1
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Ou KL, Chen CK, Huang JJ, Chang WW, Hsieh Li SM, Jiang TX, Widelitz RB, Lansford R, Chuong CM. Adaptive patterning of vascular network during avian skin development: Mesenchymal plasticity and dermal vasculogenesis. Cells Dev 2024; 179:203922. [PMID: 38688358 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2024.203922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
A vasculature network supplies blood to feather buds in the developing skin. Does the vasculature network during early skin development form by sequential sprouting from the central vasculature or does local vasculogenesis occur first that then connect with the central vascular tree? Using transgenic Japanese quail Tg(TIE1p.H2B-eYFP), we observe that vascular progenitor cells appear after feather primordia formation. The vasculature then radiates out from each bud and connects with primordial vessels from neighboring buds. Later they connect with the central vasculature. Epithelial-mesenchymal recombination shows local vasculature is patterned by the epithelium, which expresses FGF2 and VEGF. Perturbing noggin expression leads to abnormal vascularization. To study endothelial origin, we compare transcriptomes of TIE1p.H2B-eYFP+ cells collected from the skin and aorta. Endothelial cells from the skin more closely resemble skin dermal cells than those from the aorta. The results show developing chicken skin vasculature is assembled by (1) physiological vasculogenesis from the peripheral tissue, and (2) subsequently connects with the central vasculature. The work implies mesenchymal plasticity and convergent differentiation play significant roles in development, and such processes may be re-activated during adult regeneration. SUMMARY STATEMENT: We show the vasculature network in the chicken skin is assembled using existing feather buds as the template, and endothelia are derived from local bud dermis and central vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Ling Ou
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Ostrow School of Dentistry of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Burn Center, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kuan Chen
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Junxiang J Huang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Graduate Programs in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - William Weijen Chang
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Shu-Man Hsieh Li
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Ostrow School of Dentistry of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Ting-Xin Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Randall B Widelitz
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Rusty Lansford
- Department of Radiology and Developmental Neuroscience Program, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.
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2
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Lee SH, Platt S, Lim CH, Ito M, Myung P. The development of hair follicles and nail. Dev Biol 2024; 513:3-11. [PMID: 38759942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
The hair follicle and nail unit develop and regenerate through epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Here, we review some of the key signals and molecular interactions that regulate mammalian hair follicle and nail formation during embryonic development and how these interactions are reutilized to promote their regeneration during adult homeostasis and in response to skin wounding. Finally, we highlight the role of some of these signals in mediating human hair follicle and nail conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soung-Hoon Lee
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology and Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah Platt
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chae Ho Lim
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology and Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mayumi Ito
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology and Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peggy Myung
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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3
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Huycke TR, Häkkinen TJ, Miyazaki H, Srivastava V, Barruet E, McGinnis CS, Kalantari A, Cornwall-Scoones J, Vaka D, Zhu Q, Jo H, Oria R, Weaver VM, DeGrado WF, Thomson M, Garikipati K, Boffelli D, Klein OD, Gartner ZJ. Patterning and folding of intestinal villi by active mesenchymal dewetting. Cell 2024; 187:3072-3089.e20. [PMID: 38781967 PMCID: PMC11166531 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Tissue folds are structural motifs critical to organ function. In the intestine, bending of a flat epithelium into a periodic pattern of folds gives rise to villi, finger-like protrusions that enable nutrient absorption. However, the molecular and mechanical processes driving villus morphogenesis remain unclear. Here, we identify an active mechanical mechanism that simultaneously patterns and folds the intestinal epithelium to initiate villus formation. At the cellular level, we find that PDGFRA+ subepithelial mesenchymal cells generate myosin II-dependent forces sufficient to produce patterned curvature in neighboring tissue interfaces. This symmetry-breaking process requires altered cell and extracellular matrix interactions that are enabled by matrix metalloproteinase-mediated tissue fluidization. Computational models, together with in vitro and in vivo experiments, revealed that these cellular features manifest at the tissue level as differences in interfacial tensions that promote mesenchymal aggregation and interface bending through a process analogous to the active dewetting of a thin liquid film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R Huycke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Teemu J Häkkinen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hikaru Miyazaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vasudha Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Emilie Barruet
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Guerin Children's, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher S McGinnis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ali Kalantari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jake Cornwall-Scoones
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Dedeepya Vaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Guerin Children's, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Qin Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hyunil Jo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Roger Oria
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helen Diller Family Cancer Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Valerie M Weaver
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helen Diller Family Cancer Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - William F DeGrado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matt Thomson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Krishna Garikipati
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, and Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dario Boffelli
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Guerin Children's, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Guerin Children's, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Zev J Gartner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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4
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Tseng CC, Woolley TE, Jiang TX, Wu P, Maini PK, Widelitz RB, Chuong CM. Gap junctions in Turing-type periodic feather pattern formation. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002636. [PMID: 38743770 PMCID: PMC11161087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Periodic patterning requires coordinated cell-cell interactions at the tissue level. Turing showed, using mathematical modeling, how spatial patterns could arise from the reactions of a diffusive activator-inhibitor pair in an initially homogeneous 2D field. Most activators and inhibitors studied in biological systems are proteins, and the roles of cell-cell interaction, ions, bioelectricity, etc. are only now being identified. Gap junctions (GJs) mediate direct exchanges of ions or small molecules between cells, enabling rapid long-distance communications in a cell collective. They are therefore good candidates for propagating nonprotein-based patterning signals that may act according to the Turing principles. Here, we explore the possible roles of GJs in Turing-type patterning using feather pattern formation as a model. We found 7 of the 12 investigated GJ isoforms are highly dynamically expressed in the developing chicken skin. In ovo functional perturbations of the GJ isoform, connexin 30, by siRNA and the dominant-negative mutant applied before placode development led to disrupted primary feather bud formation. Interestingly, inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) in the ex vivo skin explant culture allowed the sequential emergence of new feather buds at specific spatial locations relative to the existing primary buds. The results suggest that GJIC may facilitate the propagation of long-distance inhibitory signals. Thus, inhibition of GJs may stimulate Turing-type periodic feather pattern formation during chick skin development, and the removal of GJ activity would enable the emergence of new feather buds if the local environment were competent and the threshold to form buds was reached. We further propose Turing-based computational simulations that can predict the sequential appearance of these ectopic buds. Our models demonstrate how a Turing activator-inhibitor system can continue to generate patterns in the competent morphogenetic field when the level of intercellular communication at the tissue scale is modulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chih Tseng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | | | - Ting-Xin Jiang
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Philip K. Maini
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, Andrew Wiles Building, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Randall B. Widelitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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5
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Huycke TR, Miyazaki H, Häkkinen TJ, Srivastava V, Barruet E, McGinnis CS, Kalantari A, Cornwall-Scoones J, Vaka D, Zhu Q, Jo H, DeGrado WF, Thomson M, Garikipati K, Boffelli D, Klein OD, Gartner ZJ. Patterning and folding of intestinal villi by active mesenchymal dewetting. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.25.546328. [PMID: 37425793 PMCID: PMC10326967 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.25.546328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Tissue folding generates structural motifs critical to organ function. In the intestine, bending of a flat epithelium into a periodic pattern of folds gives rise to villi, the numerous finger-like protrusions that are essential for nutrient absorption. However, the molecular and mechanical mechanisms driving the initiation and morphogenesis of villi remain a matter of debate. Here, we identify an active mechanical mechanism that simultaneously patterns and folds intestinal villi. We find that PDGFRA+ subepithelial mesenchymal cells generate myosin II-dependent forces sufficient to produce patterned curvature in neighboring tissue interfaces. At the cell-level, this occurs through a process dependent upon matrix metalloproteinase-mediated tissue fluidization and altered cell-ECM adhesion. By combining computational models with in vivo experiments, we reveal these cellular features manifest at the tissue-level as differences in interfacial tensions that promote mesenchymal aggregation and interface bending through a process analogous to the active de-wetting of a thin liquid film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R. Huycke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Equal contribution
| | - Hikaru Miyazaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Equal contribution
| | - Teemu J. Häkkinen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Equal contribution
| | - Vasudha Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Emilie Barruet
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher S. McGinnis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ali Kalantari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jake Cornwall-Scoones
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Dedeepya Vaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Qin Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hyunil Jo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William F. DeGrado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matt Thomson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Krishna Garikipati
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, and Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Dario Boffelli
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Ophir D. Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Zev J. Gartner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
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6
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Tseng CC, Woolley TE, Jiang TX, Wu P, Maini PK, Widelitz RB, Chuong CM. Gap junctions in Turing-type periodic feather pattern formation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.15.537019. [PMID: 37090608 PMCID: PMC10120740 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.15.537019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Periodic patterning requires coordinated cell-cell interactions at the tissue level. Turing showed, using mathematical modeling, how spatial patterns could arise from the reactions of a diffusive activator-inhibitor pair in an initially homogenous two-dimensional field. Most activators and inhibitors studied in biological systems are proteins, and the roles of cell-cell interaction, ions, bioelectricity, etc. are only now being identified. Gap junctions (GJs) mediate direct exchanges of ions or small molecules between cells, enabling rapid long-distance communications in a cell collective. They are therefore good candidates for propagating non-protein-based patterning signals that may act according to the Turing principles. Here, we explore the possible roles of GJs in Turing-type patterning using feather pattern formation as a model. We found seven of the twelve investigated GJ isoforms are highly dynamically expressed in the developing chicken skin. In ovo functional perturbations of the GJ isoform, connexin 30, by siRNA and the dominant-negative mutant applied before placode development led to disrupted primary feather bud formation, including patches of smooth skin and buds of irregular sizes. Later, after the primary feather arrays were laid out, inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication in the ex vivo skin explant culture allowed the emergence of new feather buds in temporal waves at specific spatial locations relative to the existing primary buds. The results suggest that gap junctional communication may facilitate the propagation of long-distance inhibitory signals. Thus, the removal of GJ activity would enable the emergence of new feather buds if the local environment is competent and the threshold to form buds is reached. We propose Turing-based computational simulations that can predict the appearance of these ectopic bud waves. Our models demonstrate how a Turing activator-inhibitor system can continue to generate patterns in the competent morphogenetic field when the level of intercellular communication at the tissue scale is modulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chih Tseng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, U.S.A
- Current address: Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, U.S.A
| | - Thomas E. Woolley
- School of Mathematics, Cardiff University, Senghennydd Road, Cardiff, CF24 4AG, U.K
| | - Ting-Xin Jiang
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, U.S.A
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, U.S.A
| | - Philip K. Maini
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, Andrew Wiles Building, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, U.K
| | - Randall B. Widelitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, U.S.A
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, U.S.A
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7
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Zimm R, Berio F, Debiais-Thibaud M, Goudemand N. A shark-inspired general model of tooth morphogenesis unveils developmental asymmetries in phenotype transitions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2216959120. [PMID: 37027430 PMCID: PMC10104537 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2216959120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental complexity stemming from the dynamic interplay between genetic and biomechanic factors canalizes the ways genotypes and phenotypes can change in evolution. As a paradigmatic system, we explore how changes in developmental factors generate typical tooth shape transitions. Since tooth development has mainly been researched in mammals, we contribute to a more general understanding by studying the development of tooth diversity in sharks. To this end, we build a general, but realistic, mathematical model of odontogenesis. We show that it reproduces key shark-specific features of tooth development as well as real tooth shape variation in small-spotted catsharks Scyliorhinus canicula. We validate our model by comparison with experiments in vivo. Strikingly, we observe that developmental transitions between tooth shapes tend to be highly degenerate, even for complex phenotypes. We also discover that the sets of developmental parameters involved in tooth shape transitions tend to depend asymmetrically on the direction of that transition. Together, our findings provide a valuable base for furthering our understanding of how developmental changes can lead to both adaptive phenotypic change and trait convergence in complex, phenotypically highly diverse, structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Zimm
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Lyon Cedex07 69364, France
| | - Fidji Berio
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Lyon Cedex07 69364, France
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Institut de la Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier34095, France
| | - Mélanie Debiais-Thibaud
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Institut de la Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier34095, France
| | - Nicolas Goudemand
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Lyon Cedex07 69364, France
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8
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Schamberger B, Ziege R, Anselme K, Ben Amar M, Bykowski M, Castro APG, Cipitria A, Coles RA, Dimova R, Eder M, Ehrig S, Escudero LM, Evans ME, Fernandes PR, Fratzl P, Geris L, Gierlinger N, Hannezo E, Iglič A, Kirkensgaard JJK, Kollmannsberger P, Kowalewska Ł, Kurniawan NA, Papantoniou I, Pieuchot L, Pires THV, Renner LD, Sageman-Furnas AO, Schröder-Turk GE, Sengupta A, Sharma VR, Tagua A, Tomba C, Trepat X, Waters SL, Yeo EF, Roschger A, Bidan CM, Dunlop JWC. Curvature in Biological Systems: Its Quantification, Emergence, and Implications across the Scales. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2206110. [PMID: 36461812 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Surface curvature both emerges from, and influences the behavior of, living objects at length scales ranging from cell membranes to single cells to tissues and organs. The relevance of surface curvature in biology is supported by numerous experimental and theoretical investigations in recent years. In this review, first, a brief introduction to the key ideas of surface curvature in the context of biological systems is given and the challenges that arise when measuring surface curvature are discussed. Giving an overview of the emergence of curvature in biological systems, its significance at different length scales becomes apparent. On the other hand, summarizing current findings also shows that both single cells and entire cell sheets, tissues or organisms respond to curvature by modulating their shape and their migration behavior. Finally, the interplay between the distribution of morphogens or micro-organisms and the emergence of curvature across length scales is addressed with examples demonstrating these key mechanistic principles of morphogenesis. Overall, this review highlights that curved interfaces are not merely a passive by-product of the chemical, biological, and mechanical processes but that curvature acts also as a signal that co-determines these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Schamberger
- Department of the Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ricardo Ziege
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Karine Anselme
- IS2M (CNRS - UMR 7361), Université de Haute-Alsace, F-68100, Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67081, Strasbourg, France
| | - Martine Ben Amar
- Department of Physics, Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Michał Bykowski
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - André P G Castro
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
- ESTS, Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, 2914-761, Setúbal, Portugal
| | - Amaia Cipitria
- IS2M (CNRS - UMR 7361), Université de Haute-Alsace, F-68100, Mulhouse, France
- Group of Bioengineering in Regeneration and Cancer, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Rhoslyn A Coles
- Cluster of Excellence, Matters of Activity, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10178, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rumiana Dimova
- Department of Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Michaela Eder
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ehrig
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luis M Escudero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013, Seville, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Myfanwy E Evans
- Institute for Mathematics, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Paulo R Fernandes
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Biomechanics Research Unit, GIGA In Silico Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Notburga Gierlinger
- Institute of Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (Boku), 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Edouard Hannezo
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Aleš Iglič
- Laboratory of Physics, Faculty of Electrical engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jacob J K Kirkensgaard
- Condensed Matter Physics, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, København Ø, Denmark
- Ingredients and Dairy Technology, Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Philip Kollmannsberger
- Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Łucja Kowalewska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nicholas A Kurniawan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ioannis Papantoniou
- Prometheus Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N1, Herestraat 49, PB 813, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, O&N1, Herestraat 49, PB 813, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), Stadiou Str., 26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Laurent Pieuchot
- IS2M (CNRS - UMR 7361), Université de Haute-Alsace, F-68100, Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67081, Strasbourg, France
| | - Tiago H V Pires
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lars D Renner
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research and the Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Gerd E Schröder-Turk
- School of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
- Department of Materials Physics, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Anupam Sengupta
- Physics of Living Matter, Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511, Luxembourg City, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Vikas R Sharma
- Department of the Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Antonio Tagua
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013, Seville, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Caterina Tomba
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, INSA Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, INL, UMR5270, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Xavier Trepat
- ICREA at the Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sarah L Waters
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, OX2 6GG, Oxford, UK
| | - Edwina F Yeo
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, OX2 6GG, Oxford, UK
| | - Andreas Roschger
- Department of the Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Cécile M Bidan
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - John W C Dunlop
- Department of the Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
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9
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Myung P, Andl T, Atit R. The origins of skin diversity: lessons from dermal fibroblasts. Development 2022; 149:dev200298. [PMID: 36444877 PMCID: PMC10112899 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Skin is largely composed of an epidermis that overlies a supporting dermis. Recent advancements in our understanding of how diverse groups of dermal fibroblasts regulate epidermal and hair follicle growth and differentiation have been fueled by tools capable of resolving molecular heterogeneity at a single-cell level. Fibroblast heterogeneity can be traced back to their developmental origin before their segregation into spatially distinct fibroblast subtypes. The mechanisms that drive this lineage diversification during development are being unraveled, with studies showing that both large- and small-scale positional signals play important roles during dermal development. Here, we first delineate what is known about the origins of the dermis and the central role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in its specification across anatomical locations. We then discuss how one of the first morphologically recognizable fibroblast subtypes, the hair follicle dermal condensate lineage, emerges. Leveraging the natural variation of skin and its appendages between species and between different anatomical locations, these collective studies have identified shared and divergent factors that contribute to the extraordinary diversity of skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Myung
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Thomas Andl
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Radhika Atit
- Department of Biology, Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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10
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Curantz C, Bailleul R, Castro-Scherianz M, Hidalgo M, Durande M, Graner F, Manceau M. Cell shape anisotropy contributes to self-organized feather pattern fidelity in birds. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001807. [PMID: 36215298 PMCID: PMC9584522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing tissues can self-organize into a variety of patterned structures through the stabilization of stochastic fluctuations in their molecular and cellular properties. While molecular factors and cell dynamics contributing to self-organization have been identified in vivo, events channeling self-organized systems such that they achieve stable pattern outcomes remain unknown. Here, we described natural variation in the fidelity of self-organized arrays formed by feather follicle precursors in bird embryos. By surveying skin cells prior to and during tissue self-organization and performing species-specific ex vivo drug treatments and mechanical stress tests, we demonstrated that pattern fidelity depends on the initial amplitude of cell anisotropy in regions of the developing dermis competent to produce a pattern. Using live imaging, we showed that cell shape anisotropy is associated with a limited increase in cell motility for sharp and precisely located primordia formation, and thus, proper pattern geometry. These results evidence a mechanism through which initial tissue properties ensure stability in self-organization and thus, reproducible pattern production. A study of natural variation in feather pattern geometry and a combination of pharmacological and mechanical manipulations ex vivo provides evidence for a mechanism by which initial tissue properties ensure stability in self-organization and species-specific pattern production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Curantz
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, CNRS UMR7241, INSERM U1050, Collège de France, Paris, France
- Sorbonne University, UPMC Paris VI, Paris, France
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Richard Bailleul
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, CNRS UMR7241, INSERM U1050, Collège de France, Paris, France
- Sorbonne University, UPMC Paris VI, Paris, France
- Developmental Biology & Cell Biology and Biophysics Units, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - María Castro-Scherianz
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, CNRS UMR7241, INSERM U1050, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Magdalena Hidalgo
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, CNRS UMR7241, INSERM U1050, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Melina Durande
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 7057, Paris, France
| | - François Graner
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 7057, Paris, France
| | - Marie Manceau
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, CNRS UMR7241, INSERM U1050, Collège de France, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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11
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Li S, Yang G, Chu J, Wang J, Liu A, Mou C. Revealing the impacts on shaping scutate scales in goose skin. Gene 2022; 844:146840. [PMID: 36031017 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Feather follicles and scales are two types of skin appendages distributed on different parts of avian skin. The morphogenesis and development of scales in waterfowl remain largely unknown. Here, we used H&E staining, ISH and RNA sequencing to reveal the morphological and molecular variations at the early development of scutate scales in goose shank skin. Transcriptome analysis produced 1824 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) regulating the induction of scales and further enriched gene function in cell adhesion and Wnt signaling pathway, etc. A total of 8 candidate genes (ALDOC, CSRP2, KRT15, KRT75, LGALS1, S100A6, OGN and SFRP2) were further detected by RT-qPCR to show upregulated (6 genes) and downregulated (2 genes) from pre-placodal to placode stage during the induction of goose scales. The localization of 7 candidate genes (ALDOC, CSRP2, CD109, KRT15, KRT75, S100A6, and OGN) by ISH suggests the potential roles for dermal and epidermal development during the induction of scutate scales. The dynamic molecular changes and specific gene expression patterns revealed in this report provide general knowledge of scale development in waterfowl as well as skin appendage diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomei Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Ge Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Jinyu Chu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 215300, China
| | - Anfang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Chunyan Mou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
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12
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Yu SX, Jiang YT, Lin WH. Ovule initiation: the essential step controlling offspring number in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:1469-1486. [PMID: 35713236 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Seed is the offspring of angiosperms. Plants produce large numbers of seeds to ensure effective reproduction and survival in varying environments. Ovule is a fundamentally important organ and is the precursor of the seed. In Arabidopsis and other plants characterized by multi-ovulate ovaries, ovule initiation determines the maximal ovule number, thus greatly affecting seed number per fruit and seed yield. Investigating the regulatory mechanism of ovule initiation has both scientific and economic significance. However, the genetic and molecular basis underlying ovule initiation remains unclear due to technological limitations. Very recently, rules governing the multiple ovules initiation from one placenta have been identified, the individual functions and crosstalk of phytohormones in regulating ovule initiation have been further characterized, and new regulators of ovule boundary are reported, therefore expanding the understanding of this field. In this review, we present an overview of current knowledge in ovule initiation and summarize the significance of ovule initiation in regulating the number of plant offspring, as well as raise insights for the future study in this field that provide potential routes for the improvement of crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Xia Yu
- The Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds/Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yu-Tong Jiang
- The Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wen-Hui Lin
- The Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds/Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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13
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Gao J, Wang X, Gu C, Shen C, Yang H. Irregular spots on body surfaces of vertebrates induced by supercritical pitchfork bifurcations. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2022; 32:013129. [PMID: 35105114 DOI: 10.1063/5.0070325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The classical Turing mechanism containing a long-range inhibition and a short-range self-enhancement provides a type of explanation for the formation of patterns on body surfaces of some vertebrates, e.g., zebras, giraffes, and cheetahs. For other type of patterns (irregular spots) on body surfaces of some vertebrates, e.g., loaches, finless eels, and dalmatian dogs, the classical Turing mechanism no longer applies. Here, we propose a mechanism, i.e., the supercritical pitchfork bifurcation, which may explain the formation of this type of irregular spots, and present a method to quantify the similarity of such patterns. We assume that, under certain conditions, the only stable state of "morphogen" loses its stability and transitions to two newly generated stable states with the influence of external noise, thus producing such ruleless piebald patterns in space. The difference between the competitiveness of these two states may affect the resulting pattern. Moreover, we propose a mathematical model based on this conjecture and obtain this type of irregular patterns by numerical simulation. Furthermore, we also study the influence of parameters in the model on pattern structures and obtain the corresponding pattern structures of some vertebrates in nature, which verifies our conjecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gao
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246011, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246011, People's Republic of China
| | - Changgui Gu
- Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuansheng Shen
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246011, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijie Yang
- Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
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14
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Painter KJ, Ptashnyk M, Headon DJ. Systems for intricate patterning of the vertebrate anatomy. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2021; 379:20200270. [PMID: 34743605 PMCID: PMC8580425 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Periodic patterns form intricate arrays in the vertebrate anatomy, notably the hair and feather follicles of the skin, but also internally the villi of the gut and the many branches of the lung, kidney, mammary and salivary glands. These tissues are composite structures, being composed of adjoined epithelium and mesenchyme, and the patterns that arise within them require interaction between these two tissue layers. In embryonic development, cells change both their distribution and state in a periodic manner, defining the size and relative positions of these specialized structures. Their placement is determined by simple spacing mechanisms, with substantial evidence pointing to a variety of local enhancement/lateral inhibition systems underlying the breaking of symmetry. The nature of the cellular processes involved, however, has been less clear. While much attention has focused on intercellular soluble signals, such as protein growth factors, experimental evidence has grown for contributions of cell movement or mechanical forces to symmetry breaking. In the mesenchyme, unlike the epithelium, cells may move freely and can self-organize into aggregates by chemotaxis, or through generation and response to mechanical strain on their surrounding matrix. Different modes of self-organization may coexist, either coordinated into a single system or with hierarchical relationships. Consideration of a broad range of distinct biological processes is required to advance understanding of biological pattern formation. This article is part of the theme issue 'Recent progress and open frontiers in Turing's theory of morphogenesis'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Painter
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Scienze, Progetto e Politiche del Territorio, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Mariya Ptashnyk
- School of Mathematical and Computer Sciences and Maxwell Institute, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
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15
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Abstract
Scar is a common way of healing after tissue injury. The poor scar healing will not only cause dysfunction of tissues and organs but also affect the appearance of the patients’ body surface, which causes the pressure of life and spirit to the patients. However, the formation of scar tissue is an extremely complex process and its mechanism is not fully understood. At present, there is no treatment method to eliminate scars completely. Fibroblasts are the most abundant cells in the dermis, which have the ability to synthesize and remodel extracellular matrix (ECM). Myofibroblasts actively participate in the wound healing process and influence the outcome. Therefore, both of them play important roles in wound healing and scar formation. Adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are pluripotent stem cells that can act on target cells by paracrine. Adipose tissue stem cell-derived exosomes (ADSC-Exos) are important secretory substances of ADSCs. They are nanomembrane vesicles that can transport a variety of cellular components and fuse with target cells. In this review, we will discuss the effects of ADSCs and ADSC-Exos on the behavior of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts during wound healing and scarring stage in combination with recent studies.
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16
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Kaelin CB, McGowan KA, Barsh GS. Developmental genetics of color pattern establishment in cats. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5127. [PMID: 34493721 PMCID: PMC8423757 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25348-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Intricate color patterns are a defining aspect of morphological diversity in the Felidae. We applied morphological and single-cell gene expression analysis to fetal skin of domestic cats to identify when, where, and how, during fetal development, felid color patterns are established. Early in development, we identify stripe-like alterations in epidermal thickness preceded by a gene expression pre-pattern. The secreted Wnt inhibitor encoded by Dickkopf 4 plays a central role in this process, and is mutated in cats with the Ticked pattern type. Our results bring molecular understanding to how the leopard got its spots, suggest that similar mechanisms underlie periodic color pattern and periodic hair follicle spacing, and identify targets for diverse pattern variation in other mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Kaelin
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kelly A McGowan
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gregory S Barsh
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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17
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Lin C, Ruan N, Li L, Chen Y, Hu X, Chen Y, Hu X, Zhang Y. FGF8-mediated signaling regulates tooth developmental pace during odontogenesis. J Genet Genomics 2021; 49:40-53. [PMID: 34500094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The developing human and mouse teeth constitute an ideal model system to study the regulatory mechanism underlying organ growth control since their teeth share highly conserved and well-characterized developmental processes and their developmental tempo varies notably. In the current study, we manipulated heterogenous recombination between human and mouse dental tissues and demonstrate that the dental mesenchyme dominates the tooth developmental tempo and FGF8 could be a critical player during this developmental process. Forced activation of FGF8 signaling in the dental mesenchyme of mice promoted cell proliferation, prevented cell apoptosis via p38 and perhaps PI3K-Akt intracellular signaling, and impelled the transition of the cell cycle from G1- to S-phase in the tooth germ, resulting in the slowdown of the tooth developmental pace. Our results provide compelling evidence that extrinsic signals can profoundly affect tooth developmental tempo and the dental mesenchymal FGF8 could be a pivotal factor in controlling the developmental pace in a non-cell-autonomous manner during mammalian odontogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chensheng Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology & Southern Center for Biomedical Research, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350117, P.R. China
| | - Ningsheng Ruan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology & Southern Center for Biomedical Research, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350117, P.R. China
| | - Linjun Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology & Southern Center for Biomedical Research, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350117, P.R. China
| | - Yibin Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology & Southern Center for Biomedical Research, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350117, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Hu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology & Southern Center for Biomedical Research, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350117, P.R. China
| | - YiPing Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Xuefeng Hu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology & Southern Center for Biomedical Research, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350117, P.R. China.
| | - Yanding Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology & Southern Center for Biomedical Research, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350117, P.R. China.
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18
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van den Berg T, Yalamanchili K, de Gernier H, Santos Teixeira J, Beeckman T, Scheres B, Willemsen V, Ten Tusscher K. A reflux-and-growth mechanism explains oscillatory patterning of lateral root branching sites. Dev Cell 2021; 56:2176-2191.e10. [PMID: 34343477 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Modular, repetitive structures are a key component of complex multicellular body plans across the tree of life. Typically, these structures are prepatterned by temporal oscillations in gene expression or signaling. Although a clock-and-wavefront mechanism was identified and plant leaf phyllotaxis arises from a Turing-type patterning for vertebrate somitogenesis and arthropod segmentation, the mechanism underlying lateral root patterning has remained elusive. To resolve this enigma, we combined computational modeling with in planta experiments. Intriguingly, auxin oscillations automatically emerge in our model from the interplay between a reflux-loop-generated auxin loading zone and stem-cell-driven growth dynamics generating periodic cell-size variations. In contrast to the clock-and-wavefront mechanism and Turing patterning, the uncovered mechanism predicts both frequency and spacing of lateral-root-forming sites to positively correlate with root meristem growth. We validate this prediction experimentally. Combined, our model and experimental results support that a reflux-and-growth patterning mechanism underlies lateral root priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea van den Berg
- Computational Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kavya Yalamanchili
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hugues de Gernier
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joana Santos Teixeira
- Computational Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ben Scheres
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Rijk Zwaan Breeding B.V., Department of Biotechnology, Eerste Kruisweg 9, 4793 RS Fijnaart, the Netherlands
| | - Viola Willemsen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Kirsten Ten Tusscher
- Computational Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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19
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Jiang TX, Li A, Lin CM, Chiu C, Cho JH, Reid B, Zhao M, Chow RH, Widelitz RB, Chuong CM. Global feather orientations changed by electric current. iScience 2021; 24:102671. [PMID: 34179734 PMCID: PMC8214094 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During chicken skin development, each feather bud exhibits its own polarity, but a population of buds organizes with a collective global orientation. We used embryonic dorsal skin, with buds aligned parallel to the rostral-caudal body axis, to explore whether exogenous electric fields affect feather polarity. Interestingly, brief exogenous current exposure prior to visible bud formation later altered bud orientations. Applying electric pulses perpendicular to the body rostral-caudal axis realigned bud growth in a collective swirl, resembling an electric field pointing toward the anode. Perturbed buds show normal molecular expression and morphogenesis except for their altered orientation. Epithelial-mesenchymal recombination demonstrates the effects of exogenous electric fields are mediated through the epithelium. Small-molecule channel inhibitor screens show Ca2+ channels and PI3 Kinase are involved in controlling feather bud polarity. This work reveals the importance of bioelectricity in organ development and regeneration and provides an explant culture platform for experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Xin Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, Los Ángeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Ang Li
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, Los Ángeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Chih-Min Lin
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, Los Ángeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Cathleen Chiu
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, Los Ángeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jung-Hwa Cho
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Brian Reid
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, and Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, and Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA
| | - Robert H. Chow
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Randall Bruce Widelitz
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, Los Ángeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, Los Ángeles, CA 90033, USA
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20
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Abstract
Reconstitution is an experimental strategy that seeks to recapitulate biological events outside their natural contexts using a reduced set of components. Classically, biochemical reconstitution has been extensively applied to identify the minimal set of molecules sufficient for recreating the basic chemistry of life. By analogy, reconstitution approaches to developmental biology recapitulate aspects of developmental events outside an embryo, with the goal of revealing the basic genetic circuits or physical cues sufficient for recreating developmental decisions. The rapidly growing repertoire of genetic, molecular, microscopic, and bioengineering tools is expanding the complexity and precision of reconstitution experiments. We review the emerging field of synthetic developmental biology, with a focus on the ways in which reconstitution strategies and new biological tools have enhanced our modern understanding of fundamental questions in developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Schlissel
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA;
| | - Pulin Li
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA;
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21
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The Making of a Flight Feather: Bio-architectural Principles and Adaptation. Cell 2020; 179:1409-1423.e17. [PMID: 31778655 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of flight in feathered dinosaurs and early birds over millions of years required flight feathers whose architecture features hierarchical branches. While barb-based feather forms were investigated, feather shafts and vanes are understudied. Here, we take a multi-disciplinary approach to study their molecular control and bio-architectural organizations. In rachidial ridges, epidermal progenitors generate cortex and medullary keratinocytes, guided by Bmp and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling that convert rachides into adaptable bilayer composite beams. In barb ridges, epidermal progenitors generate cylindrical, plate-, or hooklet-shaped barbule cells that form fluffy branches or pennaceous vanes, mediated by asymmetric cell junction and keratin expression. Transcriptome analyses and functional studies show anterior-posterior Wnt2b signaling within the dermal papilla controls barbule cell fates with spatiotemporal collinearity. Quantitative bio-physical analyses of feathers from birds with different flight characteristics and feathers in Burmese amber reveal how multi-dimensional functionality can be achieved and may inspire future composite material designs. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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22
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Bailleul R, Curantz C, Desmarquet-Trin Dinh C, Hidalgo M, Touboul J, Manceau M. Symmetry breaking in the embryonic skin triggers directional and sequential plumage patterning. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000448. [PMID: 31577791 PMCID: PMC6791559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of an organism involves the formation of patterns from initially homogeneous surfaces in a reproducible manner. Simulations of various theoretical models recapitulate final states of natural patterns, yet drawing testable hypotheses from those often remains difficult. Consequently, little is known about pattern-forming events. Here, we surveyed plumage patterns and their emergence in Galliformes, ratites, passerines, and penguins, together representing the three major taxa of the avian phylogeny, and built a unified model that not only reproduces final patterns but also intrinsically generates shared and varying directionality, sequence, and duration of patterning. We used in vivo and ex vivo experiments to test its parameter-based predictions. We showed that directional and sequential pattern progression depends on a species-specific prepattern: an initial break in surface symmetry launches a travelling front of sharply defined, oriented domains with self-organising capacity. This front propagates through the timely transfer of increased cell density mediated by cell proliferation, which controls overall patterning duration. These results show that universal mechanisms combining prepatterning and self-organisation govern the timely emergence of the plumage pattern in birds. A survey of plumage patterns and their emergence in Galliformes, ratites, passerines, and penguins shows that their formation depends on a species-specific prepattern in the embryo and demonstrates that universal mechanisms govern the timely emergence of natural patterns in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bailleul
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, CNRS UMR7241, INSERM U1050, Collège de France, Paris Sciences et Lettres University, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, Paris, France
| | - Camille Curantz
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, CNRS UMR7241, INSERM U1050, Collège de France, Paris Sciences et Lettres University, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, Paris, France
| | - Carole Desmarquet-Trin Dinh
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, CNRS UMR7241, INSERM U1050, Collège de France, Paris Sciences et Lettres University, Paris, France
| | - Magdalena Hidalgo
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, CNRS UMR7241, INSERM U1050, Collège de France, Paris Sciences et Lettres University, Paris, France
| | - Jonathan Touboul
- Department of Mathematics and Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MM); (JT)
| | - Marie Manceau
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, CNRS UMR7241, INSERM U1050, Collège de France, Paris Sciences et Lettres University, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (MM); (JT)
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23
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Shono T, Thiery AP, Cooper RL, Kurokawa D, Britz R, Okabe M, Fraser GJ. Evolution and Developmental Diversity of Skin Spines in Pufferfishes. iScience 2019; 19:1248-1259. [PMID: 31353167 PMCID: PMC6831732 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Teleost fishes develop remarkable varieties of skin ornaments. The developmental basis of these structures is poorly understood. The order Tetraodontiformes includes diverse fishes such as the ocean sunfishes, triggerfishes, and pufferfishes, which exhibit a vast assortment of scale derivatives. Pufferfishes possess some of the most extreme scale derivatives, dermal spines, erected during their characteristic puffing behavior. We demonstrate that pufferfish scale-less spines develop through conserved gene interactions that underlie general vertebrate skin appendage formation, including feathers and hair. Spine development retains conservation of the EDA (ectodysplasin) signaling pathway, important for the development of diverse vertebrate skin appendages, including these modified scale-less spines of pufferfish. Further modification of genetic signaling from both CRISPR-Cas9 and small molecule inhibition leads to loss or reduction of spine coverage, providing a mechanism for skin appendage diversification observed throughout the pufferfishes. Pufferfish spines have evolved broad variations in body coverage, enabling adaptation to diverse ecological niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Shono
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK; Department of Anatomy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Alexandre P Thiery
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Rory L Cooper
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Daisuke Kurokawa
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Miura, Kanagawa 238-0225, Japan
| | - Ralf Britz
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Masataka Okabe
- Department of Anatomy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Gareth J Fraser
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK; Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, USA.
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24
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Nakaniwa M, Kawasaki M, Kawasaki K, Yamada A, Meguro F, Takeyasu M, Ohazama A. Primary cilia in murine palatal rugae development. Gene Expr Patterns 2019; 34:119062. [PMID: 31226309 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2019.119062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Periodic patterning of iterative structures is a fundamental process during embryonic development, since these structures are diverse across the animal kingdom. Therefore, elucidating the molecular mechanisms in the formation of these structures promotes understanding of the process of organogenesis. Periodically patterned ridges, palatal rugae (situated on the hard palate of mammals), are an excellent experimental model to clarify the molecular mechanisms involved in the formation of periodic patterning of iterative structures. Primary cilia are involved in many biological events, including the regulation of signaling pathways such as Shh and non-canonical Wnt signaling. However, the role of primary cilia in the development of palatal rugae remains unclear. We found that primary cilia were localized to the oral cavity side of the interplacode epithelium of the palatal rugae, whereas restricted localization of primary cilia could not be detected in other regions. Next, we generated mice with a placodal conditional deletion of the primary cilia protein Ift88, using ShhCre mice (Ift88 fl/fl;ShhCre). Highly disorganized palatal rugae were observed in Ift88 fl/fl;ShhCre mice. Furthermore, by comparative in situ hybridization analysis, many Shh and non-canonical Wnt signaling-related molecules showed spatiotemporal expression patterns during palatal rugae development, including restricted expression in the epithelium (placodes and interplacodes) and mesenchyme. Some of these expression were found to be altered in Ift88 fl/fl;ShhCre mice. Primary cilia is thus involved in development of palatal rugae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Nakaniwa
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Maiko Kawasaki
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Katsushige Kawasaki
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan; Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Department of Oral Life Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akane Yamada
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Fumiya Meguro
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Maeda Takeyasu
- Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Department of Oral Life Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan; Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Atsushi Ohazama
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
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25
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Wu XS, Yeh CY, Harn HIC, Jiang TX, Wu P, Widelitz RB, Baker RE, Chuong CM. Self-assembly of biological networks via adaptive patterning revealed by avian intradermal muscle network formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:10858-10867. [PMID: 31072931 PMCID: PMC6561168 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818506116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Networked structures integrate numerous elements into one functional unit, while providing a balance between efficiency, robustness, and flexibility. Understanding how biological networks self-assemble will provide insights into how these features arise. Here, we demonstrate how nature forms exquisite muscle networks that can repair, regenerate, and adapt to external perturbations using the feather muscle network in chicken embryos as a paradigm. The self-assembled muscle networks arise through the implementation of a few simple rules. Muscle fibers extend outward from feather buds in every direction, but only those muscle fibers able to connect to neighboring buds are eventually stabilized. After forming such a nearest-neighbor configuration, the network can be reconfigured, adapting to perturbed bud arrangement or mechanical cues. Our computational model provides a bioinspired algorithm for network self-assembly, with intrinsic or extrinsic cues necessary and sufficient to guide the formation of these regenerative networks. These robust principles may serve as a useful guide for assembling adaptive networks in other contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Shan Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, 100050 Beijing, China
| | - Chao-Yuan Yeh
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
- Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University, 40402 Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hans I-Chen Harn
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
- International Research Center of Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, 701 Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Xing Jiang
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Randall B Widelitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Ruth E Baker
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, OX2 6GG Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033;
- Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University, 40402 Taichung, Taiwan
- International Research Center of Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, 701 Tainan, Taiwan
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26
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Weber EL, Woolley TE, Yeh CY, Ou KL, Maini PK, Chuong CM. Self-organizing hair peg-like structures from dissociated skin progenitor cells: New insights for human hair follicle organoid engineering and Turing patterning in an asymmetric morphogenetic field. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:355-366. [PMID: 30681746 PMCID: PMC6488368 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human skin progenitor cells will form new hair follicles, although at a low efficiency, when injected into nude mouse skin. To better study and improve upon this regenerative process, we developed an in vitro system to analyse the morphogenetic cell behaviour in detail and modulate physical-chemical parameters to more effectively generate hair primordia. In this three-dimensional culture, dissociated human neonatal foreskin keratinocytes self-assembled into a planar epidermal layer while fetal scalp dermal cells coalesced into stripes, then large clusters, and finally small clusters resembling dermal condensations. At sites of dermal clustering, subjacent epidermal cells protruded to form hair peg-like structures, molecularly resembling hair pegs within the sequence of follicular development. The hair peg-like structures emerged in a coordinated, formative wave, moving from periphery to centre, suggesting that the droplet culture constitutes a microcosm with an asymmetric morphogenetic field. In vivo, hair follicle populations also form in a progressive wave, implying the summation of local periodic patterning events with an asymmetric global influence. To further understand this global patterning process, we developed a mathematical simulation using Turing activator-inhibitor principles in an asymmetric morphogenetic field. Together, our culture system provides a suitable platform to (a) analyse the self-assembly behaviour of hair progenitor cells into periodically arranged hair primordia and (b) identify parameters that impact the formation of hair primordia in an asymmetric morphogenetic field. This understanding will enhance our future ability to successfully engineer human hair follicle organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L. Weber
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Thomas E. Woolley
- Cardiff School of Mathematics, Cardiff University, Senghennydd Road, Cardiff, CF24 4AG, UK
| | - Chao-Yuan Yeh
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kuang-Ling Ou
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Ostrow School of Dentistry of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Philip K. Maini
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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27
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Abstract
Periodic patterning represents a fundamental process in tissue morphogenesis. In chicken dorsal skin, feather formation starts from the midline; then the morphogenetic wave propagates bilaterally, leaving a regular hexagonal array of feather germs. Yet, in vitro reconstitution showed feather germs appear simultaneously, leading to the hypothesis that the feather-forming wave results from the coupling of local Turing patterning processes with an unidentified global event. In this issue, Ho and colleagues showed such a global event in chicken feathers involves a spreading Ectodysplasin A (EDA) wave and Fibroblast Growth Factor 20 (FGF20)-cell aggregate-based mechanochemical coupling. In flightless birds, feather germs form periodically but without precise hexagonal patterning due to the lack of global wave. Chicken feather buds form exquisite hexagonal patterns progressively from the midline to the flank, making them an excellent model of biological pattern formation. This Primer explores recent evidence that a local Turing periodic patterning, a global propagation mechanism, and mechano-chemical coupling work together to pattern the feather array progressively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Inaba
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Hans I-Chen Harn
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- International Research Center of Wound Repair and Regeneration (iWRR), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- International Research Center of Wound Repair and Regeneration (iWRR), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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28
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Ho WKW, Freem L, Zhao D, Painter KJ, Woolley TE, Gaffney EA, McGrew MJ, Tzika A, Milinkovitch MC, Schneider P, Drusko A, Matthäus F, Glover JD, Wells KL, Johansson JA, Davey MG, Sang HM, Clinton M, Headon DJ. Feather arrays are patterned by interacting signalling and cell density waves. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000132. [PMID: 30789897 PMCID: PMC6383868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Feathers are arranged in a precise pattern in avian skin. They first arise during development in a row along the dorsal midline, with rows of new feather buds added sequentially in a spreading wave. We show that the patterning of feathers relies on coupled fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling together with mesenchymal cell movement, acting in a coordinated reaction-diffusion-taxis system. This periodic patterning system is partly mechanochemical, with mechanical-chemical integration occurring through a positive feedback loop centred on FGF20, which induces cell aggregation, mechanically compressing the epidermis to rapidly intensify FGF20 expression. The travelling wave of feather formation is imposed by expanding expression of Ectodysplasin A (EDA), which initiates the expression of FGF20. The EDA wave spreads across a mesenchymal cell density gradient, triggering pattern formation by lowering the threshold of mesenchymal cells required to begin to form a feather bud. These waves, and the precise arrangement of feather primordia, are lost in the flightless emu and ostrich, though via different developmental routes. The ostrich retains the tract arrangement characteristic of birds in general but lays down feather primordia without a wave, akin to the process of hair follicle formation in mammalian embryos. The embryonic emu skin lacks sufficient cells to enact feather formation, causing failure of tract formation, and instead the entire skin gains feather primordia through a later process. This work shows that a reaction-diffusion-taxis system, integrated with mechanical processes, generates the feather array. In flighted birds, the key role of the EDA/Ectodysplasin A receptor (EDAR) pathway in vertebrate skin patterning has been recast to activate this process in a quasi-1-dimensional manner, imposing highly ordered pattern formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K. W. Ho
- Roslin Institute Chicken Embryology, Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Freem
- Roslin Institute Chicken Embryology, Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Debiao Zhao
- Roslin Institute Chicken Embryology, Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin J. Painter
- School of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas E. Woolley
- School of Mathematics, Cardiff University, Cathays, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Eamonn A. Gaffney
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. McGrew
- Roslin Institute Chicken Embryology, Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Athanasia Tzika
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Pascal Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Armin Drusko
- FIAS and Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Franziska Matthäus
- FIAS and Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - James D. Glover
- Roslin Institute Chicken Embryology, Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty L. Wells
- Roslin Institute Chicken Embryology, Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jeanette A. Johansson
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Megan G. Davey
- Roslin Institute Chicken Embryology, Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Helen M. Sang
- Roslin Institute Chicken Embryology, Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Clinton
- Roslin Institute Chicken Embryology, Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Denis J. Headon
- Roslin Institute Chicken Embryology, Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Gupta K, Levinsohn J, Linderman G, Chen D, Sun TY, Dong D, Taketo MM, Bosenberg M, Kluger Y, Choate K, Myung P. Single-Cell Analysis Reveals a Hair Follicle Dermal Niche Molecular Differentiation Trajectory that Begins Prior to Morphogenesis. Dev Cell 2019; 48:17-31.e6. [PMID: 30595533 PMCID: PMC6361530 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Delineating molecular and cellular events that precede appendage morphogenesis has been challenging due to the inability to distinguish quantitative molecular differences between cells that lack histological distinction. The hair follicle (HF) dermal condensate (DC) is a cluster of cells critical for HF development and regeneration. Events that presage emergence of this distinctive population are poorly understood. Using unbiased single-cell RNA sequencing and in vivo methods, we infer a sequence of transcriptional states through which DC cells pass that begins prior to HF morphogenesis. Our data indicate that Wnt/β-catenin signaling is required to progress into an intermediate stage that precedes quiescence and differentiation. Further, we provide evidence that quiescent DC cells are recent progeny of selectively proliferating cells present prior to morphogenesis and that are later identified in the peri-DC zone during DC expansion. Together, these findings provide an inferred path of molecular states that lead to DC cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khusali Gupta
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jonathan Levinsohn
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Genetics Department, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - George Linderman
- Applied Mathematics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Demeng Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Thomas Yang Sun
- Genetics Department, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Danni Dong
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - M Mark Taketo
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoé-Cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Marcus Bosenberg
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yuval Kluger
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Applied Mathematics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Keith Choate
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Genetics Department, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Peggy Myung
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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30
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Cooper RL, Thiery AP, Fletcher AG, Delbarre DJ, Rasch LJ, Fraser GJ. An ancient Turing-like patterning mechanism regulates skin denticle development in sharks. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaau5484. [PMID: 30417097 PMCID: PMC6221541 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau5484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrates have a vast array of epithelial appendages, including scales, feathers, and hair. The developmental patterning of these diverse structures can be theoretically explained by Alan Turing's reaction-diffusion system. However, the role of this system in epithelial appendage patterning of early diverging lineages (compared to tetrapods), such as the cartilaginous fishes, is poorly understood. We investigate patterning of the unique tooth-like skin denticles of sharks, which closely relates to their hydrodynamic and protective functions. We demonstrate through simulation models that a Turing-like mechanism can explain shark denticle patterning and verify this system using gene expression analysis and gene pathway inhibition experiments. This mechanism bears remarkable similarity to avian feather patterning, suggesting deep homology of the system. We propose that a diverse range of vertebrate appendages, from shark denticles to avian feathers and mammalian hair, use this ancient and conserved system, with slight genetic modulation accounting for broad variations in patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory L. Cooper
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Alexandre P. Thiery
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | - Liam J. Rasch
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Human Developmental Biology Resource, Institute of Child Health, University College, London, UK
| | - Gareth J. Fraser
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Kawasaki M, Kawasaki K, Meguro F, Yamada A, Ishikawa R, Porntaveetus T, Blackburn J, Otsuka-Tanaka Y, Saito N, Ota MS, Sharpe PT, Kessler JA, Herz J, Cobourne MT, Maeda T, Ohazama A. Lrp4/Wise regulates palatal rugae development through Turing-type reaction-diffusion mechanisms. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204126. [PMID: 30235284 PMCID: PMC6147471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodic patterning of iterative structures is diverse across the animal kingdom. Clarifying the molecular mechanisms involved in the formation of these structure helps to elucidate the process of organogenesis. Turing-type reaction-diffusion mechanisms have been shown to play a critical role in regulating periodic patterning in organogenesis. Palatal rugae are periodically patterned ridges situated on the hard palate of mammals. We have previously shown that the palatal rugae develop by a Turing-type reaction-diffusion mechanism, which is reliant upon Shh (as an inhibitor) and Fgf (as an activator) signaling for appropriate organization of these structures. The disturbance of Shh and Fgf signaling lead to disorganized palatal rugae. However, the mechanism itself is not fully understood. Here we found that Lrp4 (transmembrane protein) was expressed in a complementary pattern to Wise (a secreted BMP antagonist and Wnt modulator) expression in palatal rugae development, representing Lrp4 expression in developing rugae and Wise in the inter-rugal epithelium. Highly disorganized palatal rugae was observed in both Wise and Lrp4 mutant mice, and these mutants also showed the downregulation of Shh signaling, which was accompanied with upregulation of Fgf signaling. Wise and Lrp4 are thus likely to control palatal rugae development by regulating reaction-diffusion mechanisms through Shh and Fgf signaling. We also found that Bmp and Wnt signaling were partially involved in this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Kawasaki
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- Centre for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration, Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katsushige Kawasaki
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- Centre for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration, Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Department of Oral Life Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Fumiya Meguro
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akane Yamada
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Ishikawa
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Thantrira Porntaveetus
- Centre for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration, Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Blackburn
- Centre for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration, Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yoko Otsuka-Tanaka
- Centre for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration, Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Naoaki Saito
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masato S. Ota
- Laboratory of Food Biological Science, Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women’s University, Bunkyo, Japan
| | - Paul T. Sharpe
- Centre for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration, Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - John A. Kessler
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg Medical School, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States of America
| | - Martyn T. Cobourne
- Centre for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration, Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Takeyasu Maeda
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Department of Oral Life Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ohazama
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- Centre for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration, Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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32
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Ishida K, Mitsui T. Role of the boundary in feather bud formation on one-dimensional bioengineered skin. APL Bioeng 2018; 2:016107. [PMID: 31069292 PMCID: PMC6481706 DOI: 10.1063/1.4989414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of a boundary in pattern formation from a homogenous state in Turing's reaction–diffusion equations is important, particularly when the domain size is comparable to the pattern scale. Such experimental conditions may be achieved for in vitro regeneration of ectodermal appendages such as feathers, via reconstruction of embryonic single cells. This procedure can eliminate a predefined genetic map, such as the midline of chick feather bud formation, leaving uniformly distributed identical cells as a bioengineered skin. Here, the self-organizing nature of multiple feather bud formation was examined in bioengineered 1D-skin samples. Primal formation of feather buds occurred at a fixed length from the skin edge. This formation was numerically recapitulated by a standard two-component reaction-diffusion model, suggesting that the boundary effect caused this observation. The proper boundary conditions were nonstandard, either mixed Dirichlet–Neumann or partial-flux. In addition, the model implies imperfect or hindered bud formation as well as nearly equal distances between buds. In contrast, experimental observations indicated that the skin curvature, which was not included in our model, also strongly affected bud formation. Thus, bioengineered skin may provide an ideal template for modeling a self-organized process from a homogenous state. This study will examine the possible diffusion activities of activator or inhibitor molecular candidates and mechanical activities during cell aggregation, which will advance our understanding of skin appendage regeneration from pluripotent or embryonic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ishida
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Mitsui
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
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A chemotaxis model of feather primordia pattern formation during avian development. J Theor Biol 2018; 437:225-238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hughes AJ, Miyazaki H, Coyle MC, Zhang J, Laurie MT, Chu D, Vavrušová Z, Schneider RA, Klein OD, Gartner ZJ. Engineered Tissue Folding by Mechanical Compaction of the Mesenchyme. Dev Cell 2017; 44:165-178.e6. [PMID: 29290586 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Many tissues fold into complex shapes during development. Controlling this process in vitro would represent an important advance for tissue engineering. We use embryonic tissue explants, finite element modeling, and 3D cell-patterning techniques to show that mechanical compaction of the extracellular matrix during mesenchymal condensation is sufficient to drive tissue folding along programmed trajectories. The process requires cell contractility, generates strains at tissue interfaces, and causes patterns of collagen alignment around and between condensates. Aligned collagen fibers support elevated tensions that promote the folding of interfaces along paths that can be predicted by modeling. We demonstrate the robustness and versatility of this strategy for sculpting tissue interfaces by directing the morphogenesis of a variety of folded tissue forms from patterns of mesenchymal condensates. These studies provide insight into the active mechanical properties of the embryonic mesenchyme and establish engineering strategies for more robustly directing tissue morphogenesis ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Hughes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Center for Cellular Construction, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Hikaru Miyazaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Maxwell C Coyle
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jesse Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthew T Laurie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Daniel Chu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Zuzana Vavrušová
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Richard A Schneider
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Zev J Gartner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Center for Cellular Construction, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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Thulabandu V, Chen D, Atit RP. Dermal fibroblast in cutaneous development and healing. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 7. [PMID: 29244903 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ of the body and is composed of two layers: the overlying epidermis and the underlying dermis. The dermal fibroblasts originate from distinct locations of the embryo and contain the positional identity and patterning information in the skin. The dermal fibroblast progenitors differentiate into various cell types that are fated to perform specific functions such as hair follicle initiation and scar formation during wound healing. Recent studies have revealed the heterogeneity and plasticity of dermal fibroblasts within skin, which has implications for skin disease and tissue engineering. The objective of this review is to frame our current understanding and provide new insights on the origin and differentiation of dermal fibroblasts and their function during cutaneous development and healing. WIREs Dev Biol 2018, 7:e307. doi: 10.1002/wdev.307 This article is categorized under: Birth Defects > Organ Anomalies Signaling Pathways > Cell Fate Signaling Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Regeneration Nervous System Development > Vertebrates: Regional Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Thulabandu
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Demeng Chen
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Radhika P Atit
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Wang Q, Pi J, Pan A, Shen J, Qu L. A novel sex-linked mutant affecting tail formation in Hongshan chicken. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10079. [PMID: 28855651 PMCID: PMC5577132 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10943-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hongshan chicken is a Chinese indigenous breed that has two distinctly different tail types. Some chickens have stunted tails as compared to the normal phenotype, and they are termed rumpless. Rumplessness in other chicken breeds was caused by a reduction in the number of coccygeal vertebrae. However, X-ray examination showed that rumpless Hongshan chickens possess the normal number of coccygeal vertebrae. Our analyses of the main tail feathers and tissue sections led us to speculate that their stunted tail appearance may be the result of abnormal feather development. To investigate the genetic mechanism underlying rumplessness in Hongshan chickens, we analyzed the results of various crosses. The results indicated that rumplessness is a Z-linked dominant character. In addition, we chose some normal and rumpless individuals for pool-sequencing. Nucleotide diversity and Fst were calculated, and a selective sweep was detected on the Z chromosome. These analyses allowed us to reduce the search area to 71.8–72 Mb on the Z chromosome (galGal5.0). A pseudogene LOC431648 located in this region appeared a strong candidate involving in Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway to regulate feather development in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinsong Pi
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryonic Engineering and Molecular Breeding, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ailuan Pan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryonic Engineering and Molecular Breeding, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryonic Engineering and Molecular Breeding, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lujiang Qu
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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37
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Shyer AE, Rodrigues AR, Schroeder GG, Kassianidou E, Kumar S, Harland RM. Emergent cellular self-organization and mechanosensation initiate follicle pattern in the avian skin. Science 2017; 357:811-815. [PMID: 28705989 PMCID: PMC5605277 DOI: 10.1126/science.aai7868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The spacing of hair in mammals and feathers in birds is one of the most apparent morphological features of the skin. This pattern arises when uniform fields of progenitor cells diversify their molecular fate while adopting higher-order structure. Using the nascent skin of the developing chicken embryo as a model system, we find that morphological and molecular symmetries are simultaneously broken by an emergent process of cellular self-organization. The key initiators of heterogeneity are dermal progenitors, which spontaneously aggregate through contractility-driven cellular pulling. Concurrently, this dermal cell aggregation triggers the mechanosensitive activation of β-catenin in adjacent epidermal cells, initiating the follicle gene expression program. Taken together, this mechanism provides a means of integrating mechanical and molecular perspectives of organ formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Shyer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Alan R Rodrigues
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Grant G Schroeder
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Elena Kassianidou
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Richard M Harland
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Glover JD, Wells KL, Matthäus F, Painter KJ, Ho W, Riddell J, Johansson JA, Ford MJ, Jahoda CAB, Klika V, Mort RL, Headon DJ. Hierarchical patterning modes orchestrate hair follicle morphogenesis. PLoS Biol 2017; 15:e2002117. [PMID: 28700594 PMCID: PMC5507405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2002117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two theories address the origin of repeating patterns, such as hair follicles, limb digits, and intestinal villi, during development. The Turing reaction-diffusion system posits that interacting diffusible signals produced by static cells first define a prepattern that then induces cell rearrangements to produce an anatomical structure. The second theory, that of mesenchymal self-organisation, proposes that mobile cells can form periodic patterns of cell aggregates directly, without reference to any prepattern. Early hair follicle development is characterised by the rapid appearance of periodic arrangements of altered gene expression in the epidermis and prominent clustering of the adjacent dermal mesenchymal cells. We assess the contributions and interplay between reaction-diffusion and mesenchymal self-organisation processes in hair follicle patterning, identifying a network of fibroblast growth factor (FGF), wingless-related integration site (WNT), and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling interactions capable of spontaneously producing a periodic pattern. Using time-lapse imaging, we find that mesenchymal cell condensation at hair follicles is locally directed by an epidermal prepattern. However, imposing this prepattern's condition of high FGF and low BMP activity across the entire skin reveals a latent dermal capacity to undergo spatially patterned self-organisation in the absence of epithelial direction. This mesenchymal self-organisation relies on restricted transforming growth factor (TGF) β signalling, which serves to drive chemotactic mesenchymal patterning when reaction-diffusion patterning is suppressed, but, in normal conditions, facilitates cell movement to locally prepatterned sources of FGF. This work illustrates a hierarchy of periodic patterning modes operating in organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D. Glover
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty L. Wells
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Franziska Matthäus
- FIAS and Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kevin J. Painter
- School of Mathematical & Computer Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - William Ho
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Riddell
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jeanette A. Johansson
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Ford
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Colin A. B. Jahoda
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Vaclav Klika
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Richard L. Mort
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Denis J. Headon
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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39
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Ishida K, Mitsui T. Generation of bioengineered feather buds on a reconstructed chick skin from dissociated epithelial and mesenchymal cells. Dev Growth Differ 2016; 58:303-14. [PMID: 27019985 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Various kinds of in vitro culture systems of tissues and organs have been developed, and applied to understand multicellular systems during embryonic organogenesis. In the research field of feather bud development, tissue recombination assays using an intact epithelial tissue and mesenchymal tissue/cells have contributed to our understanding the mechanisms of feather bud formation and development. However, there are few methods to generate a skin and its appendages from single cells of both epithelium and mesenchyme. In this study, we have developed a bioengineering method to reconstruct an embryonic dorsal skin after completely dissociating single epithelial and mesenchymal cells from chick skin. Multiple feather buds can form on the reconstructed skin in a single row in vitro. The bioengineered feather buds develop into long feather buds by transplantation onto a chorioallantoic membrane. The bioengineered bud sizes were similar to those of native embryo. The number of bioengineered buds was increased linearly with the initial contact length of epithelial and mesenchymal cell layers where the epithelial-mesenchymal interactions occur. In addition, the bioengineered bud formation was also disturbed by the inhibition of major signaling pathways including FGF (fibroblast growth factor), Wnt/β-catenin, Notch and BMP (bone morphogenetic protein). We expect that our bioengineering technique will motivate further extensive research on multicellular developmental systems, such as the formation and sizing of cutaneous appendages, and their regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ishida
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Kanagawa, 252-5258, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Mitsui
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Kanagawa, 252-5258, Japan
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40
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Tian D, Zhou J, Sheng Z, Wang Y, Ma J. From Cellular Attractor Selection to Adaptive Signal Control for Traffic Networks. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23048. [PMID: 26972968 PMCID: PMC4789751 DOI: 10.1038/srep23048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of varying traffic flows essentially depends on signal controls at intersections. However, design an optimal control that considers the dynamic nature of a traffic network and coordinates all intersections simultaneously in a centralized manner is computationally challenging. Inspired by the stable gene expressions of Escherichia coli in response to environmental changes, we explore the robustness and adaptability performance of signalized intersections by incorporating a biological mechanism in their control policies, specifically, the evolution of each intersection is induced by the dynamics governing an adaptive attractor selection in cells. We employ a mathematical model to capture such biological attractor selection and derive a generic, adaptive and distributed control algorithm which is capable of dynamically adapting signal operations for the entire dynamical traffic network. We show that the proposed scheme based on attractor selection can not only promote the balance of traffic loads on each link of the network but also allows the global network to accommodate dynamical traffic demands. Our work demonstrates the potential of bio-inspired intelligence emerging from cells and provides a deep understanding of adaptive attractor selection-based control formation that is useful to support the designs of adaptive optimization and control in other domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daxin Tian
- Beihang University, School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Cooperative Vehicle Infrastructure Systems and Safety Control, Beijing, 100191, China
- Jiangsu Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Urban Traffic Technologies, No. 2 SiPaiLou, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Jianshan Zhou
- Beihang University, School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Cooperative Vehicle Infrastructure Systems and Safety Control, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhengguo Sheng
- University of Sussex, Department of Engineering and Design, Brighton, BN1 9RH, United Kingdom
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- Beihang University, School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Cooperative Vehicle Infrastructure Systems and Safety Control, Beijing, 100191, China
- Jiangsu Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Urban Traffic Technologies, No. 2 SiPaiLou, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Jianming Ma
- The Texas Department of Transportation, 10016 Liriope Cove, Austin, TX 78750, United States
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Abstract
In development, cells organize into biological tissues through cell growth, migration, and differentiation. Globally, this process is dictated by a genetically encoded program in which secreted morphogens and cell-cell interactions prompt the adoption of unique cell fates. Yet, at its lowest level, development is achieved through the modification of cell-cell adhesion and actomyosin-based contractility, which set the level of tension within cells and dictate how they pack together into tissues. The regulation of tension within individual cells and across large groups of cells is a major driving force of tissue organization and the basis of all cell shape change and cell movement in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Heller
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Neustein Chemers Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Elaine Fuchs
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Neustein Chemers Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
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42
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Li A, Lai YC, Figueroa S, Yang T, Widelitz RB, Kobielak K, Nie Q, Chuong CM. Deciphering principles of morphogenesis from temporal and spatial patterns on the integument. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:905-20. [PMID: 25858668 PMCID: PMC4520785 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND How tissue patterns form in development and regeneration is a fundamental issue remaining to be fully understood. The integument often forms repetitive units in space (periodic patterning) and time (cyclic renewal), such as feathers and hairs. Integument patterns are visible and experimentally manipulatable, helping us reveal pattern formative processes. Variability is seen in regional phenotypic specificities and temporal cycling at different physiological stages. RESULTS Here we show some cellular/molecular bases revealed by analyzing integument patterns. (1) Localized cellular activity (proliferation, rearrangement, apoptosis, differentiation) transforms prototypic organ primordia into specific shapes. Combinatorial positioning of different localized activity zones generates diverse and complex organ forms. (2) Competitive equilibrium between activators and inhibitors regulates stem cells through cyclic quiescence and activation. CONCLUSIONS Dynamic interactions between stem cells and their adjacent niche regulate regenerative behavior, modulated by multi-layers of macro-environmental factors (dermis, body hormone status, and external environment). Genomics studies may reveal how positional information of localized cellular activity is stored. In vivo skin imaging and lineage tracing unveils new insights into stem cell plasticity. Principles of self-assembly obtained from the integumentary organ model can be applied to help restore damaged patterns during regenerative wound healing and for tissue engineering to rebuild tissues. Developmental Dynamics 244:905-920, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yung-Chih Lai
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Seth Figueroa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Tian Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Randall B Widelitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Krzysztof Kobielak
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Qing Nie
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Cheng Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Chang KW, Huang NA, Liu IH, Wang YH, Wu P, Tseng YT, Hughes MW, Jiang TX, Tsai MH, Chen CY, Oyang YJ, Lin EC, Chuong CM, Lin SP. Emergence of differentially regulated pathways associated with the development of regional specificity in chicken skin. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:22. [PMID: 25612663 PMCID: PMC4326372 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-014-1202-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Regional specificity allows different skin regions to exhibit different characteristics, enabling complementary functions to make effective use of the integumentary surface. Chickens exhibit a high degree of regional specificity in the skin and can serve as a good model for when and how these regional differences begin to emerge. Results We used developing feather and scale regions in embryonic chickens as a model to gauge the differences in their molecular pathways. We employed cosine similarity analysis to identify the differentially regulated and co-regulated genes. We applied low cell techniques for expression validation and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-based enhancer identification to overcome limited cell availabilities from embryonic chicken skin. We identified a specific set of genes demonstrating a high correlation as being differentially expressed during feather and scale development and maturation. Some members of the WNT, TGF-beta/BMP, and Notch family known to be involved in feathering skin differentiation were found to be differentially regulated. Interestingly, we also found genes along calcium channel pathways that are differentially regulated. From the analysis of differentially regulated pathways, we used calcium signaling pathways as an example for further verification. Some voltage-gated calcium channel subunits, particularly CACNA1D, are expressed spatio-temporally in the skin epithelium. These calcium signaling pathway members may be involved in developmental decisions, morphogenesis, or epithelial maturation. We further characterized enhancers associated with histone modifications, including H3K4me1, H3K27ac, and H3K27me3, near calcium channel-related genes and identified signature intensive hotspots that may be correlated with certain voltage-gated calcium channel genes. Conclusion We demonstrated the applicability of cosine similarity analysis for identifying novel regulatory pathways that are differentially regulated during development. Our study concerning the effects of signaling pathways and histone signatures on enhancers suggests that voltage-gated calcium signaling may be involved in early skin development. This work lays the foundation for studying the roles of these gene pathways and their genomic regulation during the establishment of skin regional specificity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-014-1202-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Wei Chang
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Nancy A Huang
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - I-Hsuan Liu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Hui Wang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Yen-Tzu Tseng
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Michael W Hughes
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,International Research Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Ting Xin Jiang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Mong-Hsun Tsai
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Agricultural Biotechnology Research Centre, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Center for Systems Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Yu Chen
- Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Center for Systems Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Jen Oyang
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Center for Systems Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - En-Chung Lin
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Shau-Ping Lin
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Agricultural Biotechnology Research Centre, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Center for Systems Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Chen CF, Foley J, Tang PC, Li A, Jiang TX, Wu P, Widelitz RB, Chuong CM. Development, regeneration, and evolution of feathers. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2014; 3:169-95. [PMID: 25387232 PMCID: PMC5662002 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-022513-114127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The feather is a complex ectodermal organ with hierarchical branching patterns. It provides functions in endothermy, communication, and flight. Studies of feather growth, cycling, and health are of fundamental importance to avian biology and poultry science. In addition, feathers are an excellent model for morphogenesis studies because of their accessibility, and their distinct patterns can be used to assay the roles of specific molecular pathways. Here we review the progress in aspects of development, regeneration, and evolution during the past three decades. We cover the development of feather buds in chicken embryos, regenerative cycling of feather follicle stem cells, formation of barb branching patterns, emergence of intrafeather pigmentation patterns, interplay of hormones and feather growth, and the genetic identification of several feather variants. The discovery of feathered dinosaurs redefines the relationship between feathers and birds. Inspiration from biomaterials and flight research further fuels biomimetic potential of feathers as a multidisciplinary research focal point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Feng Chen
- Center for the Integrative and Evolutionary Galliformes Genomics, Taichung, Taiwan
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Headon D. Cells or signals: which moves to drive skin pattern formation? Exp Dermatol 2014; 22:795-6. [PMID: 24164411 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
During its development, the skin produces an array of evenly spaced hair follicles. How the location of each follicle is determined to produce this pattern has been the subject of study and speculation for several decades. A central unresolved issue is the extent to which movement of scattered, precommitted follicle cells might play a role in this process. Xavier et al. now report the identification of subpopulations of dermal cells in developing sheep skin which are positive for Delta1 expression, suggesting that these cells may represent precommitted dermal papilla cells and that dermal Notch pathway signalling plays a role in hair follicle patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Headon
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
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A cis-regulatory mutation of PDSS2 causes silky-feather in chickens. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004576. [PMID: 25166907 PMCID: PMC4148213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Silky-feather has been selected and fixed in some breeds due to its unique appearance. This phenotype is caused by a single recessive gene (hookless, h). Here we map the silky-feather locus to chromosome 3 by linkage analysis and subsequently fine-map it to an 18.9 kb interval using the identical by descent (IBD) method. Further analysis reveals that a C to G transversion located upstream of the prenyl (decaprenyl) diphosphate synthase, subunit 2 (PDSS2) gene is causing silky-feather. All silky-feather birds are homozygous for the G allele. The silky-feather mutation significantly decreases the expression of PDSS2 during feather development in vivo. Consistent with the regulatory effect, the C to G transversion is shown to remarkably reduce PDSS2 promoter activity in vitro. We report a new example of feather structure variation associated with a spontaneous mutation and provide new insight into the PDSS2 function. The feather is an excellent model for evolution and development due to its complex structure and vast diversity. Some chickens have silky-feather because of a loss of hooklets in pennaceous feathers, while most chickens have the wild-type normal feather. Hooklets are formed in the last differentiation stage of the life cycle of a pennaceous feather. Chickens with silky-feather are homozygous for a recessive allele (hookless, h). Silkie chicken from China is one of the breeds showing the fascinating silky-feather phenotype and the breed has been known for hundreds of years. In this study, we mapped the silky-feather locus to an 18.9 kb interval and identified a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) completely associated with silky-feather. The causative mutation is located 103 base pairs upstream of the coding sequence of prenyl (decaprenyl) diphosphate synthase, subunit 2 (PDSS2). The expression of the PDSS2 gene is decreased in silky-feather skin during feather development in vivo. The silky-feather allele also reduces the PDSS2 promoter activity in vitro. This is the first report of feather structure variation associated with PDSS2 and provides new insight into molecular signaling in the late development stage of feather morphogenesis.
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El-Magd MA, Sayed-Ahmed A, Awad A, Shukry M. Regulation of chick early B-cell factor-1 gene expression in feather development. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:577-82. [PMID: 24365066 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The chick Ebf1 (early B-cell factor-1) gene is a member of a novel family of helix loop helix transcription factors. The expression profile, regulation and significance of this gene have been extensively studied in lymphatic, nervous, adipose and muscular tissues. However, cEbf1 expression, regulation and function in the feather of chick embryo have not yet been investigated. cEbf1 expression was first detected throughout the mesenchymal core of some few feather placodes (D7-D7.5). After feathers became mature and grew distally (D9 and D10), the mesenchymal expression of cEbf1 became confined to the caudal margin of the proximal half of all formed feather buds. Because this dynamic pattern of expression resembles that of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) protein and bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp4) plus the crucial role of these two major signals in feather development, we hypothesized that cEbf1 expression in the feather may be regulated by Shh and Bmp4. In a feather explant culture system, Shh signals are necessary to initiate and maintain cEbf1 expression in the posterior half of the feather bud, while Bmp4 is crucial for the initial cEbf1 expression in the anterior half of the feather bud. Inhibition of Shh, not only down-regulates cEbf1, but also changes the morphology of feather buds, which become irregular and fused. This is the first study to demonstrate that cEbf1 expression in the feather bud is under the control of Shh and Bmp4 signals and that expression may play a role in the normal development of feathers.
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Abstract
Adult animals rely on populations of stem cells to ensure organ function throughout their lifetime. Stem cells are governed by signals from stem cell niches, and much is known about how single niches promote stemness and direct stem cell behavior. However, most organs contain a multitude of stem cell-niche units, which are often distributed across the entire expanse of the tissue. Beyond the biology of individual stem cell-niche interactions, the next challenge is to uncover the tissue-level processes that orchestrate spatial control of stem-based renewal, repair, and remodeling throughout a whole organ. Here we examine what is known about higher order mechanisms for interniche coordination in epithelial organs, whose simple geometry offers a promising entry point for understanding the regulation of niche number, distribution, and activity. We also consider the potential existence of stem cell territories and how tissue architecture may influence niche coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Erin O'Brien
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305;
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Guo CL. Mechanical models for the self-organization of tubular patterns. BIOMATTER 2013; 3:e24926. [PMID: 23719257 PMCID: PMC3749282 DOI: 10.4161/biom.24926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Organogenesis, such as long tubule self-organization, requires long-range coordination of cell mechanics to arrange cell positions and to remodel the extracellular matrix. While the current mainstream in the field of tissue morphogenesis focuses primarily on genetics and chemical signaling, the influence of cell mechanics on the programming of patterning cues in tissue morphogenesis has not been adequately addressed. Here, we review experimental evidence and propose quantitative mechanical models by which cells can create tubular patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Lin Guo
- Department of Bioengineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena, CA USA
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Koyama S, Wu HJ, Easwaran T, Thopady S, Foley J. The nipple: a simple intersection of mammary gland and integument, but focal point of organ function. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2013; 18:121-31. [PMID: 23674217 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-013-9289-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Having glands that secrete milk to nourish neonatal offspring characterizes all mammals. We provide a brief overview of the development and anatomy of nipples and mammary glands in monotremes, marsupials, and marine mammals, and focus on the nipples and mammary glands in terrestrial eutherian species. We first classify eutherians into three groups: the altricial, precocial, and arboreal types based on their rearing system. We then summarize the physiology of lactation and the cell biology of nipples with specific focus on comparing these in the mouse, cow, and human, which represent the three different groups. Finally we propose that the nipple is an example of specialized epidermis. As specialized epidermis, it is dependent the underlying stroma for development and maintenance in adult life. The development of the nipple and signaling pathways that regulate its formation are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Koyama
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Jordan Hall, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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