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Ma R, Xu X. Deciphering the role of post-translational modifications in fanconi anemia proteins and their influence on tumorigenesis. Cancer Gene Ther 2024; 31:1113-1123. [PMID: 38879655 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-024-00797-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal or X-linked human disease, characterized by bone marrow failure, cancer susceptibility and various developmental abnormalities. So far, at least 22 FA genes (FANCA-W) have been identified. Germline inactivation of any one of these FA genes causes FA symptoms. Proteins encoded by FA genes are involved in the Fanconi anemia pathway, which is known for its roles in DNA inter-strand crosslinks (ICLs) repair. Besides, its roles in genome maintenance upon replication stress has also been reported. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of FA proteins, particularly phosphorylation and ubiquitination, emerge as critical determinants in the activation of the FA pathway during ICL repair or replication stress response. Consequent inactivation of the FA pathway engenders heightened chromosomal instability, thereby constituting a genetic susceptibility conducive to cancer predisposition and the exacerbation of tumorigenesis. In this review, we have combined recent structural analysis of FA proteins and summarized knowledge on the functions of different PTMs in regulating FA pathways, and discuss potential contributions stemming from mutations at PTMs to the genesis and progression of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, China
| | - Xinlin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, China.
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闻 星, 柴 梦, 张 倩, 邹 慧, 章 志, 曹 云, 陈 蓓. [Homozygous Variant of FANCM of the Fanconi Anemia Pathway Causes Premature Ovarian Insufficiency: Investigation of the Pathogenic Mechanism]. SICHUAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF SICHUAN UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDITION 2024; 55:559-565. [PMID: 38948269 PMCID: PMC11211784 DOI: 10.12182/20240560207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Objective Infertility affects approximately one-sixth of the people of childbearing age worldwide, causing not only economic burdens of treatment for families with fertility problems but also psychological stress for patients and presenting challenges to societal and economic development. Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) refers to the loss of ovarian function in women before the age of 40 due to the depletion of follicles or decreased quality of remaining follicles, constituting a significant cause of female infertility. In recent years, with the help of the rapid development in genetic sequencing technology, it has been demonstrated that genetic factors play a crucial role in the onset of POI. Among the population suffering from POI, genetic studies have revealed that genes involved in processes such as meiosis, DNA damage repair, and mitosis account for approximately 37.4% of all pathogenic and potentially pathogenic genes identified. FA complementation group M (FANCM) is a group of genes involved in the damage repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs), including FANCA-FANCW. Abnormalities in the FANCM genes are associated with female infertility and FANCM gene knockout mice also exhibit phenotypes similar to those of POI. During the genetic screening of POI patients, this study identified a suspicious variant in FANCM. This study aims to explore the pathogenic mechanisms of the FANCM genes of the FA pathway and their variants in the development of POI. We hope to help shed light on potential diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for the affected individuals. Methods One POI patient was included in the study. The inclusion criteria for POI patients were as follows: women under 40 years old exhibiting two or more instances of basal serum follicle-stimulating hormone levels>25 IU/L (with a minimum interval of 4 weeks inbetween tests), alongside clinical symptoms of menstrual disorders, normal chromosomal karyotype analysis results, and exclusion of other known diseases that can lead to ovarian dysfunction. We conducted whole-exome sequencing for the POI patient and identified pathogenic genes by classifying variants according to the standards and guidelines established by the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG). Subsequently, the identified variants were validated through Sanger sequencing and subjected to bioinformatics analysis. Plasmids containing wild-type and mutant FANCM genes were constructed and introduced into 293T cells. The 293T cells transfected with wild-type and mutant human FANCM plasmids and pEGFP-C1 empty vector plasmids were designated as the EGFP FANCM-WT group, the EGFP FANCM-MUT group, and the EGFP group, respectively. To validate the production of truncated proteins, cell proteins were extracted 48 hours post-transfection from the three groups and confirmed using GFP antibody. In order to investigate the impact on DNA damage repair, immunofluorescence experiments were conducted 48 hours post-transfection in the EGFP FANCM-WT group and the EGFP FANCM-MUT group to examine whether the variant affected FANCM's ability to localize on chromatin. Mitomycin C was used to induce ICLs damage in vitro in both the EGFP FANCM-WT group and the EGFP FANCM-MUT group, which was followed by verification of its effect on ICLs damage repair using γ-H2AX antibody. Results In a POI patient from a consanguineous family, we identified a homozygous variant in the FANCM gene, c.1152-1155del:p.Leu386Valfs*10. The patient presented with primary infertility, experiencing irregular menstruation since menarche at the age of 16. Hormonal evaluation revealed an FSH level of 26.79 IU/L and an anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) level of 0.07 ng/mL. Vaginal ultrasound indicated unsatisfactory visualization of the ovaries on both sides and uterine dysplasia. The patient's parents were a consanguineous couple, with the mother having regular menstrual cycles. The patient had two sisters, one of whom passed away due to osteosarcoma, while the other exhibited irregular menstruation, had been diagnosed with ovarian insufficiency, and remained childless. Bioinformatics analysis revealed a deletion of four nucleotides (c.1152-1155del) in the exon 6 of the patient's FANCM gene. This variant resulted in a frameshift at codon 386, introducing a premature stop codon at codon 396, which ultimately led to the production of a truncated protein consisting of 395 amino acids. In vitro experiments demonstrated that this variant led to the production of a truncated FANCM protein of approximately 43 kDa and caused a defect in its nuclear localization, with the protein being present only in the cytoplasm. Following treatment with mitomycin C, there was a significant increase in γ-H2AX levels in 293T cells transfected with the mutant plasmid (P<0.01), indicating a statistically significant impairment of DNA damage repair capability caused by this variant. Conclusions The homozygous variant in the FANCM gene, c.1152-1155del:p.Leu386Valfs*10, results in the production of a truncated FANCM protein. This truncation leads to the loss of its interaction site with the MHF1-MHF2 complex, preventing its entry into the nucleus and the subsequent recognition of DNA damage. Consequently, the localization of the FA core complex on chromatin is disrupted, impeding the normal activation of the FA pathway and reducing the cell's ability to repair damaged ICLs. By disrupting the rapid proliferation and meiotic division processes of primordial germ cells, the reserve of oocytes is depleted, thereby triggering premature ovarian insufficiency in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- 星星 闻
- 安徽医科大学第一附属医院 妇产科 (合肥 230032)Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
- 国家卫生健康委配子及生殖道异常研究重点实验室 (合肥 230032)NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei 230032, China
- 出生人口健康教育部重点实验室 (合肥 230032)Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei 230032, China
| | - 梦晗 柴
- 安徽医科大学第一附属医院 妇产科 (合肥 230032)Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
- 国家卫生健康委配子及生殖道异常研究重点实验室 (合肥 230032)NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei 230032, China
- 出生人口健康教育部重点实验室 (合肥 230032)Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei 230032, China
| | - 倩楠 张
- 安徽医科大学第一附属医院 妇产科 (合肥 230032)Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
- 国家卫生健康委配子及生殖道异常研究重点实验室 (合肥 230032)NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei 230032, China
- 出生人口健康教育部重点实验室 (合肥 230032)Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei 230032, China
| | - 慧娟 邹
- 安徽医科大学第一附属医院 妇产科 (合肥 230032)Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
- 国家卫生健康委配子及生殖道异常研究重点实验室 (合肥 230032)NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei 230032, China
- 出生人口健康教育部重点实验室 (合肥 230032)Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei 230032, China
| | - 志国 章
- 安徽医科大学第一附属医院 妇产科 (合肥 230032)Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
- 国家卫生健康委配子及生殖道异常研究重点实验室 (合肥 230032)NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei 230032, China
- 出生人口健康教育部重点实验室 (合肥 230032)Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei 230032, China
| | - 云霞 曹
- 安徽医科大学第一附属医院 妇产科 (合肥 230032)Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
- 国家卫生健康委配子及生殖道异常研究重点实验室 (合肥 230032)NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei 230032, China
- 出生人口健康教育部重点实验室 (合肥 230032)Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei 230032, China
| | - 蓓丽 陈
- 安徽医科大学第一附属医院 妇产科 (合肥 230032)Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
- 国家卫生健康委配子及生殖道异常研究重点实验室 (合肥 230032)NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei 230032, China
- 出生人口健康教育部重点实验室 (合肥 230032)Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei 230032, China
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Sanchez-Lopez I, Orantos-Aguilera Y, Pozo-Guisado E, Alvarez-Barrientos A, Lilla S, Zanivan S, Lachaud C, Martin-Romero FJ. STIM1 translocation to the nucleus protects cells from DNA damage. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:2389-2415. [PMID: 38224453 PMCID: PMC10954485 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
DNA damage represents a challenge for cells, as this damage must be eliminated to preserve cell viability and the transmission of genetic information. To reduce or eliminate unscheduled chemical modifications in genomic DNA, an extensive signaling network, known as the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway, ensures this repair. In this work, and by means of a proteomic analysis aimed at studying the STIM1 protein interactome, we have found that STIM1 is closely related to the protection from endogenous DNA damage, replicative stress, as well as to the response to interstrand crosslinks (ICLs). Here we show that STIM1 has a nuclear localization signal that mediates its translocation to the nucleus, and that this translocation and the association of STIM1 to chromatin increases in response to mitomycin-C (MMC), an ICL-inducing agent. Consequently, STIM1-deficient cell lines show higher levels of basal DNA damage, replicative stress, and increased sensitivity to MMC. We show that STIM1 normalizes FANCD2 protein levels in the nucleus, which explains the increased sensitivity of STIM1-KO cells to MMC. This study not only unveils a previously unknown nuclear function for the endoplasmic reticulum protein STIM1 but also expands our understanding of the genes involved in DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Sanchez-Lopez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz 06006, Spain
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz 06006, Spain
| | - Yolanda Orantos-Aguilera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz 06006, Spain
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz 06006, Spain
| | - Eulalia Pozo-Guisado
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz 06006, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz 06006, Spain
| | | | - Sergio Lilla
- CRUK Scotland Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Sara Zanivan
- CRUK Scotland Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Christophe Lachaud
- Cancer Research Centre of Marseille, Aix-Marseille Univ, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
- OPALE Carnot Institute, Paris, France
| | - Francisco Javier Martin-Romero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz 06006, Spain
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz 06006, Spain
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Mathavarajah S, Dellaire G. LINE-1: an emerging initiator of cGAS-STING signalling and inflammation that is dysregulated in disease. Biochem Cell Biol 2024; 102:38-46. [PMID: 37643478 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2023-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The cGAS-STING (cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING)) axis integrates DNA damage and cellular stress with type I interferon (IFN) signalling to facilitate transcriptional changes underlying inflammatory stress responses. The cGAS-STING pathway responds to cytosolic DNA in the form of double-stranded DNA, micronuclei, and long interspersed nuclear element 1 (L1) retroelements. L1 retroelements are a class of self-propagating non-long terminal repeat transposons that have remained highly active in mammalian genomes. L1 retroelements are emerging as important inducers of cGAS-STING and IFN signalling, which are often dysregulated in several diseases, including cancer. A key repressor of cGAS-STING and L1 activity is the exonuclease three prime repair exonuclease 1 (TREX1), and loss of TREX1 promotes the accumulation of L1. In addition, L1 dysregulation is a common theme among diseases with chronic induction of type I IFN signalling through cGAS-STING, such as Aicardi-Goutières syndrome, Fanconi anemia, and dermatomyositis. Although TREX1 is highly conserved in tetrapod species, other suppressor proteins exist that inhibit L1 retrotransposition. These suppressor genes when mutated are often associated with diseases characterized by unchecked inflammation that is associated with high cGAS-STING activity and elevated levels of L1 expression. In this review, we discuss these interconnected pathways of L1 suppression and their role in the regulation of cGAS-STING and inflammation in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Graham Dellaire
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Peake JD, Noguchi E. Fanconi anemia: current insights regarding epidemiology, cancer, and DNA repair. Hum Genet 2022; 141:1811-1836. [PMID: 35596788 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-022-02462-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia is a genetic disorder that is characterized by bone marrow failure, as well as a predisposition to malignancies including leukemia and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). At least 22 genes are associated with Fanconi anemia, constituting the Fanconi anemia DNA repair pathway. This pathway coordinates multiple processes and proteins to facilitate the repair of DNA adducts including interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) that are generated by environmental carcinogens, chemotherapeutic crosslinkers, and metabolic products of alcohol. ICLs can interfere with DNA transactions, including replication and transcription. If not properly removed and repaired, ICLs cause DNA breaks and lead to genomic instability, a hallmark of cancer. In this review, we will discuss the genetic and phenotypic characteristics of Fanconi anemia, the epidemiology of the disease, and associated cancer risk. The sources of ICLs and the role of ICL-inducing chemotherapeutic agents will also be discussed. Finally, we will review the detailed mechanisms of ICL repair via the Fanconi anemia DNA repair pathway, highlighting critical regulatory processes. Together, the information in this review will underscore important contributions to Fanconi anemia research in the past two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine D Peake
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Eishi Noguchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.
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Jang SW, Kim JM. The RPA inhibitor HAMNO sensitizes Fanconi anemia pathway-deficient cells. Cell Cycle 2022; 21:1468-1478. [PMID: 35506981 PMCID: PMC9278452 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2022.2074200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fanconi anemia (FA) DNA repair pathway is required for DNA inter-strand crosslink (ICL) repair. Besides its role in ICL repair, FA proteins play a central role in stabilizing stalled replication forks, thereby ensuring genome integrity. We previously demonstrated that depletion of replication protein A (RPA) induces the activation of FA pathway leading to FANCD2 monoubiquitination and FANCD2 foci formation. Thus, we speculated that FA-deficient cells would be more sensitive to RPA inhibition compared to FA-proficient cells. Following treatment with RPA inhibitor HAMNO, we observed significant induction in FANCD2 monoubiquitination and foci formation as observed in RPA depletion. In addition, HAMNO treatment caused increased levels of ϒ-H2AX and S-phase accumulation in FA-deficient cells. Importantly, FA-deficient cells showed more increased sensitivity to HAMNO than FA-proficient cells. Moreover, in combination with cisplatin, HAMNO further enhanced the cytotoxicity of cisplatin in FA-deficient cells, while being less toxic against FA-proficient cells. This result suggests that RPA inhibition might be a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of FA pathway-deficient tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Won Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jellanamdo, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jellanamdo, 58128, Republic of Korea
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Thirmanne HN, Wu F, Janssens DH, Swanger J, Diab A, Feldman H, Amezquita RA, Gottardo R, Paddison PJ, Henikoff S, Clurman BE. Global and context-specific transcriptional consequences of oncogenic Fbw7 mutations. eLife 2022; 11:74338. [PMID: 35225231 PMCID: PMC8926403 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fbw7 ubiquitin ligase targets many proteins for proteasomal degradation, which include oncogenic transcription factors (TFs) (e.g., c-Myc, c-Jun, and Notch). Fbw7 is a tumor suppressor and tumors often contain mutations in FBXW7, the gene that encodes Fbw7. The complexity of its substrate network has obscured the mechanisms of Fbw7-associated tumorigenesis, yet this understanding is needed for developing therapies. We used an integrated approach employing RNA-Seq and high-resolution mapping (cleavage under target and release using nuclease) of histone modifications and TF occupancy (c-Jun and c-Myc) to examine the combinatorial effects of misregulated Fbw7 substrates in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells with engineered tumor-associated FBXW7 null or missense mutations. Both Fbw7 mutations caused widespread transcriptional changes associated with active chromatin and altered TF occupancy: some were common to both Fbw7 mutant cell lines, whereas others were mutation specific. We identified loci where both Jun and Myc were coregulated by Fbw7, suggesting that substrates may have synergistic effects. One coregulated gene was CIITA, the master regulator of MHC Class II gene expression. Fbw7 loss increased MHC Class II expression and Fbw7 mutations were correlated with increased CIITA expression in TCGA colorectal tumors and cell lines, which may have immunotherapeutic implications for Fbw7-associated cancers. Analogous studies in neural stem cells in which FBXW7 had been acutely deleted closely mirrored the results in CRC cells. Gene set enrichment analyses revealed Fbw7-associated pathways that were conserved across both cell types that may reflect fundamental Fbw7 functions. These analyses provide a framework for understanding normal and neoplastic context-specific Fbw7 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Feinan Wu
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Resource, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Derek H Janssens
- Basic Science Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Jherek Swanger
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Ahmed Diab
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Heather Feldman
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Robert A Amezquita
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Patrick J Paddison
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Steven Henikoff
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Bruce E Clurman
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
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Katsuki Y, Abe M, Park SY, Wu W, Yabe H, Yabe M, van Attikum H, Nakada S, Ohta T, Seidman MM, Kim Y, Takata M. RNF168 E3 ligase participates in ubiquitin signaling and recruitment of SLX4 during DNA crosslink repair. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109879. [PMID: 34706224 PMCID: PMC11388903 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SLX4/FANCP is a key Fanconi anemia (FA) protein and a DNA repair scaffold for incision around a DNA interstrand crosslink (ICL) by its partner XPF nuclease. The tandem UBZ4 ubiquitin-binding domains of SLX4 are critical for the recruitment of SLX4 to damage sites, likely by binding to K63-linked polyubiquitin chains. However, the identity of the ubiquitin E3 ligase that mediates SLX4 recruitment remains unknown. Using small interfering RNA (siRNA) screening with a GFP-tagged N-terminal half of SLX4 (termed SLX4-N), we identify the RNF168 E3 ligase as a critical factor for mitomycin C (MMC)-induced SLX4 foci formation. RNF168 and GFP-SLX4-N colocalize in MMC-induced ubiquitin foci. Accumulation of SLX4-N at psoralen-laser ICL tracks or of endogenous SLX4 at Digoxigenin-psoralen/UVA ICL is dependent on RNF168. Finally, we find that RNF168 is epistatic with SLX4 in promoting MMC tolerance. We conclude that RNF168 is a critical component of the signal transduction that recruits SLX4 to ICL damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Katsuki
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Masako Abe
- The Core Facility, Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Seon Young Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wenwen Wu
- Department of Translational Oncology, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Yabe
- Department of Innovative Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Miharu Yabe
- Department of Innovative Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Haico van Attikum
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Shinichiro Nakada
- Department of Bioregulation and Cellular Response, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ohta
- Department of Translational Oncology, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Michael M Seidman
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yonghwan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minoru Takata
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Lee RH, Kang H, Yom SS, Smogorzewska A, Johnson DE, Grandis JR. Treatment of Fanconi Anemia-Associated Head and Neck Cancer: Opportunities to Improve Outcomes. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:5168-5187. [PMID: 34045293 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-1259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia, the most frequent genetic cause of bone marrow failure, is characterized by an extreme predilection toward multiple malignancies, including a greater than 500-fold incidence of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) relative to the general population. Fanconi anemia-associated HNSCC and esophageal SCC (FA-HNSCC) often present at advanced stages with poor survival. Surgical resection remains the primary treatment for FA-HNSCC, and there is often great reluctance to administer systemic agents and/or radiotherapy to these patients given their susceptibility to DNA damage. The paucity of FA-HNSCC case reports limits evidence-based management, and such cases have not been analyzed collectively in detail. We present a systematic review of FA-HNSCC treatments reported from 1966 to 2020, defining a cohort of 119 patients with FA-HNSCC including 16 esophageal SCCs (131 total primary tumors), who were treated with surgery, radiotherapy, systemic therapy (including cytotoxic agents, EGFR inhibitors, or immune checkpoint inhibitors), or a combination of modalities. We summarize the clinical responses and regimen-associated toxicities by treatment modality. The collective evidence suggests that when possible, surgical resection with curative intent should remain the primary treatment modality for FA-HNSCC. Radiation can be administered with acceptable toxicity in the majority of cases, including patients who have undergone stem cell transplantation. Although there is little justification for cytotoxic chemotherapy, EGFR inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors may be both safe and effective. Immunotherapy may also be considered. Most oncologists have little personal experience with FA-HNSCC. This review is intended as a comprehensive resource for clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex H Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Hyunseok Kang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sue S Yom
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Agata Smogorzewska
- Laboratory of Genome Maintenance, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Daniel E Johnson
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jennifer R Grandis
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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10
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Abstract
DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs) covalently connect the two strands of the double helix and are extremely cytotoxic. Defective ICL repair causes the bone marrow failure and cancer predisposition syndrome, Fanconi anemia, and upregulation of repair causes chemotherapy resistance in cancer. The central event in ICL repair involves resolving the cross-link (unhooking). In this review, we discuss the chemical diversity of ICLs generated by exogenous and endogenous agents. We then describe how proliferating and nonproliferating vertebrate cells unhook ICLs. We emphasize fundamentally new unhooking strategies, dramatic progress in the structural analysis of the Fanconi anemia pathway, and insights into how cells govern the choice between different ICL repair pathways. Throughout, we highlight the many gaps that remain in our knowledge of these fascinating DNA repair pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Semlow
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; .,Current affiliation: Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Johannes C Walter
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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11
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Young SJ, West SC. Coordinated roles of SLX4 and MutSβ in DNA repair and the maintenance of genome stability. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 56:157-177. [PMID: 33596761 PMCID: PMC7610648 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2021.1881433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SLX4 provides a molecular scaffold for the assembly of multiple protein complexes required for the maintenance of genome stability. It is involved in the repair of DNA crosslinks, the resolution of recombination intermediates, the response to replication stress and the maintenance of telomere length. To carry out these diverse functions, SLX4 interacts with three structure-selective endonucleases, MUS81-EME1, SLX1 and XPF-ERCC1, as well as the telomere binding proteins TRF2, RTEL1 and SLX4IP. Recently, SLX4 was shown to interact with MutSβ, a heterodimeric protein involved in DNA mismatch repair, trinucleotide repeat instability, crosslink repair and recombination. Importantly, MutSβ promotes the pathogenic expansion of CAG/CTG trinucleotide repeats, which is causative of myotonic dystrophy and Huntington's disease. The colocalization and specific interaction of MutSβ with SLX4, together with their apparently overlapping functions, are suggestive of a common role in reactions that promote DNA maintenance and genome stability. This review will focus on the role of SLX4 in DNA repair, the interplay between MutSβ and SLX4, and detail how they cooperate to promote recombinational repair and DNA crosslink repair. Furthermore, we speculate that MutSβ and SLX4 may provide an alternative cellular mechanism that modulates trinucleotide instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Young
- DNA Recombination and Repair Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Stephen C West
- DNA Recombination and Repair Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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12
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Nakamura J, Carro S, Gold A, Zhang Z. An unexpected butadiene diolepoxide-mediated genotoxicity implies alternative mechanism for 1,3-butadiene carcinogenicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 266:129149. [PMID: 33310515 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene (BD) is abundant in combustion products such as cigarette smoke. While BD has been classified as a known human carcinogen, a long-standing question is the identity of the ultimate carcinogenic metabolite in humans. We hypothesize that 3,4-epoxybutane-1,2-diol (EBD) may play a critical role in human carcinogenesis due to its high bioavailability. We utilized a differential toxicity assay for BD metabolites and newly synthesized EBD analogs in a series of isogenic chicken cells lacking specific DNA repair proteins to address the mode of action of BD genotoxicity and infer a mode of action. Surprisingly, as with the diepoxide 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB), the monoepoxide EBD showed remarkable toxicity to cells deficient in Fanconi anemia (FANC) genes. This observation suggests that EBD may be transformed into a bifunctional metabolite and forms interstrand cross-links. EBD and its analog with a hydroxy substituent at C1 were found to be highly toxic to FANCD2-deficient chicken and human cells. The Results suggest that EBD may be transformed to a bifunctional epoxy aldehyde, perhaps by alcohol dehydrogenase, to which the observed FANC sensitivity could be attributed. The implications of this study are very important in considering mechanisms by which EBD may cause leukemia and lymphoma in humans exposed to BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Nakamura
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Biosciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan; Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Sujey Carro
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Avram Gold
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zhenfa Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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13
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García-de-Teresa B, Rodríguez A, Frias S. Chromosome Instability in Fanconi Anemia: From Breaks to Phenotypic Consequences. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1528. [PMID: 33371494 PMCID: PMC7767525 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA), a chromosomal instability syndrome, is caused by inherited pathogenic variants in any of 22 FANC genes, which cooperate in the FA/BRCA pathway. This pathway regulates the repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) through homologous recombination. In FA proper repair of ICLs is impaired and accumulation of toxic DNA double strand breaks occurs. To repair this type of DNA damage, FA cells activate alternative error-prone DNA repair pathways, which may lead to the formation of gross structural chromosome aberrations of which radial figures are the hallmark of FA, and their segregation during cell division are the origin of subsequent aberrations such as translocations, dicentrics and acentric fragments. The deficiency in DNA repair has pleiotropic consequences in the phenotype of patients with FA, including developmental alterations, bone marrow failure and an extreme risk to develop cancer. The mechanisms leading to the physical abnormalities during embryonic development have not been clearly elucidated, however FA has features of premature aging with chronic inflammation mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines, which results in tissue attrition, selection of malignant clones and cancer onset. Moreover, chromosomal instability and cell death are not exclusive of the somatic compartment, they also affect germinal cells, as evidenced by the infertility observed in patients with FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benilde García-de-Teresa
- Laboratorio de Citogenética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico;
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Citogenética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Sara Frias
- Laboratorio de Citogenética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
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14
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Ryu NM, Kim JM. The role of the α-tubulin acetyltransferase αTAT1 in the DNA damage response. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs.246702. [PMID: 32788234 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.246702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine 40 acetylation of α-tubulin (Ac-α-tubulin), catalyzed by the acetyltransferase αTAT1, marks stabilized microtubules. Recently, there is growing evidence to suggest crosstalk between the DNA damage response (DDR) and microtubule organization; we therefore investigated whether αTAT1 is involved in the DDR. Following treatment with DNA-damaging agents, increased levels of Ac-α-tubulin were detected. We also observed significant induction of Ac-α-tubulin after depletion of DNA repair proteins, suggesting that αTAT1 is positively regulated in response to DNA damage. Intriguingly, αTAT1 depletion decreased DNA damage-induced replication protein A (RPA) phosphorylation and foci formation. Moreover, DNA damage-induced cell cycle arrest was significantly delayed in αTAT1-depleted cells, indicating defective checkpoint activation. The checkpoint defects seen upon αTAT1 deficiency were restored by expression of wild-type αTAT1, but not by αTAT1-D157N (a catalytically inactive αTAT1), indicating that the role of αTAT1 in the DDR is dependent on enzymatic activity. Furthermore, αTAT1-depleted direct repeat GFP (DR-GFP) U2OS cells had a significant decrease in the frequency of homologous recombination repair. Collectively, our results suggest that αTAT1 may play an essential role in DNA damage checkpoints and DNA repair through its acetyltransferase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Mi Ryu
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jellanamdo, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jellanamdo, 58128, Republic of Korea
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15
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Rogers CM, Simmons Iii RH, Fluhler Thornburg GE, Buehler NJ, Bochman ML. Fanconi anemia-independent DNA inter-strand crosslink repair in eukaryotes. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 158:33-46. [PMID: 32877700 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA inter-strand crosslinks (ICLs) are dangerous lesions that can be caused by a variety of endogenous and exogenous bifunctional compounds. Because covalently linking both strands of the double helix locally disrupts DNA replication and transcription, failure to remove even a single ICL can be fatal to the cell. Thus, multiple ICL repair pathways have evolved, with the best studied being the canonical Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway. However, recent research demonstrates that different types of ICLs (e.g., backbone distorting vs. non-distorting) can be discriminated by the cell, which then mounts a specific repair response using the FA pathway or one of a variety of FA-independent ICL repair pathways. This review focuses on the latter, covering current work on the transcription-coupled, base excision, acetaldehyde-induced, and SNM1A/RecQ4 ICL repair pathways and highlighting unanswered questions in the field. Answering these questions will provide mechanistic insight into the various pathways of ICL repair and enable ICL-inducing agents to be more effectively used as chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody M Rogers
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Department, Indiana University, 212 S. Hawthorne Dr., Simon Hall MSB1 room 405B, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Robert H Simmons Iii
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Department, Indiana University, 212 S. Hawthorne Dr., Simon Hall MSB1 room 405B, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Gabriella E Fluhler Thornburg
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Department, Indiana University, 212 S. Hawthorne Dr., Simon Hall MSB1 room 405B, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Nicholas J Buehler
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Department, Indiana University, 212 S. Hawthorne Dr., Simon Hall MSB1 room 405B, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Matthew L Bochman
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Department, Indiana University, 212 S. Hawthorne Dr., Simon Hall MSB1 room 405B, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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16
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Huang JW, Acharya A, Taglialatela A, Nambiar TS, Cuella-Martin R, Leuzzi G, Hayward SB, Joseph SA, Brunette GJ, Anand R, Soni RK, Clark NL, Bernstein KA, Cejka P, Ciccia A. MCM8IP activates the MCM8-9 helicase to promote DNA synthesis and homologous recombination upon DNA damage. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2948. [PMID: 32528060 PMCID: PMC7290032 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16718-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) mediates the error-free repair of DNA double-strand breaks to maintain genomic stability. Here we characterize C17orf53/MCM8IP, an OB-fold containing protein that binds ssDNA, as a DNA repair factor involved in HR. MCM8IP-deficient cells exhibit HR defects, especially in long-tract gene conversion, occurring downstream of RAD51 loading, consistent with a role for MCM8IP in HR-dependent DNA synthesis. Moreover, loss of MCM8IP confers cellular sensitivity to crosslinking agents and PARP inhibition. Importantly, we report that MCM8IP directly associates with MCM8-9, a helicase complex mutated in primary ovarian insufficiency, and RPA1. We additionally show that the interactions of MCM8IP with MCM8-9 and RPA facilitate HR and promote replication fork progression and cellular viability in response to treatment with crosslinking agents. Mechanistically, MCM8IP stimulates the helicase activity of MCM8-9. Collectively, our work identifies MCM8IP as a key regulator of MCM8-9-dependent DNA synthesis during DNA recombination and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Wei Huang
- Department of Genetics and Development, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ananya Acharya
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angelo Taglialatela
- Department of Genetics and Development, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tarun S Nambiar
- Department of Genetics and Development, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Raquel Cuella-Martin
- Department of Genetics and Development, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Giuseppe Leuzzi
- Department of Genetics and Development, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuel B Hayward
- Department of Genetics and Development, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah A Joseph
- Department of Genetics and Development, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gregory J Brunette
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Roopesh Anand
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Rajesh K Soni
- Proteomics and Macromolecular Crystallography Shared Resource, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nathan L Clark
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kara A Bernstein
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Petr Cejka
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Ciccia
- Department of Genetics and Development, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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17
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O'Rourke JJ, Bythell-Douglas R, Dunn EA, Deans AJ. ALT control, delete: FANCM as an anti-cancer target in Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres. Nucleus 2020; 10:221-230. [PMID: 31663812 PMCID: PMC6949022 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2019.1685246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Break-induced replication is a specific type of DNA repair that has a co-opted role in telomere extension by telomerase-negative cancer cells. This Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (or ‘ALT’) is required for viability in approximately 10% of all carcinomas, but up to 50% of the soft-tissue derived sarcomas. In several recent studies, we and others demonstrate that expression and activity of FANCM, a DNA translocase protein, is essential for the viability of ALT-associated cancers. Here we provide a summary of how and why FANCM depletion leads to deletion of ALT-controlled cancers, predominantly through a hyper-activation of break-induced replication. We also discuss how FANCM can and has been targeted in cancer cell killing, including potential opportunities in ALT and other genetic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julienne J O'Rourke
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia.,Department of Medicine, (St Vincent's) University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Rohan Bythell-Douglas
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Elyse A Dunn
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Andrew J Deans
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia.,Department of Medicine, (St Vincent's) University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
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18
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Taylor SJ, Arends MJ, Langdon SP. Inhibitors of the Fanconi anaemia pathway as potential antitumour agents for ovarian cancer. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2020; 1:26-52. [PMID: 36046263 PMCID: PMC9400734 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2020.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fanconi anaemia (FA) pathway is an important mechanism for cellular DNA damage repair, which functions to remove toxic DNA interstrand crosslinks. This is particularly relevant in the context of ovarian and other cancers which rely extensively on interstrand cross-link generating platinum chemotherapy as standard of care treatment. These cancers often respond well to initial treatment, but reoccur with resistant disease and upregulation of DNA damage repair pathways. The FA pathway is therefore of great interest as a target for therapies that aim to improve the efficacy of platinum chemotherapies, and reverse tumour resistance to these. In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the mechanism of interstrand cross-link repair by the FA pathway, and the potential of the component parts as targets for therapeutic agents. We then focus on the current state of play of inhibitor development, covering both the characterisation of broad spectrum inhibitors and high throughput screening approaches to identify novel small molecule inhibitors. We also consider synthetic lethality between the FA pathway and other DNA damage repair pathways as a therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Taylor
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Edinburgh Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark J Arends
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Edinburgh Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, UK
| | - Simon P Langdon
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Edinburgh Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, UK
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19
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FANCM suppresses DNA replication stress at ALT telomeres by disrupting TERRA R-loops. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19110. [PMID: 31836759 PMCID: PMC6911001 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55537-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells maintain their telomeres by either re-activating telomerase or adopting the homologous recombination (HR)-based Alternative Lengthening of Telomere (ALT) pathway. Among the many prominent features of ALT cells, C-circles (CC) formation is considered to be the most specific and quantifiable biomarker of ALT. However, the molecular mechanism behind the initiation and maintenance of CC formation in ALT cells is still largely unknown. We reported previously that depletion of the FANCM complex (FANCM-FAAP24-MHF1&2) in ALT cells induced pronounced replication stress, which primarily takes place at their telomeres. Here, we characterized the changes in ALT associated phenotypes in cells deficient of the FANCM complex. We found that depletion of FAAP24 or FANCM, but not MHF1&2, induces a dramatic increase of CC formation. Most importantly, we identified multiple DNA damage response (DDR) and DNA repair pathways that stimulate the dramatic increase of CC formation in FANCM deficient cells, including the dissolvase complex (BLM-TOP3A-RMI1/2, or BTR), DNA damage checkpoint kinases (ATR and Chk1), HR proteins (BRCA2, PALB2, and Rad51), as well as proteins involved in Break-Induced Replication (BIR) (POLD1 and POLD3). In addition, FANCD2, another Fanconi Anemia (FA) protein, is also required for CC formation, likely through promoting the recruitment of BLM to the replication stressed ALT telomeres. Finally, we demonstrated that TERRA R-loops accumulate at telomeres in FANCM deficient ALT cells and downregulation of which attenuates the ALT-associated PML bodies (APBs), replication stress and CC formation. Taken together, our data suggest that FANCM prevents replisomes from stalling/collapsing at ALT telomeres by disrupting TERRA R-loops.
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20
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Codilupi T, Taube D, Naegeli H. CRL4 ubiquitin ligase stimulates Fanconi anemia pathway-induced single-stranded DNA-RPA signaling. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:1042. [PMID: 31690264 PMCID: PMC6833152 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6305-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DNA-crosslinking agents like cisplatin and mitomycin C (MMC) are indispensible for the treatment of many solid malignancies. These anticancer drugs generate DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) that cause cell death by blocking replication forks. Many factors counteracting ICL-induced DNA replication stress, including the Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway, are regulated by ubiquitination and, therefore, ubiquitin ligases are potential targets for the sensitization of cancer cells to crosslinking agents. In this study, we investigated the function of the CRL4 ubiquitin ligase in modulating the response of cancer cells to ICL induction. Methods The two cullin paralogs CUL4A and CUL4B, which form the CRL4 ligase scaffold, were depleted in cancer cells by small interfering RNA followed by analysis of the cellular and biochemical responses to ICLs elicited upon cisplatin or MMC treatment. Results We report that the combined depletion of CUL4A and CUL4B weakens an FA pathway-dependent S phase checkpoint response. CRL4 positively stimulates the monoubiquitination of FANCD2 required for the recruitment of XPF-ERCC1, a structure-specific endonuclease that, in turn, contributes to the display of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) at ICLs. After CRL4 down regulation, the missing ssDNA results in reduced recruitment of RPA, thereby dampening activation of ATR and CHK1 checkpoint kinases and allowing for S phase progression despite ICL induction. Conclusion Our findings indicate that CRL4 promotes cell survival by potentiating an FA pathway-dependent ssDNA-RPA signaling platform installed at ICLs. The anticancer efficacy of crosslinking agents may, therefore, be enhanced by down regulating CRL4 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Codilupi
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Doreen Taube
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hanspeter Naegeli
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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21
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Abstract
DNA repair proteins have been found to localize to the centrosomes and defects in these proteins cause centrosome abnormality. Centrobin is a centriole-associated protein that is required for centriole duplication and microtubule stability. A recent study revealed that centrobin is a candidate substrate for ATM/ATR kinases. However, whether centrobin is involved in DNA damage response (DDR) remains unexplored. Here we show that centrobin is phosphorylated after UV exposure and that the phosphorylation is detected exclusively in the detergent/DNase I-resistant nuclear matrix. UV-induced phosphorylation of centrobin is largely dependent on ATR activity. Centrobin-depleted cells show impaired DNA damage-induced microtubule stabilization and increased sensitivity to UV radiation. Interestingly, depletion of centrobin leads to defective homologous recombination (HR) repair, which is reversed by expression of wild-type centrobin. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that centrobin plays an important role in DDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Mi Ryu
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School , Jellanamdo , Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School , Jellanamdo , Republic of Korea
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22
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Liang F, Miller AS, Longerich S, Tang C, Maranon D, Williamson EA, Hromas R, Wiese C, Kupfer GM, Sung P. DNA requirement in FANCD2 deubiquitination by USP1-UAF1-RAD51AP1 in the Fanconi anemia DNA damage response. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2849. [PMID: 31253762 PMCID: PMC6599204 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10408-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a multigenic disease of bone marrow failure and cancer susceptibility stemming from a failure to remove DNA crosslinks and other chromosomal lesions. Within the FA DNA damage response pathway, DNA-dependent monoubiquitinaton of FANCD2 licenses downstream events, while timely FANCD2 deubiquitination serves to extinguish the response. Here, we show with reconstituted biochemical systems, which we developed, that efficient FANCD2 deubiquitination by the USP1-UAF1 complex is dependent on DNA and DNA binding by UAF1. Surprisingly, we find that the DNA binding activity of the UAF1-associated protein RAD51AP1 can substitute for that of UAF1 in FANCD2 deubiquitination in our biochemical system. We also reveal the importance of DNA binding by UAF1 and RAD51AP1 in FANCD2 deubiquitination in the cellular setting. Our results provide insights into a key step in the FA pathway and help define the multifaceted role of the USP1-UAF1-RAD51AP1 complex in DNA damage tolerance and genome repair. In the Fanconi anemia pathway, deubiquitination of FANCD2 is a fundamental regulatory step. Here, the authors have developed a set of biochemical tools to reconstitute FANCD2 deubiquitination by recombinant USP1-UAF1-RAD51AP1 and reveal critical mechanistic details of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengshan Liang
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Adam S Miller
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Simonne Longerich
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Caroline Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David Maranon
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Williamson
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Robert Hromas
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Claudia Wiese
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Gary M Kupfer
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Patrick Sung
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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23
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Hu WF, Krieger KL, Lagundžin D, Li X, Cheung RS, Taniguchi T, Johnson KR, Bessho T, Monteiro ANA, Woods NT. CTDP1 regulates breast cancer survival and DNA repair through BRCT-specific interactions with FANCI. Cell Death Discov 2019; 5:105. [PMID: 31240132 PMCID: PMC6584691 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-019-0185-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BRCA1 C-terminal domains are found in a specialized group of 23 proteins that function in the DNA damage response to protect genomic integrity. C-terminal domain phosphatase 1 (CTDP1) is the only phosphatase with a BRCA1 C-terminal domain in the human proteome, yet direct participation in the DNA damage response has not been reported. Examination of the CTDP1 BRCA1 C-terminal domain-specific protein interaction network revealed 103 high confidence interactions enriched in DNA damage response proteins, including FANCA and FANCI that are central to the Fanconi anemia DNA repair pathway necessary for the resolution of DNA interstrand crosslink damage. CTDP1 expression promotes DNA damage-induced FANCA and FANCD2 foci formation and enhances homologous recombination repair efficiency. CTDP1 was found to regulate multiple aspects of FANCI activity, including chromatin localization, interaction with γ-H2AX, and SQ motif phosphorylations. Knockdown of CTDP1 increases MCF-10A sensitivity to DNA interstrand crosslinks and double-strand breaks, but not ultraviolet radiation. In addition, CTDP1 knockdown impairs in vitro and in vivo growth of breast cancer cell lines. These results elucidate the molecular functions of CTDP1 in Fanconi anemia interstrand crosslink repair and identify this protein as a potential target for breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Feng Hu
- 1Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA.,2Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kimiko L Krieger
- 1Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
| | - Dragana Lagundžin
- 1Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA.,3Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Core Facility, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
| | - Xueli Li
- 4Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Ronald S Cheung
- 5Divisions of Human Biology and Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
| | - Toshiyasu Taniguchi
- 5Divisions of Human Biology and Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.,6Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa Japan
| | - Keith R Johnson
- 1Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
| | - Tadayoshi Bessho
- 1Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
| | - Alvaro N A Monteiro
- 4Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Nicholas T Woods
- 1Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
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24
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FANCM limits ALT activity by restricting telomeric replication stress induced by deregulated BLM and R-loops. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2253. [PMID: 31138795 PMCID: PMC6538666 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10179-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase negative immortal cancer cells elongate telomeres through the Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT) pathway. While sustained telomeric replicative stress is required to maintain ALT, it might also lead to cell death when excessive. Here, we show that the ATPase/translocase activity of FANCM keeps telomeric replicative stress in check specifically in ALT cells. When FANCM is depleted in ALT cells, telomeres become dysfunctional, and cells stop proliferating and die. FANCM depletion also increases ALT-associated marks and de novo synthesis of telomeric DNA. Depletion of the BLM helicase reduces the telomeric replication stress and cell proliferation defects induced by FANCM inactivation. Finally, FANCM unwinds telomeric R-loops in vitro and suppresses their accumulation in cells. Overexpression of RNaseH1 completely abolishes the replication stress remaining in cells codepleted for FANCM and BLM. Thus, FANCM allows controlled ALT activity and ALT cell proliferation by limiting the toxicity of uncontrolled BLM and telomeric R-loops. In cancer cells, telomeres can be elongated through homology directed-repair pathways in a process known as Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT). Here, the authors reveal that FANCM regulates ALT activity and ALT cell proliferation by limiting the activity of uncontrolled BLM and telomeric R-loops.
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25
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Lu R, O'Rourke JJ, Sobinoff AP, Allen JAM, Nelson CB, Tomlinson CG, Lee M, Reddel RR, Deans AJ, Pickett HA. The FANCM-BLM-TOP3A-RMI complex suppresses alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). Nat Commun 2019; 10:2252. [PMID: 31138797 PMCID: PMC6538672 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10180-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The collapse of stalled replication forks is a major driver of genomic instability. Several committed mechanisms exist to resolve replication stress. These pathways are particularly pertinent at telomeres. Cancer cells that use Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT) display heightened levels of telomere-specific replication stress, and co-opt stalled replication forks as substrates for break-induced telomere synthesis. FANCM is a DNA translocase that can form independent functional interactions with the BLM-TOP3A-RMI (BTR) complex and the Fanconi anemia (FA) core complex. Here, we demonstrate that FANCM depletion provokes ALT activity, evident by increased break-induced telomere synthesis, and the induction of ALT biomarkers. FANCM-mediated attenuation of ALT requires its inherent DNA translocase activity and interaction with the BTR complex, but does not require the FA core complex, indicative of FANCM functioning to restrain excessive ALT activity by ameliorating replication stress at telomeres. Synthetic inhibition of FANCM-BTR complex formation is selectively toxic to ALT cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lu
- Telomere Length Regulation Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, 2145, NSW, Australia
| | - Julienne J O'Rourke
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent's Institute, 9 Princes St, Fitzroy, 3065, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine (St. Vincent's), University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3052, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexander P Sobinoff
- Telomere Length Regulation Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, 2145, NSW, Australia
| | - Joshua A M Allen
- Telomere Length Regulation Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, 2145, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher B Nelson
- Telomere Length Regulation Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, 2145, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher G Tomlinson
- Telomere Length Regulation Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, 2145, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Lee
- Telomere Length Regulation Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, 2145, NSW, Australia
| | - Roger R Reddel
- Cancer Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, 2145, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew J Deans
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent's Institute, 9 Princes St, Fitzroy, 3065, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Medicine (St. Vincent's), University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3052, VIC, Australia.
| | - Hilda A Pickett
- Telomere Length Regulation Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, 2145, NSW, Australia.
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26
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Huang J, Zhang J, Bellani MA, Pokharel D, Gichimu J, James RC, Gali H, Ling C, Yan Z, Xu D, Chen J, Meetei AR, Li L, Wang W, Seidman MM. Remodeling of Interstrand Crosslink Proximal Replisomes Is Dependent on ATR, FANCM, and FANCD2. Cell Rep 2019; 27:1794-1808.e5. [PMID: 31067464 PMCID: PMC6676478 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic replisomes are driven by the mini chromosome maintenance (MCM [M]) helicase complex, an offset ring locked around the template for leading strand synthesis by CDC45 (C) and GINS (G) proteins. Although the CDC45 MCM GINS (CMG) structure implies that interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) are absolute blocks to replisomes, recent studies indicate that cells can restart DNA synthesis on the side of the ICL distal to the initial encounter. Here, we report that restart requires ATR and is promoted by FANCD2 and phosphorylated FANCM. Following introduction of genomic ICLs and dependent on ATR and FANCD2 but not on the Fanconi anemia core proteins or FAAP24, FANCM binds the replisome complex, with concomitant release of the GINS proteins. In situ analysis of replisomes proximal to ICLs confirms the ATR-dependent release of GINS proteins while CDC45 is retained on the remodeled replisome. The results demonstrate the plasticity of CMG composition in response to replication stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Marina A Bellani
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Durga Pokharel
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Julia Gichimu
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Ryan C James
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Himabindu Gali
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics and Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St., K-712D, Boston, MA 02118-2526
| | - Chen Ling
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Zhijiang Yan
- Institute of DNA Repair Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dongyi Xu
- Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77225-0334, USA
| | - Amom Ruhikanta Meetei
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology and Cancer & Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Department Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77225-0334, USA
| | - Weidong Wang
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Michael M Seidman
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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27
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Interaction of the Human Papillomavirus E1 Helicase with UAF1-USP1 Promotes Unidirectional Theta Replication of Viral Genomes. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.00152-19. [PMID: 30890612 PMCID: PMC6426595 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00152-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are important pathogens that replicate their double-stranded circular DNA genome in the nucleus of infected cells. HPV genomes replicate in infected cells via bidirectional theta replication and a poorly understood unidirectional mechanism, and the onset of viral replication requires the engagement of cellular DNA damage response pathways. In this study, we showed that the previously described interaction between the viral E1 helicase and the cellular UAF1-USP1 complex is necessary for the completion of bidirectional replication and the subsequent initiation of the unidirectional replication mechanism. Our results suggest HPVs may use the cellular Fanconi anemia DNA damage pathway to achieve the separation of daughter molecules generated by bidirectional theta replication. Additionally, our results indicate that the unidirectional replication of the HPV genome is initiated from restarted bidirectional theta replication forks. Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are important pathogens with a significant medical burden. HPV genomes replicate in infected cells via bidirectional theta replication and a poorly understood unidirectional mechanism. In this report, we provide evidence that the previously described interaction between the viral E1 helicase and the cellular UAF1-USP1 deubiquitinating enzyme complex, a member of the Fanconi anemia DNA damage response pathway, is required for the completion of the bidirectional theta replication of the HPV11 genome and the subsequent initiation of the unidirectional replication. We show that unidirectional replication proceeds via theta structures and is supported by the cellular Bloom helicase, which interacts directly with E1 and whose engagement in HPV11 replication requires UAF1-USP1 activity. We propose that the unidirectional replication of the HPV11 genome initiates from replication fork restart events. These findings suggest a new role for the Fanconi anemia pathway in HPV replication.
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28
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Datta A, Brosh RM. Holding All the Cards-How Fanconi Anemia Proteins Deal with Replication Stress and Preserve Genomic Stability. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10020170. [PMID: 30813363 PMCID: PMC6409899 DOI: 10.3390/genes10020170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a hereditary chromosomal instability disorder often displaying congenital abnormalities and characterized by a predisposition to progressive bone marrow failure (BMF) and cancer. Over the last 25 years since the discovery of the first linkage of genetic mutations to FA, its molecular genetic landscape has expanded tremendously as it became apparent that FA is a disease characterized by a defect in a specific DNA repair pathway responsible for the correction of covalent cross-links between the two complementary strands of the DNA double helix. This pathway has become increasingly complex, with the discovery of now over 20 FA-linked genes implicated in interstrand cross-link (ICL) repair. Moreover, gene products known to be involved in double-strand break (DSB) repair, mismatch repair (MMR), and nucleotide excision repair (NER) play roles in the ICL response and repair of associated DNA damage. While ICL repair is predominantly coupled with DNA replication, it also can occur in non-replicating cells. DNA damage accumulation and hematopoietic stem cell failure are thought to contribute to the increased inflammation and oxidative stress prevalent in FA. Adding to its confounding nature, certain FA gene products are also engaged in the response to replication stress, caused endogenously or by agents other than ICL-inducing drugs. In this review, we discuss the mechanistic aspects of the FA pathway and the molecular defects leading to elevated replication stress believed to underlie the cellular phenotypes and clinical features of FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Datta
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, NIH Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Robert M Brosh
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, NIH Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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29
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Andreev V, Hristova R, Asparuhova M, Danovski G, Stoynov S, Gospodinov A. Mammalian INO80 chromatin remodeler cooperates with FANCM to mediate DNA interstrand crosslink-induced checkpoint activation and repair. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 74:38-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Khanal S, Galloway DA. High-risk human papillomavirus oncogenes disrupt the Fanconi anemia DNA repair pathway by impairing localization and de-ubiquitination of FancD2. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007442. [PMID: 30818369 PMCID: PMC6413947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent expression of high-risk HPV oncogenes is necessary for the development of anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers. Here, we show that E6/E7 expressing cells are hypersensitive to DNA crosslinking agent cisplatin and have defects in repairing DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICL). Importantly, we elucidate how E6/E7 attenuate the Fanconi anemia (FA) DNA crosslink repair pathway. Though E6/E7 activated the pathway by increasing FancD2 monoubiquitination and foci formation, they inhibited the completion of the repair by multiple mechanisms. E6/E7 impaired FancD2 colocalization with double-strand breaks (DSB), which subsequently hindered the recruitment of the downstream protein Rad51 to DSB in E6 cells. Further, E6 expression caused delayed FancD2 de-ubiquitination, an important process for effective ICL repair. Delayed FancD2 de-ubiquitination was associated with the increased chromatin retention of FancD2 hindering USP1 de-ubiquitinating activity, and persistently activated ATR/CHK-1/pS565 FancI signaling. E6 mediated p53 degradation did not hamper the cell cycle specific process of FancD2 modifications but abrogated repair by disrupting FancD2 de-ubiquitination. Further, E6 reduced the expression and foci formation of Palb2, which is a repair protein downstream of FancD2. These findings uncover unique mechanisms by which HPV oncogenes contribute to genomic instability and the response to cisplatin therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujita Khanal
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Denise A. Galloway
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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31
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Faridounnia M, Folkers GE, Boelens R. Function and Interactions of ERCC1-XPF in DNA Damage Response. Molecules 2018; 23:E3205. [PMID: 30563071 PMCID: PMC6320978 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous proteins are involved in the multiple pathways of the DNA damage response network and play a key role to protect the genome from the wide variety of damages that can occur to DNA. An example of this is the structure-specific endonuclease ERCC1-XPF. This heterodimeric complex is in particular involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER), but also in double strand break repair and interstrand cross-link repair pathways. Here we review the function of ERCC1-XPF in various DNA repair pathways and discuss human disorders associated with ERCC1-XPF deficiency. We also overview our molecular and structural understanding of XPF-ERCC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Faridounnia
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Gert E Folkers
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Rolf Boelens
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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32
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The concerted roles of FANCM and Rad52 in the protection of common fragile sites. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2791. [PMID: 30022024 PMCID: PMC6052092 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05066-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Common fragile sites (CFSs) are prone to chromosomal breakage and are hotspots for chromosomal rearrangements in cancer cells. We uncovered a novel function of Fanconi anemia (FA) protein FANCM in the protection of CFSs that is independent of the FA core complex and the FANCI–FANCD2 complex. FANCM, along with its binding partners FAAP24 and MHF1/2, is recruited to CFS-derived structure-prone AT-rich sequences, where it suppresses DNA double-strand break (DSB) formation and mitotic recombination in a manner dependent on FANCM translocase activity. Interestingly, we also identified an indispensable function of Rad52 in the repair of DSBs at CFS-derived AT-rich sequences, despite its nonessential function in general homologous recombination (HR) in mammalian cells. Suppression of Rad52 expression in combination with FANCM knockout drastically reduces cell and tumor growth, suggesting a synthetic lethality interaction between these two genes, which offers a potential targeted treatment strategy for FANCM-deficient tumors with Rad52 inhibition. Fanconi anemia core proteins have been linked to common fragile site stability. Here the authors shed light into the role of FANCM in common fragile site protection by suppressing double-strand break formation and mitotic recombination.
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33
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Jin H, Roy U, Lee G, Schärer OD, Cho Y. Structural mechanism of DNA interstrand cross-link unhooking by the bacterial FAN1 nuclease. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:6482-6496. [PMID: 29514982 PMCID: PMC5925792 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs) block the progress of the replication and transcription machineries and can weaken chromosomal stability, resulting in various diseases. FANCD2-FANCI-associated nuclease (FAN1) is a conserved structure-specific nuclease that unhooks DNA ICLs independently of the Fanconi anemia pathway. Recent structural studies have proposed two different mechanistic features for ICL unhooking by human FAN1: a specific basic pocket that recognizes the terminal phosphate of a 1-nucleotide (nt) 5' flap or FAN1 dimerization. Herein, we show that despite lacking these features, Pseudomonas aeruginosa FAN1 (PaFAN1) cleaves substrates at ∼3-nt intervals and resolves ICLs. Crystal structures of PaFAN1 bound to various DNA substrates revealed that its conserved basic Arg/Lys patch comprising Arg-228 and Lys-260 recognizes phosphate groups near the 5' terminus of a DNA substrate with a 1-nt flap or a nick. Substitution of Lys-260 did not affect PaFAN1's initial endonuclease activity but significantly decreased its subsequent exonuclease activity and ICL unhooking. The Arg/Lys patch also interacted with phosphates at a 3-nt gap, and this interaction could drive movement of the scissile phosphates into the PaFAN1-active site. In human FAN1, the ICL-resolving activity was not affected by individual disruption of the Arg/Lys patch or basic pocket. However, simultaneous substitution of both FAN1 regions significantly reduced its ICL-resolving activity, suggesting that these two basic regions play a complementary role in ICL repair. On the basis of these findings, we propose a conserved role for two basic regions in FAN1 to guide ICL unhooking and to maintain genomic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonseok Jin
- From the Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbook 37673, South Korea
| | - Upasana Roy
- the Departments of Chemistry and Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Gwangrog Lee
- the Department of Biology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
| | - Orlando D Schärer
- the Departments of Chemistry and Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
- the Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea, and
- the Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Yunje Cho
- From the Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbook 37673, South Korea,
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34
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Cheung RS, Castella M, Abeyta A, Gafken PR, Tucker N, Taniguchi T. Ubiquitination-Linked Phosphorylation of the FANCI S/TQ Cluster Contributes to Activation of the Fanconi Anemia I/D2 Complex. Cell Rep 2018. [PMID: 28636932 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Repair of interstrand crosslinks by the Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway requires both monoubiquitination and de-ubiquitination of the FANCI/FANCD2 (FANCI/D2) complex. In the standing model, the phosphorylation of six sites in the FANCI S/TQ cluster domain occurs upstream of, and promotes, FANCI/D2 monoubiquitination. We generated phospho-specific antibodies against three different S/TQ cluster sites (serines 556, 559, and 565) on human FANCI and found that, in contrast to the standing model, distinct FANCI sites were phosphorylated either predominantly upstream (ubiquitination independent; serine 556) or downstream (ubiquitination-linked; serines 559 and 565) of FANCI/D2 monoubiquitination. Ubiquitination-linked FANCI phosphorylation inhibited FANCD2 de-ubiquitination and bypassed the need to de-ubiquitinate FANCD2 to achieve effective interstrand crosslink repair. USP1 depletion suppressed ubiquitination-linked FANCI phosphorylation despite increasing FANCI/D2 monoubiquitination, providing an explanation of why FANCD2 de-ubiquitination is important for function of the FA pathway. Our work results in a refined model of how FANCI phosphorylation activates the FANCI/D2 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald S Cheung
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Maria Castella
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Antonio Abeyta
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Philip R Gafken
- Proteomics Core Facility, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Nyka Tucker
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Toshiyasu Taniguchi
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.
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35
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Sundaravinayagam D, Kim HR, Wu T, Kim HH, Lee HS, Jun S, Cha JH, Kee Y, You HJ, Lee JH. miR146a-mediated targeting of FANCM during inflammation compromises genome integrity. Oncotarget 2018; 7:45976-45994. [PMID: 27351285 PMCID: PMC5216775 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a potent inducer of tumorigenesis. Increased DNA damage or loss of genome integrity is thought to be one of the mechanisms linking inflammation and cancer development. It has been suggested that NF-κB-induced microRNA-146 (miR146a) may be a mediator of the inflammatory response. Based on our initial observation that miR146a overexpression strongly increases DNA damage, we investigated its potential role as a modulator of DNA repair. Here, we demonstrate that FANCM, a component in the Fanconi Anemia pathway, is a novel target of miR146a. miR146a suppressed FANCM expression by directly binding to the 3′ untranslated region of the gene. miR146a-induced downregulation of FANCM was associated with inhibition of FANCD2 monoubiquitination, reduced DNA homologous recombination repair and checkpoint response, failed recovery from replication stress, and increased cellular sensitivity to cisplatin. These phenotypes were recapitulated when miR146a expression was induced by overexpressing the NF-κB subunit p65/RelA or Helicobacter pylori infection in a human gastric cell line; the phenotypes were effectively reversed with an anti-miR146a antagomir. These results suggest that undesired inflammation events caused by a pathogen or over-induction of miR146a can impair genome integrity via suppression of FANCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devakumar Sundaravinayagam
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Cancer Therapeutics, Cancer Mutation Research Center, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Rim Kim
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Cancer Therapeutics, Cancer Mutation Research Center, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - TingTing Wu
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Cancer Therapeutics, Cancer Mutation Research Center, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Hee Kim
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Cancer Therapeutics, Cancer Mutation Research Center, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Seo Lee
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Cancer Therapeutics, Cancer Mutation Research Center, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Semo Jun
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Cancer Therapeutics, Cancer Mutation Research Center, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Heon Cha
- Department of Oral Biology, Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghoon Kee
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ho Jin You
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Cancer Therapeutics, Cancer Mutation Research Center, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hee Lee
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Cancer Therapeutics, Cancer Mutation Research Center, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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36
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Bhattacharjee S, Nandi S. DNA damage response and cancer therapeutics through the lens of the Fanconi Anemia DNA repair pathway. Cell Commun Signal 2017; 15:41. [PMID: 29017571 PMCID: PMC5635482 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-017-0195-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fanconi Anemia (FA) is a rare, inherited genomic instability disorder, caused by mutations in genes involved in the repair of interstrand DNA crosslinks (ICLs). The FA signaling network contains a unique nuclear protein complex that mediates the monoubiquitylation of the FANCD2 and FANCI heterodimer, and coordinates activities of the downstream DNA repair pathway including nucleotide excision repair, translesion synthesis, and homologous recombination. FA proteins act at different steps of ICL repair in sensing, recognition and processing of DNA lesions. The multi-protein network is tightly regulated by complex mechanisms, such as ubiquitination, phosphorylation, and degradation signals that are critical for the maintenance of genome integrity and suppressing tumorigenesis. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of how the FA proteins participate in ICL repair and regulation of the FA signaling network that assures the safeguard of the genome. We further discuss the potential application of designing small molecule inhibitors that inhibit the FA pathway and are synthetic lethal with DNA repair enzymes that can be used for cancer therapeutics.
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37
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Chatterjee N, Walker GC. Mechanisms of DNA damage, repair, and mutagenesis. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2017; 58:235-263. [PMID: 28485537 PMCID: PMC5474181 DOI: 10.1002/em.22087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1017] [Impact Index Per Article: 145.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Living organisms are continuously exposed to a myriad of DNA damaging agents that can impact health and modulate disease-states. However, robust DNA repair and damage-bypass mechanisms faithfully protect the DNA by either removing or tolerating the damage to ensure an overall survival. Deviations in this fine-tuning are known to destabilize cellular metabolic homeostasis, as exemplified in diverse cancers where disruption or deregulation of DNA repair pathways results in genome instability. Because routinely used biological, physical and chemical agents impact human health, testing their genotoxicity and regulating their use have become important. In this introductory review, we will delineate mechanisms of DNA damage and the counteracting repair/tolerance pathways to provide insights into the molecular basis of genotoxicity in cells that lays the foundation for subsequent articles in this issue. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:235-263, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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38
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Ishiai M, Sato K, Tomida J, Kitao H, Kurumizaka H, Takata M. Activation of the FA pathway mediated by phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Mutat Res 2017; 803-805:89-95. [PMID: 28552166 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a devastating hereditary condition that impacts genome integrity, leading to clinical features such as skeletal and visceral organ malformations, attrition of bone marrow stem cells, and carcinogenesis. At least 21 proteins, when absent or defective, have been implicated in this disorder, and they together constitute the FA pathway, which functions in detection and repair of, and tolerance to, endogenous DNA damage. The damage primarily handled by the FA pathway has been assumed to be related to DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs). The FA pathway is activated upon ICL damage, and a hallmark of this activation is the mono-ubiquitination events of the key FANCD2-FANCI protein complex. Recent data have revealed unexpectedly complex details in the regulation of FA pathway activation by ICLs. In this short review, we summarize the knowledge accumulated over the years regarding how the FA pathway is activated via protein modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Ishiai
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Sato
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junya Tomida
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kitao
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kurumizaka
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Minoru Takata
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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39
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Ling C, Huang J, Yan Z, Li Y, Ohzeki M, Ishiai M, Xu D, Takata M, Seidman M, Wang W. Bloom syndrome complex promotes FANCM recruitment to stalled replication forks and facilitates both repair and traverse of DNA interstrand crosslinks. Cell Discov 2016; 2:16047. [PMID: 28058110 PMCID: PMC5167996 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2016.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The recruitment of FANCM, a conserved DNA translocase and key component of several DNA repair protein complexes, to replication forks stalled by DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) is a step upstream of the Fanconi anemia (FA) repair and replication traverse pathways of ICLs. However, detection of the FANCM recruitment has been technically challenging so that its mechanism remains exclusive. Here, we successfully observed recruitment of FANCM at stalled forks using a newly developed protocol. We report that the FANCM recruitment depends upon its intrinsic DNA translocase activity, and its DNA-binding partner FAAP24. Moreover, it is dependent on the replication checkpoint kinase, ATR; but is independent of the FA core and FANCD2-FANCI complexes, two essential components of the FA pathway, indicating that the FANCM recruitment occurs downstream of ATR but upstream of the FA pathway. Interestingly, the recruitment of FANCM requires its direct interaction with Bloom syndrome complex composed of BLM helicase, Topoisomerase 3α, RMI1 and RMI2; as well as the helicase activity of BLM. We further show that the FANCM-BLM complex interaction is critical for replication stress-induced FANCM hyperphosphorylation, for normal activation of the FA pathway in response to ICLs, and for efficient traverse of ICLs by the replication machinery. Epistasis studies demonstrate that FANCM and BLM work in the same pathway to promote replication traverse of ICLs. We conclude that FANCM and BLM complex work together at stalled forks to promote both FA repair and replication traverse pathways of ICLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ling
- Lab of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jing Huang
- Lab of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zhijiang Yan
- Lab of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yongjiang Li
- Lab of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mioko Ohzeki
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masamichi Ishiai
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Dongyi Xu
- Lab of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Minoru Takata
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michael Seidman
- Lab of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Weidong Wang
- Lab of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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40
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Swuec P, Renault L, Borg A, Shah F, Murphy VJ, van Twest S, Snijders AP, Deans AJ, Costa A. The FA Core Complex Contains a Homo-dimeric Catalytic Module for the Symmetric Mono-ubiquitination of FANCI-FANCD2. Cell Rep 2016; 18:611-623. [PMID: 27986592 PMCID: PMC5266791 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the main DNA interstrand crosslink repair pathway in higher eukaryotes requires mono-ubiquitination of FANCI and FANCD2 by FANCL, the E3 ligase subunit of the Fanconi anemia core complex. FANCI and FANCD2 form a stable complex; however, the molecular basis of their ubiquitination is ill defined. FANCD2 mono-ubiquitination by FANCL is stimulated by the presence of the FANCB and FAAP100 core complex components, through an unknown mechanism. How FANCI mono-ubiquitination is achieved remains unclear. Here, we use structural electron microscopy, combined with crosslink-coupled mass spectrometry, to find that FANCB, FANCL, and FAAP100 form a dimer of trimers, containing two FANCL molecules that are ideally poised to target both FANCI and FANCD2 for mono-ubiquitination. The FANCC-FANCE-FANCF subunits bridge between FANCB-FANCL-FAAP100 and the FANCI-FANCD2 substrate. A transient interaction with FANCC-FANCE-FANCF alters the FANCI-FANCD2 configuration, stabilizing the dimerization interface. Our data provide a model to explain how equivalent mono-ubiquitination of FANCI and FANCD2 occurs. FANCB, FANCL, and FAAP100 form a symmetric dimer of trimers FANCL is ideally poised for the symmetric mono-ubiquitination of FANCI-FANCD2 Two separate FANCC-FANCE-FANCF complexes bind to the opposing poles of FANCB-FANCL-FAAP100 FANCC-FANCE-FANCF stabilizes FANCI-FANCD2 for efficient mono-ubiquitination
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Swuec
- Macromolecular Machines Laboratory, Clare Hall Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, EN6 3LD, UK
| | - Ludovic Renault
- Macromolecular Machines Laboratory, Clare Hall Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, EN6 3LD, UK
| | - Aaron Borg
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics and Metabolomics, Clare Hall Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, EN6 3LD, UK
| | - Fenil Shah
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes St Fitzroy, Victoria, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Vincent J Murphy
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes St Fitzroy, Victoria, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Sylvie van Twest
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes St Fitzroy, Victoria, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Ambrosius P Snijders
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics and Metabolomics, Clare Hall Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, EN6 3LD, UK
| | - Andrew J Deans
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes St Fitzroy, Victoria, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Alessandro Costa
- Macromolecular Machines Laboratory, Clare Hall Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, EN6 3LD, UK.
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41
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Pradhan A, Ustiyan V, Zhang Y, Kalin TV, Kalinichenko VV. Forkhead transcription factor FoxF1 interacts with Fanconi anemia protein complexes to promote DNA damage response. Oncotarget 2016; 7:1912-26. [PMID: 26625197 PMCID: PMC4811506 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box F1 (Foxf1) transcription factor is an important regulator of embryonic development but its role in tumor cells remains incompletely understood. While 16 proteins were characterized in Fanconi anemia (FA) core complex, its interactions with cellular transcriptional machinery remain poorly characterized. Here, we identified FoxF1 protein as a novel interacting partner of the FA complex proteins. Using multiple human and mouse tumor cell lines and Foxf1+/− mice we demonstrated that FoxF1 physically binds to and increases stability of FA proteins. FoxF1 co-localizes with FANCD2 in DNA repair foci in cultured cells and tumor tissues obtained from cisplatin-treated mice. In response to DNA damage, FoxF1-deficient tumor cells showed significantly reduced FANCD2 monoubiquitination and FANCM phosphorylation, resulting in impaired formation of DNA repair foci. FoxF1 knockdown caused chromosomal instability, nuclear abnormalities, and increased tumor cell death in response to DNA-damaging agents. Overexpression of FoxF1 in DNA-damaged cells improved stability of FA proteins, decreased chromosomal and nuclear aberrations, restored formation of DNA repair foci and prevented cell death after DNA damage. These findings demonstrate that FoxF1 is a key component of FA complexes and a critical mediator of DNA damage response in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Pradhan
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute of Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Vladimir Ustiyan
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute of Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Yufang Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute of Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Tanya V Kalin
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute of Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Vladimir V Kalinichenko
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute of Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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42
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Swuec P, Costa A. DNA replication and inter-strand crosslink repair: Symmetric activation of dimeric nanomachines? Biophys Chem 2016; 225:15-19. [PMID: 27989548 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic DNA replication initiation and the Fanconi anemia pathway of interstrand crosslink repair both revolve around the recruitment of a set of DNA-processing factors onto a dimeric protein complex, which functions as a loading platform (MCM and FANCI-FANCD2 respectively). Here we compare and contrast the two systems, identifying a set of unresolved mechanistic questions. How is the dimeric loading platform assembled on the DNA? How can equivalent covalent modification of both factors in a dimer be achieved? Are multicomponent DNA-interacting machines built symmetrically around their dimeric loading platform? Recent biochemical reconstitution studies are starting to shed light on these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Swuec
- Macromolecular Machines Laboratory, Clare Hall Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, EN6 3LD, UK
| | - Alessandro Costa
- Macromolecular Machines Laboratory, Clare Hall Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, EN6 3LD, UK.
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43
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Vuono EA, Mukherjee A, Vierra DA, Adroved MM, Hodson C, Deans AJ, Howlett NG. The PTEN phosphatase functions cooperatively with the Fanconi anemia proteins in DNA crosslink repair. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36439. [PMID: 27819275 PMCID: PMC5098254 DOI: 10.1038/srep36439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genetic disease characterized by bone marrow failure and increased cancer risk. The FA proteins function primarily in DNA interstrand crosslink (ICL) repair. Here, we have examined the role of the PTEN phosphatase in this process. We have established that PTEN-deficient cells, like FA cells, exhibit increased cytotoxicity, chromosome structural aberrations, and error-prone mutagenic DNA repair following exposure to ICL-inducing agents. The increased ICL sensitivity of PTEN-deficient cells is caused, in part, by elevated PLK1 kinase-mediated phosphorylation of FANCM, constitutive FANCM polyubiquitination and degradation, and the consequent inefficient assembly of the FA core complex, FANCD2, and FANCI into DNA repair foci. We also establish that PTEN function in ICL repair is dependent on its protein phosphatase activity and ability to be SUMOylated, yet is independent of its lipid phosphatase activity. Finally, via epistasis analysis, we demonstrate that PTEN and FANCD2 function cooperatively in ICL repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Vuono
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Ananda Mukherjee
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - David A. Vierra
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Morganne M. Adroved
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Charlotte Hodson
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent’s Institute, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Deans
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent’s Institute, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Niall G. Howlett
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
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44
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Mamrak NE, Shimamura A, Howlett NG. Recent discoveries in the molecular pathogenesis of the inherited bone marrow failure syndrome Fanconi anemia. Blood Rev 2016; 31:93-99. [PMID: 27760710 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare autosomal and X-linked genetic disease characterized by congenital abnormalities, progressive bone marrow failure (BMF), and increased cancer risk during early adulthood. The median lifespan for FA patients is approximately 33years. The proteins encoded by the FA genes function together in the FA-BRCA pathway to repair DNA damage and to maintain genome stability. Within the past two years, five new FA genes have been identified-RAD51/FANCR, BRCA1/FANCS, UBE2T/FANCT, XRCC2/FANCU, and REV7/FANCV-bringing the total number of disease-causing genes to 21. This review summarizes the discovery of these new FA genes and describes how these proteins integrate into the FA-BRCA pathway to maintain genome stability and critically prevent early-onset BMF and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E Mamrak
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States.
| | - Akiko Shimamura
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA 02215, United States.
| | - Niall G Howlett
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States.
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45
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Katsuki Y, Takata M. Defects in homologous recombination repair behind the human diseases: FA and HBOC. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:T19-37. [PMID: 27550963 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndrome and a rare childhood disorder Fanconi anemia (FA) are caused by homologous recombination (HR) defects, and some of the causative genes overlap. Recent studies in this field have led to the exciting development of PARP inhibitors as novel cancer therapeutics and have clarified important mechanisms underlying genome instability and tumor suppression in HR-defective disorders. In this review, we provide an overview of the basic molecular mechanisms governing HR and DNA crosslink repair, highlighting BRCA2, and the intriguing relationship between HBOC and FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Katsuki
- Laboratory of DNA Damage SignalingDepartment of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Minoru Takata
- Laboratory of DNA Damage SignalingDepartment of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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46
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Liang CC, Li Z, Lopez-Martinez D, Nicholson WV, Vénien-Bryan C, Cohn MA. The FANCD2-FANCI complex is recruited to DNA interstrand crosslinks before monoubiquitination of FANCD2. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12124. [PMID: 27405460 PMCID: PMC4947157 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The Fanconi anaemia (FA) pathway is important for the repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICL). The FANCD2–FANCI complex is central to the pathway, and localizes to ICLs dependent on its monoubiquitination. It has remained elusive whether the complex is recruited before or after the critical monoubiquitination. Here, we report the first structural insight into the human FANCD2–FANCI complex by obtaining the cryo-EM structure. The complex contains an inner cavity, large enough to accommodate a double-stranded DNA helix, as well as a protruding Tower domain. Disease-causing mutations in the Tower domain are observed in several FA patients. Our work reveals that recruitment of the complex to a stalled replication fork serves as the trigger for the activating monoubiquitination event. Taken together, our results uncover the mechanism of how the FANCD2–FANCI complex activates the FA pathway, and explains the underlying molecular defect in FA patients with mutations in the Tower domain. FANCD2 and FANCI are essential components of the Fanconi anaemia DNA damage repair pathway. Here the authors present the cryo-EM structure of the FANCD2-FANCI complex, providing insight into how the complex is recruited to stalled replication forks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chao Liang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Zhuolun Li
- Institute of Mineralogy, Materials Physics and Cosmochemistry, UMR 7590, UPMC, CNRS, IRD, MNHN, Paris F-75005, France
| | | | | | - Catherine Vénien-Bryan
- Institute of Mineralogy, Materials Physics and Cosmochemistry, UMR 7590, UPMC, CNRS, IRD, MNHN, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Martin A Cohn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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47
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Jang SW, Jung JK, Kim JM. Replication Protein A (RPA) deficiency activates the Fanconi anemia DNA repair pathway. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:2336-45. [PMID: 27398742 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1201621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway regulates DNA inter-strand crosslink (ICL) repair. Despite our greater understanding of the role of FA in ICL repair, its function in the preventing spontaneous genome instability is not well understood. Here, we show that depletion of replication protein A (RPA) activates the FA pathway. RPA1 deficiency increases chromatin recruitment of FA core complex, leading to FANCD2 monoubiquitination (FANCD2-Ub) and foci formation in the absence of DNA damaging agents. Importantly, ATR depletion, but not ATM, abolished RPA1 depletion-induced FANCD2-Ub, suggesting that ATR activation mediated FANCD2-Ub. Interestingly, we found that depletion of hSSB1/2-INTS3, a single-stranded DNA-binding protein complex, induces FANCD2-Ub, like RPA1 depletion. More interestingly, depletion of either RPA1 or INTS3 caused increased accumulation of DNA damage in FA pathway deficient cell lines. Taken together, these results indicate that RPA deficiency induces activation of the FA pathway in an ATR-dependent manner, which may play a role in the genome maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Won Jang
- a Department of Pharmacology , Medical Research Center for Gene Regulation, Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju , Korea
| | - Jin Ki Jung
- a Department of Pharmacology , Medical Research Center for Gene Regulation, Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju , Korea
| | - Jung Min Kim
- a Department of Pharmacology , Medical Research Center for Gene Regulation, Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju , Korea
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48
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Stanley EC, Azzinaro PA, Vierra DA, Howlett NG, Irvine SQ. The Simple Chordate Ciona intestinalis Has a Reduced Complement of Genes Associated with Fanconi Anemia. Evol Bioinform Online 2016; 12:133-48. [PMID: 27279728 PMCID: PMC4898443 DOI: 10.4137/ebo.s37920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a human genetic disease characterized by congenital defects, bone marrow failure, and increased cancer risk. FA is associated with mutation in one of 24 genes. The protein products of these genes function cooperatively in the FA pathway to orchestrate the repair of DNA interstrand cross-links. Few model organisms exist for the study of FA. Seeking a model organism with a simpler version of the FA pathway, we searched the genome of the simple chordate Ciona intestinalis for homologs of the human FA-associated proteins. BLAST searches, sequence alignments, hydropathy comparisons, maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis, and structural modeling were used to infer the likelihood of homology between C. intestinalis and human FA proteins. Our analysis indicates that C. intestinalis indeed has a simpler and potentially functional FA pathway. The C. intestinalis genome was searched for candidates for homology to 24 human FA and FA-associated proteins. Support was found for the existence of homologs for 13 of these 24 human genes in C. intestinalis. Members of each of the three commonly recognized FA gene functional groups were found. In group I, we identified homologs of FANCE, FANCL, FANCM, and UBE2T/FANCT. Both members of group II, FANCD2 and FANCI, have homologs in C. intestinalis. In group III, we found evidence for homologs of FANCJ, FANCO, FANCQ/ERCC4, FANCR/RAD51, and FANCS/BRCA1, as well as the FA-associated proteins ERCC1 and FAN1. Evidence was very weak for the existence of homologs in C. intestinalis for any other recognized FA genes. This work supports the notion that C. intestinalis, as a close relative of vertebrates, but having a much reduced complement of FA genes, offers a means of studying the function of certain FA proteins in a simpler pathway than that of vertebrate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Stanley
- Integrative and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Specialization, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Paul A Azzinaro
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Specialization, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - David A Vierra
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Specialization, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Niall G Howlett
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Specialization, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA.; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Steven Q Irvine
- Integrative and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Specialization, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA.; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
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49
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Coleman KE, Huang TT. How SUMOylation Fine-Tunes the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway. Front Genet 2016; 7:61. [PMID: 27148358 PMCID: PMC4835495 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare human genetic disorder characterized by developmental defects, bone marrow failure and cancer predisposition, primarily due to a deficiency in the repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs). ICL repair through the FA DNA repair pathway is a complicated multi-step process, involving at least 19 FANC proteins and coordination of multiple DNA repair activities, including homologous recombination, nucleotide excision repair and translesion synthesis (TLS). SUMOylation is a critical regulator of several DNA repair pathways, however, the role of this modification in controlling the FA pathway is poorly understood. Here, we summarize recent advances in the fine-tuning of the FA pathway by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-targeted ubiquitin ligases (STUbLs) and other SUMO-related interactions, and discuss the implications of these findings in the design of novel therapeutics for alleviating FA-associated condition, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Coleman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York NY, USA
| | - Tony T Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York NY, USA
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50
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Kim M, Kim JM. The role of USP1 autocleavage in DNA interstrand crosslink repair. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:340-8. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mira Kim
- Department of Pharmacology; Medical Research Center for Gene Regulation; Chonnam National University Medical School; Gwangju Korea
| | - Jung Min Kim
- Department of Pharmacology; Medical Research Center for Gene Regulation; Chonnam National University Medical School; Gwangju Korea
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