.,Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique-Fondation Edmond de Rothschild, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Tricoire
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Mourot
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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24
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Hoover AH, Pavuluri R, Shelkar GP, Dravid SM, Smith Y, Villalba RM. Ultrastructural localization of glutamate delta 1 (GluD1) receptor immunoreactivity in the mouse and monkey striatum. J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:1703-1718. [PMID: 33084025 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The glutamate receptor delta 1 (GluD1) is strongly expressed in the striatum. Knockout of GluD1 expression in striatal neurons elicits cognitive deficits and disrupts the thalamostriatal system in mice. To understand the potential role of GluD1 in the primate striatum, we compared the cellular and subcellular localization of striatal GluD1 immunoreactivity (GluD1-IR) in mice and monkeys. In both species, striatal GluD1-IR displayed a patchy pattern of distribution in register with the striosome/matrix compartmentation, but in an opposite fashion. While GluD1 was more heavily expressed in the striosomes than the matrix in the monkey caudate nucleus, the opposite was found in the mouse striatum. At the electron microscopic level, GluD1-IR was preferentially expressed in dendritic shafts (47.9 ± 1.2%), followed by glia (37.7 ± 2.5%), and dendritic spines (14.3 ± 2.6%) in the matrix of the mouse striatum. This pattern was not statistically different from the labeling in the striosome and matrix compartments of the monkey caudate nucleus, with the exception of a small amount of GluD1-positive unmyelinated axons and axon terminals in the primate striatum. Immunogold staining revealed synaptic and perisynaptic GluD1 labeling at putative axo-dendritic and axo-spinous glutamatergic synapses, and intracellular labeling on the surface of mitochondria. Confocal microscopy showed that GluD1 is preferentially colocalized with thalamic over cortical terminals in both the striosome and matrix compartments. These data provide the anatomical substrate for a deeper understanding of GluD1 regulation of striatal glutamatergic synapses, but also suggest possible extrasynaptic, glial, and mitochondrial GluD1 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Hoover
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,UDALL Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ratnamala Pavuluri
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Gajanan P Shelkar
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Shashank M Dravid
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Yoland Smith
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,UDALL Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rosa M Villalba
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,UDALL Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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25
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Greenwood TA, Swerdlow NR, Sprock J, Calkins ME, Freedman R, Green MF, Gur RE, Gur RC, Lazzeroni LC, Light GA, Nuechterlein KH, Radant AD, Silverman JM, Stone WS, Sugar CA, Tsuang DW, Tsuang MT, Turetsky BI, Braff DL, Duncan E. Heritability of acoustic startle magnitude and latency from the consortium on the genetics of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2020; 224:33-39. [PMID: 33189519 PMCID: PMC7728376 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Latency of the acoustic startle reflex is the time from presentation of the startling stimulus until the response, and provides an index of neural processing speed. Schizophrenia subjects exhibit slowed latency compared to healthy controls. One prior publication reported significant heritability of latency. The current study was undertaken to replicate and extend this solitary finding in a larger cohort. METHODS Schizophrenia probands, their relatives, and control subjects from the Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS-1) were tested in a paradigm to ascertain magnitude, latency, and prepulse inhibition of startle. Trial types in the paradigm were: pulse-alone, and trials with 30, 60, or 120 ms between the prepulse and pulse. Comparisons of subject groups were conducted with ANCOVAs to assess startle latency and magnitude. Heritability of startle magnitude and latency was analyzed with a variance component method implemented in SOLAR v.4.3.1. RESULTS 980 subjects had analyzable startle results: 199 schizophrenia probands, 456 of their relatives, and 325 controls. A mixed-design ANCOVA on startle latency in the four trial types was significant for subject group (F(2,973) = 4.45, p = 0.012) such that probands were slowest, relatives were intermediate and controls were fastest. Magnitude to pulse-alone trials differed significantly between groups by ANCOVA (F(2,974) = 3.92, p = 0.020) such that controls were lowest, probands highest, and relatives intermediate. Heritability was significant (p < 0.0001), with heritability of 34-41% for latency and 45-59% for magnitude. CONCLUSION Both startle latency and magnitude are significantly heritable in the COGS-1 cohort. Startle latency is a strong candidate for being an endophenotype in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neal R. Swerdlow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Joyce Sprock
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Monica E. Calkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Robert Freedman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO
| | - Michael F. Green
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Laura C. Lazzeroni
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA,Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Gregory A. Light
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA,VISN-22 Mental Illness, Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Keith H. Nuechterlein
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Allen D. Radant
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Jeremy M. Silverman
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - William S. Stone
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Catherine A. Sugar
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Debby W. Tsuang
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Ming T. Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Bruce I. Turetsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - David L. Braff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Erica Duncan
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Decatur, GA, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America.
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26
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Fedorenko OY, Ivanova SA. [A new look at the genetics of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 120:183-192. [PMID: 32929943 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2020120081183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The article presents current literature data on genetic studies of neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia, including the genes of neurotransmitter systems (dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and serotonergic); genes analyzed in genome-wide association studies (GWAS), as well as other genetic factors related to the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying schizophrenia and neurocognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Yu Fedorenko
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia.,National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - S A Ivanova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia.,National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
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27
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Hoffman MC, Hunter SK, D’Alessandro A, Noonan K, Wyrwa A, Freedman R. Interaction of maternal choline levels and prenatal Marijuana's effects on the offspring. Psychol Med 2020; 50:1716-1726. [PMID: 31364525 PMCID: PMC7055467 DOI: 10.1017/s003329171900179x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated whether higher maternal choline levels mitigate effects of marijuana on fetal brain development. Choline transported into the amniotic fluid from the mother activates α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on fetal cerebro-cortical inhibitory neurons, whose development is impeded by cannabis blockade of their cannabinoid-1(CB1) receptors. METHODS Marijuana use was assessed during pregnancy from women who later brought their newborns for study. Mothers were informed about choline and other nutrients, but not specifically for marijuana use. Maternal serum choline was measured at 16 weeks gestation. RESULTS Marijuana use for the first 10 weeks gestation or more by 15% of mothers decreased newborns' inhibition of evoked potentials to repeated sounds (d' = 0.55, p < 0.05). This effect was ameliorated if women had higher gestational choline (rs = -0.50, p = 0.011). At 3 months of age, children whose mothers continued marijuana use through their 10th gestational week or more had poorer self-regulation (d' = -0.79, p < 0.05). This effect was also ameliorated if mothers had higher gestational choline (rs = 0.54, p = 0.013). Maternal choline levels correlated with the children's improved duration of attention, cuddliness, and bonding with parents. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal marijuana use adversely affects fetal brain development and subsequent behavioral self-regulation, a precursor to later, more serious problems in childhood. Stopping marijuana use before 10 weeks gestational age prevented these effects. Many mothers refuse to cease use because of familiarity with marijuana and belief in its safety. Higher maternal choline mitigates some of marijuana's adverse effects on the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Camille Hoffman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Sharon K. Hunter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Angelo D’Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Kathleen Noonan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Anna Wyrwa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Robert Freedman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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28
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Ullah A, Long X, Mat WK, Hu T, Khan MI, Hui L, Zhang X, Sun P, Gao M, Wang J, Wang H, Li X, Sun W, Qiao M, Xue H. Highly Recurrent Copy Number Variations in GABRB2 Associated With Schizophrenia and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:572. [PMID: 32695026 PMCID: PMC7338560 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although single-nucleotide polymorphisms in GABRB2, the gene encoding for GABAA receptors β2 subunit, have been associated with schizophrenia (SCZ), it is unknown whether there is any association of copy number variations (CNVs) in this gene with either SCZ or premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). METHODS In this study, the occurrences of the recurrent CNVs esv2730987 in Intron 6 and nsv1177513 in Exon 11 of GABRB2 in Chinese and German SCZ, and Chinese PMDD patients were compared to controls of same ethnicity and gender by quantitative PCR (qPCR). RESULTS The results demonstrated that copy-number-gains were enriched in both SCZ and PMDD patients with significant odds ratios (OR). For combined-gender SCZ patients versus controls, about two-fold increases were observed in both ethnic groups at both esv2730987 (OR = 2.15, p = 5.32E-4 in Chinese group; OR = 2.79, p = 8.84E-3 in German group) and nsv1177513 (OR = 3.29, p = 1.28E-11 in Chinese group; OR = 2.44, p = 6.17E-5 in German group). The most significant copy-number-gains were observed in Chinese females at nsv1177513 (OR = 3.41), and German females at esv2730987 (OR=3.96). Copy-number-gains were also enriched in Chinese PMDD patients versus controls at esv2730987 (OR = 10.53, p = 4.34E-26) and nsv1177513 (OR = 2.39, p = 3.19E-5). CONCLUSION These findings established for the first time the association of highly recurrent CNVs with SCZ and PMDD, suggesting the presence of an overlapping genetic basis with shared biomarkers for these two common psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ata Ullah
- Applied Genomics Center and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Division of Life Science, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Xi Long
- Applied Genomics Center and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Division of Life Science, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wai-Kin Mat
- Applied Genomics Center and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Division of Life Science, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Taobo Hu
- Applied Genomics Center and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Division of Life Science, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Muhammad Ismail Khan
- Applied Genomics Center and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Division of Life Science, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Li Hui
- Suzhou Guangji Hospital, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Sun
- School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Mingzhou Gao
- School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jieqiong Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Haijun Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xia Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Wenjun Sun
- School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Mingqi Qiao
- School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Hong Xue
- Applied Genomics Center and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Division of Life Science, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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29
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Neuregulins 1, 2, and 3 Promote Early Neurite Outgrowth in ErbB4-Expressing Cortical GABAergic Interneurons. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3568-3588. [PMID: 32542595 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01966-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The neuregulins (Nrgs 1-4) are a family of signaling molecules that play diverse roles in the nervous system. Nrg1 has been implicated in the formation of synapses and in synaptic plasticity. Previous studies have shown Nrg1 can affect neurite outgrowth in several neuronal populations, while the role of Nrg2 and Nrg3 in this process has remained understudied. The Nrgs can bind and activate the ErbB4 receptor tyrosine kinase which is preferentially expressed in GABAergic interneurons in the rodent hippocampus and cerebral cortex. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of Nrgs 1, 2, and 3 on neurite outgrowth of dissociated rat cortical ErbB4-positive (+)/GABA+ interneurons in vitro. All three Nrgs were able to promote neurite outgrowth during the first 2 days in vitro, with increases detected for both the axon (116-120%) and other neurites (100-120%). Increases in the average number of primary and secondary neurites were also observed. Treatment with the Nrgs for an additional 3 days promoted an increase in axonal length (86-96%), with only minimal effects on the remaining neurites (8-13%). ErbB4 expression persisted throughout the dendritic arbor and cell soma at all stages examined, while its expression in the axon was transient and declined with cell maturation. ErbB4 overexpression in GABAergic neurons promoted neurite outgrowth, an effect that was potentiated by Nrg treatment. These results show that Nrgs 1, 2, and 3 are each capable of influencing dendritic and axonal growth at early developmental stages in GABAergic neurons grown in vitro.
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30
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Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a lifelong mood disorder characterized by extreme mood swings between mania and depression. Despite fitness costs associated with increased mortality and significant impairment, bipolar disorder has persisted in the population with a high heritability and a stable prevalence. Creativity and other positive traits have repeatedly been associated with the bipolar spectrum, particularly among unaffected first-degree relatives and those with milder expressions of bipolar traits. This suggests a model in which large doses of risk variants cause illness, but mild to moderate doses confer advantages, which serve to maintain bipolar disorder in the population. Bipolar disorder may thus be better conceptualized as a dimensional trait existing at the extreme of normal population variation in positive temperament, personality, and cognitive traits, aspects of which may reflect a shared vulnerability with creativity. Investigations of this shared vulnerability may provide insight into the genetic mechanisms underlying illness and suggest novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany A Greenwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA;
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31
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Harvey PD, Sun N, Bigdeli TB, Fanous AH, Aslan M, Malhotra AK, Lu Q, Hu Y, Li B, Chen Q, Mane S, Miller P, Rajeevan N, Sayward F, Cheung KH, Li Y, Greenwood TA, Gur RE, Braff DL, Brophy M, Pyarajan S, O'Leary TJ, Gleason T, Przygodszki R, Muralidhar S, Gaziano JM, Concato J, Zhao H, Siever LJ. Genome-wide association study of cognitive performance in U.S. veterans with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2020; 183:181-194. [PMID: 31872970 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a frequent and serious problem in patients with various forms of severe mental illnesses (SMI), including schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BP). Recent research suggests genetic links to several cognitive phenotypes in both SMI and in the general population. Our goal in this study was to identify potential genomic signatures of cognitive functioning in veterans with severe mental illness and compare them to previous findings for cognition across different populations. Veterans Affairs (VA) Cooperative Studies Program (CSP) Study #572 evaluated cognitive and functional capacity measures among SZ and BP patients. In conjunction with the VA Million Veteran Program, 3,959 European American (1,095 SZ, 2,864 BP) and 2,601 African American (1,095 SZ, 2,864 BP) patients were genotyped using a custom Affymetrix Axiom Biobank array. We performed a genome-wide association study of global cognitive functioning, constructed polygenic scores for SZ and cognition in the general population, and examined genetic correlations with 2,626 UK Biobank traits. Although no single locus attained genome-wide significance, observed allelic effects were strongly consistent with previous studies. We observed robust associations between global cognitive functioning and polygenic scores for cognitive performance, intelligence, and SZ risk. We also identified significant genetic correlations with several cognition-related traits in UK Biobank. In a diverse cohort of U.S. veterans with SZ or BP, we demonstrate broad overlap of common genetic effects on cognition in the general population, and find that greater polygenic loading for SZ risk is associated with poorer cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip D Harvey
- Research Service, Bruce W. Carter Miami Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Miami, Florida.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Ning Sun
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut.,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Tim B Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, New York.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Ayman H Fanous
- Department of Psychiatry, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, New York.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Mihaela Aslan
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut.,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Anil K Malhotra
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York.,Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, New York.,Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York
| | - Qiongshi Lu
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Biostatistics & Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Yiming Hu
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Boyang Li
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Quan Chen
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut.,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Shrikant Mane
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Perry Miller
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut.,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Nallakkandi Rajeevan
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut.,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Frederick Sayward
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut.,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Kei-Hoi Cheung
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut.,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yuli Li
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut.,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry and Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David L Braff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California.,VISN-22 Mental Illness, Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | | | - Mary Brophy
- Massachusetts Area Veterans Epidemiology Research, and Information Center (MAVERIC), Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts.,Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Saiju Pyarajan
- Massachusetts Area Veterans Epidemiology Research, and Information Center (MAVERIC), Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy J O'Leary
- Office of Research and Development, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Theresa Gleason
- Office of Research and Development, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Ronald Przygodszki
- Office of Research and Development, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Sumitra Muralidhar
- Office of Research and Development, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - J Michael Gaziano
- Massachusetts Area Veterans Epidemiology Research, and Information Center (MAVERIC), Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John Concato
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut.,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut.,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Larry J Siever
- James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York.,Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
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32
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Shimamoto-Mitsuyama C, Ohnishi T, Balan S, Ohba H, Watanabe A, Maekawa M, Hisano Y, Iwayama Y, Owada Y, Yoshikawa T. Evaluation of the role of fatty acid-binding protein 7 in controlling schizophrenia-relevant phenotypes using newly established knockout mice. Schizophr Res 2020; 217:52-59. [PMID: 30765249 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Dampened prepulse inhibition (PPI) is a consistent observation in psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and qualifies as a robust endophenotype for genetic evaluation. Using high PPI C57BL/6NCrlCrlj (B6Nj) and low PPI C3H/HeNCrlCrlj (C3HNj) inbred mouse strains, we have previously reported a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for PPI at chromosome 10 and identified Fabp7 as a candidate gene for regulating PPI and schizophrenia pathogenesis using Fabp7-deficient mice (B6.Cg-Fabp7 KO). Here, considering a possibility of carryover of residual genetic materials from embryonic stem (ES) cells used in generating knockout (KO) mice, we set out to re-address the genotype-phenotype correlation in a uniform genetic background. By generating a new Fabp7 KO mouse model in C57BL/6NCrl (B6N) background using the CRISPR-Cas9 nickase system, we evaluated the impact of Fabp7 ablation on schizophrenia-related behavioral phenotypes. To our surprise, we found no significant differences in PPI or any of the schizophrenia-related behavioral scores, as observed in our previous B6.Cg-Fabp7 KO mice. We identified several C3H/He mouse strain-specific alleles within the interval of chromosome 10-QTL, which are shared with 129/Sv mouse strains. These alleles, derived from 129/Sv ES cells, were retained in the B6.Cg-Fabp7 KO, despite multiple backcrossing and are thought to be responsible for the dampened PPI. In summary, our study demonstrates a precise genotype-phenotype relation for Fabp7 loss-of-function in a uniform B6N background, and raises the necessity of further analysis of the effects of genomic variants flanking the Fabp7 interval on phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tetsuo Ohnishi
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shabeesh Balan
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hisako Ohba
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akiko Watanabe
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Motoko Maekawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuko Hisano
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Iwayama
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuji Owada
- Department of Organ Anatomy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takeo Yoshikawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Saitama, Japan.
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A truncating Aspm allele leads to a complex cognitive phenotype and region-specific reductions in parvalbuminergic neurons. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:66. [PMID: 32066665 PMCID: PMC7026184 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0686-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders are heterogeneous and identifying shared genetic aetiologies and converging signalling pathways affected could improve disease diagnosis and treatment. Truncating mutations of the abnormal spindle-like microcephaly associated (ASPM) gene cause autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) in humans. ASPM is a positive regulator of Wnt/β-Catenin signalling and controls symmetric to asymmetric cell division. This process balances neural progenitor proliferation with differentiation during embryogenesis, the malfunction of which could interfere with normal brain development. ASPM mutations may play a role also in other neurodevelopmental disorders, nevertheless, we lack the details of how or to what extent. We therefore assessed neurodevelopmental disease and circuit endophenotypes in mice with a truncating Aspm1-7 mutation. Aspm1-7 mice exhibited impaired short- and long-term object recognition memory and markedly enhanced place learning in the IntelliCage®. This behaviour pattern is reminiscent of a cognitive phenotype seen in mouse models and patients with a rare form of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as well as in mouse models of altered Wnt signalling. These alterations were accompanied by ventriculomegaly, corpus callosum dysgenesis and decreased parvalbumin (PV)+ interneuron numbers in the hippocampal Cornu Ammonis (CA) region and thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN). PV+ cell number correlated to object recognition (CA and TRN) and place learning (TRN). This opens the possibility that, as well as causing MCPH, mutant ASPM potentially contributes to other neurodevelopmental disorders such as ASD through altered parvalbuminergic interneuron development affecting cognitive behaviour. These findings provide important information for understanding the genetic overlap and improved treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders associated with ASPM.
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Massa N, Owens AV, Harmon W, Bhattacharya A, Ivleva EI, Keedy S, Sweeney JA, Pearlson GD, Keshavan MS, Tamminga CA, Clementz BA, Duncan E. Relationship of prolonged acoustic startle latency to diagnosis and biotype in the bipolar-schizophrenia network on intermediate phenotypes (B-SNIP) cohort. Schizophr Res 2020; 216:357-366. [PMID: 31796306 PMCID: PMC7239737 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Latency of the acoustic startle reflex is the time from presentation of the startling stimulus until the response and provides an index of neural processing speed. Latency is prolonged in schizophrenia, is 90% heritable, and predicts conversion to schizophrenia in a high-risk population. The Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network for Intermediate Phenotypes (B-SNIP) consortium investigates neurobiological features found in psychotic disorders spanning diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia (SCZ), schizoaffective disorder (SAD), and psychotic bipolar disorder (BP). We investigated whether differences in startle latency and prepulse inhibition (PPI) occur in probands, their first-degree relatives, and neurobiologically defined subgroups of the probands (Biotypes). METHODS 1143 subjects were included from the B-SNIP cohort: 143 with SCZ, 178 SCZ relatives (SCZ-Fam), 123 with SAD, 152 SAD relatives (SAD-Fam), 138 BP, 183 BP relatives (BP-Fam), and 226 controls (CON). A Biopac system recorded the eyeblink component of the startle reflex during startle testing. RESULTS Latency differed by diagnosis (F(3,620) = 5.10, p = 0.002): SCZ, SAD, and BP probands had slower latency than CON, with relatives intermediate. Biotypes 1 and 2 had slower latency than CON (p < 0.031) but Biotype 3 did not differ from CON. PPI did not separate CON from other subjects when analyzed by diagnoses nor when analyzed by biotype. Biotype 1 relatives had slower latency (F(3,663) = 3.49, p = 0.016) and more impaired PPI than Biotype 2 and 3 relatives (F(3,663) = 2.77, p = 0.041). CONCLUSION Startle latency is prolonged in psychotic disorders that cross traditional diagnostic categories. These data suggest a genetic difference between biotypes that span across clinically defined diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Massa
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033,Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Andrew V. Owens
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Brett A. Clementz
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia
| | - Erica Duncan
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
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35
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Liu J, Shelkar GP, Gandhi PJ, Gawande DY, Hoover A, Villalba RM, Pavuluri R, Smith Y, Dravid SM. Striatal glutamate delta-1 receptor regulates behavioral flexibility and thalamostriatal connectivity. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 137:104746. [PMID: 31945419 PMCID: PMC7204410 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired behavioral flexibility and repetitive behavior is a common phenotype in autism and other neuropsychiatric disorders, but the underlying synaptic mechanisms are poorly understood. The trans-synaptic glutamate delta (GluD)-Cerebellin 1-Neurexin complex, critical for synapse formation/maintenance, represents a vulnerable axis for neuropsychiatric diseases. We have previously found that GluD1 deletion results in reversal learning deficit and repetitive behavior. In this study, we show that selective ablation of GluD1 from the dorsal striatum impairs behavioral flexibility in a water T-maze task. We further found that striatal GluD1 is preferentially found in dendritic shafts, and more frequently associated with thalamic than cortical glutamatergic terminals suggesting localization to projections from the thalamic parafascicular nucleus (Pf). Conditional deletion of GluD1 from the striatum led to a selective loss of thalamic, but not cortical, terminals, and reduced glutamatergic neurotransmission. Optogenetic studies demonstrated functional changes at thalamostriatal synapses from the Pf, but no effect on the corticostriatal system, upon ablation of GluD1 in the dorsal striatum. These studies suggest a novel molecular mechanism by which genetic variations associated with neuropsychiatric disorders may impair behavioral flexibility, and reveal a unique principle by which GluD1 subunit regulates forebrain circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxu Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Gajanan P Shelkar
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Pauravi J Gandhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Dinesh Y Gawande
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Andrew Hoover
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; UDALL Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Rosa M Villalba
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; UDALL Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Ratnamala Pavuluri
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Yoland Smith
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; UDALL Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Dept. Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Shashank M Dravid
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
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Abstract
The genetic architecture of schizophrenia is complex and highly polygenic. This article discusses key findings from genetic studies of childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) and the more common adult-onset schizophrenia (AOS), including studies of familial aggregation and common, rare, and copy number variants. Extant literature suggests that COS is a rare variant of AOS involving greater familial aggregation of schizophrenia spectrum disorders and a potentially higher occurrence of pathogenic copy number variants. The direct utility of genetics to clinical practice for COS is currently limited; however, identifying common pathways through which risk genes affect brain function offers promise for novel interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Forsyth
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Robert F Asarnow
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 502 Portola Plaza Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 695 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Greenwood TA, Lazzeroni LC, Maihofer AX, Swerdlow NR, Calkins ME, Freedman R, Green MF, Light GA, Nievergelt CM, Nuechterlein KH, Radant AD, Siever LJ, Silverman JM, Stone WS, Sugar CA, Tsuang DW, Tsuang MT, Turetsky BI, Gur RC, Gur RE, Braff DL. Genome-wide Association of Endophenotypes for Schizophrenia From the Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS) Study. JAMA Psychiatry 2019; 76:1274-1284. [PMID: 31596458 PMCID: PMC6802253 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.2850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS) uses quantitative neurophysiological and neurocognitive endophenotypes with demonstrated deficits in schizophrenia as a platform from which to explore the underlying neural circuitry and genetic architecture. Many of these endophenotypes are associated with poor functional outcome in schizophrenia. Some are also endorsed as potential treatment targets by the US Food and Drug Administration. OBJECTIVE To build on prior assessments of heritability, association, and linkage in the COGS phase 1 (COGS-1) families by reporting a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 11 schizophrenia-related endophenotypes in the independent phase 2 (COGS-2) cohort of patients with schizophrenia and healthy comparison participants (HCPs). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A total of 1789 patients with schizophrenia and HCPs of self-reported European or Latino ancestry were recruited through a collaborative effort across the COGS sites and genotyped using the PsychChip. Standard quality control filters were applied, and more than 6.2 million variants with a genotyping call rate of greater than 0.99 were available after imputation. Association was performed for data sets stratified by diagnosis and ancestry using linear regression and adjusting for age, sex, and 5 principal components, with results combined through weighted meta-analysis. Data for COGS-1 were collected from January 6, 2003, to August 6, 2008; data for COGS-2, from June 30, 2010, to February 14, 2014. Data were analyzed from October 28, 2016, to May 4, 2018. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES A genome-wide association study was performed to evaluate association for 11 neurophysiological and neurocognitive endophenotypes targeting key domains of schizophrenia related to inhibition, attention, vigilance, learning, working memory, executive function, episodic memory, and social cognition. RESULTS The final sample of 1533 participants included 861 male participants (56.2%), and the mean (SD) age was 41.8 (13.6) years. In total, 7 genome-wide significant regions (P < 5 × 10-8) and 2 nearly significant regions (P < 9 × 10-8) containing several genes of interest, including NRG3 and HCN1, were identified for 7 endophenotypes. For each of the 11 endophenotypes, enrichment analyses performed at the level of P < 10-4 compared favorably with previous association results in the COGS-1 families and showed extensive overlap with regions identified for schizophrenia diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These analyses identified several genomic regions of interest that require further exploration and validation. These data seem to demonstrate the utility of endophenotypes for resolving the genetic architecture of schizophrenia and characterizing the underlying biological dysfunctions. Understanding the molecular basis of these endophenotypes may help to identify novel treatment targets and pave the way for precision-based medicine in schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura C. Lazzeroni
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California,Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Adam X. Maihofer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Neal R. Swerdlow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | | | - Robert Freedman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver
| | - Michael F. Green
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, California,Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gregory A. Light
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla,Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | | | | | - Allen D. Radant
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle,Northwest Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington
| | - Larry J. Siever
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York,Research & Development, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jeremy M. Silverman
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York,Research & Development, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - William S. Stone
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston
| | - Catherine A. Sugar
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, California,Department of Biostatistics, UCLA School of Public Health
| | - Debby W. Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle,Northwest Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ming T. Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | | | - Ruben C. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - David L. Braff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
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Morita K, Miura K, Kasai K, Hashimoto R. Eye movement characteristics in schizophrenia: A recent update with clinical implications. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2019; 40:2-9. [PMID: 31774633 PMCID: PMC7292223 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eye movements are indispensable for the collection of visual information in everyday life. Many findings regarding the neural basis of eye movements have been accumulated from neurophysiological and psychophysical studies. In the field of psychiatry, studies on eye movement characteristics in mental illnesses have been conducted since the early 1900s. Participants with schizophrenia are known to have characteristic eye movements during smooth pursuit, saccade control, and visual search. Recently, studies evaluating eye movement characteristics as biomarkers for schizophrenia have attracted considerable attention. In this article, we review the neurophysiological basis of eye movement control and eye movement characteristics in schizophrenia. Furthermore, we discuss the prospects for eye movements as biomarkers for mental illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Morita
- Department of Rehabilitation, University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Miura
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Kasai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health, Tokyo, Japan.,Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Nakamoto C, Konno K, Miyazaki T, Nakatsukasa E, Natsume R, Abe M, Kawamura M, Fukazawa Y, Shigemoto R, Yamasaki M, Sakimura K, Watanabe M. Expression mapping, quantification, and complex formation of GluD1 and GluD2 glutamate receptors in adult mouse brain. J Comp Neurol 2019; 528:1003-1027. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Nakamoto
- Department of Animal Model Development Brain Research Institute, Niigata University Niigata Japan
| | - Kohtarou Konno
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
| | - Taisuke Miyazaki
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
- Department of Functioning and Disability, Faculty of Health Sciences Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
| | - Ena Nakatsukasa
- Department of Animal Model Development Brain Research Institute, Niigata University Niigata Japan
| | - Rie Natsume
- Department of Animal Model Development Brain Research Institute, Niigata University Niigata Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Animal Model Development Brain Research Institute, Niigata University Niigata Japan
| | - Meiko Kawamura
- Department of Animal Model Development Brain Research Institute, Niigata University Niigata Japan
| | - Yugo Fukazawa
- Division of Brain Structure and Function, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Life Science Advancement Program, Faculty of Medical Science University of Fukui Fukui Japan
| | - Ryuichi Shigemoto
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST Austria) Klosterneuburg Austria
| | - Miwako Yamasaki
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Animal Model Development Brain Research Institute, Niigata University Niigata Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
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Tsuang DW, Greenwood TA, Jayadev S, Davis M, Shutes-David A, Bird TD. A Genetic Study of Psychosis in Huntington's Disease: Evidence for the Involvement of Glutamate Signaling Pathways. J Huntingtons Dis 2019; 7:51-59. [PMID: 29480208 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-170277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychotic symptoms of delusions and hallucinations occur in about 5% of persons with Huntington's disease (HD). The mechanisms underlying these occurrences are unknown, but the same symptoms also occur in schizophrenia, and thus genetic risk factors for schizophrenia may be relevant to the development of psychosis in HD. OBJECTIVE To investigate the possible role of genes associated with schizophrenia in the occurrence of psychotic symptoms in HD. METHODS DNA from subjects with HD and psychosis (HD+P; n = 47), subjects with HD and no psychosis (HD-P; n = 126), and controls (CTLs; n = 207) was genotyped using the Infinium PsychArray-24 v1.1 BeadChip. The allele frequencies of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were previously associated with schizophrenia and related psychiatric disorders were compared between these groups. RESULTS Of the 30 candidate genes tested, 10 showed an association with psychosis in HD. The majority of these genes, including CTNNA2, DRD2, ERBB4, GRID2, GRIK4, GRM1, NRG1, PCNT, RELN, and SLC1A2, demonstrate network interactions related to glutamate signaling. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests genetic associations between several previously identified candidate genes for schizophrenia and the occurrence of psychotic symptoms in HD. These data support the potential role of genes related to glutamate signaling in HD psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debby W Tsuang
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tiffany A Greenwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marie Davis
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew Shutes-David
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.,Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas D Bird
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Reser MP, Slikboer R, Rossell SL. A systematic review of factors that influence the efficacy of cognitive remediation therapy in schizophrenia. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2019; 53:624-641. [PMID: 31177813 DOI: 10.1177/0004867419853348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cognitive remediation therapy is a moderately effective intervention for ameliorating cognitive deficits in individuals with schizophrenia-related disorders. With reports of considerable variability in individual response to cognitive remediation therapy, we need to better understand factors that influence cognitive remediation therapy efficacy to realise its potential. A systematic review was conducted to identify and evaluate predictors of cognitive outcome. METHODS An electronic database search was conducted identifying peer-reviewed articles examining predictors of cognitive response to cognitive remediation therapy. RESULTS A total of 40 articles accounting for 1681 cognitive remediation therapy participants were included; 81 distinct predictors of cognitive response were identified. Data synthesis and discussion focused on 20 predictors examined a minimum three times in different studies. Few of the examined predictors of cognitive outcome following cognitive remediation therapy were significant when examined through systematic review. A strong trend was found for baseline cognition, with reasoning and problem solving and working memory being strongly predictive of within-domain improvement. Training task progress was the most notable cross-domain predictor of cognitive outcome. CONCLUSION It remains unclear why a large proportion of participants fail to realise cognitive benefit from cognitive remediation therapy. However, when considering only those variables where a majority of articles reported a statistically significant association with cognitive response to cognitive remediation therapy, three stand out: premorbid IQ, baseline cognition and training task progress. Each of these relates in some way to an individual's capacity or potential for change. There is a need to consolidate investigation of potential predictors of response to cognitive remediation therapy, strengthening the evidence base through replication and collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maree P Reser
- 1 Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
| | - Reneta Slikboer
- 1 Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
| | - Susan L Rossell
- 1 Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia.,2 Psychiatry, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Social cognitions in siblings of patients with schizophrenia: a comparison with patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls - a cross-sectional study. Asian J Psychiatr 2019; 43:24-33. [PMID: 31078092 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited number of studies which have evaluated social cognitive deficits among the siblings of patients with schizophrenia. AIM This study aimed to evaluate the social cognitive deficits and its correlates among siblings of patients with schizophrenia. METHODOLOGY Patients of schizophrenia (N = 34), their siblings (N = 34) and healthy control subjects (N = 31) matched for age, gender, education and intelligence quotient were evaluated on social cognition rating tools in Indian setting (SOCRATIS). Patients were additionally evaluated on Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS). Siblings were assessed on Comprehensive Assessment for at risk mental state (CAARMS) scale and Short Wisconsin Schizotypy scale. Neurocognitive test battery was applied to all the groups. RESULTS Patients with schizophrenia performed the worst and the healthy controls performed the best, with siblings falling intermediate on all the subtests of social cognition (except for externalizing bias and personalized bias) and neurocognition. There were negative correlation between some of the domains of social cognition and various domains of CAARMS. Higher level of schizotypy was associated with higher level of social cognitive deficits. CONCLUSION Social cognitive deficits can act as an important endophenotype for estimating the risk of schizophrenia in at risk siblings. Further, social cognitive deficits must be considered as important target for intervention among the at risk siblings to improve their outcome.
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Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) of the delta family (GluD1 and GluD2) and synaptogenesis. ALEXANDRIA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajme.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a severe psychotic disorder that is highly heritable and common in the general population. The genetic heterogeneity of SZ is substantial, with contributions from common, rare, and de novo variants, in addition to environmental factors. Large genome-wide association studies have detected many variants that are associated with SZ, yet the pathways by which these variants influence risk remain largely unknown. SZ is also clinically heterogeneous, with patients exhibiting a broad range of deficits and symptom severity that vary over the course of illness and treatment, which has complicated efforts to identify risk variants. However, the underlying brain dysfunction forms a more stable trait marker that quantitative neurocognitive and neurophysiological endophenotypes may be able to objectively measure. These endophenotypes are less likely to be heterogeneous than the disorder and provide a neurobiological context to detect risk variants and underlying pathways among genes associated with SZ diagnosis. Furthermore, many endophenotypes are translational into animal model systems, allowing for direct evaluation of the neural circuit dysfunctions and neurobiological substrates. We review a selection of the most promising SZ endophenotypes, including prepulse inhibition, mismatch negativity, oculomotor antisaccade, letter-number sequencing, and continuous performance tests. We also highlight recent findings from large consortia that suggest the potential role of genes, particularly in the neuregulin and glutamate pathways, in several of these endophenotypes. Although endophenotypes require additional time and effort to assess, the insight into the underlying neurobiology that they provide may ultimately reveal the underlying genetic architecture for SZ and suggest novel treatment targets.
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45
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Alfimova MV, Kondratiev NV, Golimbet VE. [Results and promises of genetics of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: molecular-genetic approaches]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2018. [PMID: 28635752 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2016116111137-144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights the basic paradigms and directions of molecular genetic studies of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Along with the traditional approach based on functional candidate genes, it covers genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for cognition in general population and schizophrenic patients, attempts to integrate GWAS results in polygenic profiles that can be used in personalized care of schizophrenic patients, and a search for biological pathways implicated in the development of cognitive impairments with bioinformatics methods. However, despite significant advances in understanding the genetic basis of the disease and a rapidly growing amount of data on genes associated with cognitive functions, most of the variability of cognitive impairments in patients remains unexplained. The data on the functional complexity of the genome accumulated in the fields of molecular biology and genetics underscore the importance of studying epigenetic mechanisms of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.
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Pacault M, Nizon M, Pichon O, Vincent M, Le Caignec C, Isidor B. A de novo 2q37.2 deletion encompassing AGAP1 and SH3BP4 in a patient with autism and intellectual disability. Eur J Med Genet 2018; 62:103586. [PMID: 30472483 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders are complex neurodevelopmental syndromes characterized by phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity. Further identification of causal genes may help in better understanding the underlying mechanisms of the disorder, thus improving the patients' management. To date, abnormal synaptogenesis is thought to be one of the major underlying causes of autism spectrum disorders. Here, using oligoarray-based comparative genomic hybridization, we identified a de novo deletion at 2q37.2 locus spanning 1 Mb and encompassing AGAP1 and SH3BP4, in a boy with autism and intellectual disability. Both genes have been described as being involved in endosomal trafficking, and AGAP1 in particular has been shown to be expressed in the developing brain and to play a role in dendritic spine formation and synapse function, making it a potential causative gene to our patient's phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mathilde Nizon
- CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes, France
| | - Olivier Pichon
- CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes, France
| | - Marie Vincent
- CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes, France
| | - Cédric Le Caignec
- CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes, France; INSERM, UMR 1238, Bone Sarcoma and Remodeling of Calcified Tissue, Nantes, France
| | - Bertrand Isidor
- CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes, France; INSERM, UMR 1238, Bone Sarcoma and Remodeling of Calcified Tissue, Nantes, France
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Rovný R, Marko M, Katina S, Murínová J, Roháriková V, Cimrová B, Repiská G, Minárik G, Riečanský I. Association between genetic variability of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and sensorimotor gating in humans. Nitric Oxide 2018; 80:32-36. [PMID: 30096361 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Research increasingly suggests that nitric oxide (NO) plays a role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. One important line of evidence comes from genetic studies, which have repeatedly detected an association between the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS or NOS1) and schizophrenia. However, the pathogenetic pathways linking nNOS, NO, and the disorder remain poorly understood. A deficit in sensorimotor gating is considered to importantly contribute to core schizophrenia symptoms such as psychotic disorganization and thought disturbance. We selected three candidate nNOS polymorphisms (Ex1f-VNTR, rs6490121 and rs41279104), associated with schizophrenia and cognition in previous studies, and tested their association with the efficiency of sensorimotor gating in healthy human adults. We found that risk variants of Ex1f-VNTR and rs6490121 (but not rs41279104) were associated with a weaker prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle reflex, a standard measure of sensorimotor gating. Furthermore, the effect of presence of risk variants in Ex1f-VNTR and rs6490121 was additive: PPI linearly decreased with increasing number of risk alleles, being highest in participants with no risk allele, while lowest in individuals who carry three risk alleles. Our findings indicate that NO is involved in the regulation of sensorimotor gating, and highlight one possible pathogenetic mechanism for NO playing a role in the development of schizophrenia psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rastislav Rovný
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Marko
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Stanislav Katina
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Murínová
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Roháriková
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Barbora Cimrová
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Gabriela Repiská
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Gabriel Minárik
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Igor Riečanský
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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48
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Khan A, Powell SB. Sensorimotor gating deficits in "two-hit" models of schizophrenia risk factors. Schizophr Res 2018; 198:68-83. [PMID: 29070440 PMCID: PMC5911431 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetic and environmental models of neuropsychiatric disease have grown exponentially over the last 20years. One measure that is often used to evaluate the translational relevance of these models to human neuropsychiatric disease is prepulse inhibition of startle (PPI), an operational measure of sensorimotor gating. Deficient PPI characterizes several neuropsychiatric disorders but has been most extensively studied in schizophrenia. It has become a useful tool in translational neuropharmacological and molecular genetics studies because it can be measured across species using almost the same experimental parameters. Although initial studies of PPI in rodents were pharmacological because of the robust predictive validity of PPI for antipsychotic efficacy, more recently, PPI has become standard common behavioral measures used in genetic and neurodevelopmental models of schizophrenia. Here we review "two hit" models of schizophrenia and discuss the utility of PPI as a tool in phenotyping these models of relevant risk factors. In the review, we consider approaches to rodent models of genetic and neurodevelopmental risk factors and selectively review "two hit" models of gene×environment and environment×environment interactions in which PPI has been measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Khan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Susan B Powell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States.
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Fargotstein M, Hasenkamp W, Gross R, Cuthbert B, Green A, Swails L, Lewison B, Boshoven W, Keyes M, Duncan E. The effect of antipsychotic medications on acoustic startle latency in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2018; 198:28-35. [PMID: 28732798 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex (PPI) is extensively studied as a biomarker of schizophrenia (SCZ); however, antipsychotic medication can confound the measure. Latency, the time between the startling stimulus and the reflexive eye blink, provides an index of neural processing speed and is 90% heritable. SCZ subjects have slower latency than controls (CON). This study examined the effects of antipsychotic medication on startle latency. 108 CON and 132 SCZ subjects in three medication subgroups (94 on second-generation antipsychotics (SGA), 25 on first-generation antipsychotics (FGA), 13 unmedicated (NoMed)) were tested on a standard acoustic startle paradigm designed to measure startle magnitude, PPI, and latency. Latency was slower in SCZ compared to CON subjects (p=0.005). Latency did not differ between the three SCZ medication groups. When CON were added to that model, both the NoMed subjects (p=0.04) and the SGA subjects (p=0.003) were slower than CON subjects. For PPI, CON did not differ from SCZ analyzed as a single group. When SCZ subjects were divided into medication groups, PPI was lower in NoMed subjects than the CON group (p=0.03), the SGA group (p=0.02) and the FGA group (p=0.05). SCZ subjects on any medication did not differ from CON. Thus, latency was partially normalized by antipsychotic medication, but this did not obscure the slower latency in SCZ compared to CON. Therefore latency is both trait and state related, whereas medication normalized PPI and obscured any difference between SCZ and CON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Fargotstein
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Road, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Wendy Hasenkamp
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Road, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Robin Gross
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Road, Decatur, GA 30033, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 12 Executive Park Drive Northeast #200, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Bruce Cuthbert
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Road, Decatur, GA 30033, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 12 Executive Park Drive Northeast #200, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Amanda Green
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Road, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Lisette Swails
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Road, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Barbara Lewison
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Road, Decatur, GA 30033, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 12 Executive Park Drive Northeast #200, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - William Boshoven
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Road, Decatur, GA 30033, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 12 Executive Park Drive Northeast #200, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Megan Keyes
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Road, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Erica Duncan
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Road, Decatur, GA 30033, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 12 Executive Park Drive Northeast #200, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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50
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Swerdlow NR, Light GA, Thomas ML, Sprock J, Calkins ME, Green MF, Greenwood TA, Gur RE, Gur RC, Lazzeroni LC, Nuechterlein KH, Radant AD, Seidman LJ, Siever LJ, Silverman JM, Stone WS, Sugar CA, Tsuang DW, Tsuang MT, Turetsky BI, Braff DL. Deficient prepulse inhibition in schizophrenia in a multi-site cohort: Internal replication and extension. Schizophr Res 2018; 198:6-15. [PMID: 28549722 PMCID: PMC5700873 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS) collected case-control endophenotype and genetic information from 2457 patients and healthy subjects (HS) across 5 test sites over 3.5 years. Analysis of the first "wave" (W1) of 1400 subjects identified prepulse inhibition (PPI) deficits in patients vs. HS. Data from the second COGS "wave" (W2), and the combined W(1+2), were used to assess: 1) the replicability of PPI deficits in this design; 2) the impact of response criteria on PPI deficits; and 3) PPI in a large cohort of antipsychotic-free patients. METHODS PPI in W2 HS (n=315) and schizophrenia patients (n=326) was compared to findings from W1; planned analyses assessed the impact of diagnosis, "wave" (1 vs. 2), and startle magnitude criteria. Combining waves allowed us to assess PPI in 120 antipsychotic-free patients, including many in the early course of illness. RESULTS ANOVA of all W(1+2) subjects revealed robust PPI deficits in patients across "waves" (p<0.0004). Strict response criteria excluded almost 39% of all subjects, disproportionately impacting specific subgroups; ANOVA in this smaller cohort confirmed no significant effect of "wave" or "wave x diagnosis" interaction, and a significant effect of diagnosis (p<0.002). Antipsychotic-free, early-illness patients had particularly robust PPI deficits. DISCUSSION Schizophrenia-linked PPI deficits were replicable across two multi-site "waves" of subjects collected over 3.5years. Strict response criteria disproportionately excluded older, male, non-Caucasian patients with low-normal hearing acuity. These findings set the stage for genetic analyses of PPI using the combined COGS wave 1 and 2 cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal R. Swerdlow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Corresponding Author: Neal R. Swerdlow, M.D., Ph.D., University of California San Diego, Dept. of Psychiatry, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804 619-543-6270 (office); 619-543-2493 (fax);
| | - Gregory A. Light
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA,VISN 22, Mental Illness Research, Education & Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Michael L. Thomas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA,VISN 22, Mental Illness Research, Education & Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Joyce Sprock
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA,VISN 22, Mental Illness Research, Education & Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Monica E. Calkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Michael F. Green
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Raquel E. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Laura C. Lazzeroni
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Keith H. Nuechterlein
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Allen D. Radant
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA
| | - Larry J. Seidman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Larry J. Siever
- Department of Psychiatry, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY,James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Jeremy M. Silverman
- Department of Psychiatry, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY,James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - William S. Stone
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Harvard Institute of Psychiatric Epidemiology and Genetics, Boston, MA
| | - Catherine A. Sugar
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,VISN 22, Mental Illness Research, Education & Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA,Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Debby W. Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA
| | - Ming T. Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Harvard Institute of Psychiatric Epidemiology and Genetics, Boston, MA
| | - Bruce I. Turetsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - David L. Braff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA,VISN 22, Mental Illness Research, Education & Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
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