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Deng H, Tong S, Shen D, Zhang S, Fu Y. The characteristics of excitatory lineage differentiation and the developmental conservation in Reeler neocortex. Cell Prolif 2024; 57:e13587. [PMID: 38084819 PMCID: PMC11056708 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The majority of neocortical projection neurons are generated indirectly from radial glial cells (RGCs) mediated by intermediate progenitor cells (IPCs) in mice. IPCs are thought to be a great breakthrough in the evolutionary expansion of the mammalian neocortex. However, the precise ratio of neuron production from IPCs and characteristics of RGC differentiation process are still unclear. Our study revealed that direct neurogenesis was seldom observed and increased slightly at late embryonic stage. Besides, we conducted retrovirus sparse labelling combined carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimide ester (CFSE) and Tbr2-CreER strain to reconstruct individual lineage tree in situ. The lineage trees simulated the output of RGCs at per round of division in sequence with high temporal, spatial and cellular resolution at P7. We then demonstrated that only 1.90% of neurons emanated from RGCs directly in mouse cerebral neocortex and 79.33% of RGCs contributed to the whole clones through IPCs. The contribution of indirect neurogenesis was underestimated previously because approximately a quarter of IPC-derived neurons underwent apoptosis. Here, we also showed that abundant IPCs from first-generation underwent self-renewing division and generated four neurons ultimately. We confirmed that the intermediate proliferative progenitors expressed higher Cux2 characteristically at early embryonic stage. Finally, we validated that the characteristics of neurogenetic process in lineages and developmental fate of neurons were conserved in Reeler mice. This study contributes to further understanding of neurogenesis in neocortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan‐Huan Deng
- Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shi‐Yuan Tong
- Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Dan Shen
- Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shu‐Qing Zhang
- Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yinghui Fu
- Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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2
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Deivasigamani S, Miteva MT, Natale S, Gutierrez-Barragan D, Basilico B, Di Angelantonio S, Weinhard L, Molotkov D, Deb S, Pape C, Bolasco G, Galbusera A, Asari H, Gozzi A, Ragozzino D, Gross CT. Microglia complement signaling promotes neuronal elimination and normal brain functional connectivity. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:10750-10760. [PMID: 37718159 PMCID: PMC10629900 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement signaling is thought to serve as an opsonization signal to promote the phagocytosis of synapses by microglia. However, while its role in synaptic remodeling has been demonstrated in the retino-thalamic system, it remains unclear whether complement signaling mediates synaptic pruning in the brain more generally. Here we found that mice lacking the Complement receptor 3, the major microglia complement receptor, failed to show a deficit in either synaptic pruning or axon elimination in the developing mouse cortex. Instead, mice lacking Complement receptor 3 exhibited a deficit in the perinatal elimination of neurons in the cortex, a deficit that is associated with increased cortical thickness and enhanced functional connectivity in these regions in adulthood. These data demonstrate a role for complement in promoting neuronal elimination in the developing cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthilkumar Deivasigamani
- Epigenetics & Neurobiology Unit, EMBL Rome, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Via Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Mariya T Miteva
- Epigenetics & Neurobiology Unit, EMBL Rome, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Via Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
- Neuroscience Masters Programme, Sapienza University, Piazza Aldo Moro 1, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Silvia Natale
- Epigenetics & Neurobiology Unit, EMBL Rome, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Via Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatologic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Daniel Gutierrez-Barragan
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @ UNITN, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Bernadette Basilico
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Angelantonio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Laetitia Weinhard
- Epigenetics & Neurobiology Unit, EMBL Rome, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Via Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Dmitry Molotkov
- Epigenetics & Neurobiology Unit, EMBL Rome, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Via Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Sukrita Deb
- Epigenetics & Neurobiology Unit, EMBL Rome, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Via Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Constantin Pape
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, EMBL Heidelberg, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Giulia Bolasco
- Epigenetics & Neurobiology Unit, EMBL Rome, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Via Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Alberto Galbusera
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @ UNITN, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Hiroki Asari
- Epigenetics & Neurobiology Unit, EMBL Rome, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Via Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gozzi
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @ UNITN, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Davide Ragozzino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Via Ardeatina, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Cornelius T Gross
- Epigenetics & Neurobiology Unit, EMBL Rome, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Via Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
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3
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Matsui Y, Djekidel MN, Lindsay K, Samir P, Connolly N, Wu G, Yang X, Fan Y, Xu B, Peng JC. SNIP1 and PRC2 coordinate cell fates of neural progenitors during brain development. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4754. [PMID: 37553330 PMCID: PMC10409800 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40487-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell survival versus death is a developmentally programmed process essential for morphogenesis, sizing, and quality control of genome integrity and cell fates. Cell death is pervasive during development, but its programming is little known. Here, we report that Smad nuclear interacting protein 1 (SNIP1) promotes neural progenitor cell survival and neurogenesis and is, therefore, integral to brain development. The SNIP1-depleted brain exhibits dysplasia with robust induction of caspase 9-dependent apoptosis. Mechanistically, SNIP1 regulates target genes that promote cell survival and neurogenesis, and its activities are influenced by TGFβ and NFκB signaling pathways. Further, SNIP1 facilitates the genomic occupancy of Polycomb complex PRC2 and instructs H3K27me3 turnover at target genes. Depletion of PRC2 is sufficient to reduce apoptosis and brain dysplasia and to partially restore genetic programs in the SNIP1-depleted brain in vivo. These findings suggest a loci-specific regulation of PRC2 and H3K27 marks to toggle cell survival and death in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurika Matsui
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Mohamed Nadhir Djekidel
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Katherine Lindsay
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Parimal Samir
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Medical Research Building, Room 7, 138E, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA
| | - Nina Connolly
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Gang Wu
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Yang
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Yiping Fan
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Beisi Xu
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jamy C Peng
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
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Schroer J, Warm D, De Rosa F, Luhmann HJ, Sinning A. Activity-dependent regulation of the BAX/BCL-2 pathway protects cortical neurons from apoptotic death during early development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:175. [PMID: 37269320 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04824-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
During early brain development, homeostatic removal of cortical neurons is crucial and requires multiple control mechanisms. We investigated in the cerebral cortex of mice whether the BAX/BCL-2 pathway, an important regulator of apoptosis, is part of this machinery and how electrical activity might serve as a set point of regulation. Activity is known to be a pro-survival factor; however, how this effect is translated into enhanced survival chances on a neuronal level is not fully understood. In this study, we show that caspase activity is highest at the neonatal stage, while developmental cell death peaks at the end of the first postnatal week. During the first postnatal week, upregulation of BAX is accompanied by downregulation of BCL-2 protein, resulting in a high BAX/BCL-2 ratio when neuronal death rates are high. In cultured neurons, pharmacological blockade of activity leads to an acute upregulation of Bax, while elevated activity results in a lasting increase of BCL-2 expression. Spontaneously active neurons not only exhibit lower Bax levels than inactive neurons but also show almost exclusively BCL-2 expression. Disinhibition of network activity prevents the death of neurons overexpressing activated CASP3. This neuroprotective effect is not the result of reduced caspase activity but is associated with a downregulation of the BAX/BCL-2 ratio. Notably, increasing neuronal activity has a similar, non-additive effect as the blockade of BAX. Conclusively, high electrical activity modulates BAX/BCL-2 expression and leads to higher tolerance to CASP3 activity, increases survival, and presumably promotes non-apoptotic CASP3 functions in developing neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Schroer
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Davide Warm
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Federico De Rosa
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Heiko J Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anne Sinning
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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5
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Expression and distribution of generated neurons and endogenous precursors in rat cerebral cortical venous ischemia. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2022; 14:50-56. [PMID: 36590247 PMCID: PMC9800262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ), subgranular zone (SGZ), and cerebral cortex is now a familiar event to confirm by cerebral arterial ischemia in rat models. However, it remains unclear whether cerebral venous ischemia (CVI) alone causes neurogenesis, and where that neurogenesis occurs. After creating CVI rat models via a two-vein occlusion (2-VO) method, neurogenesis was immunohistochemically evaluated by double-labeling 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive cells with neuronal nuclei (NeuN) or doublecortin (DCX) antibody. Fifty Wistar rats were divided into two major groups (BrdU-NeuN and BrdU-DCX) and then separated into two subgroups (2-VO or sham). The total number of double-positive cells expressed inside a predefined region of interest (ROI) covering the ischemic area was compared between the two subgroups. Then, we divided the ROI into six sections to evaluate and compare the distribution of double-positive cells generated in each section between the two subgroups. The 2-VO subgroup presented more double-positive cells than the sham group in both BrdU-NeuN and BrdU-DCX groups, while the BrdU-DCX+2-VO group showed a characteristic distribution of double-positive cells in ROI 2 and ROI 3, suggesting areas of the ischemic core and penumbra, with a significant difference compared to the BrdU-DCX+sham group. This study demonstrates that CVI has the potential to induce endogenous neurogenesis, with significant numbers of both newly generated neurons and precursors observed in the ischemic area. The distribution of these cells suggests that the cortex could be the main origin of neurogenesis after cortical CVI.
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6
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Greene AN, Nguyen ET, Paranjpe A, Lane A, Privette Vinnedge LM, Solomon MB. In silico gene expression and pathway analysis of DEK in the human brain across the lifespan. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:4720-4743. [PMID: 35972263 PMCID: PMC9730547 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
DEK, a chromatin-remodelling phosphoprotein, is associated with various functions and biological pathways in the periphery, including inflammation, oncogenesis, DNA repair, and transcriptional regulation. We recently identified an association between DEK loss and central nervous system diseases, such as Alzheimer's. To understand DEK's potential role in disease, it is critical to characterize DEK in healthy human brain to distinguish between neural DEK expression and function in healthy versus diseased states like dementia. We utilized two public databases, BrainCloud and Human Brain Transcriptome, and analysed DEK mRNA expression across the lifespan in learning and memory relevant brain regions. Since DEK loss induces phenotypes associated with brain ageing (e.g., DNA damage and apoptosis), we hypothesized that neural DEK expression may be highest during foetal development and lower in elderly individuals. In agreement with this hypothesis, DEK was most prominently expressed during foetal development in all queried forebrain areas, relative to other ages. Consistent with its roles in the periphery, pathways related to DEK in the brain were associated with cellular proliferation, DNA replication and repair, apoptosis, and inflammation. We also found novel neural development-relevant pathways (e.g., synaptic transmission, neurite outgrowth, and myelination) to be enriched from genes correlated with DEK expression. These findings suggest that DEK is important for human brain development. Overall, we highlight age-related changes in neural DEK expression across the human lifespan and illuminate novel biological pathways associated with DEK that are distinct from normal brain ageing. These findings may further our understanding of how DEK impacts brain function and disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allie N. Greene
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA 45267
| | | | - Aditi Paranjpe
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Collaborative Services, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Adam Lane
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Lisa M. Privette Vinnedge
- Division of Oncology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Matia B. Solomon
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA 45267
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237
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7
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A direct excitatory projection from entorhinal layer 6b neurons to the hippocampus contributes to spatial coding and memory. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4826. [PMID: 35974109 PMCID: PMC9381769 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32559-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian hippocampal formation (HF) plays a key role in several higher brain functions, such as spatial coding, learning and memory. Its simple circuit architecture is often viewed as a trisynaptic loop, processing input originating from the superficial layers of the entorhinal cortex (EC) and sending it back to its deeper layers. Here, we show that excitatory neurons in layer 6b of the mouse EC project to all sub-regions comprising the HF and receive input from the CA1, thalamus and claustrum. Furthermore, their output is characterized by unique slow-decaying excitatory postsynaptic currents capable of driving plateau-like potentials in their postsynaptic targets. Optogenetic inhibition of the EC-6b pathway affects spatial coding in CA1 pyramidal neurons, while cell ablation impairs not only acquisition of new spatial memories, but also degradation of previously acquired ones. Our results provide evidence of a functional role for cortical layer 6b neurons in the adult brain.
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8
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Wiegreffe C, Wahl T, Joos NS, Bonnefont J, Liu P, Britsch S. Developmental cell death of cortical projection neurons is controlled by a Bcl11a/Bcl6‐dependent pathway. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54104. [PMID: 35766181 PMCID: PMC9346488 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental neuron death plays a pivotal role in refining organization and wiring during neocortex formation. Aberrant regulation of this process results in neurodevelopmental disorders including impaired learning and memory. Underlying molecular pathways are incompletely determined. Loss of Bcl11a in cortical projection neurons induces pronounced cell death in upper‐layer cortical projection neurons during postnatal corticogenesis. We use this genetic model to explore genetic mechanisms by which developmental neuron death is controlled. Unexpectedly, we find Bcl6, previously shown to be involved in the transition of cortical neurons from progenitor to postmitotic differentiation state to provide a major checkpoint regulating neuron survival during late cortical development. We show that Bcl11a is a direct transcriptional regulator of Bcl6. Deletion of Bcl6 exerts death of cortical projection neurons. In turn, reintroduction of Bcl6 into Bcl11a mutants prevents induction of cell death in these neurons. Together, our data identify a novel Bcl11a/Bcl6‐dependent molecular pathway in regulation of developmental cell death during corticogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tobias Wahl
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy Ulm University Ulm Germany
| | | | - Jerome Bonnefont
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI) Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Brussels Belgium
- VIB‐KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, KU Leuven Department of Neuroscience Leuven Brain Institute Leuven Belgium
| | - Pentao Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Stefan Britsch
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy Ulm University Ulm Germany
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9
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Michel N, Young HMR, Atkin ND, Arshad U, Al-Humadi R, Singh S, Manukyan A, Gore L, Burbulis IE, Wang YH, McConnell MJ. Transcription-associated DNA DSBs activate p53 during hiPSC-based neurogenesis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12156. [PMID: 35840793 PMCID: PMC9287420 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16516-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are overproduced during cerebral cortical development. Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) divide rapidly and incur frequent DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) throughout cortical neurogenesis. Although half of the neurons born during neurodevelopment die, many neurons with inaccurate DNA repair survive leading to brain somatic mosaicism. Recurrent DNA DSBs during neurodevelopment are associated with both gene expression level and gene length. We used imaging flow cytometry and a genome-wide DNA DSB capture approach to quantify and map DNA DSBs during human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-based neurogenesis. Reduced p53 signaling was brought about by knockdown (p53KD); p53KD led to elevated DNA DSB burden in neurons that was associated with gene expression level but not gene length in neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Furthermore, DNA DSBs incurred from transcriptional, but not replicative, stress lead to p53 activation in neurotypical NPCs. In p53KD NPCs, DNA DSBs accumulate at transcription start sites of genes that are associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders. These findings add to a growing understanding of how neuronal genome dynamics are engaged by high transcriptional or replicative burden during neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Michel
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Heather M Raimer Young
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Naomi D Atkin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Umar Arshad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Reem Al-Humadi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Sandeep Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Arkadi Manukyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Lana Gore
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, 855 N. Wolfe St., Ste. 300, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Ian E Burbulis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Sede de la Patagonia, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Yuh-Hwa Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Michael J McConnell
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, 855 N. Wolfe St., Ste. 300, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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10
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Exploring the Origin and Physiological Significance of DNA Double Strand Breaks in the Developing Neuroretina. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126449. [PMID: 35742893 PMCID: PMC9224223 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic mosaicism is an intriguing physiological feature of the mammalian brain that generates altered genetic information and provides cellular, and prospectively functional, diversity in a manner similar to that of the immune system. However, both its origin and its physiological significance remain poorly characterized. Most, if not all, cases of somatic mosaicism require prior generation and repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). The relationship between DSB generation, neurogenesis, and early neuronal cell death revealed by our studies in the developing retina provides new perspectives on the different mechanisms that contribute to DNA rearrangements in the developing brain. Here, we speculate on the physiological significance of these findings.
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11
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Hasina Z, Wang N, Wang CC. Developmental Neuropathology and Neurodegeneration of Down Syndrome: Current Knowledge in Humans. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:877711. [PMID: 35676933 PMCID: PMC9168127 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.877711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) suffer from developmental delay, intellectual disability, and an early-onset of neurodegeneration, Alzheimer’s-like disease, or precocious dementia due to an extra chromosome 21. Studying the changes in anatomical, cellular, and molecular levels involved may help to understand the pathogenesis and develop target treatments, not just medical, but also surgical, cell and gene therapy, etc., for individuals with DS. Here we aim to identify key neurodevelopmental manifestations, locate knowledge gaps, and try to build molecular networks to better understand the mechanisms and clinical importance. We summarize current information about the neuropathology and neurodegeneration of the brain from conception to adulthood of foetuses and individuals with DS at anatomical, cellular, and molecular levels in humans. Understanding the alterations and characteristics of developing Down syndrome will help target treatment to improve the clinical outcomes. Early targeted intervention/therapy for the manifestations associated with DS in either the prenatal or postnatal period may be useful to rescue the neuropathology and neurodegeneration in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinnat Hasina
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Nicole Wang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Glasgow University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Chi Chiu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong -Sichuan University Joint Laboratory in Reproductive Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Chi Chiu Wang,
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12
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Fabianová K, Babeľová J, Fabian D, Popovičová A, Martončíková M, Raček A, Račeková E. Maternal High-Energy Diet during Pregnancy and Lactation Impairs Neurogenesis and Alters the Behavior of Adult Offspring in a Phenotype-Dependent Manner. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105564. [PMID: 35628378 PMCID: PMC9146615 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of the biggest and most costly health challenges the modern world encounters. Substantial evidence suggests that the risk of metabolic syndrome or obesity formation may be affected at a very early stage of development, in particular through fetal and/or neonatal overfeeding. Outcomes from epidemiological studies indicate that maternal nutrition during pregnancy and lactation has a profound impact on adult neurogenesis in the offspring. In the present study, an intergenerational dietary model employing overfeeding of experimental mice during prenatal and early postnatal development was applied to acquire mice with various body conditions. We investigated the impact of the maternal high-energy diet during pregnancy and lactation on adult neurogenesis in the olfactory neurogenic region involving the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the rostral migratory stream (RMS) and some behavioral tasks including memory, anxiety and nociception. Our findings show that a maternal high-energy diet administered during pregnancy and lactation modifies proliferation and differentiation, and induced degeneration of cells in the SVZ/RMS of offspring, but only in mice where extreme phenotype, such as significant overweight/adiposity or obesity is manifested. Thereafter, a maternal high-energy diet enhances anxiety-related behavior in offspring regardless of its body condition and impairs learning and memory in offspring with an extreme phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Fabianová
- Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (A.P.); (M.M.); (A.R.); (E.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Janka Babeľová
- Centre of Biosciences, Institute of Animal Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (J.B.); (D.F.)
| | - Dušan Fabian
- Centre of Biosciences, Institute of Animal Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (J.B.); (D.F.)
| | - Alexandra Popovičová
- Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (A.P.); (M.M.); (A.R.); (E.R.)
| | - Marcela Martončíková
- Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (A.P.); (M.M.); (A.R.); (E.R.)
| | - Adam Raček
- Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (A.P.); (M.M.); (A.R.); (E.R.)
| | - Enikő Račeková
- Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (A.P.); (M.M.); (A.R.); (E.R.)
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13
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Lippert RN, Brüning JC. Maternal Metabolic Programming of the Developing Central Nervous System: Unified Pathways to Metabolic and Psychiatric Disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:898-906. [PMID: 34330407 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The perinatal period presents a critical time in offspring development where environmental insults can have damaging impacts on the future health of the offspring. This can lead to sustained alterations in offspring development, metabolism, and predisposition to both metabolic and psychiatric diseases. The central nervous system is one of the most sensitive targets in response to maternal obesity and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus. While many of the effects of obesity on brain function in adults are known, we are only now beginning to understand the multitude of changes that occur in the brain during development on exposure to maternal overnutrition. Specifically, given recent links between maternal metabolic state and onset of neurodevelopmental diseases, the specific changes that are occurring in the offspring are even more relevant for the study of disease onset. It is therefore critical to understand the developmental effects of maternal obesity and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus and further to define the underlying cellular and molecular changes in the fetal brain. This review focuses on the current advancements in the study of maternal programming of brain development with particular emphasis on brain connectivity, specific regional effects, newly studied peripheral contributors, and key windows of interventions where maternal bodyweight and food intake may drive the most detrimental effects on the brain and associated metabolic and behavioral consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel N Lippert
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam Rehbrücke, Potsdam, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens C Brüning
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany; Policlinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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14
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Markert F, Storch A. Hyperoxygenation During Mid-Neurogenesis Accelerates Cortical Development in the Fetal Mouse Brain. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:732682. [PMID: 35372333 PMCID: PMC8969024 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.732682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen tension is well-known to affect cortical development. Fetal brain hyperoxygenation during mid-neurogenesis in mice (embryonic stage E14.5. to E16.5) increases brain size evoked through an increase of neuroprecursor cells. Nevertheless, it is unknown whether these effects can lead to persistent morphological changes within the highly orchestrated brain development. To shed light on this, we used our model of controlled fetal brain hyperoxygenation in time-pregnant C57BL/6J mice housed in a chamber with 75% atmospheric oxygen from E14.5 to E16.5 and analyzed the brains from E14.5, E16.5, P0.5, and P3.5 mouse embryos and pups via immunofluorescence staining. Mid-neurogenesis hyperoxygenation led to an acceleration of cortical development by temporal expansion of the cortical plate with increased NeuN+ neuron counts in hyperoxic brains only until birth. More specifically, the number of Ctip2+ cortical layer 5 (L5) neurons was increased at E16.5 and at birth in hyperoxic brains but normalized in the early postnatal stage (P3.5). The absence of cleaved caspase 3 within the extended Ctip2+ L5 cell population largely excluded apoptosis as a major compensatory mechanism. Timed BrdU/EdU analyses likewise rule out a feedback mechanism. The normalization was, on the contrary, accompanied by an increase of active microglia within L5 targeting Ctip2+ neurons without any signs of apoptosis. Together, hyperoxygenation during mid-neurogenesis phase of fetal brain development provoked a specific transient overshoot of cortical L5 neurons leading to an accelerated cortical development without detectable persistent changes. These observations provide insight into cortical and L5 brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Markert
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Storch
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany
- *Correspondence: Alexander Storch,
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15
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Alonso-Alconada D, Gressens P, Golay X, Robertson NJ. Neurogenesis Is Reduced at 48 h in the Subventricular Zone Independent of Cell Death in a Piglet Model of Perinatal Hypoxia-Ischemia. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:793189. [PMID: 35573964 PMCID: PMC9106110 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.793189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular and tissue damage triggered after hypoxia-ischemia (HI) can be generalized and affect the neurogenic niches present in the central nervous system. As neuroregeneration may be critical for optimizing functional recovery in neonatal encephalopathy, the goal of the present work was to investigate the neurogenic response to HI in the neurogenic niche of the subventricular zone (SVZ) in the neonatal piglet. A total of 13 large white male piglets aged <24 h were randomized into two groups: i) HI group (n = 7), animals submitted to transient cerebral HI and resuscitation; and ii) Control group (n = 6), non-HI animals. At 48 h, piglets were euthanized, and the SVZ and its surrounding regions, such as caudate and periventricular white matter, were analyzed for histology using hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemistry by evaluating the presence of cleaved caspase 3 and TUNEL positive cells, together with the cell proliferation/neurogenesis markers Ki67 (cell proliferation), GFAP (neural stem cells processes), Sox2 (neural stem/progenitor cells), and doublecortin (DCX, a marker of immature migrating neuroblasts). Hypoxic-ischemic piglets showed a decrease in cellularity in the SVZ independent of cell death, together with decreased length of neural stem cells processes, neuroblast chains area, DCX immunoreactivity, and lower number of Ki67 + and Ki67 + Sox2 + cells. These data suggest a reduction in both cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the SVZ of the neonatal piglet, which could in turn compromise the replacement of the lost neurons and the achievement of global repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Alonso-Alconada
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | | | - Xavier Golay
- Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Robertson
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Edinburgh Neuroscience, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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16
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Burban A, Jahani-Asl A. Isolation of Mouse Embryonic Neural Stem Cells and Characterization of Neural Stem Markers by Flow Cytometry. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2515:297-308. [PMID: 35776359 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2409-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis is outlined as a process in which new neurons are generated from neural stem cells (NSCs). This process comprises proliferation and fate specification of NSCs, migration of newborn neurons, and their maturation. Defects in embryonic neurogenesis have emerged as a key mechanism underlying neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability. An impairment in neurogenesis has also been observed in neurodegenerative disorders such as Huntington's disease. Transgenic animal models of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases have been developed which serve as invaluable tools to investigate the early mechanisms of disease pathogenesis. In this chapter, we describe our optimized method to obtain and maintain reproducible neurosphere cultures from transgenic or patient mouse models followed by characterization of NSCs by flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Burban
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC, Canada
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Arezu Jahani-Asl
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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17
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Fame RM, Lehtinen MK. Mitochondria in Early Forebrain Development: From Neurulation to Mid-Corticogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:780207. [PMID: 34888312 PMCID: PMC8650308 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.780207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Function of the mature central nervous system (CNS) requires a substantial proportion of the body’s energy consumption. During development, the CNS anlage must maintain its structure and perform stage-specific functions as it proceeds through discrete developmental stages. While key extrinsic signals and internal transcriptional controls over these processes are well appreciated, metabolic and mitochondrial states are also critical to appropriate forebrain development. Specifically, metabolic state, mitochondrial function, and mitochondrial dynamics/localization play critical roles in neurulation and CNS progenitor specification, progenitor proliferation and survival, neurogenesis, neural migration, and neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis. With the goal of integrating neurodevelopmental biologists and mitochondrial specialists, this review synthesizes data from disparate models and processes to compile and highlight key roles of mitochondria in the early development of the CNS with specific focus on forebrain development and corticogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryann M Fame
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maria K Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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18
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Global Reprogramming of Apoptosis-Related Genes during Brain Development. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112901. [PMID: 34831124 PMCID: PMC8616463 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To enable long-term survival, mammalian adult neurons exhibit unique apoptosis competence. Questions remain as to whether and how neurons globally reprogram the expression of apoptotic genes during development. We systematically examined the in vivo expression of 1923 apoptosis-related genes and associated histone modifications at eight developmental ages of mouse brains. Most apoptotic genes displayed consistent temporal patterns across the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain, suggesting ubiquitous robust developmental reprogramming. Although both anti- and pro-apoptotic genes can be up- or downregulated, half the regulatory events in the classical apoptosis pathway are downregulation of pro-apoptotic genes. Reduced expression in initiator caspases, apoptosome, and pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members restrains effector caspase activation and attenuates neuronal apoptosis. The developmental downregulation of apoptotic genes is attributed to decreasing histone-3-lysine-4-trimethylation (H3K4me3) signals at promoters, where histone-3-lysine-27-trimethylation (H3K27me3) rarely changes. By contrast, repressive H3K27me3 marks are lost in the upregulated gene groups, for which developmental H3K4me3 changes are not predictive. Hence, developing brains remove epigenetic H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 marks on different apoptotic gene groups, contributing to their downregulation and upregulation, respectively. As such, neurons drastically alter global apoptotic gene expression during development to transform apoptosis controls. Research into neuronal cell death should consider maturation stages as a biological variable.
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19
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Vadakkan KI. Neurological disorders of COVID-19 can be explained in terms of both "loss and gain of function" states of a solution for the nervous system. Brain Circ 2021; 7:217-222. [PMID: 34667907 PMCID: PMC8459691 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_46_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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20
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Hung JC, Wu JL, Li HC, Chiu HW, Hong JR. The Proapoptotic Gene Bad Regulates Brain Development via p53-Mediated Stress Signals in Zebrafish. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112820. [PMID: 34831043 PMCID: PMC8616466 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that the BH3-only domain Bad regulates brain development via the control of programmed cell death (PCD), but very few studies have addressed its effect on the molecular signaling of brain development in the system. In this work, we examined the novel role of zebrafish Bad in initial programmed cell death for brain morphogenesis through the priming of p53-mediated stress signaling. In a biological function study on the knockdown of Bad by morpholino oligonucleotides, at 24 h post-fertilization (hpf) Bad defects induced abnormal hindbrain development, as determined in a tissue section by means of HE staining which traced the damaged hindbrain. Then, genome-wide approaches for monitoring either the upregulation of apoptotic-related genes (11.8%) or the downregulation of brain development-related genes (29%) at the 24 hpf stage were implemented. The p53/caspase-8-mediated apoptotic death pathway was strongly involved, with the pathway being strongly reversed in a p53 mutant (p53M214K) line during Bad knockdown. Furthermore, we propose the involvement of a p53-mediated stress signal which is correlated with regulating Bad loss-mediated brain defects. We found that some major genes in brain development, such as crybb1, pva1b5, irx4a, pax7a, and fabp7a, were dramatically restored in the p53M214K line, and brain development recovered to return movement behavior to normal. Our findings suggest that Bad is required for (PCD) control, exerting a p53 stress signal on caspase-8/tBid-mediated death signaling and brain development-related gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Chi Hung
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (J.-C.H.); (H.-C.L.); (H.-W.C.)
| | - Jen-Leih Wu
- Laboratory of Marine Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan;
| | - Huei-Ching Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (J.-C.H.); (H.-C.L.); (H.-W.C.)
| | - Hsuan-Wen Chiu
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (J.-C.H.); (H.-C.L.); (H.-W.C.)
| | - Jiann-Ruey Hong
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (J.-C.H.); (H.-C.L.); (H.-W.C.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-6-2003082; Fax: +886-6-2766505
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21
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Sellinger EP, Riesgo VR, Brinks AS, Willing J, Juraska JM. Perinatal phthalate exposure increases developmental apoptosis in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. Neurotoxicology 2021; 87:167-173. [PMID: 34599995 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are a class of endocrine disruptors found in a variety of consumer goods, and offspring can be exposed to these compounds during gestation and lactation. Our laboratory has found that perinatal exposure to an environmentally relevant mixture of phthalates resulted in a decrease in cognitive flexibility and in neuron number in the adult rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Here, we examine effects of phthalate treatment on prenatal cellular proliferation and perinatal apoptosis in the mPFC. To examine the phthalate effects on cellular proliferation, dams consumed 0, 1, or 5 mg/kg of the phthalate mixture daily from embryonic day 2 (E2) through the day of birth (P0), and on E16 and E17, they were injected with BrdU. The mPFC of offspring was analyzed on P5 and showed a decrease in labelled cells in the phthalate exposed groups. To examine whether changes in BrdU density observed on P5 were due to altered cell survival, cell death was measured on E18, P0, and P5 using a TUNEL assay in a separate cohort of prenatally exposed offspring. There was an increase in TUNEL labelled cells at E18 in the phthalate exposed groups. In the final experiment, dams consumed the phthalate mixture from E2 through P10, at which time mPFC tissue was stained with TUNEL. Phthalate treated subjects showed a higher density of apoptotic cells at P10. These results indicate both pre- and postnatal phthalate exposure increases apoptosis in the male and female rat mPFC. While the impact of phthalates on proliferation cannot be ruled out, these data do not allow for definitive conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli P Sellinger
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel Street, Champaign, IL, 61820, United States
| | - Victoria R Riesgo
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, 822 E Merry Ave, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, United States
| | - Amara S Brinks
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel Street, Champaign, IL, 61820, United States
| | - Jari Willing
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, 822 E Merry Ave, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, United States
| | - Janice M Juraska
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel Street, Champaign, IL, 61820, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel Street, Champaign, IL, 61820, United States.
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22
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D-cysteine is an endogenous regulator of neural progenitor cell dynamics in the mammalian brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2110610118. [PMID: 34556581 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110610118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
d-amino acids are increasingly recognized as important signaling molecules in the mammalian central nervous system. However, the d-stereoisomer of the amino acid with the fastest spontaneous racemization ratein vitro in vitro, cysteine, has not been examined in mammals. Using chiral high-performance liquid chromatography and a stereospecific luciferase assay, we identify endogenous d-cysteine in the mammalian brain. We identify serine racemase (SR), which generates the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor coagonist d-serine, as a candidate biosynthetic enzyme for d-cysteine. d-cysteine is enriched more than 20-fold in the embryonic mouse brain compared with the adult brain. d-cysteine reduces the proliferation of cultured mouse embryonic neural progenitor cells (NPCs) by ∼50%, effects not shared with d-serine or l-cysteine. The antiproliferative effect of d-cysteine is mediated by the transcription factors FoxO1 and FoxO3a. The selective influence of d-cysteine on NPC proliferation is reflected in overgrowth and aberrant lamination of the cerebral cortex in neonatal SR knockout mice. Finally, we perform an unbiased screen for d-cysteine-binding proteins in NPCs by immunoprecipitation with a d-cysteine-specific antibody followed by mass spectrometry. This approach identifies myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS) as a putative d-cysteine-binding protein. Together, these results establish endogenous mammalian d-cysteine and implicate it as a physiologic regulator of NPC homeostasis in the developing brain.
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23
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Rivera R, Williams NA, Kennedy GG, Sánchez-Pavón P, Chun J. Generation of an Lpar1-EGFP Fusion Knock-in Transgenic Mouse Line. Cell Biochem Biophys 2021; 79:619-627. [PMID: 34652685 PMCID: PMC8551097 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-021-01033-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a lysophospholipid that acts as an extracellular signal through the activation of cognate G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). There are six known LPA receptors (LPA1-6). The first such receptor, LPA1, was identified in the embryonic brain and has been studied extensively for gene expression throughout the body, including through studies of receptor-null mice. However, identifying receptor protein expression in situ and in vivo within living cells and tissues has been difficult because of biologically low receptor expression and variable antibody specificity. To visualize native LPA1 receptor expression in situ, we generated a knock-in mouse produced by homologous recombination in murine embryonic stem (ES) cells to replace a wildtype Lpar1 allele with a mutant allele created by in-frame fusion of EGFP to the 4th exon of Lpar1 (Lpar1-EGFP knock-in allele). Homozygous knock-in mice appeared normal and the expected mendelian ratios of knock-in allele transmission were present in females and males. Histological assessments of the fetal and adult central nervous system (CNS) demonstrated expression patterns that were consistent with prior in situ hybridization studies. This new mouse line will be useful for studies of LPA1 in the developing and adult CNS, as well as other tissues, and for receptor assessments in living tissues and disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Rivera
- Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nyssa A Williams
- Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Grace G Kennedy
- Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paloma Sánchez-Pavón
- Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jerold Chun
- Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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24
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Bedogni F, Hevner RF. Cell-Type-Specific Gene Expression in Developing Mouse Neocortex: Intermediate Progenitors Implicated in Axon Development. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:686034. [PMID: 34321999 PMCID: PMC8313239 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.686034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cortex projection neurons (PNs) are generated from intermediate progenitors (IPs), which are in turn derived from radial glial progenitors (RGPs). To investigate developmental processes in IPs, we profiled IP transcriptomes in embryonic mouse neocortex, using transgenic Tbr2-GFP mice, cell sorting, and microarrays. These data were used in combination with in situ hybridization to ascertain gene sets specific for IPs, RGPs, PNs, interneurons, and other neural and non-neural cell types. RGP-selective transcripts (n = 419) included molecules for Notch receptor signaling, proliferation, neural stem cell identity, apical junctions, necroptosis, hippo pathway, and NF-κB pathway. RGPs also expressed specific genes for critical interactions with meningeal and vascular cells. In contrast, IP-selective genes (n = 136) encoded molecules for activated Delta ligand presentation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, core planar cell polarity (PCP), axon genesis, and intrinsic excitability. Interestingly, IPs expressed several “dependence receptors” (Unc5d, Dcc, Ntrk3, and Epha4) that induce apoptosis in the absence of ligand, suggesting a competitive mechanism for IPs and new PNs to detect key environmental cues or die. Overall, our results imply a novel role for IPs in the patterning of neuronal polarization, axon differentiation, and intrinsic excitability prior to mitosis. Significantly, IPs highly express Wnt-PCP, netrin, and semaphorin pathway molecules known to regulate axon polarization in other systems. In sum, IPs not only amplify neurogenesis quantitatively, but also molecularly “prime” new PNs for axogenesis, guidance, and excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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25
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Bauer R, Clowry GJ, Kaiser M. Creative Destruction: A Basic Computational Model of Cortical Layer Formation. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:3237-3253. [PMID: 33625496 PMCID: PMC8196252 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most characteristic properties of many vertebrate neural systems is the layered organization of different cell types. This cytoarchitecture exists in the cortex, the retina, the hippocampus, and many other parts of the central nervous system. The developmental mechanisms of neural layer formation have been subject to substantial experimental efforts. Here, we provide a general computational model for cortical layer formation in 3D physical space. We show that this multiscale, agent-based model, comprising two distinct stages of apoptosis, can account for the wide range of neuronal numbers encountered in different cortical areas and species. Our results demonstrate the phenotypic richness of a basic state diagram structure. Importantly, apoptosis allows for changing the thickness of one layer without automatically affecting other layers. Therefore, apoptosis increases the flexibility for evolutionary change in layer architecture. Notably, slightly changed gene regulatory dynamics recapitulate the characteristic properties observed in neurodevelopmental diseases. Overall, we propose a novel computational model using gene-type rules, exhibiting many characteristics of normal and pathological cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Bauer
- Department of Computer Science, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Gavin J Clowry
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Marcus Kaiser
- School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5TG, UK
- Precision Imaging Beacon, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
- Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
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Proapoptotic Bad Involved in Brain Development, When Severely Defected, Induces Dramatic Malformation in Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094832. [PMID: 34063300 PMCID: PMC8124244 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The BH3-only molecule Bad regulates cell death via its differential protein phosphorylation, but very few studies address its effect on early embryonic development in vertebrate systems. In this work, we examined the novel role of zebrafish Bad in the initial programmed cell death (PCD) for brain morphogenesis through reducing environmental stress and cell death signaling. Bad was considered to be a material factor that because of the knockdown of Bad by morpholino oligonucleotides, PCD was increased and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was enhanced, which correlated to trigger a p53/caspase-8 involving cell death signaling. This Bad knockdown-mediated environmental stress and enhanced cell dying can delay normal cell migration in the formation of the three germ layers, especially the ectoderm, for further brain development. Furthermore, Bad defects involved in three-germ-layers development at 8 hpf were identified by in situ hybridization approach on cyp26, rtla, and Sox17 pattern expression markers. Finally, the Bad knockdown-induced severely defected brain was examined by tissue section from 24 to 48 h postfertilization (hpf), which correlated to induce dramatic malformation in the hindbrain. Our data suggest that the BH3-only molecule Bad regulates brain development via controlling programmed cell death on overcoming environmental stress for reducing secondary cell death signaling, which suggests that correlates to brain developmental and neurological disorders in this model system.
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27
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Chaudhary R, Agarwal V, Kaushik AS, Rehman M. Involvement of myocyte enhancer factor 2c in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06854. [PMID: 33981903 PMCID: PMC8082549 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2), a family of transcription factor of MADS (minichromosome maintenance 1, agamous, deficiens and serum response factor)-box family needed in the growth and differentiation of a variety of human cells, such as neural, immune, endothelial, and muscles. As per existing literature, MEF2 transcription factors have also been associated with synaptic plasticity, the developmental mechanisms governing memory and learning, and several neurologic conditions, like autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Recent genomic findings have ascertained a link between MEF2 defects, particularly in the MEF2C isoform and the ASD. In this review, we summarized a concise overview of the general regulation, structure and functional roles of the MEF2C transcription factor. We further outlined the potential role of MEF2C as a risk factor for various neurodevelopmental disorders, such as ASD, MEF2C Haploinsufficiency Syndrome and Fragile X syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
| | - Vipul Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
| | - Arjun Singh Kaushik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
| | - Mujeeba Rehman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
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28
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Ulmke PA, Sakib MS, Ditte P, Sokpor G, Kerimoglu C, Pham L, Xie Y, Mao X, Rosenbusch J, Teichmann U, Nguyen HP, Fischer A, Eichele G, Staiger JF, Tuoc T. Molecular Profiling Reveals Involvement of ESCO2 in Intermediate Progenitor Cell Maintenance in the Developing Mouse Cortex. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:968-984. [PMID: 33798452 PMCID: PMC8072132 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermediate progenitor cells (IPCs) are neocortical neuronal precursors. Although IPCs play crucial roles in corticogenesis, their molecular features remain largely unknown. In this study, we aimed to characterize the molecular profile of IPCs. We isolated TBR2-positive (+) IPCs and TBR2-negative (-) cell populations in the developing mouse cortex. Comparative genome-wide gene expression analysis of TBR2+ IPCs versus TBR2- cells revealed differences in key factors involved in chromatid segregation, cell-cycle regulation, transcriptional regulation, and cell signaling. Notably, mutation of many IPC genes in human has led to intellectual disability and caused a wide range of cortical malformations, including microcephaly and agenesis of corpus callosum. Loss-of-function experiments in cortex-specific mutants of Esco2, one of the novel IPC genes, demonstrate its critical role in IPC maintenance, and substantiate the identification of a central genetic determinant of IPC biogenesis. Our data provide novel molecular characteristics of IPCs in the developing mouse cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Antonie Ulmke
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - M Sadman Sakib
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Peter Ditte
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Godwin Sokpor
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Cemil Kerimoglu
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Linh Pham
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Yuanbin Xie
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Xiaoyi Mao
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Joachim Rosenbusch
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Teichmann
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andre Fischer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Goettingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), Goettingen, Germany
| | - Gregor Eichele
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tran Tuoc
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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29
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Sellinger EP, Drzewiecki CM, Willing J, Juraska JM. Cell death in the male and female rat medial prefrontal cortex during early postnatal development. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2021; 10:186-190. [PMID: 33870262 PMCID: PMC8044638 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, programmed cell death, is a critical component of neurodevelopment occurring in temporal, spatial, and at times, sex-specific, patterns across the cortex during the early postnatal period. During this time, the brain is particularly susceptible to environmental influences that are often used in animal models of neurodevelopmental disorders. In the present study, the timing of peak cell death was assessed by the presence of pyknotic cells in the male and female rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), a cortical region that in humans, is often involved in developmental disorders. One male and one female rat per litter were sacrificed at the following ages: postnatal day (P)2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 25. The mPFC was Nissl-stained, the densities of pyknotic cells and live neurons were stereologically collected, and the number of pyknotic cells per 100 live neurons, pyknotic cell density, and neuron density were analyzed. Males and females showed a significant peak in the ratio of pyknotic to live neurons on P8, and in females, this elevation persisted through P12. Likewise, the density of pyknotic cells peaked on P8 in both sexes and persisted through P12 in females. The timing of cell death within the rat mPFC will inform study design in experiments that employ early environmental manipulations that might disrupt this process. The number of pyknotic cells per live neuron was quantified. Postnatal cell death peaked on P8 in the male rat medial prefrontal cortex. In females, postnatal cell death peaked from P8 to P12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli P Sellinger
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, United States
| | - Carly M Drzewiecki
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, United States
| | - Jari Willing
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E Daniel St, Champaign, IL 61820, United States
| | - Janice M Juraska
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E Daniel St, Champaign, IL 61820, United States
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30
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Abstract
Cell death occurs when a pathogen invades a host organism or the organism is subjected to sterile injury. Thus, cell death is often closely associated with the induction of an immune response. Furthermore, cell death can occur as a consequence of the immune response and precedes the tissue renewal and repair responses that are initiated by innate immune cells during resolution of an immune response. Beyond immunity, cell death is required for development, morphogenesis and homeostasis. How can such a ubiquitous event as cell death trigger such a wide range of context-specific effector responses? Dying cells are sensed by innate immune cells using specialized receptors and phagocytosed through a process termed efferocytosis. Here, we outline a general principle whereby signals within the dead cell as well as the environment are integrated by specific efferocytes to define the appropriate effector response.
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31
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Mavrovic M, Uvarov P, Delpire E, Vutskits L, Kaila K, Puskarjov M. Loss of non-canonical KCC2 functions promotes developmental apoptosis of cortical projection neurons. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e48880. [PMID: 32064760 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
KCC2, encoded in humans by the SLC12A5 gene, is a multifunctional neuron-specific protein initially identified as the chloride (Cl- ) extruder critical for hyperpolarizing GABAA receptor currents. Independently of its canonical function as a K-Cl cotransporter, KCC2 regulates the actin cytoskeleton via molecular interactions mediated through its large intracellular C-terminal domain (CTD). Contrary to the common assumption that embryonic neocortical projection neurons express KCC2 at non-significant levels, here we show that loss of KCC2 enhances apoptosis of late-born upper-layer cortical projection neurons in the embryonic brain. In utero electroporation of plasmids encoding truncated, transport-dead KCC2 constructs retaining the CTD was as efficient as of that encoding full-length KCC2 in preventing elimination of migrating projection neurons upon conditional deletion of KCC2. This was in contrast to the effect of a full-length KCC2 construct bearing a CTD missense mutation (KCC2R952H ), which disrupts cytoskeletal interactions and has been found in patients with neurological and psychiatric disorders, notably seizures and epilepsy. Together, our findings indicate ion transport-independent, CTD-mediated regulation of developmental apoptosis by KCC2 in migrating cortical projection neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Mavrovic
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pavel Uvarov
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Laszlo Vutskits
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva 4, Switzerland.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Kai Kaila
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martin Puskarjov
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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32
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Abstract
One of the fundamental questions in neuroscience is how brain activity relates to conscious experience. Even though self-consciousness is considered an emergent property of the brain network, a quantum physics-based theory assigns a momentum of consciousness to the single neuron level. In this work, we present a brain self theory from an evolutionary biological perspective by analogy with the immune self. In this scheme, perinatal reactivity to self inputs would guide the selection of neocortical neurons within the subplate, similarly to T lymphocytes in the thymus. Such self-driven neuronal selection would enable effective discrimination of external inputs and avoid harmful "autoreactive" responses. Multiple experimental and clinical evidences for this model are provided. Based on this self tenet, we outline the postulates of the so-called autophrenic diseases, to then make the case for schizophrenia, an archetypic disease with rupture of the self. Implications of this model are discussed, along with potential experimental verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sánchez-Ramón
- Department of Clinical Immunology, IML and IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Immunology, ENT and Ophthalmology, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Florence Faure
- INSERM U932, PSL Research University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
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33
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Soleimani M, Golab F, Alizadeh A, Rigi S, Samani ZN, Vahabzadeh G, Peirovi T, Sarbishegi M, Katebi M, Azedi F. Evaluation of the neuroprotective effects of electromagnetic fields and coenzyme Q 10 on hippocampal injury in mouse. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:18720-18730. [PMID: 30932191 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) are reported to interfere with chemical reactions involving free radical production. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a strong antioxidant with some neuroprotective activities. The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the neuroprotective effects of EMF and CoQ10 in a mouse model of hippocampal injury. Hippocampal injury was induced in mature female mice (25-30 g), using an intraperitoneal injection of trimethyltin hydroxide (TMT; 2.5 mg/kg). The experimental groups were exposed to EMF at a frequency of 50 Hz and intensity of 5.9 mT for 7 hr daily over 1 week or treated with CoQ10 (10 mg/kg) for 2 weeks following TMT injection. A Morris water maze apparatus was used to assess learning and spatial memory. Nissl staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) tests were also performed for the histopathological analysis of the hippocampus. Antiapoptotic genes were studied, using the Western blot technique. The water maze test showed memory improvement following treatment with CoQ10 and coadministration of CoQ10 + EMF. The Nissl staining and TUNEL tests indicated a decline in necrotic and apoptotic cell count following treatment with CoQ10 and coadministration of CoQ10 + EMF. The Western blot study indicated the upregulation of antiapoptotic genes in treatment with CoQ10, as well as coadministration. Also, treatment with EMF had no significant effects on reducing damage induced by TMT in the hippocampus. According to the results, EMF had no significant neuroprotective effects in comparison with CoQ10 on hippocampal injury in mice. Nevertheless, coadministration of EMF and CoQ10 could improve the neuroprotective effects of CoQ10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoureh Soleimani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Golab
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Alizadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Sara Rigi
- Department of Anatomy, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Zeinab Nazarian Samani
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Gelareh Vahabzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahmineh Peirovi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Urumia University of Medical Sciences, Urumia, Iran
| | - Maryam Sarbishegi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Majid Katebi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Azedi
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
In spite of the high metabolic cost of cellular production, the brain contains only a fraction of the neurons generated during embryonic development. In the rodent cerebral cortex, a first wave of programmed cell death surges at embryonic stages and affects primarily progenitor cells. A second, larger wave unfolds during early postnatal development and ultimately determines the final number of cortical neurons. Programmed cell death in the developing cortex is particularly dependent on neuronal activity and unfolds in a cell-specific manner with precise temporal control. Pyramidal cells and interneurons adjust their numbers in sync, which is likely crucial for the establishment of balanced networks of excitatory and inhibitory neurons. In contrast, several other neuronal populations are almost completely eliminated through apoptosis during the first two weeks of postnatal development, highlighting the importance of programmed cell death in sculpting the mature cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fong Kuan Wong
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom; .,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar Marín
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom; .,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
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35
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Exposure to homocysteine leads to cell cycle damage and reactive gliosis in the developing brain. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 87:60-69. [PMID: 31082465 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Studies that investigate the cellular effects of homocysteine (Hcy) on the differentiation of neural cells, and their involvement in establishment of cell layers in the developing brain are scarce. This study evaluated how Hcy affects the neural cell cycle and proteins involved in neuronal differentiation in the telencephalon and mesencephalon using the chicken embryo as a model. Embryos at embryonic day 2 (E2) received 20 μmol D-L Hcy/50 μl saline and analyzed at E6. The Hcy treatment induced an increase in the ventricular length of the telencephalon and also a reduction of the mantle layer thickness. We observed that Hcy induced impairments to the neural cell cycle and differentiation, which compromised the cell layers establishment in the developing brain. Hcy treatment also induced changes in gene and protein expression of astrocytes, characteristic of reactive gliosis. Our results point to new perspectives of evaluation of cellular targets of Hcy toxicity.
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36
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Hevner RF. Intermediate progenitors and Tbr2 in cortical development. J Anat 2019; 235:616-625. [PMID: 30677129 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In developing cerebral cortex, intermediate progenitors (IPs) are transit amplifying cells that specifically express Tbr2 (gene: Eomes), a T-box transcription factor. IPs are derived from radial glia (RG) progenitors, the neural stem cells of developing cortex. In turn, IPs generate glutamatergic projection neurons (PNs) exclusively. IPs are found in ventricular and subventricular zones, where they differentiate as distinct ventricular IP (vIP) and outer IP (oIP) subtypes. Morphologically, IPs have short processes, resembling filopodia or neurites, that transiently contact other cells, most importantly dividing RG cells to mediate Delta-Notch signaling. Also, IPs secrete a chemokine, Cxcl12, which guides interneuron and microglia migrations and promotes thalamocortical axon growth. In mice, IPs produce clones of 1-12 PNs, sometimes spanning multiple layers. After mitosis, IP daughter cells undergo asymmetric cell death in the majority of instances. In mice, Tbr2 is necessary for PN differentiation and subtype specification, and to repress IP-genic transcription factors. Tbr2 directly represses Insm1, an IP-genic transcription factor gene, as well as Pax6, a key activator of Tbr2 transcription. Without Tbr2, abnormal IPs transiently accumulate in elevated numbers. More broadly, Tbr2 regulates the transcriptome by activating or repressing hundreds of direct target genes. Notably, Tbr2 'unlocks' and activates PN-specific genes, such as Tbr1, by recruiting Jmjd3, a histone H3K27me3 demethylase that removes repressive epigenetic marks placed by polycomb repressive complex 2. IPs have played an important role in the evolution and gyrification of mammalian cerebral cortex, and TBR2 is essential for human brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Hevner
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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37
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Chai G, Gleeson JG. A newly discovered mechanism driving neuronal mutations in Alzheimer's disease. Nature 2019; 563:631-632. [PMID: 30478369 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-018-07334-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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38
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Maternal nutrient restriction in guinea pigs leads to fetal growth restriction with increased brain apoptosis. Pediatr Res 2019; 85:105-112. [PMID: 30420709 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-018-0230-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We determined whether maternal nutrient restriction (MNR) in guinea pigs leading to fetal growth restriction (FGR) impacts cell death in the brain with implications for neurodevelopmental adversity. METHODS Guinea pigs were fed ad libitum (Control) or 70% of the control diet before pregnancy, switching to 90% at mid-pregnancy (MNR). Fetuses were necropsied near term and brain tissues processed for necrosis (H&E), apoptosis (TUNEL), and pro- (Bax) and anti- (Bcl-2 and Grp78) apoptotic protein immunoreactivity. RESULTS FGR-MNR fetal and brain weights were decreased 38% and 12%, respectively, indicating brain sparing but with brains still smaller. While necrosis remained unchanged, apoptosis was increased in the white matter and hippocampus in the FGR brains, and control and FGR-related apoptosis were increased in males for most brain areas. Bax was increased in the CA4 and Bcl-2 was decreased in the dentate gyrus in the FGR brains supporting a role in the increased apoptosis, while Grp78 was increased in the FGR females, possibly contributing to the sex-related differences. CONCLUSIONS MNR-induced FGR results in increased brain apoptosis with regional and sex-related differences that may contribute to the reduction in brain area size reported clinically and increased risk in FGR males for later neurodevelopmental adversity.
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39
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Rohrback S, Siddoway B, Liu CS, Chun J. Genomic mosaicism in the developing and adult brain. Dev Neurobiol 2018; 78:1026-1048. [PMID: 30027562 PMCID: PMC6214721 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of DNA, the normal developing and functioning brain has been assumed to be composed of cells with identical genomes, which remains the dominant view even today. However, this pervasive assumption is incorrect, as proven by increasing numbers of reports within the last 20 years that have identified multiple forms of somatically produced genomic mosaicism (GM), wherein brain cells-especially neurons-from a single individual show diverse alterations in DNA, distinct from the germline. Critically, these changes alter the actual DNA nucleotide sequences-in contrast to epigenetic mechanisms-and almost certainly contribute to the remarkably diverse phenotypes of single brain cells, including single-cell transcriptomic profiles. Here, we review the history of GM within the normal brain, including its major forms, initiating mechanisms, and possible functions. GM forms include aneuploidies and aneusomies, smaller copy number variations (CNVs), long interspersed nuclear element type 1 (LINE1) repeat elements, and single nucleotide variations (SNVs), as well as DNA content variation (DCV) that reflects all forms of GM with greatest coverage of large, brain cell populations. In addition, technical considerations are examined, along with relationships among GM forms and multiple brain diseases. GM affecting genes and loci within the brain contrast with current neural discovery approaches that rely on sequencing nonbrain DNA (e.g., genome-wide association studies (GWAS)). Increasing knowledge of neural GM has implications for mechanisms of development, diversity, and function, as well as understanding diseases, particularly considering the overwhelming prevalence of sporadic brain diseases that are unlinked to germline mutations. © 2018 The Authors. Developmental Neurobiology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Rohrback
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCalifornia92093
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaCalifornia
- Present address:
Illumina, Inc.San DiegoCA 92122USA
| | - Benjamin Siddoway
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaCalifornia
| | - Christine S. Liu
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCalifornia92093
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaCalifornia
| | - Jerold Chun
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaCalifornia
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40
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Gu BJ, Wiley JS. P2X7 as a scavenger receptor for innate phagocytosis in the brain. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:4195-4208. [PMID: 30098011 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor has been widely studied for its ATP-induced pro-inflammatory effect, but in the absence of a ligand, P2X7 has a second function as a scavenger receptor, which is active in the development of the human brain. The scavenger activity of P2X7 is only evident in the absence of serum but is fully active in cerebrospinal fluid. P2X7 on the cell surface is present as a membrane complex, and an attachment to non-muscle myosin of the cytoskeleton is required for particle engulfment. Selective antagonists of P2X7 pro-inflammatory function have little effect on phagocytosis, but inheritance of a variant haplotype spanning the P2RX7 and P2RX4 genes has been associated with loss of P2X7-mediated phagocytosis. Recent studies in mice suggest that the innate phagocytosis mediated by P2X7 receptors declines with ageing. Thus, defective P2X7-mediated phagocytosis may contribute to age-related neuro-degenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, age-related macular degeneration and primary progressive multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J Gu
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James S Wiley
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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41
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Submegabase copy number variations arise during cerebral cortical neurogenesis as revealed by single-cell whole-genome sequencing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:10804-10809. [PMID: 30262650 PMCID: PMC6196524 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1812702115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports of copy number variations (CNVs) within single human brain cells have been limited to megabase-scale alterations in relatively few cells, leaving unclear when CNVs first arise and whether their generation is regulated. Answering these questions has been limited by an absence of experimentation with model organisms that allow developmental assessments infeasible with human samples. Here, we identify the existence and developmental dynamics of cerebral cortical CNVs in mouse, showing that their prevalence increases through midneurogenesis. Our improved sequencing approach also allowed characterization of previously undocumented neural CNVs below 1 Mb in size, comprising half of all alterations. These data demonstrate the existence of myriad CNVs, which genomically diversify neural cells before incorporation into the mature organization of the brain. Somatic copy number variations (CNVs) exist in the brain, but their genesis, prevalence, forms, and biological impact remain unclear, even within experimentally tractable animal models. We combined a transposase-based amplification (TbA) methodology for single-cell whole-genome sequencing with a bioinformatic approach for filtering unreliable CNVs (FUnC), developed from machine learning trained on lymphocyte V(D)J recombination. TbA–FUnC offered superior genomic coverage and removed >90% of false-positive CNV calls, allowing extensive examination of submegabase CNVs from over 500 cells throughout the neurogenic period of cerebral cortical development in Mus musculus. Thousands of previously undocumented CNVs were identified. Half were less than 1 Mb in size, with deletions 4× more common than amplification events, and were randomly distributed throughout the genome. However, CNV prevalence during embryonic cortical development was nonrandom, peaking at midneurogenesis with levels triple those found at younger ages before falling to intermediate quantities. These data identify pervasive small and large CNVs as early contributors to neural genomic mosaicism, producing genomically diverse cellular building blocks that form the highly organized, mature brain.
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42
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Mihalas AB, Hevner RF. Clonal analysis reveals laminar fate multipotency and daughter cell apoptosis of mouse cortical intermediate progenitors. Development 2018; 145:145/17/dev164335. [PMID: 30217810 DOI: 10.1242/dev.164335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In developing cerebral cortex, most pyramidal-projection neurons are produced by intermediate progenitors (IPs), derived in turn from radial glial progenitors. Although IPs produce neurons for all cortical layers, it is unknown whether individual IPs produce multiple or single laminar fates, and the potential of IPs for extended proliferation remains uncertain. Previously, we found that, at the population level, early IPs (present during lower-layer neurogenesis) produce lower- and upper-layer neurons, whereas late IPs produce upper-layer neurons only. Here, we employed mosaic analysis with double markers (MADM) in mice to sparsely label early IP clones. Most early IPs produced 1-2 neurons for deep layers only. Less frequently, early IPs produced larger clones (up to 12 neurons) spanning lower and upper layers, or upper layers only. The majority of IP-derived clones (∼66%) were associated with asymmetric cell death after the first division. These data demonstrate that laminar fate is not predetermined, at least in some IPs. Rather, the heterogeneous sizes and laminar fates of early IP clones are correlated with cell division/death/differentiation choices and neuron birthdays, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca B Mihalas
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA .,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
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43
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Mouse maternal protein restriction during preimplantation alone permanently alters brain neuron proportion and adult short-term memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E7398-E7407. [PMID: 29941596 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1721876115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal protein malnutrition throughout pregnancy and lactation compromises brain development in late gestation and after birth, affecting structural, biochemical, and pathway dynamics with lasting consequences for motor and cognitive function. However, the importance of nutrition during the preimplantation period for brain development is unknown. We have previously shown that maternal low-protein diet (LPD) confined to the preimplantation period (Emb-LPD) in mice, with normal nutrition thereafter, is sufficient to induce cardiometabolic and locomotory behavioral abnormalities in adult offspring. Here, using a range of in vivo and in vitro techniques, we report that Emb-LPD and sustained LPD reduce neural stem cell (NSC) and progenitor cell numbers at E12.5, E14.5, and E17.5 through suppressed proliferation rates in both ganglionic eminences and cortex of the fetal brain. Moreover, Emb-LPD causes remaining NSCs to up-regulate the neuronal differentiation rate beyond control levels, whereas in LPD, apoptosis increases to possibly temper neuron formation. Furthermore, Emb-LPD adult offspring maintain the increase in neuron proportion in the cortex, display increased cortex thickness, and exhibit short-term memory deficit analyzed by the novel-object recognition assay. Last, we identify altered expression of fragile X family genes as a potential molecular mechanism for adverse programming of brain development. Collectively, these data demonstrate that poor maternal nutrition from conception is sufficient to cause abnormal brain development and adult memory loss.
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44
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Slota LA, McClay DR. Identification of neural transcription factors required for the differentiation of three neuronal subtypes in the sea urchin embryo. Dev Biol 2018; 435:138-149. [PMID: 29331498 PMCID: PMC5837949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Correct patterning of the nervous system is essential for an organism's survival and complex behavior. Embryologists have used the sea urchin as a model for decades, but our understanding of sea urchin nervous system patterning is incomplete. Previous histochemical studies identified multiple neurotransmitters in the pluteus larvae of several sea urchin species. However, little is known about how, where and when neural subtypes are differentially specified during development. Here, we examine the molecular mechanisms of neuronal subtype specification in 3 distinct neural subtypes in the Lytechinus variegatus larva. We show that these subtypes are specified through Delta/Notch signaling and identify a different transcription factor required for the development of each neural subtype. Our results show achaete-scute and neurogenin are proneural for the serotonergic neurons of the apical organ and cholinergic neurons of the ciliary band, respectively. We also show that orthopedia is not proneural but is necessary for the differentiation of the cholinergic/catecholaminergic postoral neurons. Interestingly, these transcription factors are used similarly during vertebrate neurogenesis. We believe this study is a starting point for building a neural gene regulatory network in the sea urchin and for finding conserved deuterostome neurogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Slota
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - David R McClay
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States.
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45
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Shepherd CE, Yang Y, Halliday GM. Region- and Cell-specific Aneuploidy in Brain Aging and Neurodegeneration. Neuroscience 2018; 374:326-334. [PMID: 29432756 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Variations in genomic DNA content, or aneuploidy, are a well-recognized feature of normal human brain development. Whether changes in the levels of aneuploidy are a factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is less clear, as the data reported to date vary substantially in the levels of aneuploidy detected (0.7-11.5%), possibly due to methodological limitations, but also influenced by individual, regional and cellular heterogeneity as well as variations in cell subtypes. These issues have not been adequately addressed to date. While it is known that the DNA damage response increases with age, the limited human studies investigating aneuploidy in normal aging also show variable results, potentially due to susceptibility to age-related neurodegenerative processes. Neuronal aneuploidy has recently been reported in multiple brain regions in Lewy body disease, but similar genomic changes are not a feature of all synucleinopathies and aneuploidy does not appear to be related to alpha-synuclein aggregation. Rather, aneuploidy was associated with Alzheimer's pathology in the hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex and neuronal degeneration in the substantia nigra. The association between Alzheimer's pathology and aneuploidy in regions with limited neurodegeneration is supported by a growing body of in vitro and in vivo data on aneuploidy and beta-amyloid and tau abnormalities. Large-scale studies using high-resolution techniques alongside other sensitive and specific methodologies are now required to assess the true extent of cell- and region-specific aneuploidy in aging and neurodegeneration, and to determine any associations with pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Shepherd
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Margarete Ainsworth Building, Barker Street, Randwick, Sydney 2031, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2031, Australia.
| | - Y Yang
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Margarete Ainsworth Building, Barker Street, Randwick, Sydney 2031, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2031, Australia; Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Australia.
| | - G M Halliday
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Margarete Ainsworth Building, Barker Street, Randwick, Sydney 2031, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2031, Australia; Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Australia.
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46
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Sánchez-Ramón S, Faure F. The Thymus/Neocortex Hypothesis of the Brain: A Cell Basis for Recognition and Instruction of Self. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:340. [PMID: 29163052 PMCID: PMC5663735 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The recognition of internal and external sources of stimuli, the self from non-self, seems to be an intrinsic property to the adequate functioning of the immune system and the nervous system, both complex network systems that have evolved to safeguard the self biological identity of the organism. The mammalian brain development relies on dynamic and adaptive processes that are now well described. However, the rules dictating this highly constrained developmental process remain elusive. Here we hypothesize that there is a cellular basis for brain selfhood, based on the analogy of the global mechanisms that drive the self/non-self recognition and instruction by the immune system. In utero education within the thymus by multi-step selection processes discard overly low and high affinity T-lymphocytes to self stimuli, thus avoiding expendable or autoreactive responses that might lead to harmful autoimmunity. We argue that the self principle is one of the chief determinants of neocortical brain neurogenesis. According to our hypothesis, early-life education on self at the subcortical plate of the neocortex by selection processes might participate in the striking specificity of neuronal repertoire and assure efficiency and self tolerance. Potential implications of this hypothesis in self-reactive neurological pathologies are discussed, particularly involving consciousness-associated pathophysiological conditions, i.e., epilepsy and schizophrenia, for which we coined the term autophrenity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sánchez-Ramón
- Department of Clinical Immunology and IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Microbiology I, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Florence Faure
- PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Paris, France
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47
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Blanquie O, Yang JW, Kilb W, Sharopov S, Sinning A, Luhmann HJ. Electrical activity controls area-specific expression of neuronal apoptosis in the mouse developing cerebral cortex. eLife 2017; 6:27696. [PMID: 28826501 PMCID: PMC5582867 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death widely but heterogeneously affects the developing brain, causing the loss of up to 50% of neurons in rodents. However, whether this heterogeneity originates from neuronal identity and/or network-dependent processes is unknown. Here, we report that the primary motor cortex (M1) and primary somatosensory cortex (S1), two adjacent but functionally distinct areas, display striking differences in density of apoptotic neurons during the early postnatal period. These differences in rate of apoptosis negatively correlate with region-dependent levels of activity. Disrupting this activity either pharmacologically or by electrical stimulation alters the spatial pattern of apoptosis and sensory deprivation leads to exacerbated amounts of apoptotic neurons in the corresponding functional area of the neocortex. Thus, our data demonstrate that spontaneous and periphery-driven activity patterns are important for the structural and functional maturation of the neocortex by refining the final number of cortical neurons in a region-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriane Blanquie
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jenq-Wei Yang
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Werner Kilb
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Salim Sharopov
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anne Sinning
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Heiko J Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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48
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Homeostatic interplay between electrical activity and neuronal apoptosis in the developing neocortex. Neuroscience 2017; 358:190-200. [PMID: 28663094 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An intriguing feature of nervous system development in most animal species is that the initial number of generated neurons is higher than the number of neurons incorporated into mature circuits. A substantial portion of neurons is indeed eliminated via apoptosis during a short time window - in rodents the first two postnatal weeks. While it is well established that neurotrophic factors play a central role in controlling neuronal survival and apoptosis in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), the situation is less clear in the central nervous system (CNS). In postnatal rodent neocortex, the peak of apoptosis coincides with the occurrence of spontaneous, synchronous activity patterns. In this article, we review recent results that demonstrate the important role of electrical activity for neuronal survival in the neocortex, describe the role of Ca2+ and neurotrophic factors in translating electrical activity into pro-survival signals, and finally discuss the clinical impact of the tight relation between electrical activity and neuronal survival versus apoptosis.
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49
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Abstract
Microglia begin colonizing the developing brain as early as embryonic day 9, prior to the emergence of neurons and other glia. Their ontogeny is also distinct from other central nervous system cells, as they derive from yolk sac hematopoietic progenitors and not neural progenitors. In this review, we feature these unique characteristics of microglia and assess the spatiotemporal similarities between microglia colonization of the central nervous system and embryonic neurogenesis. We also infer to existing evidence for microglia function from embryonic through to postnatal neurodevelopment to postulate roles for microglia in neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih Kong Tong
- Neuroinflammation Group, Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Sharmili Vidyadaran
- Neuroinflammation Group, Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
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50
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Luhmann HJ, Khazipov R. Neuronal activity patterns in the developing barrel cortex. Neuroscience 2017; 368:256-267. [PMID: 28528963 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The developing barrel cortex reveals a rich repertoire of neuronal activity patterns, which have been also found in other sensory neocortical areas and in other species including the somatosensory cortex of preterm human infants. The earliest stage is characterized by asynchronous, sparse single-cell firing at low frequencies. During the second stage neurons show correlated firing, which is initially mediated by electrical synapses and subsequently transforms into network bursts depending on chemical synapses. Activity patterns during this second stage are synchronous plateau assemblies, delta waves, spindle bursts and early gamma oscillations (EGOs). In newborn rodents spindle bursts and EGOs occur spontaneously or can be elicited by sensory stimulation and synchronize the activity in a barrel-related columnar network with topographic organization at the day of birth. Interfering with this early activity causes a disturbance in the development of the cortical architecture, indicating that spindle bursts and EGOs influence the formation of cortical columns. Early neuronal activity also controls the rate of programed cell death in the developing barrel cortex, suggesting that spindle bursts and EGOs are physiological activity patterns particularly suited to suppress apoptosis. It remains to be studied in more detail how these different neocortical activity patterns control early developmental processes such as formation of synapses, microcircuits, topographic maps and large-scale networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko J Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Rustem Khazipov
- INMED - INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille 13273, France; Laboratory of Neurobiology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia
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