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Gao Z, Xu G, Wang S, Guo N, Yu Y, Wang X. Unusual presentation of PD-1 inhibitors in people living with HIV with advanced gastric cancer: Case report. Int J STD AIDS 2024; 35:733-738. [PMID: 38644514 DOI: 10.1177/09564624241248676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
This paper seeks to determine the effect of combination anti-PD-1 and antiretroviral therapy (ART) on people living with HIV (PLWH) with advanced gastric cancer. In our case, a PLWH with recurrent locally advanced gastric cancer was treated with anti-PD-1 inhibitor and ART. A significant reduction in tumor lesions (as demonstrated by contrast-enhanced CT imaging) and a better quality of life were achieved following treatment. There have been limited studies on the treatment of PLWH with advanced gastric cancer. Chemotherapy is most often used, however, with unsatisfactory outcomes. to date, there have been no published reports on the use of PD-1 inhibitors in PLWH with advanced gastric cancer. Our report provides a valuable reference for future management of such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidi Gao
- Department of Oncology, Qingdao Branch of Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyong Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Qingdao Branch of Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Su Wang
- Department of Oncology, Hiser Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Guo
- Department of Oncology, Qingdao Branch of Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Oncology, Qingdao Branch of Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoni Wang
- Imaging Department, Qingdao Branch of Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
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2
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Roger L, Miners KL, Leonard L, Grimstead JW, Price DA, Baird DM, Ladell K. T cell memory revisited using single telomere length analysis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1100535. [PMID: 37781376 PMCID: PMC10536158 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1100535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The fundamental basis of T cell memory remains elusive. It is established that antigen stimulation drives clonal proliferation and differentiation, but the relationship between cellular phenotype, replicative history, and longevity, which is likely essential for durable memory, has proven difficult to elucidate. To address these issues, we used conventional markers of differentiation to identify and isolate various subsets of CD8+ memory T cells and measured telomere lengths in these phenotypically defined populations using the most sensitive technique developed to date, namely single telomere length analysis (STELA). Naive cells were excluded on the basis of dual expression of CCR7 and CD45RA. Memory subsets were sorted as CD27+CD45RA+, CD27intCD45RA+, CD27-CD45RA+, CD27+CD45RAint, CD27-CD45RAint, CD27+CD45RA-, and CD27-CD45RA- at >98% purity. The shortest median telomere lengths were detected among subsets that lacked expression of CD45RA, and the longest median telomere lengths were detected among subsets that expressed CD45RA. Longer median telomere lengths were also a feature of subsets that expressed CD27 in compartments defined by the absence or presence of CD45RA. Collectively, these data suggested a disconnect between replicative history and CD8+ memory T cell differentiation, which is classically thought to be a linear process that culminates with revertant expression of CD45RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laureline Roger
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly L. Miners
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Leonard
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Julia W. Grimstead
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan M. Baird
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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3
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Gholipour E, Sarvarian P, Samadi P, Talebi M, Movassaghpour A, Motavalli R, Hojjat-Farsangi M, Yousefi M. Exosome: From leukemia progression to a novel therapeutic approach in leukemia treatment. Biofactors 2020; 46:698-715. [PMID: 32797698 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes, as small vesicles, are released by tumor cells and tumor microenvironment (cells and function as key intercellular mediators and effects on different processes including tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, drug resistance, and evasion from immune system. These functions are due to exosomes' biomolecules which make them as efficient markers in early diagnosis of the disease. Also, exosomes have been recently applied in vaccination. The potential role of exosomes in immune response toward leukemic cells makes them efficient immunotherapeutic agents treating leukemia. Furthermore, variations in exosomes contents make them beneficial to be used in treating different diseases. This review introduces the role of exosomes in the development of hematological malignancies and evaluates their functional role in the treatment of these malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Gholipour
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parisa Sarvarian
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parisa Samadi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Talebi
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Movassaghpour
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roza Motavalli
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hojjat-Farsangi
- Immune and Gene Therapy Lab, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz university of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Endocrine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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4
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Humphreys D, ElGhazaly M, Frisan T. Senescence and Host-Pathogen Interactions. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071747. [PMID: 32708331 PMCID: PMC7409240 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage to our genomes triggers cellular senescence characterised by stable cell cycle arrest and a pro-inflammatory secretome that prevents the unrestricted growth of cells with pathological potential. In this way, senescence can be considered a powerful innate defence against cancer and viral infection. However, damage accumulated during ageing increases the number of senescent cells and this contributes to the chronic inflammation and deregulation of the immune function, which increases susceptibility to infectious disease in ageing organisms. Bacterial and viral pathogens are masters of exploiting weak points to establish infection and cause devastating diseases. This review considers the emerging importance of senescence in the host-pathogen interaction: we discuss the pathogen exploitation of ageing cells and senescence as a novel hijack target of bacterial pathogens that deploys senescence-inducing toxins to promote infection. The persistent induction of senescence by pathogens, mediated directly through virulence determinants or indirectly through inflammation and chronic infection, also contributes to age-related pathologies such as cancer. This review highlights the dichotomous role of senescence in infection: an innate defence that is exploited by pathogens to cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Humphreys
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK;
- Correspondence: (D.H.); (T.F.)
| | - Mohamed ElGhazaly
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK;
| | - Teresa Frisan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Correspondence: (D.H.); (T.F.)
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5
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Mormile R. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy in HIV-Positive Patients with Advanced-Stage Cancer: a Golden Card to Be Played? Pathol Oncol Res 2019; 26:1357-1358. [PMID: 31222691 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-019-00686-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Mormile
- Division of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Moscati Hospital, Via A. Gramsci, 81031, Aversa, Italy.
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6
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Xiao J, Zhang L, Dong Y, Liu X, Peng L, Yang Y, Wang Y. PD-1 Upregulation Is Associated with Exhaustion of Regulatory T Cells and Reflects Immune Activation in HIV-1-Infected Individuals. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:444-452. [PMID: 30618263 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2018.0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that PD-1expressed by regulatory T cells (Tregs) would be functional and their expression levels may associate with activation status of CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells and the disease progression of HIV-1-infected patients. To prove it, we dynamically examined PD-1 expression levels by Tregs in peripheral blood of HIV-1-infected individuals not receiving antiretroviral therapy. Eighty-one HIV-1-infected individuals not undergoing antiretroviral therapy and 22 HIV-1-seronegative donors were enrolled in our study. Tregs were defined as CD4+CD25+CD127lo/- by flow cytometry. Expression of PD-1 and the activation markers CD38, HLA-DR, and Ki67 by Tregs and CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells was also determined by flow cytometry. TGF-β and IL-10 were measured to evaluate the suppressive function of Tregs. In all Tregs, the proportion of PD-1+ Tregs observed in HIV-1-infected persons was significantly greater than that seen in HIV-1-seronegative donors, and correlated with the activation of Tregs and CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells. This increased proportion of Tregs was also statistically associated with the disease progression. Blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway with anti-PD-L1 mAb profoundly increased the level of intracellular TGF-β and IL-10 in CD4+CD25+CD127lo/- Tregs. Our data not only support that PD-1 plays a critical role to predict the activation status of cellular immunity and disease progression during HIV-1 infection but also indicate that blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway represents a novel therapeutic approach to AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xiao
- Department of Immunology, GuangXi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
- GuangXi Medical Transformational Key Laboratory of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine and High Incidence of Infectious Diseases, Nanning, China
- Department of AIDS/STD, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Lifeng Zhang
- Department of Immunology, GuangXi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
- GuangXi Medical Transformational Key Laboratory of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine and High Incidence of Infectious Diseases, Nanning, China
| | - Yuan Dong
- Department of AIDS/STD, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian Liu
- Department of Immunology, GuangXi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
- GuangXi Medical Transformational Key Laboratory of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine and High Incidence of Infectious Diseases, Nanning, China
| | - Lishan Peng
- Department of Immunology, GuangXi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
- GuangXi Medical Transformational Key Laboratory of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine and High Incidence of Infectious Diseases, Nanning, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Immunology, GuangXi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
- GuangXi Medical Transformational Key Laboratory of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine and High Incidence of Infectious Diseases, Nanning, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of AIDS/STD, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
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de Punder K, Heim C, Wadhwa PD, Entringer S. Stress and immunosenescence: The role of telomerase. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 101:87-100. [PMID: 30445409 PMCID: PMC6458519 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress is associated with the accelerated aging of the immune system and represents a potent risk factor for the development and progression of a wide range of physical and mental disorders. The elucidation of molecular pathways and mechanisms underlying the link between stress and cellular aging is an area of considerable interest and investigation. In this context, telomere biology has emerged as a particularly attractive candidate mechanism. Several studies have linked immune cell telomere length with stress-related conditions and states, and also with several physical and mental disorders. Because the cellular reverse transcriptase enzyme telomerase is the primary regulator of telomere length (by adding telomeric DNA to telomeres and thereby attenuating telomere shortening), the understanding of its regulation and regulatory functions constitutes a prime target for developing strategies to prevent, attenuate or reverse the adverse consequences of immune system aging (immunosenescence). In this review we provide an overview of the mechanistic pathways linking telomerase with stress and cellular aging, with an emphasis on the immune system. We summarize and synthesize the current state of the literature on immune cell telomerase in different stress- and aging-related disease states and provide recommendations for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin de Punder
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Medical Psychology, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christine Heim
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Medical Psychology, Berlin, Germany; Department of Biobehavioral Health, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, USA
| | - Pathik D Wadhwa
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sonja Entringer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Medical Psychology, Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA; Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
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8
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Warren JA, Clutton G, Goonetilleke N. Harnessing CD8 + T Cells Under HIV Antiretroviral Therapy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:291. [PMID: 30863403 PMCID: PMC6400228 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed HIV from a fatal disease to a chronic condition. In recent years there has been considerable interest in strategies to enable HIV-infected individuals to cease ART without viral rebound, either by purging all cells infected harboring replication-competent virus (HIV eradication), or by boosting immune responses to allow durable suppression of virus without rebound (HIV remission). Both of these approaches may need to harness HIV-specific CD8+ T cells to eliminate infected cells and/or prevent viral spread. In untreated infection, both HIV-specific and total CD8+ T cells are dysfunctional. Here, we review our current understanding of both global and HIV-specific CD8+ T cell immunity in HIV-infected individuals with durably suppressed viral load under ART, and its implications for HIV cure, eradication or remission. Overall, the literature indicates significant normalization of global T cell parameters, including CD4/8 ratio, activation status, and telomere length. Global characteristics of CD8+ T cells from HIV+ART+ individuals align more closely with those of HIV-seronegative individuals than of viremic HIV-infected individuals. However, markers of senescence remain elevated, leading to the hypothesis that immune aging is accelerated in HIV-infected individuals on ART. This phenomenon could have implications for attempts to prime de novo, or boost existing HIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses. A major challenge for both HIV cure and remission strategies is to elicit HIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses superior to that elicited by natural infection in terms of response kinetics, magnitude, breadth, viral suppressive capacity, and tissue localization. Addressing these issues will be critical to the success of HIV cure and remission attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A Warren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Genevieve Clutton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Nilu Goonetilleke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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9
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Mormile R. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in HIV-Positive Patients With NSCLC: Is it Time for Outlining a Protocol? J Thorac Oncol 2018; 13:e236-e237. [PMID: 30368419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2018.08.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Mormile
- Division of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Moscati Hospital, Aversa, Italy.
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10
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Salido J, Ruiz MJ, Trifone C, Figueroa MI, Caruso MP, Gherardi MM, Sued O, Salomón H, Laufer N, Ghiglione Y, Turk G. Phenotype, Polyfunctionality, and Antiviral Activity of in vitro Stimulated CD8 + T-Cells From HIV + Subjects Who Initiated cART at Different Time-Points After Acute Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2443. [PMID: 30405632 PMCID: PMC6205955 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since anti-HIV treatment cannot cure the infection, many strategies have been proposed to eradicate the viral reservoir, which still remains as a major challenge. The success of some of these strategies will rely on the ability of HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells (CD8TC) to clear reactivated infected cells. Here, we aimed to investigate the phenotype and function of in vitro expanded CD8TC obtained from HIV+ subjects on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), either initiated earlier (median = 3 months postinfection, ET: Early treatment) or later (median = 20 months postinfection, DT: Delayed treatment) after infection. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 12 DT and 13 ET subjects were obtained and stimulated with Nef and Gag peptide pools plus IL-2 for 14 days. ELISPOT was performed pre- and post-expansion. CD8TC memory/effector phenotype, PD-1 expression, polyfunctionality (CD107a/b, IFN-γ, IL-2, CCL4 (MIP-1β), and/or TNF-α production) and antiviral activity were evaluated post-expansion. Magnitude of ELISPOT responses increased after expansion by 103 times, in both groups. Expanded cells were highly polyfunctional, regardless of time of cART initiation. The memory/effector phenotype distribution was sharply skewed toward an effector phenotype after expansion in both groups although ET subjects showed significantly higher proportions of stem-cell and central memory CD8TCs. PD-1 expression was clustered in HIV-specific effector memory CD8TCs, subset that also showed the highest proportion of cytokine-producing cells. Moreover, PD-1 expression directly correlated with CD8TC functionality. Expanded CD8TCs from DT and ET subjects were highly capable of mediating antiviral activity, measured by two different assays. Antiviral function directly correlated with the proportion of fully differentiated effector cells (viral inhibition assay) as well as with CD8TC polyfunctionality and PD-1 expression (VITAL assay). In sum, we show that, despite being dampened in subjects on cART, the HIV-specific CD8TC response could be selectively stimulated and expanded in vitro, presenting a high proportion of cells able to carry-out multiple effector functions. Timing of cART initiation had an impact on the memory/effector differentiation phenotype, most likely reflecting how different periods of antigen persistence affected immune function. Overall, these results have important implications for the design and evaluation of strategies aimed at modulating CD8TCs to achieve the HIV functional cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimena Salido
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Julia Ruiz
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - César Trifone
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - María Paula Caruso
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Magdalena Gherardi
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Omar Sued
- Fundación Huésped, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Horacio Salomón
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Laufer
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Hospital General de Agudos “Dr. JA Fernández”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yanina Ghiglione
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Turk
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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11
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Franzese O, Barbaccia ML, Bonmassar E, Graziani G. Beneficial and Detrimental Effects of Antiretroviral Therapy on HIV-Associated Immunosenescence. Chemotherapy 2018; 63:64-75. [PMID: 29533947 DOI: 10.1159/000487534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy more than 2 decades ago, HIV-related deaths have dramatically decreased and HIV infection has become a chronic disease. Due to the inability of antiretroviral drugs to eradicate the virus, treatment of HIV infection requires a systemic lifelong therapy. However, even when successfully treated, HIV patients still show increased incidence of age-associated co-morbidities compared with uninfected individuals. Virus- induced immunosenescence, a process characterized by a progressive decline of immune system function, contributes to the premature ageing observed in HIV patients. Although antiretroviral therapy has significantly improved both the quality and length of patient lives, the life expectancy of treated patients is still shorter compared with that of uninfected individuals. In particular, while antiretroviral therapy can contrast some features of HIV-associated immunosenescence, several anti-HIV agents may themselves contribute to other aspects of immune ageing. Moreover, older HIV patients tend to have a worse immunological response to the antiviral therapy. In this review we will examine the available evidence on the role of antiretroviral therapy in the control of the main features regulating immunosenescence.
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12
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Jandus C, Usatorre AM, Viganò S, Zhang L, Romero P. The Vast Universe of T Cell Diversity: Subsets of Memory Cells and Their Differentiation. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1514:1-17. [PMID: 27787788 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6548-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The T cell receptor confers specificity for antigen recognition to T cells. By the first encounter with the cognate antigen, reactive T cells initiate a program of expansion and differentiation that will define not only the ultimate quantity of specific cells that will be generated, but more importantly their quality and functional heterogeneity. Recent achievements using mouse model infection systems have helped to shed light into the complex network of factors that dictate and sustain memory T cell differentiation, ranging from antigen load, TCR signal strength, metabolic fitness, transcriptional programs, and proliferative potential. The different models of memory T cell differentiation are discussed in this chapter, and key phenotypic and functional attributes of memory T cell subsets are presented, both for mouse and human cells. Therapeutic manipulation of memory T cell generation is expected to provide novel unique ways to optimize current immunotherapies, both in infection and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Jandus
- Translational Tumor Immunology Group, Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne, Biopole III, CB02, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Amaia Martínez Usatorre
- Translational Tumor Immunology Group, Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne, Biopole III, CB02, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Selena Viganò
- Translational Tumor Immunology Group, Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne, Biopole III, CB02, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Lianjun Zhang
- Translational Tumor Immunology Group, Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne, Biopole III, CB02, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Romero
- Translational Tumor Immunology Group, Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne, Biopole III, CB02, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland.
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13
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Bellon M, Nicot C. Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection. Viruses 2017; 9:v9100289. [PMID: 28981470 PMCID: PMC5691640 DOI: 10.3390/v9100289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The progressive loss of immunological memory during aging correlates with a reduced proliferative capacity and shortened telomeres of T cells. Growing evidence suggests that this phenotype is recapitulated during chronic viral infection. The antigenic volume imposed by persistent and latent viruses exposes the immune system to unique challenges that lead to host T-cell exhaustion, characterized by impaired T-cell functions. These dysfunctional memory T cells lack telomerase, the protein capable of extending and stabilizing chromosome ends, imposing constraints on telomere dynamics. A deleterious consequence of this excessive telomere shortening is the premature induction of replicative senescence of viral-specific CD8+ memory T cells. While senescent cells are unable to expand, they can survive for extended periods of time and are more resistant to apoptotic signals. This review takes a closer look at T-cell exhaustion in chronic viruses known to cause human disease: Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), Hepatitis B/C/D virus (HBV/HCV/HDV), human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I), human papillomavirus (HPV), herpes simplex virus-1/2 (HSV-1/2), and Varicella–Zoster virus (VZV). Current literature linking T-cell exhaustion with critical telomere lengths and immune senescence are discussed. The concept that enduring antigen stimulation leads to T-cell exhaustion that favors telomere attrition and a cell fate marked by enhanced T-cell senescence appears to be a common endpoint to chronic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Bellon
- Department of Pathology, Center for Viral Pathogenesis, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - Christophe Nicot
- Department of Pathology, Center for Viral Pathogenesis, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Strategies to cure HIV-1 infection require the eradication of viral reservoirs. An innovative approach for boosting the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response is the transfer of T-cell receptors (TCRs). Previously, we have shown that electroporation of TCR-encoding mRNA is able to reprogram CD8 T cells derived from healthy donors. So far, it is unknown whether the transfer of HIV-1-specific TCRs is capable to reprogram CD8 T cells of HIV-1-infected patients. To assess the efficiency of TCR-transfer by mRNA electroporation and the functionality of reprogramed T cells in HIV-1-infected patients, we performed an in-vitro analysis of TCR-transfer into T cells from HIV-1-infected patients in various stages of disease and from healthy controls. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 16 HIV-1-infected patients (nine HLA-A02-positive, seven HLA-A02-negative) and from five healthy controls were electroporated with mRNA-constructs encoding TCRs specific for the HLA-A02/HIV-1-gag p17 epitope SLYNTVATL (SL9). Functionality of the TCRs was measured by γIFN-ELISpot assays. RESULTS SL9/TCR transfection into peripheral blood mononuclear cells from both HLA-A02-positive and HLA-A02-negative HIV-1-infected patients and from healthy blood donors reprogramed T cells for recognition of SL9-presenting HLA-A02-positive cells in γIFN-ELISpot assays. SL9/TCR-transfer into T cells from an immunodeficient AIDS patient could induce recognition of SL9-expressing target cells only after reversion of T-cell dysfunction by antiretroviral therapy. CONCLUSION The transfer of HIV-1-p17-specific TCRs into T cells is functional both in HIV-1-infected patients as well as in healthy blood donors. TCR-transfer is a promising method to boost the immune system against HIV-1.
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The Telomere/Telomerase System in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases. Cause or Effect? Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7090060. [PMID: 27598205 PMCID: PMC5042391 DOI: 10.3390/genes7090060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are specialized nucleoprotein structures located at the end of linear chromosomes and telomerase is the enzyme responsible for telomere elongation. Telomerase activity is a key component of many cancer cells responsible for rapid cell division but it has also been found by many laboratories around the world that telomere/telomerase biology is dysfunctional in many other chronic conditions as well. These conditions are characterized by chronic inflammation, a situation mostly overlooked by physicians regarding patient treatment. Among others, these conditions include diabetes, renal failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, etc. Since researchers have in many cases identified the association between telomerase and inflammation but there are still many missing links regarding this correlation, the latest findings about this phenomenon will be discussed by reviewing the literature. Our focus will be describing telomere/telomerase status in chronic diseases under the prism of inflammation, reporting molecular findings where available and proposing possible future approaches.
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Prolonged Antiretroviral Therapy Preserves HIV-1-Specific CD8 T Cells with Stem Cell-Like Properties. J Virol 2015; 89:7829-40. [PMID: 25995260 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00789-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells can influence HIV-1 disease progression during untreated HIV-1 infection, but the functional and phenotypic properties of HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells in individuals treated with suppressive antiretroviral therapy remain less well understood. Here we show that a subgroup of HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells with stem cell-like properties, termed T memory stem cells (TSCM cells), is enriched in patients receiving suppressive antiretroviral therapy compared with their levels in untreated progressors or controllers. In addition, a prolonged duration of antiretroviral therapy was associated with a progressive increase in the relative proportions of these stem cell-like HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells. Interestingly, the proportions of HIV-1-specific CD8 TSCM cells and total HIV-1-specific CD8 TSCM cells were associated with the CD4 T cell counts during treatment with antiretroviral therapy but not with CD4 T cell counts, viral loads, or immune activation parameters in untreated patients, including controllers. HIV-1-specific CD8 TSCM cells had increased abilities to secrete interleukin-2 in response to viral antigen, while secretion of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) was more limited in comparison to alternative HIV-1-specific CD8 T cell subsets; however, only proportions of IFN-γ-secreting HIV-1-specific CD8 TSCM cells were associated with CD4 T cell counts during antiretroviral therapy. Together, these data suggest that HIV-1-specific CD8 TSCM cells represent a long-lasting component of the cellular immune response to HIV-1 that persists in an antigen-independent fashion during antiretroviral therapy but seems unable to survive and expand under conditions of ongoing viral replication during untreated infection. IMPORTANCE Memory CD8 T cells that imitate the functional properties of stem cells to maintain lifelong cellular immunity have been hypothesized for many years, but only recently have such cells, termed T memory stem cells (TSCM cells), been physically identified and isolated in humans, mice, and nonhuman primates. Here, we investigated whether cellular immune responses against HIV-1 include such T memory stem cells. Our data show that HIV-1-specific CD8 T memory stem cells are detectable during all stages of HIV-1 infection but occur most visibly at times of prolonged viral antigen suppression by antiretroviral combination therapy. These cells may therefore be particularly relevant for designing antiviral immune defense strategies against the residual reservoir of HIV-1-infected cells that persists despite treatment and leads to viral rebound upon treatment discontinuation.
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Eradication of HIV-1 from the macrophage reservoir: an uncertain goal? Viruses 2015; 7:1578-98. [PMID: 25835530 PMCID: PMC4411666 DOI: 10.3390/v7041578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) establishes latency in resting memory CD4+ T cells and cells of myeloid lineage. In contrast to the T cells, cells of myeloid lineage are resistant to the HIV-1 induced cytopathic effect. Cells of myeloid lineage including macrophages are present in anatomical sanctuaries making them a difficult drug target. In addition, the long life span of macrophages as compared to the CD4+ T cells make them important viral reservoirs in infected individuals especially in the late stage of viral infection where CD4+ T cells are largely depleted. In the past decade, HIV-1 persistence in resting CD4+ T cells has gained considerable attention. It is currently believed that rebound viremia following cessation of combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART) originates from this source. However, the clinical relevance of this reservoir has been questioned. It is suggested that the resting CD4+ T cells are only one source of residual viremia and other viral reservoirs such as tissue macrophages should be seriously considered. In the present review we will discuss how macrophages contribute to the development of long-lived latent reservoirs and how macrophages can be used as a therapeutic target in eradicating latent reservoir.
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Velu V, Shetty RD, Larsson M, Shankar EM. Role of PD-1 co-inhibitory pathway in HIV infection and potential therapeutic options. Retrovirology 2015; 12:14. [PMID: 25756928 PMCID: PMC4340294 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0144-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-specific CD8+ T cells play an important role in controlling viral infections including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, during chronic HIV infection, virus-specific CD8+ T cells undergo functional exhaustion, lose effector functions and fail to control viral infection. HIV-specific CD8 T cells expressing high levels of co-inhibitory molecule programmed death-1 (PD-1) during the chronic infection and are characterized by lower proliferation, cytokine production, and cytotoxic abilities. Although, antiretroviral therapy has resulted in dramatic decline in HIV replication, there is no effective treatment currently available to eradicate viral reservoirs or restore virus-specific T or B-cell functions that may complement ART in order to eliminate the virus. In recent years, studies in mice and non-human primate models of HIV infection demonstrated the functional exhaustion of virus-specific T and B cells could be reversed by blockade of interaction between PD-1 and its cognate ligands (PD-L1 and PD-L2). In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of PD-1 pathway in HIV/SIV infection and discuss the beneficial effects of PD-1 blockade during chronic HIV/SIV infection and its potential role as immunotherapy for HIV/AIDS.
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High eomesodermin expression among CD57+ CD8+ T cells identifies a CD8+ T cell subset associated with viral control during chronic human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Virol 2014; 88:11861-71. [PMID: 25100841 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02013-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
During HIV infection, increased CD57 expression among CD8(+) T cells has been associated with immune senescence and defective immune responses. Interestingly, CD57-expressing CD8(+) T cells exhibit a dual profile, being simultaneously highly cytotoxic (terminally differentiated effectors) and poorly proliferative (replicative senescent). Recent publications point toward a positive role of CD57-expressing CD8(+) T cell subsets, presumably due to their high cytolytic activity. We further investigated the phenotype of CD57-expressing CD8(+) T cells in healthy donors and during HIV infection combining CD57 expression to Eomesodermin (EOMES), a T box transcription factor which determines, coordinately with T-bet, effector and memory CD8(+) T cell differentiation. We defined in healthy donors two functionally distinct CD57-expressing CD8(+) T cell subsets exhibiting different levels of EOMES expression: EOMES(hi) CD57(+) and EOMES(int) CD57(+) CD8(+) T cells. EOMES(hi) CD57(+) cells exhibited low cytotoxic activity but preserved proliferative capacity and interleukin 7 (IL-7) receptor expression, whereas EOMES(int) CD57(+) cells exhibited obvious cytotoxic functions and a more terminally differentiated phenotype. We next performed a similar analysis in different contexts of HIV infection: primary infected patients, long-term viremic patients, aviremic patients treated with antiretroviral therapy, and HIV controllers; we demonstrated a higher percentage of CD57-expressing cells in all HIV-infected patients regardless of virological status. When heterogeneity in EOMES expression among CD57 cells was taken into account, we detected significantly higher proportions of EOMES(hi) CD57(+) cells among HIV-specific and nonspecific CD8(+) T cells from HIV controllers than in aviremic antiretroviral-treated patients and viremic patients. Importantly, such a peculiar non-terminally differentiated EOMES(hi) CD57(+) phenotypic profile was associated with viral control. Importance: This study demonstrates that functional heterogeneity exists among CD57-expressing CD8 T cells, which include both terminally differentiated, highly cytotoxic EOMES(int) CD57(+) CD8(+) T cells and less differentiated EOMES(hi) CD57(+) CD8 T cells, which do not exhibit immediate cytotoxic functions but present high proliferative capacity. Interestingly, HIV controllers present a high proportion of EOMES(hi) CD57 cells among CD57-expressing HIV-specific CD8 T cells compared to both long-term viremic and aviremic antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated patients, suggesting a beneficial role for this cell subset in viral control.
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Hohensinner PJ, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM. Targets of immune regeneration in rheumatoid arthritis. Mayo Clin Proc 2014; 89:563-75. [PMID: 24684878 PMCID: PMC4605139 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Many of the aging-related morbidities, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease, and infectious susceptibility, are linked to a decline in immune competence with a concomitant rise in proinflammatory immunity, placing the process of immune aging at the center of aging biology. Immune aging affects individuals older than 50 years and is accelerated in patients with the autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis. Immune aging results in a marked decline in protective immune responses and a parallel increase in tissue inflammatory responses. By studying immune cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, several of the molecular underpinnings of the immune aging process have been delineated, such as the loss of telomeres and inefficiencies in the repair of damaged DNA. Aging T cells display a series of abnormalities, including the unopposed up-regulation of cytoplasmic phosphatases and the loss of glycolytic competence, that alter their response to stimulating signals and undermine their longevity. Understanding the connection between accelerated immune aging and autoimmunity remains an area of active research. With increasing knowledge of the molecular pathways that cause immunosenescence, therapeutic interventions can be designed to slow or halt the seemingly inevitable deterioration of protective immunity with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp J Hohensinner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Jörg J Goronzy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Cornelia M Weyand
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.
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21
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Hatano H, Yukl SA, Ferre AL, Graf EH, Somsouk M, Sinclair E, Abdel-Mohsen M, Liegler T, Harvill K, Hoh R, Palmer S, Bacchetti P, Hunt PW, Martin JN, McCune JM, Tracy RP, Busch MP, O'Doherty U, Shacklett BL, Wong JK, Deeks SG. Prospective antiretroviral treatment of asymptomatic, HIV-1 infected controllers. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003691. [PMID: 24130489 PMCID: PMC3795031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of HIV-infected "controllers" who are able to maintain low levels of plasma HIV RNA in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART) may provide insights for HIV cure and vaccine strategies. Despite maintaining very low levels of plasma viremia, controllers have elevated immune activation and accelerated atherosclerosis. However, the degree to which low-level replication contributes to these phenomena is not known. Sixteen asymptomatic controllers were prospectively treated with ART for 24 weeks. Controllers had a statistically significant decrease in ultrasensitive plasma and rectal HIV RNA levels with ART. Markers of T cell activation/dysfunction in blood and gut mucosa also decreased substantially with ART. Similar reductions were observed in the subset of "elite" controllers with pre-ART plasma HIV RNA levels below conventional assays (<40 copies/mL). These data confirm that HIV replication persists in controllers and contributes to a chronic inflammatory state. ART should be considered for these individuals (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01025427).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyu Hatano
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Steven A. Yukl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - April L. Ferre
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Erin H. Graf
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ma Somsouk
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Sinclair
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Mohsen
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Teri Liegler
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kara Harvill
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Hoh
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sarah Palmer
- Karolinska Institutet and Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna, Sweden
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute and University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Peter Bacchetti
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Peter W. Hunt
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey N. Martin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. McCune
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Russell P. Tracy
- Departments of Pathology and Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Colchester, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Busch
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Una O'Doherty
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Barbara L. Shacklett
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph K. Wong
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Abstract
The decline of the immune system appears to be an intractable consequence of aging, leading to increased susceptibility to infections, reduced effectiveness of vaccination and higher incidences of many diseases including osteoporosis and cancer in the elderly. These outcomes can be attributed, at least in part, to a phenomenon known as T cell replicative senescence, a terminal state characterized by dysregulated immune function, loss of the CD28 costimulatory molecule, shortened telomeres and elevated production of proinflammatory cytokines. Senescent CD8 T cells, which accumulate in the elderly, have been shown to frequently bear antigen specificity against cytomegalovirus (CMV), suggesting that this common and persistent infection may drive immune senescence and result in functional and phenotypic changes to the T cell repertoire. Senescent T cells have also been identified in patients with certain cancers, autoimmune diseases and chronic infections, such as HIV. This review discusses the in vivo and in vitro evidence for the contribution of CD8 T cell replicative senescence to a plethora of age-related pathologies and a few possible therapeutic avenues to delay or prevent this differentiative end-state in T cells. The age-associated remodeling of the immune system, through accumulation of senescent T cells has farreaching consequences on the individual and society alike, for the current healthcare system needs to meet the urgent demands of the increasing proportions of the elderly in the US and abroad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer P Chou
- Dept of Pathology &Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1732, USA
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Accelerated aging in HIV/AIDS: novel biomarkers of senescent human CD8+ T cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64702. [PMID: 23717651 PMCID: PMC3661524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical evaluation of immune reconstitution and health status during HIV-1 infection and anti-retroviral therapy (ART) is largely based on CD4+ T cell counts and viral load, measures that fail to take into account the CD8+ T cell subset, known to show features of accelerated aging in HIV disease. Here, we compare adenosine deaminase (ADA), glucose uptake receptor 1 (GLUT1), and leucine-rich repeat neuronal 3 (LRRN3) to CD38 expression and telomerase activity, two strong predictors of HIV disease progression. Our analysis revealed that reduced ADA, telomerase activity and LRRN3 gene expression were significantly associated with high CD38 and HLA-DR in CD8+ T cells, with % ADA+ cells being the most robust predictor of CD8+ T cell activation. Our results suggest that ADA, LRRN3 and telomerase activity in CD8+ T cells may serve as novel, clinically relevant biomarkers of immune status in HIV-1 infection, specifically by demonstrating the degree to which CD8+ T cells have progressed to the end stage of replicative senescence. Since chronological aging itself leads to the accumulation of senescent CD8+ T cells, the prolonged survival and resultant increased age of the HIV+ population may synergize with the chronic immune activation to exacerbate both immune decline and age-associated pathologies. The identification and future validation of these new biomarkers may lead to fresh immune-based HIV treatments.
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Kirk GD, Mehta SH, Astemborski J, Galai N, Washington J, Higgins Y, Balagopal A, Thomas DL. HIV, age, and the severity of hepatitis C virus-related liver disease: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med 2013; 158:658-66. [PMID: 23440167 PMCID: PMC3708651 DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-158-9-201305070-00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persons with HIV infection have been reported to develop age-related diseases at younger ages than those without HIV. Whether this finding is related to HIV infection or failure to control for other risk factors is unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether persons with HIV infection develop hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related liver disease at younger ages than similar persons without HIV. DESIGN Comparison of the severity of liver fibrosis by age among persons who have HCV with and without HIV followed concurrently in the same protocol. SETTING Observational cohort from Baltimore, Maryland, participating in the ALIVE (AIDS Linked to the IntraVenous Experience) study. PARTICIPANTS 1176 current and former injection drug users with antibodies to HCV. MEASUREMENTS Liver fibrosis assessed semiannually from 2006 to 2011 by elastography (FibroScan, Echosens, Paris, France) and using previously validated thresholds for clinically significant fibrosis and cirrhosis; concurrent assessment of medical history, alcohol and illicit drug use, HCV RNA levels, hepatitis B virus surface antigen level, body mass index, and (for those with HIV) CD4+ lymphocyte count and HIV RNA levels. RESULTS Among 1176 participants with antibodies to HCV, the median age was 49 years and 34% were coinfected with HIV and HCV. Participants contributed 5634 valid liver fibrosis measurements. The prevalence of clinically significant fibrosis without cirrhosis (12.9% vs. 9.5%) and of cirrhosis (19.5% vs. 11.0%) was greater in persons coinfected with HIV and HCV than in those with only HCV (P < 0.001). Increasing age and HIV infection were independently associated with liver fibrosis, as were daily alcohol use, chronic hepatitis B virus infection, body mass index greater than 25 kg/m2, and greater plasma HCV RNA levels. When these factors were kept constant, persons with HIV had liver fibrosis measurements equal to those of persons without HIV, who were, on average, 9.2 years older. LIMITATION The process of liver fibrosis began before the study in most persons. CONCLUSION In this cohort, persons who have HCV with HIV have liver fibrosis stages similar to those without HIV who are nearly a decade older. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE National Institute on Drug Abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D Kirk
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Strength of PD-1 signaling differentially affects T-cell effector functions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E2480-9. [PMID: 23610399 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1305394110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High surface expression of programmed death 1 (PD-1) is associated with T-cell exhaustion; however, the relationship between PD-1 expression and T-cell dysfunction has not been delineated. We developed a model to study PD-1 signaling in primary human T cells to study how PD-1 expression affected T-cell function. By determining the number of T-cell receptor/peptide-MHC complexes needed to initiate a Ca(2+) flux, we found that PD-1 ligation dramatically shifts the dose-response curve, making T cells much less sensitive to T-cell receptor-generated signals. Importantly, other T-cell functions were differentially sensitive to PD-1 expression. We observed that high levels of PD-1 expression were required to inhibit macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta production, lower levels were required to block cytotoxicity and IFN-γ production, and very low levels of PD-1 expression could inhibit TNF-α and IL-2 production as well as T-cell expansion. These findings provide insight into the role of PD-1 expression in enforcing T-cell exhaustion and the therapeutic potential of PD-1 blockade.
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Kulpa DA, Lawani M, Cooper A, Peretz Y, Ahlers J, Sékaly RP. PD-1 coinhibitory signals: the link between pathogenesis and protection. Semin Immunol 2013; 25:219-27. [PMID: 23548749 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the majority of HIV-1 infected individuals, the adaptive immune response drives virus escape resulting in persistent viremia and a lack of immune-mediated control. The expression of negative regulatory molecules such as PD-1 during chronic HIV infection provides a useful marker to differentiate functional memory T cell subsets and the frequency of T cells with an exhausted phenotype. In addition, cell-based measurements of virus persistence equate with activation markers and the frequency of CD4 T cells expressing PD-1. High-level expression of PD-1 and its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 are found on hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells, and are upregulated by chronic antigen stimulation, Type 1 and Type II interferons (IFNs), and homeostatic cytokines. In HIV infected subjects, PD-1 levels on CD4 and CD8 T cells continue to remain high following combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART). System biology approaches have begun to elucidate signal transduction pathways regulated by PD-1 expression in CD4 and CD8 T cell subsets that become dysfunctional through chronic TCR activation and PD-1 signaling. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of transcriptional signatures and signal transduction pathways associated with immune exhaustion with a focus on recent work in our laboratory characterizing the role of PD-1 in T cell dysfunction and HIV pathogenesis. We also highlight the therapeutic potential of blocking PD-1-PD-L1 and other immune checkpoints for activating potent cellular immune responses against chronic viral infections and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna A Kulpa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute-Florida (VGTI-FL), Port Saint Lucie, FL, United States
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Leeansyah E, Cameron PU, Solomon A, Tennakoon S, Velayudham P, Gouillou M, Spelman T, Hearps A, Fairley C, Smit DV, Pierce AB, Armishaw J, Crowe SM, Cooper DA, Koelsch KK, Liu JP, Chuah J, Lewin SR. Inhibition of telomerase activity by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors: a potential factor contributing to HIV-associated accelerated aging. J Infect Dis 2013; 207:1157-65. [PMID: 23303810 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients on combination active antiretroviral therapy (cART) are at increased risk of age-related complications. We hypothesized that nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) may contribute to accelerated aging in HIV-infected individuals on cART via inhibition of telomerase activity. METHODS Telomerase activity and telomere length (TL) were measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in vitro in activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) cultured with NRTI and ex vivo in PBMCs from uninfected patients exposed to NRTI and from HIV-infected patients on NRTI-containing cART. RESULTS Lamivudine, abacavir, zidovudine, emtricitabine, and tenofovir significantly inhibited telomerase activity in activated PBMCs in vitro. Tenofovir was the most potent inhibitor of telomerase activity and caused greatest shortening of TL in vitro at the therapeutic concentration of 0.3 μM. PBMCs from HIV-infected patients receiving NRTI-containing cART (n = 39) had significantly lower telomerase activity than HIV-uninfected patients (n = 47; P = .011) and HIV-infected patients receiving non-NRTI-containing cART (n = 11; P < .001). TL was significantly inversely associated with age (P = .009) and the total duration on any NRTI (P = .01). CONCLUSIONS NRTIs and, specifically tenofovir at therapeutic concentrations, inhibit telomerase activity leading to accelerated shortening of TL in activated PBMCs. The relationship between NRTI, reduced telomerase activity, and accelerated aging requires further investigation in HIV-infected individuals on cART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Leeansyah
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Chou JP, Effros RB. T cell replicative senescence in human aging. Curr Pharm Des 2013; 19:1680-98. [PMID: 23061726 PMCID: PMC3749774 DOI: 10.2174/138161213805219711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The decline of the immune system appears to be an intractable consequence of aging, leading to increased susceptibility to infections, reduced effectiveness of vaccination and higher incidences of many diseases including osteoporosis and cancer in the elderly. These outcomes can be attributed, at least in part, to a phenomenon known as T cell replicative senescence, a terminal state characterized by dysregulated immune function, loss of the CD28 costimulatory molecule, shortened telomeres and elevated production of proinflammatory cytokines. Senescent CD8 T cells, which accumulate in the elderly, have been shown to frequently bear antigen specificity against cytomegalovirus (CMV), suggesting that this common and persistent infection may drive immune senescence and result in functional and phenotypic changes to the T cell repertoire. Senescent T cells have also been identified in patients with certain cancers, autoimmune diseases and chronic infections, such as HIV. This review discusses the in vivo and in vitro evidence for the contribution of CD8 T cell replicative senescence to a plethora of age-related pathologies and a few possible therapeutic avenues to delay or prevent this differentiative end-state in T cells. The age-associated remodeling of the immune system, through accumulation of senescent T cells has farreaching consequences on the individual and society alike, for the current healthcare system needs to meet the urgent demands of the increasing proportions of the elderly in the US and abroad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer P Chou
- Dept of Pathology &Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1732, USA
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Brumme ZL, Chopera DR, Brockman MA. Modulation of HIV reservoirs by host HLA: bridging the gap between vaccine and cure. Curr Opin Virol 2012; 2:599-605. [PMID: 22939190 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Latent HIV reservoirs are the greatest challenge facing an HIV cure. Here, we review recent evidence supporting an important role for the host immune response, in particular HLA class I-restricted CD8+ T lymphocytes, in modulating HIV reservoirs during natural infection. These observations indicate that factors governing immune-mediated control of HIV may also contribute to the clearance of viral reservoirs. As such, critical gaps in our understanding of HIV immunology hinder efforts to develop both an effective HIV vaccine as well as novel therapies that may lead to a cure. The importance of elucidating correlates of protective cellular immunity should be recognized during research to develop and test potential HIV elimination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zabrina L Brumme
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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HIV-1 induces telomerase activity in monocyte-derived macrophages, possibly safeguarding one of its reservoirs. J Virol 2012; 86:10327-37. [PMID: 22787205 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01495-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) are widely distributed in all tissues and organs, including the central nervous system, where they represent the main part of HIV-infected cells. In contrast to activated CD4(+) T lymphocytes, MDM are resistant to cytopathic effects and survive HIV infection for a long period of time. The molecular mechanisms of how HIV is able to persist in macrophages are not fully elucidated yet. In this context, we have studied the effect of in vitro HIV-1 infection on telomerase activity (TA), telomere length, and DNA damage. Infection resulted in a significant induction of TA. This increase was directly proportional to the efficacy of HIV infection and was found in both nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts, while neither UV light-inactivated HIV nor exogenous addition of the viral protein Tat or gp120 affected TA. Furthermore, TA was not modified during monocyte-macrophage differentiation, MDM activation, or infection with vaccinia virus. HIV infection did not affect telomere length. However, HIV-infected MDM showed less DNA damage after oxidative stress than noninfected MDM, and this resistance was also increased by overexpressing telomerase alone. Taken together, our results suggest that HIV induces TA in MDM and that this induction might contribute to cellular protection against oxidative stress, which could be considered a viral strategy to make macrophages better suited as longer-lived, more resistant viral reservoirs. In the light of the clinical development of telomerase inhibitors as anticancer therapeutics, inhibition of TA in HIV-infected macrophages might also represent a novel therapeutic target against viral reservoirs.
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31
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Henson SM, Macaulay R, Franzese O, Akbar AN. Reversal of functional defects in highly differentiated young and old CD8 T cells by PDL blockade. Immunology 2012; 135:355-63. [PMID: 22211948 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly differentiated CD8(+) CD28(-) CD27(-) T cells have short telomeres, defective telomerase activity and reduced capacity for proliferation. In addition, these cells express increased levels of inhibitory receptors and display defective Akt(ser(473)) phosphorylation following activation. It is not known whether signalling via programmed death 1 (PD-1) contributes to any of the attenuated differentiation-related functional changes in CD8(+) T cells. To address this we blocked PD-1 signalling during T-cell receptor (TCR) activation using antibodies against PD-1 ligand 1 (PDL1) and PDL2. This resulted in a significant enhancement of Akt(ser(473)) phosphorylation and TCR-induced proliferative activity of highly differentiated CD8(+) CD28(-) CD27(-) T cells. In contrast, the reduced telomerase activity in these cells was not altered by blockade of PDL1/2. We also demonstrate that PD-1 signalling can inhibit the proliferative response in primary human CD8(+) T cells from both young and older humans. These data collectively highlight that some, but not all, functional changes that arise during progressive T-cell differentiation and during ageing are maintained actively by inhibitory receptor signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian M Henson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK.
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32
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Shelterin dysfunction and p16(INK4a)-mediated growth inhibition in HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells. J Virol 2012; 86:5533-40. [PMID: 22398292 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00196-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T cell responses are expanded during advanced HIV-1 infection but seem unable to effectively protect the host against disease progression. These cells are able to produce gamma interferon and remain metabolically active but have defective proliferative activities, shortened telomeric DNA, and other signs of accelerated aging. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the premature senescence of HIV-1-specific T cells, we focused here on the expression and function of a group of six nucleoproteins that are responsible for protecting and maintaining the structural integrity of telomeric DNA and are commonly referred to as "shelterin." We show that in progressive HIV-1 infection, the two major shelterin components TRF2 and TPP1 are selectively reduced in HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells, but not in T cells recognizing alternative viral species. This coincided with increased recruitment of 53BP1, a prominent DNA damage response factor, to telomeric DNA sites and was associated with elevated expression of the tumor suppressor p16(INK4a), which causes cellular growth inhibition in response to structural DNA damage. Notably, defective shelterin function and upregulation of p16(INK4a) remained unaffected by experimental blockade of PD-1, indicating a possibly irreversible structural defect in HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells in progressors that cannot be overcome by manipulation of inhibitory cell-signaling pathways. These data suggest that shelterin dysfunction and ensuing upregulation of the tumor suppressor p16(INK4a) promote accelerated aging of HIV-1-specific T cells during progressive HIV-1 infection.
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Abstract
Older individuals (≥50 years of age) are increasingly becoming a new at-risk group for HIV-1 infection and, together with those surviving longer due to the introduction of anti-retroviral therapy (ART), it is predicted that more than half of all HIV-1-infected individuals in the United States will be greater than 50 years of age in the year 2015. Older individuals diagnosed with HIV-1 are prone to faster disease progression and reduced T-cell reconstitution despite successful virologic control with anti-retroviral therapy (ART). There is also growing evidence that the T-cell compartment in HIV-1(+) adults displays an aged phenotype, and HIV-1-infected individuals are increasingly diagnosed with clinical conditions more commonly seen in older uninfected persons. As aging in the absence of HIV infection is associated with alterations in T-cell function and immunosenescence, the combined impact of both HIV-1 infection and aging may provide an explanation for poorer clinical outcomes observed in older HIV-1-infected individuals. Thus, the development of novel therapeutics to stimulate immune function and delay immunosenescence is critical and would be beneficial to both the elderly and HIV-1-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy M Rickabaugh
- UCLA AIDS Institute and Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095-1745, USA
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Abstract
T cell exhaustion is a state of T cell dysfunction that arises during many chronic infections and cancer. It is defined by poor effector function, sustained expression of inhibitory receptors and a transcriptional state distinct from that of functional effector or memory T cells. Exhaustion prevents optimal control of infection and tumors. Recently, a clearer picture of the functional and phenotypic profile of exhausted T cells has emerged and T cell exhaustion has been defined in many experimental and clinical settings. Although the pathways involved remain to be fully defined, advances in the molecular delineation of T cell exhaustion are clarifying the underlying causes of this state of differentiation and also suggest promising therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- E John Wherry
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Shen YJ, Shephard E, Douglass N, Johnston N, Adams C, Williamson C, Williamson AL. A novel candidate HIV vaccine vector based on the replication deficient Capripoxvirus, Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). Virol J 2011; 8:265. [PMID: 21624130 PMCID: PMC3117847 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Capripoxvirus, Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) has a restricted host-range and is being investigated as a novel HIV-1 vaccine vector. LSDV does not complete its replication cycle in non-ruminant hosts. METHODS The safety of LSDV was tested at doses of 104 and 106 plaque forming units in two strains of immunocompromised mice, namely RAG mice and CD4 T cell knockout mice. LSDV expressing HIV-1 subtype C Gag, reverse transcriptase (RT), Tat and Nef as a polyprotein (Grttn), (rLSDV-grttn), was constructed. The immunogenicity of rLSDV-grttn was tested in homologous prime-boost regimens as well as heterologous prime-boost regimes in combination with a DNA vaccine (pVRC-grttn) or modified vaccinia Ankara vaccine (rMVA-grttn) both expressing Grttn. RESULTS Safety was demonstrated in two strains of immunocompromised mice.In the immunogenicity experiments mice developed high magnitudes of HIV-specific cells producing IFN-gamma and IL-2. A comparison of rLSDV-grttn and rMVA-grttn to boost a DNA vaccine (pVRC-grttn) indicated a DNA prime and rLSDV-grttn boost induced a 2 fold (p < 0.01) lower cumulative frequency of Gag- and RT-specific IFN-γ CD8 and CD4 cells than a boost with rMVA-grttn. However, the HIV-specific cells induced by the DNA vaccine prime rLSDV-grttn boost produced greater than 3 fold (p < 0.01) more IFN- gamma than the HIV-specific cells induced by the DNA vaccine prime rMVA-grttn boost. A boost of HIV-specific CD4 cells producing IL-2 was only achieved with the DNA vaccine prime and rLSDV-grttn boost. Heterologous prime-boost combinations of rLSDV-grttn and rMVA-grttn induced similar cumulative frequencies of IFN- gamma producing Gag- and RT-specific CD8 and CD4 cells. A significant difference (p < 0.01) between the regimens was the higher capacity (2.1 fold) of Gag-and RT-specific CD4 cells to produce IFN-γ with a rMVA-grttn prime - rLSDV-grttn boost. This regimen also induced a 1.5 fold higher (p < 0.05) frequency of Gag- and RT-specific CD4 cells producing IL-2. CONCLUSIONS LSDV was demonstrated to be non-pathogenic in immunocompromised mice. The rLSDV-grttn vaccine was immunogenic in mice particularly in prime-boost regimens. The data suggests that this novel vaccine may be useful for enhancing, in particular, HIV-specific CD4 IFN- gamma and IL-2 responses induced by a priming vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ju Shen
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, UCT, Cape Town, South Africa
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36
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Are senescence and exhaustion intertwined or unrelated processes that compromise immunity? Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 11:289-95. [PMID: 21436838 DOI: 10.1038/nri2959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Can the immune system be reactivated continuously throughout the lifetime of an organism or is there a finite point at which repeated antigenic challenge leads to the loss of lymphocyte function or the cells themselves or both? Replicative senescence and exhaustion are processes that control T cell proliferative activity and function; however, there is considerable confusion over the relationship between these two intrinsic cellular control mechanisms. In this Opinion article, we compare the molecular regulation of senescence and exhaustion in T cells. Available data suggest that both processes are regulated independently of each other and that it may be safer to block exhaustion than senescence to enhance immunity.
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37
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Barsov EV. Telomerase and primary T cells: biology and immortalization for adoptive immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2011; 3:407-21. [PMID: 21395382 PMCID: PMC3120014 DOI: 10.2217/imt.10.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are specialized repeats, present at the end of chromosomes, whose loss during cell division is followed by growth arrest, a central mechanism of replicative senescence in human cells. Telomere length in stem cells is maintained by telomerase, a specialized reverse transcriptase, whose function is to restore shortening telomeres. Unlike most somatic cell types, human T lymphocytes are capable of briefly reactivating telomerase expression at the time of stimulation. Telomerase expression in T lymphocytes is modulated by a variety of external stimuli and by viral infections. However, telomerase reactivation in stimulated, proliferating human T lymphocytes is limited and cannot prevent the ultimate onset of senescence. Ectopic telomerase expression can rescue human and macaque antigen-specific T cells from senescence. Primary T cells have been engineered with telomerase to have substantially extended replicative lifespans without the loss of primary cell functions or malignant transformation. 'Immortal' antigen-specific T-cell lines and clones overexpressing telomerase are an invaluable source of well-characterized quasi-primary T cells for research of T-cell biology and are potentially useful for immunotherapy of cancer and AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene V Barsov
- SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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Identification of PD-1 as a Unique Marker for Failing Immune Reconstitution in HIV-1–Infected Patients on Treatment. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2011; 56:118-24. [DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3181fbab9f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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39
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Maisa A, Westhorpe C, Elliott J, Jaworowski A, Hearps AC, Dart AM, Hoy J, Crowe SM. Premature onset of cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected individuals: the drugs and the virus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/hiv.10.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Life expectancy in HIV-infected individuals has been greatly enhanced through immunologic restoration and virologic suppression resulting from antiretroviral therapy. Current clinical HIV care in Western countries focuses on treatment of drug toxicities and prevention of comorbidities. These non-AIDS HIV-related comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease, occur even in individuals with virologic suppression and manifest at an earlier age than when normally presenting in the general population. While traditional risk factors are present in many HIV-infected individuals who develop cardiovascular disease, the additional roles of HIV-related chronic inflammation and immune activation as well as chronic HIV viremia may be significant. This review provides current evidence for the contributions of the virus, in terms of both chronic viremia and its contribution via chronic low-level inflammation, immune activation, premature immune senescence and dyslipidemia, to the pathogenesis of HIV-related cardiovascular disease, and balances this against the propensity of specific antiretroviral therapies to cause cardiovascular disease, in particular through altered cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maisa
- Centre for Virology, Burnet Institute, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Clare Westhorpe
- Centre for Virology, Burnet Institute, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Julian Elliott
- Infectious Diseases Unit, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Population Health, Burnet Institute, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Australia
- Deptment of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Commercial Road, Melbourne
| | - Anthony Jaworowski
- Centre for Virology, Burnet Institute, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Australia
- Deptment of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- Deptment of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Anna C Hearps
- Centre for Virology, Burnet Institute, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anthony M Dart
- Deptment of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- Deptment of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jennifer Hoy
- Infectious Diseases Unit, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Deptment of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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40
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Harley CB, Liu W, Blasco M, Vera E, Andrews WH, Briggs LA, Raffaele JM. A natural product telomerase activator as part of a health maintenance program. Rejuvenation Res 2010; 14:45-56. [PMID: 20822369 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2010.1085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most human cells lack sufficient telomerase to maintain telomeres, hence these genetic elements shorten with time and stress, contributing to aging and disease. In January, 2007, a commercial health maintenance program, PattonProtocol-1, was launched that included a natural product-derived telomerase activator (TA-65®, 10-50 mg daily), a comprehensive dietary supplement pack, and physician counseling/laboratory tests at baseline and every 3-6 months thereafter. We report here analysis of the first year of data focusing on the immune system. Low nanomolar levels of TA-65® moderately activated telomerase in human keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and immune cells in culture; similar plasma levels of TA-65® were achieved in pilot human pharmacokinetic studies with single 10- to 50-mg doses. The most striking in vivo effects were declines in the percent senescent cytotoxic (CD8(+)/CD28(-)) T cells (1.5, 4.4, 8.6, and 7.5% at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, respectively; p = not significant [N.S.], 0.018, 0.0024, 0.0062) and natural killer cells at 6 and 12 months (p = 0.028 and 0.00013, respectively). Most of these decreases were seen in cytomegalovirus (CMV) seropositive subjects. In a subset of subjects, the distribution of telomere lengths in leukocytes at baseline and 12 months was measured. Although mean telomere length did not increase, there was a significant reduction in the percent short (<4 kbp) telomeres (p = 0.037). No adverse events were attributed to PattonProtocol-1. We conclude that the protocol lengthens critically short telomeres and remodels the relative proportions of circulating leukocytes of CMV(+) subjects toward the more "youthful" profile of CMV(-) subjects. Controlled randomized trials are planned to assess TA-65®-specific effects in humans.
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Les patients HIV controllers : un modèle de contrôle spontané de l’infection par le VIH. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antib.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Telomerase activity in HIV-1-specific CD8(+) T cells from controllers contributes to the maintenance of highly functional cytotoxic T cell responses against HIV-1. Here, we show that high expression of telomerase in controllers is associated with hypermethylation at the distal and hypomethylation at the proximal human telomerase catalytic subunit promoter, whereas HIV-1-specific CD8(+) T cells from progressors showed an inverse pattern with distal promoter hypomethylation and proximal promoter hypermethylation. These data suggest distinct epigenetic signatures in HIV-1-specific T cells in progressors and controllers.
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Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors maintain unique antigen-presenting properties of circulating myeloid dendritic cells in HIV-1-infected elite controllers. J Virol 2010; 84:9463-71. [PMID: 20631139 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01009-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Elite controllers maintain undetectable levels of HIV-1 replication in the absence of antiretroviral therapy, but the correlates of immune protection in this patient population are ill defined. Here, we demonstrate that in comparison to patients with progressive HIV-1 infection or healthy persons not infected with HIV-1, elite controllers have circulating myeloid dendritic cells with significantly increased antigen-presenting properties, while their ability to secrete proinflammatory cytokines is substantially diminished. This unique functional profile is associated with a distinct surface expression pattern of immunomodulatory leukocyte-immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILR) and a strong and selective upregulation of LILRB1 and LILRB3. Blockade of these two receptors by monoclonal antibodies or short interfering RNA (siRNA) abrogated the specific antigen-presenting properties of dendritic cells, implying an important regulatory role of these molecules. These data reveal previously unrecognized innate components of immune protection against HIV-1 in elite controllers and offer novel perspectives for the manipulation of host immunity for the prevention and treatment of HIV-1 infection.
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Liu JP, Chen SM, Cong YS, Nicholls C, Zhou SF, Tao ZZ, Li H. Regulation of telomerase activity by apparently opposing elements. Ageing Res Rev 2010; 9:245-56. [PMID: 20362078 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres, the ends of chromosomes, undergo frequent remodeling events that are important in cell development, proliferation and differentiation, and neoplastic immortalization. It is not known how the cellular environment influences telomere remodeling, stability, and lengthening or shortening. Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex that maintains and lengthens telomeres in the majority of cancers. Recent studies indicate that a number of factors, including hormones, cytokines, ligands of nuclear receptor, vitamins and herbal extracts have significantly influence telomerase activity and, in some instances, the remodeling of telomeres. This review summarizes the advances in understanding of the positive and negative regulation by extracellular factors of telomerase activity in cancer, stem cells and other systems in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ping Liu
- Molecular Signaling Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct (AMREP), Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
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O'Connell KA, Bailey JR, Blankson JN. Elucidating the elite: mechanisms of control in HIV-1 infection. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2010; 30:631-7. [PMID: 19837464 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2009] [Revised: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In patients with progressive disease, untreated HIV-1 infection is characterized by high viral loads and decreasing CD4(+)T cell counts which lead to opportunistic infection and other AIDS-defining illness. A rare subset of patients termed 'elite controllers' (ECs) maintain control over viremia and often retain normal CD4(+)T cell levels without treatment with antiretroviral drugs. For the most part these patients are infected with replication-competent, fit virus. Factors such as strong, polyfunctional cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses and retention of T cell proliferative ability appear to be important in control of HIV-1. Defining what enables ECs to control viral replication will aid in the development of effective vaccine and treatment regimens. This review will discuss differences between ECs and progressors while emphasizing recent findings on the immunological response of ECs to HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A O'Connell
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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46
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Frebel H, Richter K, Oxenius A. How chronic viral infections impact on antigen-specific T-cell responses. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:654-63. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200940102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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47
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Swainson LA, Mold JE, Bajpai UD, McCune JM. Expression of the autoimmune susceptibility gene FcRL3 on human regulatory T cells is associated with dysfunction and high levels of programmed cell death-1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:3639-47. [PMID: 20190142 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (T(reg)) play a critical role in maintaining self-tolerance and inhibiting autoimmune disease. Despite being a major focus of modern immunological investigation, many aspects of T(reg) biology remain unknown. In a screen for novel candidate genes involved in human T(reg) function, we detected the expression of an autoimmune susceptibility gene, FcRL3, in T(reg) but not in conventional CD4(+) T cells. FcRL3 is an orphan receptor of unknown function with structural homology to classical Fc receptors. Numerous genetic studies have demonstrated a link between a single nucleotide polymorphism in the FCRL3 promoter and both overexpression of FcRL3 and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Given the critical role of T(reg) in suppressing autoimmunity, we sought to ascertain how expression of FcRL3 relates to the phenotype, differentiation, and function of T(reg). We show in this study that FcRL3 is expressed on a population of thymically derived T(reg) that exhibits a memory phenotype and high levels of programmed cell death-1. Purified FcRL3(+) T(reg) are less responsive to antigenic stimulation in the presence of IL-2 than their FcRL3(-) counterparts, despite intact proximal and distal IL-2 signaling as determined by phosphorylation of Stat-5 and upregulation of Bcl2. In vitro suppression assays demonstrated that FcRL3(+) T(reg) have reduced capacity to suppress the proliferation of effector T cells. These data suggest that FcRL3 expression is associated with T(reg) dysfunction that may, in turn, contribute to the loss of self-tolerance and the development of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Swainson
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
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48
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Henson SM, Akbar AN. Memory T-Cell Homeostasis and Senescence during Aging. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 684:189-97. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6451-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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49
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Reynoso R, Laufer N, Bolcic F, Quarleri J. Telomerase activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV and HIV-HCV coinfected patients. Virus Res 2009; 147:284-7. [PMID: 19932142 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Replicative senescence of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) plays an important role in the pathophysiology of chronic viral infections. Although there are controversial reports concerning telomerase activity in HIV monoinfected subjects, no data on HIV-HCV coinfected individuals is available. In this cross-sectional study telomerase activity was quantified in non-stimulated and mitogen-stimulated PBMC lysates from HIV-1 monoinfected and HIV-HCV coinfected individuals using real-time PCR. Up-regulation of telomerase activity after mitogen stimulation was impaired in PBMC of HIV monoinfected and HIV-HCV coinfected patients. The lack of an appropriate induction of this enzymatic activity after stimulus could partly account for immunosuppressive conditions observed in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Reynoso
- Centro Nacional de Referencia para el SIDA, Dto. Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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50
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Blankson JN. Effector mechanisms in HIV-1 infected elite controllers: highly active immune responses? Antiviral Res 2009; 85:295-302. [PMID: 19733595 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Elite controllers (EC) are HIV-1 infected patients control viral replication to a level of <50 copies/ml without antiretroviral therapy. These patients are also known as elite suppressors, or HIV controllers, and they differ from traditional long-term non-progressors (LTNPs) who maintain stable CD4 counts and are asymptomatic without antiretroviral therapy. Recent studies suggest that many EC are infected with replication-competent virus. Thus it appears that host factors such as innate immunity, the humoral immune response, and the cellular immune response are involved in the suppression of viral replication in EC. This article will review the effector mechanisms that are thought to play a role in the remarkable control of viral replication seen in these patients. This article forms part of a special issue of Antiviral Research marking the 25th anniversary of antiretroviral drug discovery and development, Vol 85, issue 1, 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel N Blankson
- Broadway Research Bldg, Rm 880, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 722 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
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